Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2345 875122 829740 2026-07-03T16:21:58Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Infobox language|name=Afrihili|nativename=''Ɛl-Afrihili''|creator=K. A. Kumi Attobrah|created=1970|setting=intended for use throughout [[Africa]]|fam1=[[constructed language]]|fam2=[[international auxiliary language|international auxiliary]]|fam3=[[zonal auxiliary language|zonal]]|posteriori=[[a posteriori language]], derived primarily from [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and [[Akan language|Akan]]|iso2=afh|iso3=afh|linglist=afh|glotto=afri1275|notice=IPA}} Afrihili ( Ni Afrihili Oluga 'harshen Afrihili') harshe ne da masanin tarihi na Ghana KA Kumi Attobrah (Kumi Atɔbra) ya tsara a shekarar 1970 don amfani da shi a matsayin harshen da aka fi amfani da shi a duk faɗin Afirka . Sunan harshen haɗin Afirka ne da Swahili . Marubucin, ɗan asalin Akrokerri (Akrokɛri) a Ghana, ya fara tunanin wannan ra'ayi a shekara 1967 yayin da yake kan tafiya ta teku daga Dover zuwa Calais . Manufarsa ita ce "zai haɓaka haɗin kai da fahimta tsakanin al'ummomin nahiyar, rage farashin bugawa saboda fassara da haɓaka ciniki". An yi nufin ya zama mai sauƙi ga 'yan Afirka su koya. == Harsunan Tushe == Afrihili ya zana [[Phonology|tsarin sauti]], [[Morphology|tsarin halitta]] da kuma tsarin jumla daga [[Harsunan Afrika|harsunan Afirka]] daban-daban, musamman [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] da [[Yaren Akan|Akan]] (harshen Attobrah). Kamus ɗin ya ƙunshi harsunan Afirka daban-daban, da kuma kalmomi daga wasu majiyoyi da yawa "sun yi kama da na Afirka har ba sa kama da na ƙasashen waje", kodayake babu takamaiman ma'anar da marubucin ya nuna. Duk da haka, ma'anar tana da Turanci sosai, tare da kalmomi da yawa na maganganun Turanci, wataƙila saboda tasirin Ingilishi mai ƙarfi akan Swahili da Akan da aka rubuta. Misali, ''mu'' yana 'in', ''to'' shine 'to', kuma ''muto'' yana 'into'; haka nan, ''kupitia'' yana 'ta hanyar' (kamar yadda yake a cikin 'ta hanyar wannan magani'), ''paasa'' yana 'fita' (kamar yadda yake a cikin fita waje), kuma ''kupitia-paasa'' shine 'a ko'ina' - aƙalla a cikin sigar asali ta 1970 ta harshen. == Rubutu da kuma furtawa == Harshen yana amfani da haruffan Latin tare da ƙarin haruffan wasali guda biyu, {{Angle bracket|Ɛ ɛ}} da {{Angle bracket|Ɔ ɔ}}, waɗanda ke da ƙimar su a cikin harsunan Ghana da IPA, [ ɛ ] da [ ɔ ] . Ana rubuta sunayen ƙasashen waje ta hanyar sauti maimakon a cikin rubutun asali, don haka misali 'Hastings' ana rubuta shi ''Hestins'' . Akwai digraph guda biyu, {{Angle bracket|ch}} da {{Angle bracket|sh}}, waɗanda ke da ƙimar Turanci da Swahili, [ tʃ ] da [ ʃ ] . ''J'' da ''y'' kuma suna da ƙimar Turanci da Swahili, [ d͡ʒ ] da [ j ] . ''Ng'' ba digraph ba ne, amma ana furta shi kamar yadda yake a ''yatsan'' Turanci, {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} . Wasula ''a ɛ ei ɔ ou ne'' . Haruffan wasala biyu suna bayyana a matsayin jerin abubuwa, ba dogayen wasala ba. Baƙaƙen suna ''pt ch k, bdjg, mn ny, fs sh h, vz, lryw'' . Babu sautin murya . Damuwa tana kan wasali na ƙarshe na biyu. Alamun motsin rai suna zuwa a farkon sashe, wanda ke ƙarewa da waƙafi ko lokaci kamar yadda aka saba; alamun tambaya suna zuwa a ƙarshe. == Nahawu == [[Nahawu|Nahawun]] ya yi kama da na Swahili, amma kuma akwai 'alwatika na wasali', wanda shine babban abin da ke haifar da canjin Afrihili: wani / \ ue ɛ / \ ɔ __ o __ i Ana aiwatar da ayyuka da yawa na nahawu ta hanyar musayar wasali tare da kishiyar shugabanci a kan alwatika: ''a'' don ''o'', ''u'' don ''i'', ''e'' don ''ɔ'', da kuma akasin haka. Misali, ana iya mayar da fi'ili zuwa siffa ta hanyar canza wasalin ƙarshe ta wannan hanyar: daga ''pinu'' 'don tantancewa' sai siffa ''pini'' 'ƙayyade' ta zo. ''Ɗa'' ba ya shiga cikin waɗannan musanya, amma ana amfani da shi a wasu yanayi (a ƙasa). Duk sunaye, da kuma kawai sunaye da sifofi da ke canza sunaye, suna farawa da wasali. A cikin mufuradi wannan zai bambanta da wasali na ƙarshe na kalmar; jam'in yana samuwa ta hanyar sanya shi iri ɗaya da wasali na ƙarshe. Misali, 'yaro' ''omulenzi'' ya zama 'ya'ya maza' ''imulenzi'' ; haka nan, {{Lang|afh|oluga}} shine 'harshe' da kuma 'harsuna' ''na aluga'' . === Sunaye === Ana samo sunaye daga fi'ili ko siffa ta hanyar sanya gabanin kishiyar wasalin ƙarshe, bisa ga alwatika da ke sama. Don haka, daga ''pinu'' 'don ƙayyade' akwai sunan {{Lang|afh|ipinu}} 'ƙaddara'. Idan duk wasulan da ke cikin fi'ili ko siffa iri ɗaya ne, kamar a cikin ''mono'' 'to disgrace' da kuma ''kana'' 'one', to ana amfani da wasali mai tsaka tsaki ''ɛ-'' : ''ɛmono'' 'a disgrace', ''wato'' 'haɗin kai'. Sunaye na fi'ili ( gerunds ) an samar da su ne daga infinitive a cikin ''-de'', don haka koyaushe suna farawa da ''ɔ-'' : ''soma'' 'karatu', ''somade'' 'karanta', ''koyarwarmu ita ce baba'' 'karatu yana da kyau'. ( ''Kwatanta'' 'girbi' da kuma {{Lang|afh|ukarati}} 'girbi', daga ''karati'' 'zuwa girbi'.) A akasin haka, sunaye suna sauke wasalin farko don samar da fi'ili, kuma tare da canjin da ya dace a wasalin ƙarshe, siffa. Don haka, daga ''etogo'' 'gida' yana zuwa ''togo'' (ko ''togode'' ) 'zuwa gida', kuma daga ''umeme'' 'lantarki' yana zuwa ''memɔ'' 'lantarki'. === Ƙungiyoyi === Ana samar da ɓangarori da ''mɛ-'', wanda aka ƙara samowa a matsayin sunaye ko siffa (gerunds): ''mɛpini'' 'determinative', ''ɛmɛwako'' 'direba' ( ''wako'' zuwa tuƙi). Ana ƙirƙirar jimlolin fi'ili da prefixes na lokaci mai tsawo, tare da rubuta sunayen ma'abota batun tare da fi'ili. (Ba a amfani da karin magana na batun idan akwai batun suna.) Duk da haka, ana rubuta abubuwa daban bayan fi'ili: Daga ''jira'' 'don jira', '''''mi''' ngijira '''lε''''' 'I ( ''mi-'' ) da na jira shi ( ''lɛ'' )'. === Karin sunaye === Karin magana sun haɗa ''da mi'' 'Ni', ''nɛ'' 'ni da kai', ''nɛu'' 'mu da kai', ''nu'' 'mu' (ba kai ba), ''wu'' 'kai (kai)' ''ku'' 'kai (ye)', ''le'' 'he', ''ta'' 'she', ''yo'' 'it', ''fu'' 'they'. === Karin sunaye masu mallaka === Don mallaka, ana sanya karin magana a kan suna, suna barin wasalin su: ''l'arafi'' 'harafinsa', ''w'agoji'' 'kuɗinka'. === Karin bayani na lokaci === Karin bayani na lokaci-lokaci sun haɗa da ''li-'' (baya), ''ta-'' (nan gaba), ''lii-'' (nan gaba na yau da kullun), ''taa-'' ( ''nan'' gaba na yau da kullun), ''yɛɛ-'' (nan gaba na yau da kullun), ''re-'' (nan gaba na yau da kullun), ri- (nan gaba na yau da kullun), ''ngi-'' (sharaɗi, zai), ''nge-'' (subjunctive, may), da kuma cikakke a ''lo-'' . Ba a yiwa alama mai sauƙi ba. ''U-'' yana samar da jimloli masu dangantaka (wanda, wanda). Don haka, daga ''du'eat'' ', ''lɛdu'' 'ya ci', ''nɛtadu'' 'you & I will eat', ''fulidu'' 'sun ci', ''miyɛɛdu ɛn zinga'' 'na ci da safe (kamar yadda al'ada)', {{Lang|afh|miliidu ɛn zinga}} 'Zan ci/na ci da safe', ''miredu'' 'Ina cin abinci', ''nuridu'' 'mun kasance muna cin abinci (lokacin da)', ''kama kungiwa, kungidu'' 'idan kun zo, za ku ci', ''ni omuntu lodu'' 'mutumin ya ci'. === Karin magana na nuna alama === 'Wannan' da 'wancan' su ne ''ki'' da ''ka'', waɗanda aka yi amfani da ƙarin bayani ''-nga'', wanda ke ba wa ''kinga'' 'waɗannan' da ''kanga'' 'waɗanda'. Suna iya faruwa kafin suna, ko kuma daga baya ta hanyar kwafi harafin ƙarshe: : ''Ki omulenzi, omulenzi kinzi'' 'this boy' : ''Ka omukama, omukama kama'' 'that king' : ''Imukazi kangazi'' 'waɗanda 'yan matan' Wasu ma'auni cikakke ne, kamar ''-wi'' inchoative (don samun ko zama): ''sana'' ' sha', ''sanawi'' 'bugu'; ''furaha'' 'happy', ''furahawi'' 'be happy'. Duk da haka, yawancin suna da wasalin echo, daidai da wasalin ƙarshe na tushen, kamar yadda yake cikin ''-bw-'' (m): ''bona'' 'gani', {{Lang|afh|bonabwa}} 'a gani'; ko ''-t-'' '-iya': ''bonata'' 'bayyana', ''dutu'' 'mai iya ci'. 'Na' ( bangare ?) ko dai kari ne ''-n'' ko barbashi ''pe'', tare da sabanin tsarin kalma. ''Nun kisi'' ko ''kisi pe nu'' 'wasu daga cikinmu', ''imulenzin kisi'' ko ''kisi pen imulenzi'' 'wasu daga cikin samarin' (tabbatacciyar labarin ''ni'' anan an rage kuma an rage shi zuwa ''pe'', bada ''alkalami'' ). Idan siffa ko lamba ta biyo bayan suna, tana ɗaukar wasalin farko na sunan a matsayin yarjejeniyar nahawu, da kuma ƙarin bayani ''-n'' : : {{Lang|afh|oluga ozurin na opapan}} 'a pleasant and good language' : {{Lang|afh|kana oluga, oluga okanan}} 'one language' == Samfurin jimloli == : ''Zuri lu'' – Barka da rana ( ''alu'' 'a day') : ''Zuri zinga'' - Barka da safiya : ''Zuri masa'' - Barka da rana : ''Zuri dani'' - Barka da yamma : ''Zuri bali'' - Barka da dare : ''Jo koni'' - Je nan da nan : ''! Afuraho'' - Barka da warhaka! : {{Lang|afh|Sama papa obeka al dude}} – Nemi wuri mai kyau don cin abinci : ''Idan'' na karɓi wasiƙarsa kafin in fita, da na jira shi. : {{Lang|afh|Kwaku na Akua mai atapiro atajirin wɛna liwa yide fu kusa. Ni atapiro atajirin mai imulezi ibarin wɛna yɛ f'amotsoala. Ni amotsoala yɛ arenobo kika Kwaku na Akua baitu fu duka yɛ ukuetu upapam tare.}} : {{Lang|afh|Ku atapiro mai afu okisiwa so nehi nesa bɛ, na ni imao no inta tabonadi you. Fumai arafi f'amotsoala tɔ okisiwa.}} == Rubutu == An saka rubutun da ke ƙasa, daga wata wasiƙar labarai ta 1971, a gefen hagu. Kalmomin da suka ɓace suna cikin baka. {| !Afrikili ! Turanci ! masu sheƙi |- | ''Wanene ke cikinta?'' | Me za ka yi? | ''da'' - yi |- | {{Lang|afh|Koda ni amɛgenda ɛn arabiyado, kɛna rigenda to Afrilikrom, rifunda kɛna lɛriwako harakalo ma, ni ɛmɛwako lidinga wakode harakalo.}} | Duk da cewa fasinjojin da ke cikin wata babbar mota, wacce ke tafiya zuwa Afrilikrom, suna korafin cewa yana tuki da sauri, direban ya ci gaba da tuki da sauri. | ''ni'' – da; ''genda'' – don tafiya; ''ɛn'' – a cikin; ''arabiyado'' – babbar mota/mota; ''wancan'' – wancan, wanda; ''zuwa'' – zuwa; ''funda'' – don yin korafi; ''wako'' – don tuƙi; ''haraka'' – sauri; ''ma'' – sosai? ma; ''dinga'' – don ci gaba | |- | [?] {{Lang|afh|rɛ lɛlundi ni ɛndɛmo mu, pɛna ni [arab]iyado luduri muto umuti ni uzo te.}} | Ya kusa isa garin, sai babbar motar ta ci karo da wata bishiya da ke gefen hanya. | ''lundi'' ? – isa; ''ɛndɛmo'' – a town; ''mu'' - in; ''umuti'' - itace; ''uzo'' – hanya; ''ku'' - gefe |- | [?] {{Lang|afh|amɛganda (earlier amɛgenda) bi lipewa apira na bi lifua. [Ni ɛ]mɛwako lipirabwa ko.}} | Wasu daga cikin fasinjojin sun samu raunuka, wasu kuma sun mutu. Direban bai ji rauni ba. | ''bi'' - wasu, wasu ko wasu; ''pira'' - don rauni/rauni; ''fua'' - don mutuwa; ''ko'' - ba |- | [?] {{Lang|afh|uma rendeke tɛ adoncho tɛ ɛtaya, lɛliwa [na ?] eri ni arabiyado te na likukua, {{thinspace|!|W'agoji}} [kam]a wufuaseko. {{thinspace|!|W'agoji}} kama wufuaseko.}} | Maimakon ya kira motar asibiti don neman taimako, sai ya zo ya tsaya kusa da babbar motar ya yi ihu, "Kuɗinka, idan ba ka mutu ba! Kuɗinka idan ba ka mutu ba!" | ''tɛ'' – don; ''adoncho'' – motar asibiti; ''taya'' – don taimakawa; ''wa'' – don zuwa; ''kukua'' – don ihu; ''agoji'' – kuɗi; ''kama'' – idan; ''-se'' (ba a san ko su waye ba) |- | ''[Ka]na pe fu, ɛn reti yo lijika l'oliso na'' [?] ''nya lɛlifuase.'' | Da jin haka, ɗaya daga cikin fasinjojin ya rufe idanunsa ya yi kamar ya mutu. | ''kana'' - ɗaya; ''ti'' - ji; ''yo'' - shi; ''jika'' - rufewa; ''oliso'' - idanu; |- | {{Lang|afh|Dɛna wungida wuriyɛ ka omuntu}} [?] | Me za ka yi idan kai ne wannan mutumin? | ''ya'' - zama; ''omuntu'' - mutum |} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Nassoshi == * KA Kumi Attobrah (1970, 1973) ''Ni Afrihili Oluga.'' ''Harshen Nahiyar Afirka'' * William S. Annis (2014) [https://fiatlingua.org/2014/04/ "Afrihili: Harsunan Afirka Masu Alaƙa"], ''Fiat Lingua'', Afrilu 2014 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Wasikar labarai ta Afrihili (sigar 1971) a gidan yanar gizon Roger Blench. [https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/General/Afrihili%20brochure.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716002534/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/General/Afrihili%20brochure.pdf |date=2025-07-16 }} ( [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011044605/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language%20data/Africa/General/Afrihili%20brochure.pdf an adana] ) * Takaitaccen bayani game da tsarin magana da na asali, [http://lingweenie.org/conlang/afrihili/ Afrihili Notes] . ( [https://web.archive.org/web/20130816052945/http://lingweenie.org/conlang/afrihili/ an adana] ) {{Constructed languages}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fewawwxpla5sejcyyef4c61p7rufp31 0 2426 875216 754442 2026-07-03T17:26:51Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 875216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro na ƙoƙarin shiga raga]] [[Fayil:Mosquito racket with dead mosquitoes.jpg|thumb|mosquito racket with dead mosquito ]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito 2007-2.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens 2007-1.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Culex restuans larva diagram en.svg|thumb|zanen sauro]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti CDC-Gathany.jpg|thumb|cizon sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito on human skin.jpg|thumb|sauro bisa fata]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|thumb|sauro na cizo]] [[Fayil:Dengue mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens diagram en.svg|thumb|diagram]] [[Fayil:Mosquito gender es.svg|thumb|mace da namiji]] '''Sauro''' Yana da ƙafafu huɗu ( kuma yana da fuka-fukai biyu yana cikin dabbobi irin waɗanda ke tashi shima kamar kowane halittu ne yana da mace da namiji yana shan jinin [[mutun]] har yasa masa [[zazzaɓi]]n ciwon Sauro<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-55447205.amp</ref>, Sauro na ɗaya daga cikin masu yaɗa cututtukan da suka fi yin kisa a duniya, inda ta ke kama miliyoyin mutane a kowace shekara. Yara fiye da miliyan ɗaya suke mutuwa kowace shekara a sanadin wannan cuta da Sauro ke yaɗa ta. Abin tayar da hankali shi ne a yanzu an ga alamun cewa sauro ya fara jurewa magungunan kashe kwarin da ake yin amfani da su wajen kashe shi. Amma kuma a wani bincike da Ɗaliban Jami'ar Kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar Kano dake [[Wudil]], [[KUST]], Wanda Al'amen Baba ke jagoranta sun gano wasu kwayoyin halitta a jikin sauron waɗanda suke sanya shi jurewa Wadannan magunguna.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cjgn7kz74qwt</ref> [[File:AnophelesGambiaemosquito.jpg|200px|left|Anopheles gambiae]] Hilary Ranson ta Makarantar nazarin Cututtukan dake Addabar Ƙasashe Masu Zafi ta ce ɗaya daga cikin muhimman makaman da ake yin amfani da su wajen hana yaɗuwar zazzaɓin cizon sauro shi ne ta yin amfani da gidan sauro. Amma kuma, tilas ne gidan sauron a ringa jiƙa shi sau da dama cikin shekara guda da wani maganin kashe kwari, musamman magunguna dangin Pyrethroid. Ranson ta ce, "waɗannan magungunan kashe kwari sun samu nasara sosai wajen daƙile zazzaɓin cizon sauro, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan mun ga sauron ya fara jure ma irin waɗannan magunguna. Wannan kuwa ya dame mu sosai a saboda ba mu da wasu magungunan masu yawa da zasu iya maye gurbinsu." [[File:Anopheles stephensi.jpeg|thumb|250px]] Ranson ta ce akwai wasu yankuna na Afirka inda ake samun karin sauro mai ɗauke da kwayar cutar maleriya dake jure magungunan kashe kwari dangin Pyrethroid. A saboda haka ne ita da wasu masana na ƙasa da ƙasa suka nemi sanin abinda ya sa sauron ya fara jurewa magungunan. [[File:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|left|thumb|Mûn-é]] Ta ce, "mun gano wasu ruwayen halitta guda biyu waɗanda yawansu a jikin sauro mai jurewa magungunan ya zarce yadda yake a jikin sauron da ba ya iya jurewa. Haka kuma mun samu nasarar nuna cewa waɗannan ruwayen halitta su na iya lalata magunguna kashe kwarin. Wannan shi ya sa sauron da yake ɗauke da waɗannan ruwaye biyu yana iya narkarwa ya lalata magungunan kashe kwarin da suka taɓa jikinsa, ta yadda ba zasu iya yi masa komai ba balle su kashe shi." Haka kuma Ranson da sauran masanan sun samu nasarar gano kwayar halittar dake samar da waɗannan ruwaye a jikin sauron. Ta ce wannan abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci. "A yanzu zamu iya yin sauyi ga maganin kwarin ta yadda zai iya kashe koda sauron dake da irin wadannan ruwayen. Hanyar da zamu bi mu yi haka kuwa, ita ce ta sauya sinadaran dake cikin magungunan domin canja fasalin aikinsu ta yadda a bayan kashe sauron, zasu kuma hana kwayayen halittar sauro sarrafa wadannan ruwaye. Ta yin haka, maganin zai jima sosai cikin kaifinsa a jikin kowane irin sauro. Wannan zai maido da kaifin magungunan." Anason ta ce wannan bayanin zai taimaka⁸ wajen tabbatar da ci gaban makami mai kaifi da amfani a yakin da ake yi da zazzabin cizon sauro. An buga sakamakon wannan bincike nata a cikin mujallar nan mai suna "Genome Research". Halitta ce mai takura da hana bacci sosai sannan idan yana yawan cizon ka yana saka ma mutum cuta kamar masassara wata maleria<ref name=":0">karatu</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Wurin da yake taruwa == [[File:Ramp for loading cattle, Bradshaw station IMG 0288.jpg|thumb|Bola inda sauro ya ke taruwa]] Sauro yana taruwa a wurin zubda ruwa har ya taru se matarsa ta shiga ciki dan tayi kwai kawa ruwa sama in ya taru ko ruwan wanka in ya taro. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.uel.ac.uk/mosquito/ European Mosquito Bulletin] [[Category:Ƙwaro]] 1o65nwhbogajpz15r5ihvk1f7xy14wy 875217 875216 2026-07-03T17:27:14Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 875217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro na ƙoƙarin shiga raga]] [[Fayil:Mosquito racket with dead mosquitoes.jpg|thumb|mosquito racket with dead mosquito ]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito 2007-2.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens 2007-1.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Culex restuans larva diagram en.svg|thumb|zanen sauro]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti CDC-Gathany.jpg|thumb|cizon sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito on human skin.jpg|thumb|sauro bisa fata]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|thumb|sauro na cizo]] [[Fayil:Dengue mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens diagram en.svg|thumb|diagram]] [[Fayil:Mosquito gender es.svg|thumb|mace da namiji]] '''Sauro''' Yana da ƙafafu huɗu (4 kuma yana da fuka-fukai biyu yana cikin dabbobi irin waɗanda ke tashi shima kamar kowane halittu ne yana da mace da namiji yana shan jinin [[mutun]] har yasa masa [[zazzaɓi]]n ciwon Sauro<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-55447205.amp</ref>, Sauro na ɗaya daga cikin masu yaɗa cututtukan da suka fi yin kisa a duniya, inda ta ke kama miliyoyin mutane a kowace shekara. Yara fiye da miliyan ɗaya suke mutuwa kowace shekara a sanadin wannan cuta da Sauro ke yaɗa ta. Abin tayar da hankali shi ne a yanzu an ga alamun cewa sauro ya fara jurewa magungunan kashe kwarin da ake yin amfani da su wajen kashe shi. Amma kuma a wani bincike da Ɗaliban Jami'ar Kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar Kano dake [[Wudil]], [[KUST]], Wanda Al'amen Baba ke jagoranta sun gano wasu kwayoyin halitta a jikin sauron waɗanda suke sanya shi jurewa Wadannan magunguna.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cjgn7kz74qwt</ref> [[File:AnophelesGambiaemosquito.jpg|200px|left|Anopheles gambiae]] Hilary Ranson ta Makarantar nazarin Cututtukan dake Addabar Ƙasashe Masu Zafi ta ce ɗaya daga cikin muhimman makaman da ake yin amfani da su wajen hana yaɗuwar zazzaɓin cizon sauro shi ne ta yin amfani da gidan sauro. Amma kuma, tilas ne gidan sauron a ringa jiƙa shi sau da dama cikin shekara guda da wani maganin kashe kwari, musamman magunguna dangin Pyrethroid. Ranson ta ce, "waɗannan magungunan kashe kwari sun samu nasara sosai wajen daƙile zazzaɓin cizon sauro, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan mun ga sauron ya fara jure ma irin waɗannan magunguna. Wannan kuwa ya dame mu sosai a saboda ba mu da wasu magungunan masu yawa da zasu iya maye gurbinsu." [[File:Anopheles stephensi.jpeg|thumb|250px]] Ranson ta ce akwai wasu yankuna na Afirka inda ake samun karin sauro mai ɗauke da kwayar cutar maleriya dake jure magungunan kashe kwari dangin Pyrethroid. A saboda haka ne ita da wasu masana na ƙasa da ƙasa suka nemi sanin abinda ya sa sauron ya fara jurewa magungunan. [[File:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|left|thumb|Mûn-é]] Ta ce, "mun gano wasu ruwayen halitta guda biyu waɗanda yawansu a jikin sauro mai jurewa magungunan ya zarce yadda yake a jikin sauron da ba ya iya jurewa. Haka kuma mun samu nasarar nuna cewa waɗannan ruwayen halitta su na iya lalata magunguna kashe kwarin. Wannan shi ya sa sauron da yake ɗauke da waɗannan ruwaye biyu yana iya narkarwa ya lalata magungunan kashe kwarin da suka taɓa jikinsa, ta yadda ba zasu iya yi masa komai ba balle su kashe shi." Haka kuma Ranson da sauran masanan sun samu nasarar gano kwayar halittar dake samar da waɗannan ruwaye a jikin sauron. Ta ce wannan abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci. "A yanzu zamu iya yin sauyi ga maganin kwarin ta yadda zai iya kashe koda sauron dake da irin wadannan ruwayen. Hanyar da zamu bi mu yi haka kuwa, ita ce ta sauya sinadaran dake cikin magungunan domin canja fasalin aikinsu ta yadda a bayan kashe sauron, zasu kuma hana kwayayen halittar sauro sarrafa wadannan ruwaye. Ta yin haka, maganin zai jima sosai cikin kaifinsa a jikin kowane irin sauro. Wannan zai maido da kaifin magungunan." Anason ta ce wannan bayanin zai taimaka⁸ wajen tabbatar da ci gaban makami mai kaifi da amfani a yakin da ake yi da zazzabin cizon sauro. An buga sakamakon wannan bincike nata a cikin mujallar nan mai suna "Genome Research". Halitta ce mai takura da hana bacci sosai sannan idan yana yawan cizon ka yana saka ma mutum cuta kamar masassara wata maleria<ref name=":0">karatu</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Wurin da yake taruwa == [[File:Ramp for loading cattle, Bradshaw station IMG 0288.jpg|thumb|Bola inda sauro ya ke taruwa]] Sauro yana taruwa a wurin zubda ruwa har ya taru se matarsa ta shiga ciki dan tayi kwai kawa ruwa sama in ya taru ko ruwan wanka in ya taro. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.uel.ac.uk/mosquito/ European Mosquito Bulletin] [[Category:Ƙwaro]] cl5hvaijypv3xh767hfpt2exo2jzm4u 875218 875217 2026-07-03T17:27:30Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 875218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro na ƙoƙarin shiga raga]] [[Fayil:Mosquito racket with dead mosquitoes.jpg|thumb|mosquito racket with dead mosquito ]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito 2007-2.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens 2007-1.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Culex restuans larva diagram en.svg|thumb|zanen sauro]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti CDC-Gathany.jpg|thumb|cizon sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito on human skin.jpg|thumb|sauro bisa fata]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|thumb|sauro na cizo]] [[Fayil:Dengue mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens diagram en.svg|thumb|diagram]] [[Fayil:Mosquito gender es.svg|thumb|mace da namiji]] '''Sauro''' Yana da ƙafafu huɗu (4) kuma yana da fuka-fukai biyu yana cikin dabbobi irin waɗanda ke tashi shima kamar kowane halittu ne yana da mace da namiji yana shan jinin [[mutun]] har yasa masa [[zazzaɓi]]n ciwon Sauro<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-55447205.amp</ref>, Sauro na ɗaya daga cikin masu yaɗa cututtukan da suka fi yin kisa a duniya, inda ta ke kama miliyoyin mutane a kowace shekara. Yara fiye da miliyan ɗaya suke mutuwa kowace shekara a sanadin wannan cuta da Sauro ke yaɗa ta. Abin tayar da hankali shi ne a yanzu an ga alamun cewa sauro ya fara jurewa magungunan kashe kwarin da ake yin amfani da su wajen kashe shi. Amma kuma a wani bincike da Ɗaliban Jami'ar Kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar Kano dake [[Wudil]], [[KUST]], Wanda Al'amen Baba ke jagoranta sun gano wasu kwayoyin halitta a jikin sauron waɗanda suke sanya shi jurewa Wadannan magunguna.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cjgn7kz74qwt</ref> [[File:AnophelesGambiaemosquito.jpg|200px|left|Anopheles gambiae]] Hilary Ranson ta Makarantar nazarin Cututtukan dake Addabar Ƙasashe Masu Zafi ta ce ɗaya daga cikin muhimman makaman da ake yin amfani da su wajen hana yaɗuwar zazzaɓin cizon sauro shi ne ta yin amfani da gidan sauro. Amma kuma, tilas ne gidan sauron a ringa jiƙa shi sau da dama cikin shekara guda da wani maganin kashe kwari, musamman magunguna dangin Pyrethroid. Ranson ta ce, "waɗannan magungunan kashe kwari sun samu nasara sosai wajen daƙile zazzaɓin cizon sauro, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan mun ga sauron ya fara jure ma irin waɗannan magunguna. Wannan kuwa ya dame mu sosai a saboda ba mu da wasu magungunan masu yawa da zasu iya maye gurbinsu." [[File:Anopheles stephensi.jpeg|thumb|250px]] Ranson ta ce akwai wasu yankuna na Afirka inda ake samun karin sauro mai ɗauke da kwayar cutar maleriya dake jure magungunan kashe kwari dangin Pyrethroid. A saboda haka ne ita da wasu masana na ƙasa da ƙasa suka nemi sanin abinda ya sa sauron ya fara jurewa magungunan. [[File:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|left|thumb|Mûn-é]] Ta ce, "mun gano wasu ruwayen halitta guda biyu waɗanda yawansu a jikin sauro mai jurewa magungunan ya zarce yadda yake a jikin sauron da ba ya iya jurewa. Haka kuma mun samu nasarar nuna cewa waɗannan ruwayen halitta su na iya lalata magunguna kashe kwarin. Wannan shi ya sa sauron da yake ɗauke da waɗannan ruwaye biyu yana iya narkarwa ya lalata magungunan kashe kwarin da suka taɓa jikinsa, ta yadda ba zasu iya yi masa komai ba balle su kashe shi." Haka kuma Ranson da sauran masanan sun samu nasarar gano kwayar halittar dake samar da waɗannan ruwaye a jikin sauron. Ta ce wannan abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci. "A yanzu zamu iya yin sauyi ga maganin kwarin ta yadda zai iya kashe koda sauron dake da irin wadannan ruwayen. Hanyar da zamu bi mu yi haka kuwa, ita ce ta sauya sinadaran dake cikin magungunan domin canja fasalin aikinsu ta yadda a bayan kashe sauron, zasu kuma hana kwayayen halittar sauro sarrafa wadannan ruwaye. Ta yin haka, maganin zai jima sosai cikin kaifinsa a jikin kowane irin sauro. Wannan zai maido da kaifin magungunan." Anason ta ce wannan bayanin zai taimaka⁸ wajen tabbatar da ci gaban makami mai kaifi da amfani a yakin da ake yi da zazzabin cizon sauro. An buga sakamakon wannan bincike nata a cikin mujallar nan mai suna "Genome Research". Halitta ce mai takura da hana bacci sosai sannan idan yana yawan cizon ka yana saka ma mutum cuta kamar masassara wata maleria<ref name=":0">karatu</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Wurin da yake taruwa == [[File:Ramp for loading cattle, Bradshaw station IMG 0288.jpg|thumb|Bola inda sauro ya ke taruwa]] Sauro yana taruwa a wurin zubda ruwa har ya taru se matarsa ta shiga ciki dan tayi kwai kawa ruwa sama in ya taru ko ruwan wanka in ya taro. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.uel.ac.uk/mosquito/ European Mosquito Bulletin] [[Category:Ƙwaro]] 1tgm2udmhm9uam30ylg4ntxn3ry2faz 875219 875218 2026-07-03T17:27:57Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 875219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro na ƙoƙarin shiga raga]] [[Fayil:Mosquito racket with dead mosquitoes.jpg|thumb|mosquito racket with dead mosquito ]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito 2007-2.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens 2007-1.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Culex restuans larva diagram en.svg|thumb|zanen sauro]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti CDC-Gathany.jpg|thumb|cizon sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito on human skin.jpg|thumb|sauro bisa fata]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|thumb|sauro na cizo]] [[Fayil:Dengue mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens diagram en.svg|thumb|diagram]] [[Fayil:Mosquito gender es.svg|thumb|mace da namiji]] '''Sauro''' Yana da ƙafafu huɗu (4) kuma yana da fuka-fukai biyu yana cikin dabbobi irin waɗanda ke tashi, shima kamar kowane halittu ne yana da mace da namiji yana shan jinin [[mutun]] har yasa masa [[zazzaɓi]]n ciwon Sauro<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-55447205.amp</ref>, Sauro na ɗaya daga cikin masu yaɗa cututtukan da suka fi yin kisa a duniya, inda ta ke kama miliyoyin mutane a kowace shekara. Yara fiye da miliyan ɗaya suke mutuwa kowace shekara a sanadin wannan cuta da Sauro ke yaɗa ta. Abin tayar da hankali shi ne a yanzu an ga alamun cewa sauro ya fara jurewa magungunan kashe kwarin da ake yin amfani da su wajen kashe shi. Amma kuma a wani bincike da Ɗaliban Jami'ar Kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar Kano dake [[Wudil]], [[KUST]], Wanda Al'amen Baba ke jagoranta sun gano wasu kwayoyin halitta a jikin sauron waɗanda suke sanya shi jurewa Wadannan magunguna.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cjgn7kz74qwt</ref> [[File:AnophelesGambiaemosquito.jpg|200px|left|Anopheles gambiae]] Hilary Ranson ta Makarantar nazarin Cututtukan dake Addabar Ƙasashe Masu Zafi ta ce ɗaya daga cikin muhimman makaman da ake yin amfani da su wajen hana yaɗuwar zazzaɓin cizon sauro shi ne ta yin amfani da gidan sauro. Amma kuma, tilas ne gidan sauron a ringa jiƙa shi sau da dama cikin shekara guda da wani maganin kashe kwari, musamman magunguna dangin Pyrethroid. Ranson ta ce, "waɗannan magungunan kashe kwari sun samu nasara sosai wajen daƙile zazzaɓin cizon sauro, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan mun ga sauron ya fara jure ma irin waɗannan magunguna. Wannan kuwa ya dame mu sosai a saboda ba mu da wasu magungunan masu yawa da zasu iya maye gurbinsu." [[File:Anopheles stephensi.jpeg|thumb|250px]] Ranson ta ce akwai wasu yankuna na Afirka inda ake samun karin sauro mai ɗauke da kwayar cutar maleriya dake jure magungunan kashe kwari dangin Pyrethroid. A saboda haka ne ita da wasu masana na ƙasa da ƙasa suka nemi sanin abinda ya sa sauron ya fara jurewa magungunan. [[File:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|left|thumb|Mûn-é]] Ta ce, "mun gano wasu ruwayen halitta guda biyu waɗanda yawansu a jikin sauro mai jurewa magungunan ya zarce yadda yake a jikin sauron da ba ya iya jurewa. Haka kuma mun samu nasarar nuna cewa waɗannan ruwayen halitta su na iya lalata magunguna kashe kwarin. Wannan shi ya sa sauron da yake ɗauke da waɗannan ruwaye biyu yana iya narkarwa ya lalata magungunan kashe kwarin da suka taɓa jikinsa, ta yadda ba zasu iya yi masa komai ba balle su kashe shi." Haka kuma Ranson da sauran masanan sun samu nasarar gano kwayar halittar dake samar da waɗannan ruwaye a jikin sauron. Ta ce wannan abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci. "A yanzu zamu iya yin sauyi ga maganin kwarin ta yadda zai iya kashe koda sauron dake da irin wadannan ruwayen. Hanyar da zamu bi mu yi haka kuwa, ita ce ta sauya sinadaran dake cikin magungunan domin canja fasalin aikinsu ta yadda a bayan kashe sauron, zasu kuma hana kwayayen halittar sauro sarrafa wadannan ruwaye. Ta yin haka, maganin zai jima sosai cikin kaifinsa a jikin kowane irin sauro. Wannan zai maido da kaifin magungunan." Anason ta ce wannan bayanin zai taimaka⁸ wajen tabbatar da ci gaban makami mai kaifi da amfani a yakin da ake yi da zazzabin cizon sauro. An buga sakamakon wannan bincike nata a cikin mujallar nan mai suna "Genome Research". Halitta ce mai takura da hana bacci sosai sannan idan yana yawan cizon ka yana saka ma mutum cuta kamar masassara wata maleria<ref name=":0">karatu</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Wurin da yake taruwa == [[File:Ramp for loading cattle, Bradshaw station IMG 0288.jpg|thumb|Bola inda sauro ya ke taruwa]] Sauro yana taruwa a wurin zubda ruwa har ya taru se matarsa ta shiga ciki dan tayi kwai kawa ruwa sama in ya taru ko ruwan wanka in ya taro. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.uel.ac.uk/mosquito/ European Mosquito Bulletin] [[Category:Ƙwaro]] 84656ruet7t72s2ea7sd5dfcv0w47h3 875222 875219 2026-07-03T17:29:37Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 875222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro na ƙoƙarin shiga raga]] [[Fayil:Mosquito racket with dead mosquitoes.jpg|thumb|mosquito racket with dead mosquito ]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito 2007-2.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens 2007-1.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Culex restuans larva diagram en.svg|thumb|zanen sauro]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti CDC-Gathany.jpg|thumb|cizon sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito on human skin.jpg|thumb|sauro bisa fata]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|thumb|sauro na cizo]] [[Fayil:Dengue mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens diagram en.svg|thumb|diagram]] [[Fayil:Mosquito gender es.svg|thumb|mace da namiji]] '''Sauro''' Yana da ƙafafu huɗu (4) kuma yana da fuka-fukai biyu yana cikin dabbobi irin waɗanda ke tashi, shima kamar kowane halittu ne yana da mace da namiji yana shan jinin [[mutun]] har yasa masa [[zazzaɓi]]n ciwon Sauro<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-55447205.amp</ref>, Sauro na ɗaya daga cikin masu yaɗa cututtukan da suka fi yin kisa a duniya, inda ta ke kama miliyoyin mutane a kowace shekara. Yara fiye da miliyan ɗaya suke mutuwa kowace shekara a sanadin wannan cuta da Sauro ke yaɗa ta. Abin tayar da hankali shi ne a yanzu an ga alamun cewa sauro ya fara jurewa magungunan kashe kwarin da ake yin amfani da su wajen kashe shi. Amma kuma a wani bincike da Ɗaliban Jami'ar Kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar Kano dake [[Wudil]], [[KUST]], Wanda Al'amen Baba ke jagoranta, sun gano wasu kwayoyin halitta a jikin sauron waɗanda suke sanya shi jurewa Wadannan magunguna.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cjgn7kz74qwt</ref> [[File:AnophelesGambiaemosquito.jpg|200px|left|Anopheles gambiae]] Hilary Ranson ta Makarantar nazarin Cututtukan dake Addabar Ƙasashe Masu Zafi ta ce ɗaya daga cikin muhimman makaman da ake yin amfani da su wajen hana yaɗuwar zazzaɓin cizon sauro shi ne ta yin amfani da gidan sauro. Amma kuma, tilas ne gidan sauron a ringa jiƙa shi sau da dama cikin shekara guda da wani maganin kashe kwari, musamman magunguna dangin Pyrethroid. Ranson ta ce, "waɗannan magungunan kashe kwari sun samu nasara sosai wajen daƙile zazzaɓin cizon sauro, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan mun ga sauron ya fara jure ma irin waɗannan magunguna. Wannan kuwa ya dame mu sosai a saboda ba mu da wasu magungunan masu yawa da zasu iya maye gurbinsu." [[File:Anopheles stephensi.jpeg|thumb|250px]] Ranson ta ce akwai wasu yankuna na Afirka inda ake samun karin sauro mai ɗauke da kwayar cutar maleriya dake jure magungunan kashe kwari dangin Pyrethroid. A saboda haka ne ita da wasu masana na ƙasa da ƙasa suka nemi sanin abinda ya sa sauron ya fara jurewa magungunan. [[File:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|left|thumb|Mûn-é]] Ta ce, "mun gano wasu ruwayen halitta guda biyu waɗanda yawansu a jikin sauro mai jurewa magungunan ya zarce yadda yake a jikin sauron da ba ya iya jurewa. Haka kuma mun samu nasarar nuna cewa waɗannan ruwayen halitta su na iya lalata magunguna kashe kwarin. Wannan shi ya sa sauron da yake ɗauke da waɗannan ruwaye biyu yana iya narkarwa ya lalata magungunan kashe kwarin da suka taɓa jikinsa, ta yadda ba zasu iya yi masa komai ba balle su kashe shi." Haka kuma Ranson da sauran masanan sun samu nasarar gano kwayar halittar dake samar da waɗannan ruwaye a jikin sauron. Ta ce wannan abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci. "A yanzu zamu iya yin sauyi ga maganin kwarin ta yadda zai iya kashe koda sauron dake da irin wadannan ruwayen. Hanyar da zamu bi mu yi haka kuwa, ita ce ta sauya sinadaran dake cikin magungunan domin canja fasalin aikinsu ta yadda a bayan kashe sauron, zasu kuma hana kwayayen halittar sauro sarrafa wadannan ruwaye. Ta yin haka, maganin zai jima sosai cikin kaifinsa a jikin kowane irin sauro. Wannan zai maido da kaifin magungunan." Anason ta ce wannan bayanin zai taimaka⁸ wajen tabbatar da ci gaban makami mai kaifi da amfani a yakin da ake yi da zazzabin cizon sauro. An buga sakamakon wannan bincike nata a cikin mujallar nan mai suna "Genome Research". Halitta ce mai takura da hana bacci sosai sannan idan yana yawan cizon ka yana saka ma mutum cuta kamar masassara wata maleria<ref name=":0">karatu</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Wurin da yake taruwa == [[File:Ramp for loading cattle, Bradshaw station IMG 0288.jpg|thumb|Bola inda sauro ya ke taruwa]] Sauro yana taruwa a wurin zubda ruwa har ya taru se matarsa ta shiga ciki dan tayi kwai kawa ruwa sama in ya taru ko ruwan wanka in ya taro. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.uel.ac.uk/mosquito/ European Mosquito Bulletin] [[Category:Ƙwaro]] huq1lnx35a0ko5oulrolxvcesxrc4gk 875223 875222 2026-07-03T17:31:18Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 875223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro na ƙoƙarin shiga raga]] [[Fayil:Mosquito racket with dead mosquitoes.jpg|thumb|mosquito racket with dead mosquito ]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito 2007-2.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens 2007-1.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Culex restuans larva diagram en.svg|thumb|zanen sauro]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti CDC-Gathany.jpg|thumb|cizon sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito on human skin.jpg|thumb|sauro bisa fata]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|thumb|sauro na cizo]] [[Fayil:Dengue mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens diagram en.svg|thumb|diagram]] [[Fayil:Mosquito gender es.svg|thumb|mace da namiji]] '''Sauro''' Yana da ƙafafu huɗu (4) kuma yana da fuka-fukai biyu (yana cikin dabbobi irin waɗanda ke tashi, shima kamar kowane halittu ne yana da mace da namiji yana shan jinin [[mutun]] har yasa masa [[zazzaɓi]]n ciwon Sauro<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-55447205.amp</ref>, Sauro na ɗaya daga cikin masu yaɗa cututtukan da suka fi yin kisa a duniya, inda ta ke kama miliyoyin mutane a kowace shekara. Yara fiye da miliyan ɗaya suke mutuwa kowace shekara a sanadin wannan cuta da Sauro ke yaɗa ta. Abin tayar da hankali shi ne a yanzu an ga alamun cewa sauro ya fara jurewa magungunan kashe kwarin da ake yin amfani da su wajen kashe shi. Amma kuma a wani bincike da Ɗaliban Jami'ar Kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar Kano dake [[Wudil]], [[KUST]], Wanda Al'amen Baba ke jagoranta, sun gano wasu kwayoyin halitta a jikin sauron waɗanda suke sanya shi jurewa Wadannan magunguna.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cjgn7kz74qwt</ref> [[File:AnophelesGambiaemosquito.jpg|200px|left|Anopheles gambiae]] Hilary Ranson ta Makarantar nazarin Cututtukan dake Addabar Ƙasashe Masu Zafi ta ce ɗaya daga cikin muhimman makaman da ake yin amfani da su wajen hana yaɗuwar zazzaɓin cizon sauro shi ne ta yin amfani da gidan sauro. Amma kuma, tilas ne gidan sauron a ringa jiƙa shi sau da dama cikin shekara guda da wani maganin kashe kwari, musamman magunguna dangin Pyrethroid. Ranson ta ce, "waɗannan magungunan kashe kwari sun samu nasara sosai wajen daƙile zazzaɓin cizon sauro, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan mun ga sauron ya fara jure ma irin waɗannan magunguna. Wannan kuwa ya dame mu sosai a saboda ba mu da wasu magungunan masu yawa da zasu iya maye gurbinsu." [[File:Anopheles stephensi.jpeg|thumb|250px]] Ranson ta ce akwai wasu yankuna na Afirka inda ake samun karin sauro mai ɗauke da kwayar cutar maleriya dake jure magungunan kashe kwari dangin Pyrethroid. A saboda haka ne ita da wasu masana na ƙasa da ƙasa suka nemi sanin abinda ya sa sauron ya fara jurewa magungunan. [[File:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|left|thumb|Mûn-é]] Ta ce, "mun gano wasu ruwayen halitta guda biyu waɗanda yawansu a jikin sauro mai jurewa magungunan ya zarce yadda yake a jikin sauron da ba ya iya jurewa. Haka kuma mun samu nasarar nuna cewa waɗannan ruwayen halitta su na iya lalata magunguna kashe kwarin. Wannan shi ya sa sauron da yake ɗauke da waɗannan ruwaye biyu yana iya narkarwa ya lalata magungunan kashe kwarin da suka taɓa jikinsa, ta yadda ba zasu iya yi masa komai ba balle su kashe shi." Haka kuma Ranson da sauran masanan sun samu nasarar gano kwayar halittar dake samar da waɗannan ruwaye a jikin sauron. Ta ce wannan abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci. "A yanzu zamu iya yin sauyi ga maganin kwarin ta yadda zai iya kashe koda sauron dake da irin wadannan ruwayen. Hanyar da zamu bi mu yi haka kuwa, ita ce ta sauya sinadaran dake cikin magungunan domin canja fasalin aikinsu ta yadda a bayan kashe sauron, zasu kuma hana kwayayen halittar sauro sarrafa wadannan ruwaye. Ta yin haka, maganin zai jima sosai cikin kaifinsa a jikin kowane irin sauro. Wannan zai maido da kaifin magungunan." Anason ta ce wannan bayanin zai taimaka⁸ wajen tabbatar da ci gaban makami mai kaifi da amfani a yakin da ake yi da zazzabin cizon sauro. An buga sakamakon wannan bincike nata a cikin mujallar nan mai suna "Genome Research". Halitta ce mai takura da hana bacci sosai sannan idan yana yawan cizon ka yana saka ma mutum cuta kamar masassara wata maleria<ref name=":0">karatu</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Wurin da yake taruwa == [[File:Ramp for loading cattle, Bradshaw station IMG 0288.jpg|thumb|Bola inda sauro ya ke taruwa]] Sauro yana taruwa a wurin zubda ruwa har ya taru se matarsa ta shiga ciki dan tayi kwai kawa ruwa sama in ya taru ko ruwan wanka in ya taro. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.uel.ac.uk/mosquito/ European Mosquito Bulletin] [[Category:Ƙwaro]] er0ha4nap6whuqrx11ye79j6jgszmlg 875224 875223 2026-07-03T17:31:41Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 875224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro na ƙoƙarin shiga raga]] [[Fayil:Mosquito racket with dead mosquitoes.jpg|thumb|mosquito racket with dead mosquito ]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito 2007-2.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens 2007-1.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Culex restuans larva diagram en.svg|thumb|zanen sauro]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti CDC-Gathany.jpg|thumb|cizon sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito on human skin.jpg|thumb|sauro bisa fata]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|thumb|sauro na cizo]] [[Fayil:Dengue mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens diagram en.svg|thumb|diagram]] [[Fayil:Mosquito gender es.svg|thumb|mace da namiji]] '''Sauro''' Yana da ƙafafu huɗu (4) kuma yana da fuka-fukai biyu (2yana cikin dabbobi irin waɗanda ke tashi, shima kamar kowane halittu ne yana da mace da namiji yana shan jinin [[mutun]] har yasa masa [[zazzaɓi]]n ciwon Sauro<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-55447205.amp</ref>, Sauro na ɗaya daga cikin masu yaɗa cututtukan da suka fi yin kisa a duniya, inda ta ke kama miliyoyin mutane a kowace shekara. Yara fiye da miliyan ɗaya suke mutuwa kowace shekara a sanadin wannan cuta da Sauro ke yaɗa ta. Abin tayar da hankali shi ne a yanzu an ga alamun cewa sauro ya fara jurewa magungunan kashe kwarin da ake yin amfani da su wajen kashe shi. Amma kuma a wani bincike da Ɗaliban Jami'ar Kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar Kano dake [[Wudil]], [[KUST]], Wanda Al'amen Baba ke jagoranta, sun gano wasu kwayoyin halitta a jikin sauron waɗanda suke sanya shi jurewa Wadannan magunguna.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cjgn7kz74qwt</ref> [[File:AnophelesGambiaemosquito.jpg|200px|left|Anopheles gambiae]] Hilary Ranson ta Makarantar nazarin Cututtukan dake Addabar Ƙasashe Masu Zafi ta ce ɗaya daga cikin muhimman makaman da ake yin amfani da su wajen hana yaɗuwar zazzaɓin cizon sauro shi ne ta yin amfani da gidan sauro. Amma kuma, tilas ne gidan sauron a ringa jiƙa shi sau da dama cikin shekara guda da wani maganin kashe kwari, musamman magunguna dangin Pyrethroid. Ranson ta ce, "waɗannan magungunan kashe kwari sun samu nasara sosai wajen daƙile zazzaɓin cizon sauro, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan mun ga sauron ya fara jure ma irin waɗannan magunguna. Wannan kuwa ya dame mu sosai a saboda ba mu da wasu magungunan masu yawa da zasu iya maye gurbinsu." [[File:Anopheles stephensi.jpeg|thumb|250px]] Ranson ta ce akwai wasu yankuna na Afirka inda ake samun karin sauro mai ɗauke da kwayar cutar maleriya dake jure magungunan kashe kwari dangin Pyrethroid. A saboda haka ne ita da wasu masana na ƙasa da ƙasa suka nemi sanin abinda ya sa sauron ya fara jurewa magungunan. [[File:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|left|thumb|Mûn-é]] Ta ce, "mun gano wasu ruwayen halitta guda biyu waɗanda yawansu a jikin sauro mai jurewa magungunan ya zarce yadda yake a jikin sauron da ba ya iya jurewa. Haka kuma mun samu nasarar nuna cewa waɗannan ruwayen halitta su na iya lalata magunguna kashe kwarin. Wannan shi ya sa sauron da yake ɗauke da waɗannan ruwaye biyu yana iya narkarwa ya lalata magungunan kashe kwarin da suka taɓa jikinsa, ta yadda ba zasu iya yi masa komai ba balle su kashe shi." Haka kuma Ranson da sauran masanan sun samu nasarar gano kwayar halittar dake samar da waɗannan ruwaye a jikin sauron. Ta ce wannan abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci. "A yanzu zamu iya yin sauyi ga maganin kwarin ta yadda zai iya kashe koda sauron dake da irin wadannan ruwayen. Hanyar da zamu bi mu yi haka kuwa, ita ce ta sauya sinadaran dake cikin magungunan domin canja fasalin aikinsu ta yadda a bayan kashe sauron, zasu kuma hana kwayayen halittar sauro sarrafa wadannan ruwaye. Ta yin haka, maganin zai jima sosai cikin kaifinsa a jikin kowane irin sauro. Wannan zai maido da kaifin magungunan." Anason ta ce wannan bayanin zai taimaka⁸ wajen tabbatar da ci gaban makami mai kaifi da amfani a yakin da ake yi da zazzabin cizon sauro. An buga sakamakon wannan bincike nata a cikin mujallar nan mai suna "Genome Research". Halitta ce mai takura da hana bacci sosai sannan idan yana yawan cizon ka yana saka ma mutum cuta kamar masassara wata maleria<ref name=":0">karatu</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Wurin da yake taruwa == [[File:Ramp for loading cattle, Bradshaw station IMG 0288.jpg|thumb|Bola inda sauro ya ke taruwa]] Sauro yana taruwa a wurin zubda ruwa har ya taru se matarsa ta shiga ciki dan tayi kwai kawa ruwa sama in ya taru ko ruwan wanka in ya taro. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.uel.ac.uk/mosquito/ European Mosquito Bulletin] [[Category:Ƙwaro]] 1xl9esebu1ucgtjbeinxv7qaonhhhbh 875225 875224 2026-07-03T17:32:08Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 875225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro na ƙoƙarin shiga raga]] [[Fayil:Mosquito racket with dead mosquitoes.jpg|thumb|mosquito racket with dead mosquito ]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito 2007-2.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens 2007-1.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Culex restuans larva diagram en.svg|thumb|zanen sauro]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti CDC-Gathany.jpg|thumb|cizon sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito on human skin.jpg|thumb|sauro bisa fata]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|thumb|sauro na cizo]] [[Fayil:Dengue mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens diagram en.svg|thumb|diagram]] [[Fayil:Mosquito gender es.svg|thumb|mace da namiji]] '''Sauro''' Yana da ƙafafu huɗu (4) kuma yana da fuka-fukai biyu (2)yana cikin dabbobi irin waɗanda ke tashi, shima kamar kowane halittu ne yana da mace da namiji yana shan jinin [[mutun]] har yasa masa [[zazzaɓi]]n ciwon Sauro<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-55447205.amp</ref>, Sauro na ɗaya daga cikin masu yaɗa cututtukan da suka fi yin kisa a duniya, inda ta ke kama miliyoyin mutane a kowace shekara. Yara fiye da miliyan ɗaya suke mutuwa kowace shekara a sanadin wannan cuta da Sauro ke yaɗa ta. Abin tayar da hankali shi ne a yanzu an ga alamun cewa sauro ya fara jurewa magungunan kashe kwarin da ake yin amfani da su wajen kashe shi. Amma kuma a wani bincike da Ɗaliban Jami'ar Kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar Kano dake [[Wudil]], [[KUST]], Wanda Al'amen Baba ke jagoranta, sun gano wasu kwayoyin halitta a jikin sauron waɗanda suke sanya shi jurewa Wadannan magunguna.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cjgn7kz74qwt</ref> [[File:AnophelesGambiaemosquito.jpg|200px|left|Anopheles gambiae]] Hilary Ranson ta Makarantar nazarin Cututtukan dake Addabar Ƙasashe Masu Zafi ta ce ɗaya daga cikin muhimman makaman da ake yin amfani da su wajen hana yaɗuwar zazzaɓin cizon sauro shi ne ta yin amfani da gidan sauro. Amma kuma, tilas ne gidan sauron a ringa jiƙa shi sau da dama cikin shekara guda da wani maganin kashe kwari, musamman magunguna dangin Pyrethroid. Ranson ta ce, "waɗannan magungunan kashe kwari sun samu nasara sosai wajen daƙile zazzaɓin cizon sauro, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan mun ga sauron ya fara jure ma irin waɗannan magunguna. Wannan kuwa ya dame mu sosai a saboda ba mu da wasu magungunan masu yawa da zasu iya maye gurbinsu." [[File:Anopheles stephensi.jpeg|thumb|250px]] Ranson ta ce akwai wasu yankuna na Afirka inda ake samun karin sauro mai ɗauke da kwayar cutar maleriya dake jure magungunan kashe kwari dangin Pyrethroid. A saboda haka ne ita da wasu masana na ƙasa da ƙasa suka nemi sanin abinda ya sa sauron ya fara jurewa magungunan. [[File:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|left|thumb|Mûn-é]] Ta ce, "mun gano wasu ruwayen halitta guda biyu waɗanda yawansu a jikin sauro mai jurewa magungunan ya zarce yadda yake a jikin sauron da ba ya iya jurewa. Haka kuma mun samu nasarar nuna cewa waɗannan ruwayen halitta su na iya lalata magunguna kashe kwarin. Wannan shi ya sa sauron da yake ɗauke da waɗannan ruwaye biyu yana iya narkarwa ya lalata magungunan kashe kwarin da suka taɓa jikinsa, ta yadda ba zasu iya yi masa komai ba balle su kashe shi." Haka kuma Ranson da sauran masanan sun samu nasarar gano kwayar halittar dake samar da waɗannan ruwaye a jikin sauron. Ta ce wannan abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci. "A yanzu zamu iya yin sauyi ga maganin kwarin ta yadda zai iya kashe koda sauron dake da irin wadannan ruwayen. Hanyar da zamu bi mu yi haka kuwa, ita ce ta sauya sinadaran dake cikin magungunan domin canja fasalin aikinsu ta yadda a bayan kashe sauron, zasu kuma hana kwayayen halittar sauro sarrafa wadannan ruwaye. Ta yin haka, maganin zai jima sosai cikin kaifinsa a jikin kowane irin sauro. Wannan zai maido da kaifin magungunan." Anason ta ce wannan bayanin zai taimaka⁸ wajen tabbatar da ci gaban makami mai kaifi da amfani a yakin da ake yi da zazzabin cizon sauro. An buga sakamakon wannan bincike nata a cikin mujallar nan mai suna "Genome Research". Halitta ce mai takura da hana bacci sosai sannan idan yana yawan cizon ka yana saka ma mutum cuta kamar masassara wata maleria<ref name=":0">karatu</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Wurin da yake taruwa == [[File:Ramp for loading cattle, Bradshaw station IMG 0288.jpg|thumb|Bola inda sauro ya ke taruwa]] Sauro yana taruwa a wurin zubda ruwa har ya taru se matarsa ta shiga ciki dan tayi kwai kawa ruwa sama in ya taru ko ruwan wanka in ya taro. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.uel.ac.uk/mosquito/ European Mosquito Bulletin] [[Category:Ƙwaro]] 511geba5ycqczaov0o57dpdkmi0sdhj 875226 875225 2026-07-03T17:32:36Z Aminu Ya'u 14682 875226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro na ƙoƙarin shiga raga]] [[Fayil:Mosquito racket with dead mosquitoes.jpg|thumb|mosquito racket with dead mosquito ]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito 2007-2.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens 2007-1.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Culex restuans larva diagram en.svg|thumb|zanen sauro]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti CDC-Gathany.jpg|thumb|cizon sauro]] [[Fayil:Mosquito on human skin.jpg|thumb|sauro bisa fata]] [[Fayil:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|thumb|sauro na cizo]] [[Fayil:Dengue mosquito.jpg|thumb|sauro]] [[Fayil:Culex pipiens diagram en.svg|thumb|diagram]] [[Fayil:Mosquito gender es.svg|thumb|mace da namiji]] '''Sauro''' Yana da ƙafafu huɗu (4) kuma yana da fuka-fukai biyu (2) yana cikin dabbobi irin waɗanda ke tashi, shima kamar kowane halittu ne yana da mace da namiji yana shan jinin [[mutun]] har yasa masa [[zazzaɓi]]n ciwon Sauro<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-55447205.amp</ref>, Sauro na ɗaya daga cikin masu yaɗa cututtukan da suka fi yin kisa a duniya, inda ta ke kama miliyoyin mutane a kowace shekara. Yara fiye da miliyan ɗaya suke mutuwa kowace shekara a sanadin wannan cuta da Sauro ke yaɗa ta. Abin tayar da hankali shi ne a yanzu an ga alamun cewa sauro ya fara jurewa magungunan kashe kwarin da ake yin amfani da su wajen kashe shi. Amma kuma a wani bincike da Ɗaliban Jami'ar Kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar Kano dake [[Wudil]], [[KUST]], Wanda Al'amen Baba ke jagoranta, sun gano wasu kwayoyin halitta a jikin sauron waɗanda suke sanya shi jurewa Wadannan magunguna.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cjgn7kz74qwt</ref> [[File:AnophelesGambiaemosquito.jpg|200px|left|Anopheles gambiae]] Hilary Ranson ta Makarantar nazarin Cututtukan dake Addabar Ƙasashe Masu Zafi ta ce ɗaya daga cikin muhimman makaman da ake yin amfani da su wajen hana yaɗuwar zazzaɓin cizon sauro shi ne ta yin amfani da gidan sauro. Amma kuma, tilas ne gidan sauron a ringa jiƙa shi sau da dama cikin shekara guda da wani maganin kashe kwari, musamman magunguna dangin Pyrethroid. Ranson ta ce, "waɗannan magungunan kashe kwari sun samu nasara sosai wajen daƙile zazzaɓin cizon sauro, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan mun ga sauron ya fara jure ma irin waɗannan magunguna. Wannan kuwa ya dame mu sosai a saboda ba mu da wasu magungunan masu yawa da zasu iya maye gurbinsu." [[File:Anopheles stephensi.jpeg|thumb|250px]] Ranson ta ce akwai wasu yankuna na Afirka inda ake samun karin sauro mai ɗauke da kwayar cutar maleriya dake jure magungunan kashe kwari dangin Pyrethroid. A saboda haka ne ita da wasu masana na ƙasa da ƙasa suka nemi sanin abinda ya sa sauron ya fara jurewa magungunan. [[File:Aedes aegypti biting human.jpg|left|thumb|Mûn-é]] Ta ce, "mun gano wasu ruwayen halitta guda biyu waɗanda yawansu a jikin sauro mai jurewa magungunan ya zarce yadda yake a jikin sauron da ba ya iya jurewa. Haka kuma mun samu nasarar nuna cewa waɗannan ruwayen halitta su na iya lalata magunguna kashe kwarin. Wannan shi ya sa sauron da yake ɗauke da waɗannan ruwaye biyu yana iya narkarwa ya lalata magungunan kashe kwarin da suka taɓa jikinsa, ta yadda ba zasu iya yi masa komai ba balle su kashe shi." Haka kuma Ranson da sauran masanan sun samu nasarar gano kwayar halittar dake samar da waɗannan ruwaye a jikin sauron. Ta ce wannan abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci. "A yanzu zamu iya yin sauyi ga maganin kwarin ta yadda zai iya kashe koda sauron dake da irin wadannan ruwayen. Hanyar da zamu bi mu yi haka kuwa, ita ce ta sauya sinadaran dake cikin magungunan domin canja fasalin aikinsu ta yadda a bayan kashe sauron, zasu kuma hana kwayayen halittar sauro sarrafa wadannan ruwaye. Ta yin haka, maganin zai jima sosai cikin kaifinsa a jikin kowane irin sauro. Wannan zai maido da kaifin magungunan." Anason ta ce wannan bayanin zai taimaka⁸ wajen tabbatar da ci gaban makami mai kaifi da amfani a yakin da ake yi da zazzabin cizon sauro. An buga sakamakon wannan bincike nata a cikin mujallar nan mai suna "Genome Research". Halitta ce mai takura da hana bacci sosai sannan idan yana yawan cizon ka yana saka ma mutum cuta kamar masassara wata maleria<ref name=":0">karatu</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Wurin da yake taruwa == [[File:Ramp for loading cattle, Bradshaw station IMG 0288.jpg|thumb|Bola inda sauro ya ke taruwa]] Sauro yana taruwa a wurin zubda ruwa har ya taru se matarsa ta shiga ciki dan tayi kwai kawa ruwa sama in ya taru ko ruwan wanka in ya taro. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.uel.ac.uk/mosquito/ European Mosquito Bulletin] [[Category:Ƙwaro]] leid5cewvitbsfjm8rx5v0sstkrxq7k 0 3006 875050 874956 2026-07-03T15:18:46Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 875050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Collage of Six Cats-02.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:green;">Kyanwa</span>]] [[File:Felis catus-cat on snow.jpg|thumb|Mage cikin kankara]] '''Kyanwa''' ko '''Mage''' ko '''Mussa''' da [[Hausa]]r [[Zamfara]]wa (''Felis catus'') [[File:Tabby cat with blue eyes-3336579.jpg|thumb|wata mage da bulun ido]] kyanwa dai wata dabba ce cikin [[dabbobi]] Wadanda ake ajiye su a mastayin dabbobin [[gida|gida.]] Wadanda ba dan aci ake kiwon su ba, sai don nishadi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1294121-amfanin-kiwon-mage-a-gida-ga-mutane.html|date=18 January 2020|accessdate=10 October 2021|publisher=Legit.Hausa.ng|title=Amfanin kiwon mage a gida ga mutane, Nishadi, maganin qananan dabbobi Kamar su bera|last= Usman|first= Jamil}}</ref> [[Fayil:Cat playing with a lizard.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Abessinierkatze Tilia 04.jpg|thumb|yanda mage ke qara kyau a waje]]yanda mage ke kama abinchinta]] Tana kyawata muhalli. Kyanwa (Felis catus), wacce kuma ake kira kyanwa ta gida da kyanwa ta gida, qaramar dabba ce mai cin nama ta gida. Memba ce ta Felidae, dangin dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin tsarin Carnivora wanda kuma ake kira kuliyoyi. Nama ne mai cin nama, wanda galibi yana buqatar abinci na nama. Fikafikansa masu ja da baya an daidaita su don kashe qananan nau'ikan dabbobi masu cin nama kamar beraye. Yana da jiki mai qarfi, mai sassauqa, saurin amsawa, da haqora masu kaifi, kuma hangen nesa da qamshi na dare suna da kyau. Nau'i ne na zamantakewa, amma mafarauci shi kadai ne kuma mafarauci mai cin nama. Sadarwar kyanwa ta hada da yin kwai, ywai,gunaguni, da kuma yare jiki. Yana iya jin sautuka masu rauni ko kuma masu yawa a yawan da kunnen dan adam zai iya ji, kamar wadanda qananan dabbobi masu shayarwa ke yi. Yana doyewa da kuma fahimtar pheromones. Hankali na kyanwa yana bayyana a cikin ikonsa na daidaitawa, koyo ta hanyar lura, da kuma magance matsaloli. Kyanwa ta gida ita ce kawai nau'in da ake kula da shi a cikin dangin Felidae. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kyanwa}} [[Category:Dabba]] ljsy85tkduds251slgfnb4nstmr9cfz 0 4084 875642 188862 2026-07-04T06:10:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 875642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walter Abbott''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1877 - ya mutu a shekara ta 1941) shi ne ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne a [[ƙasar Ingila]]. {{Hujja}}{{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abbott, Walter}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] qh0tc9xgo59plyeiwizlxw2sevgam7q 0 6232 875609 873769 2026-07-04T05:33:37Z Nura Bello 24854 875609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Warri'''wani birni ne, da ke a jihar [[Delta (jiha)|Delta]], a [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne babban birnin jihar Delta. Bisa ga kimanta a shekarar 2017, jimilar mutane dubu dari shida da sittin da uku. Birnin Warri cibiya ne na man-fetur da ke kudu-maso-kudancin kasannan, kuma gidan gwamnati na Jihar Delta na cikinta. [[Itacipoma|Itace]] matsayin yankin gundumar Turawan Mulkin mallaka na lokacin.<ref>"Warri, Nigeria – International Cities of Peace". Retrieved 25 June 2021.</ref> Warri ta hada yanki da Sapele, duk da cewa a yanzu an hade yankunan Sapele kamar su Okere, Agbassa, [[Uvwie]], [[Okpe]], da kuma [[Udu, Nigeria|Udu]] a matsayin yankin babban Birnin Warri.<ref>"GPS coordinates of Warri, Nigeria, DMS, UTM, GeoHash - CountryCoordinate.com". ''www.countrycoordinate.com''. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</ref> Akwai gidajen Osubi da filin jirgin sama guda daya a garin. Kalmar "Gundumar Warri" a da tana nufin wani yanki na jihar Delta, wanda ke karkashin mulkin turawa na yankin Kudancin Najeriya.<ref>Okoh, Oghenetoja (July 2016). "WHO CONTROLS WARRI? HOW ETHNICITY BECAME VOLATILE IN THE WESTERN NIGER DELTA (1928–52)*". ''The Journal of African History''. '''57''' (2): 209–230. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1017/S0021853716000074. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0021-8537. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 163543228.</ref> Ta hada yanki da Sapele daga Arewa-maso-Gabas, da kuma Rafin Forcados daga Kudu-maso-Gabas, sai kuma Jameson Creek daga kudu-maso-yamma wanda daga baya ta koma karkashin gundumar Delta. [[Effurun]] itace matsayin cibiyar tattalin arzikin birnin.<ref>"Exposure assessment of chicken meat to heavy metals and bacterial contaminations in Warri metropolis, Nigeria". ''ResearchGate''. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</ref> Birnin Warri tana daya daga cikin maya-manyan cibiyoyi sarrafa da kuma kasuwancin man-fetur dake kudancin Najeriya. Itace babban birnin kuma cibiyar kasuwanci na jihar Delta, da yawan mutane akalla mutum 311,970 dangane da kidayar shekara ta 2006.<ref>"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref> Asalin mazauna birnin sun kasance mutanen harsunan [[Urhobo people|Urhobo]], [[Ijaw people|Ijaw]] da [[Itsekiri people|Itsekiri]]. Sannan mafi aksarin mazauna garin kiristoci ne, duk da dai har yanzu akwai kadan dake bin akidar bautan gargajiya na kudancin Najeriya. Birnin tayi fice a harshen Turancin Pijin (Pidjin English). =Labarin warri== Warri a da ta kasance babban birnin gundumar mulkin Turawa. Daga bisani an hade Lagos da Yankin Kudancin Najeriya a matsayin yankunan mulkin mallakan Turawa a ranar 28 ga watan February 1906, kuma an daura Walter Egerton a matsayin gwamnan yankin wanda ya rike mukamin har zuwa 1912. Birnin Warri na nan a gaban kogin Warri wacce ta hade kogin Forcados da na Escravos ta Jones Creek a can yankin Delta. Tarihin garin ya fara ne a karni na 15 lokacin da malaman kiristoci daga Portugal suka kawo masu ziyara. Daga baya kuma ta zamo cibiyar cinikayyar bayi tsankanin Portugal da Germany. Warri ta zamo birni mai daraja a karni na 19 musamman ta dalilin tashan jirgin ruwa da ake sufurin man-ja zuwa kasashen ketare. Sannan Warri ta zamo cibiyar gundumomi na Turawa a karni na 20. Ta samu cigaba sosai, ta tashi daga kauye ta zamo birni.<ref>Ekeh, Peter Palmer (2005). ''Warri City and British Colonial Rule in Western Niger Delta''. Urhobo Historical Society. p. 31. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-064-924-7|<bdi>978-064-924-7</bdi>]].</ref> == Jama'a == Mafi akasarin mutanen warri sun kasance daga harsunan Urhobo, Itsekiri da kuma Ijaw.<ref>"Niger Delta moving from agitation to rebellion?". ''The New Humanitarian'' (in French). 8 July 2003. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</ref> Amma saboda bunkasa da cigaban garin, akwai mutane dayawa daga sassa daban daban na kasar. == Yanayi == Birnin na fuskantar matsakaicin ruwan sama da kuma matsakaicin danshi. Yanayin garin ya fada a ''monsoon'' wanda ya rabu zuwa yanayi biyu; lokacin damuna da lokacin rani. Rani yakan fara a tsakanin watan Nuwamba zuwa April kuma ya kunshi yanayin sanyin ''harmattan'' mai zuwa da kura da hazo. Lokacin damunan yana farawa ne daga watan Mayu zuwa October da rashin ruwa na dan lokaci acikin watan Augusta. Yanayin garin na da halayyar ''tropical monsoon climate'' da matsakaicin zafi na shekara-shekara a 32.8 °C (91.0 °F). Ruwan sama a shekara yakan kai 2,770 mm (109 in). Yanayi na zafi yakan kai 28 °C (82 °F) and 32 °C (90 °F). Kasan garin na dauke da isassun ciyayi, sannan akwai itacen timber, Palm da sauran itacen marmari. {{Weather box |location = Warri |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan high C = 31.5 |Feb high C = 32.2 |Mar high C = 32.4 |Apr high C = 32.2 |May high C = 31.5 |Jun high C = 30.0 |Jul high C = 28.4 |Aug high C = 28.4 |Sep high C = 28.8 |Oct high C = 30.0 |Nov high C = 31.4 |Dec high C = 31.5 |year high C = 30.7 |Jan mean C = 26.8 |Feb mean C = 27.5 |Mar mean C = 27.9 |Apr mean C = 28.0 |May mean C = 27.3 |Jun mean C = 26.3 |Jul mean C = 25.2 |Aug mean C = 25.3 |Sep mean C = 25.5 |Oct mean C = 26.3 |Nov mean C = 27.1 |Dec mean C = 26.8 |year mean C = 26.7 |Jan low C = 22.1 |Feb low C = 22.9 |Mar low C = 23.5 |Apr low C = 23.8 |May low C = 23.1 |Jun low C = 22.6 |Jul low C = 21.0 |Aug low C = 22.3 |Sep low C = 22.3 |Oct low C = 22.6 |Nov low C = 22.9 |Dec low C = 22.2 |year low C = 22.6 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 30 |Feb precipitation mm = 58 |Mar precipitation mm = 127 |Apr precipitation mm = 201 |May precipitation mm = 270 |Jun precipitation mm = 367 |Jul precipitation mm = 474 |Aug precipitation mm = 324 |Sep precipitation mm = 457 |Oct precipitation mm = 325 |Nov precipitation mm = 104 |Dec precipitation mm = 31 |year precipitation mm = 2768 |source 1 = Climate-Data.Org<ref name = Climate-Data.Org> {{cite web | url = http://en.climate-data.org/location/513/ | title = Climate: Warri | publisher = [[Climate-Data.org]] | access-date = 29 October 2016}}</ref> }} == Arziki da gine-gine == Akwai Warri Refinery da kuma Petrochemicals a Ekpa, da sauran kamfanonin mai na gida da na kasashen waje a sassa daban daban da ke kusa. Tana daya daga cikin manya manyan tashoshi jiragen ruwa na Najeriya wanda ke nan a Ugbuwangue, Warri. Saboda rikicin da ke faruwa a yankin, musamman na 1999, mafi yawanci kamfanonin sun ruga zuwa babban birnin da kuma sassan gefe-gefe. === Tsaro === Akwai barikin sojoji a garin Amphibious Infantry battalion (Effurun Army Base) wanda ke nan a Effurun. Sojin ruwan Najeriya suna gudanar da harkokinsu a yankin tashar. Sannan har wayau sojin saman Najeria na da bariki a garin (61 Nigerian Air force). === Wasanni === Warri na da filin wasannin kwallon kafa wanda ke da fadin dibar mutane 30,000. Wanda shine filin wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa na gida na [[Warri Wolves]].<ref>[[Warri Wolves F.C.|Warri Wolves F.C]]</ref><ref>[[Warri Township Stadium]]</ref> === Sarrafe-sarrafe === A cikin birin akwai manya manyan matatun man fetur, sannan akwai kamfanin sarrafe karafa watau ''Delta Steel Company'' wanda kenan a yankin Ovwian–Aladja dake karamar hukumar Udu<ref>"20 years after collapse, steel company resumes operations". Vanguard (Nigeria). 5 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.</ref>. Sanna akwai kamfanin sarrafa gilasai na Beta Glass daga wajen birnin Ughelli, wanda ke da tarin silica da silicates da ake amfani dasu wajen hada gilasai. Sannan har wayau akwai kamfanin rarraba wutar lantarki na Transcorp Power wanda kenan a Ughelli. == Sufuri == === Jirgin kasa === A farkon shekara ta 1991, an fara hada titin jirgin kasan daga kamfanonin sarrafa karafa na [[Ajaokuta]] zuwa tashar jirgin ruwa na Warri wanda ke da nisan kiloitoci 275. Zuwa shekara ta 2006, titin jirgin ya kai kilomita 329 amma har yanzu ba'a kammala sauran kilomita 27 da ya rage zuwa Warri ba. An cigaba da aikin titin a shekara ta 2010. Gwamnati tayi bikin bude titin a watan Satumba shekara ta 2020. === Tituna === Gwamnatin garin ta kara gyara manyan hanyoyin garin don kara wa garin kyawu. === Jirgin Sama === Akwai wuraren saukan helikoptoci a wasu manyan kamfanonin man fetur a garin === Jiragen Ruwa === Sufurin kayayyaki ta ruwa na gudana ne karkashin kulawar Nigerian Ports Authority (Delta Ports) wanda yawanci ya kunshi shigowa da kaya da fitasu daga wasun manyan kamfanoni. == Makarantu == === Jami'oi === Akwai manyan makarantun gaba da sakandare da dama da suka hada da; *College of Education at Edjeba, Warri<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contact Us – College of Education, Warri|url=https://coewarri.edu.ng/contact-us/|access-date=2021-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref> *The Delta State Nursing School, Ogunu, Warri<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-26|title=Delta State Schools of Nursing Admission Form 2020/2021|url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/delta-state-schools-of-nursing-form/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.myschoolgist.com|language=en}}</ref> *Eagle Heights University, Omadino, Warri<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Oritsejafor Will Bankroll N2.5 billion Eagle Height University {{!}} Encomium Magazine|url=https://encomium.ng/how-oritsejafor-will-bankroll-n2-5-billion-eagle-height-university/|access-date=2021-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Nigeria Maritime University]] Okerenkoko, Warri<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-11|title=Homepage|url=https://www.nmu.edu.ng/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=NMU|language=en-US}}</ref> === Makarantun Sakandare === Makarantun Sakandare sun hada da: * Yonwuren Secondary School, Warri * College of Education Demonstration Secondary School, Warri * Twin Fountain Group of Schools * Cambridge International School * Delta Careers College * Federal Government College * [[Hussey College Warri|Hussey College, Warri]] * Nana College, Warri * Dom Domingos College, Warri * [[Delta Secondary School, Warri]] * [[Dore Numa College]], Warri * [[Essi College]], Warri * Uwangue College, Warri * Urhobo College, Effurun * Classical International Schools * Ugborikoko Secondary School * Army Day Secondary School, Effurun * College of Commerce Warri * DSC Technical High School, Ovwian-Aladja * Our Lady's High School, Effurun * Mega Stars Christian School, Udu * Eagles Height School, Ajamhimogha === Makarantun firamare=== Makarantun firamare sun hada da: * Ogiame Primary School, Warri * Ikengbuwa Primary School, Warri * [[Caveginia Primary School]], Warri * Twin Fountain Group of Schools * HillTop * International Unity School (IUS) * [[NNPC]] Staff Primary School * SNAPS * [[Alderstown School for the Deaf]] * Kids Compute Academy == Wuraren bude ido == Akwai wuraren bude ido da dama da mutum zai iya ziyarta a Warri. * Nana Living History Museum<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-09|title=100 years of Nanna of Itsekiri's 'Living History'|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/07/100-years-nanna-itsekiris-living-history/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * Red Mangrove swamp * Falcorp Mangrove Park / Mini Zoo, Ijala, Behind Warri Refinery.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opening hours: Falcorp Mangrove Park - Warri Zoo and Nature Park|url=https://opening-hours.com.ng/0645149/Falcorp_Mangrove_Park_-_Warri_Zoo_and_Nature_Park|access-date=2021-06-25|website=opening-hours.com.ng|language=en-NG}}</ref> * [[Warri Township Stadium]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Warri Township Stadium - Football Stadium|url=https://www.football-lineups.com/stadium/4819/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Football-Lineups}}</ref> * Shell club, Ogunu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shell Ogunu Golf Club {{!}} All Square Golf|url=https://www.allsquaregolf.com/golf-courses/nigeria/shell-ogunu-golf-club|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.allsquaregolf.com|language=en}}</ref> ==Shahararrun mutanen== *[[Isaiah Oghenevwegba Ogedegbe|Isaiah Ogedegbe]], faston kuma marubuci<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|title=Iginla, TeeMac, others eulogise TB Joshua at posthumous birthday|publisher=The Nation Newspaper|access-date=2023-06-20|archive-date=2023-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613210715/https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> *[[Paul Eyefian]] *[[Daniel Dikeji Miyerijesu]] shi ne ya kafa ma' aikatar Alheri ta Allah *[[Ifeanyi Palmer]] shi ne ya kafa Gospel Harvest Assembly (Word Arena) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Warri}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] 57s6xpi7kqe1g42lywhdl13bpkq5fwx 0 6879 875149 485208 2026-07-03T16:32:37Z Zumalabe 25791 /* Hotuna */ 875149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:BILBAO.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bilbao.]] '''Bilbao''' (lafazi: /bilebaho/) birni ne, da ke a yankin [[Ƙasar Basko]], a ƙasar [[Ispaniya]]. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2009, jimilar [[mutane]] 939,994 (dubu dari tara da talatin da tara da dari tara da tisa'in da huɗu). An gina birnin Bilbao a farkon karni na sha uku bayan haifuwan annabi Issa. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Spider_Maman_and_Guggenheim_museum_at_Bilbao.jpg|Spider, Louise Bourgeois File:Bilbao_-_Guggenheim_02.jpg|Puppy, Jeff Koons File:AntonioTruebafrontsight.JPG|Monumento a Antonio Trueba (Benlliure) File:Zubi_Zuri.jpg|Zubi Zuri File:Plaza_nueva_de_Bilbao.JPG|Plaza nueva de Bilbao File:Plaza_de_Federico_Moy%C3%BAa.jpg|Plaza Moyúa File:Bilbao_-_Parque_Etxebarria_1.jpg|Parque Etxebarria File:Ametzola1.jpg|Amézola File:Bosque_de_Farolas_Bilbao.jpg|Bosque de Farolas Bilbao File:Bilbao.Guggenheim20.jpg|Bilbao.Guggenheim File:Metro_Bilbao_Sarriko_Station.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail| </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Bilbao}} [[Category:Biranen Ispaniya]] 921eaa15xbhc2v1sji8pw8730uqyjd2 0 8385 875586 460380 2026-07-04T04:52:49Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shine masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shine kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shine gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekarar 623 Miladiyya. Shine kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shine waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] 99ymug7yd08k11x3l1zimyi269ri19y 875587 875586 2026-07-04T04:53:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shine masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shine kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shine gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekarar 623 Miladiyya. Shine kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shine waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] 0xvewmat15motzlvit9farh35wdg9rj 875588 875587 2026-07-04T04:54:32Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shine masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shine kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shine gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekarar 623 Miladiyya. Shine kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shine waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] lwaoaa2hr4pprfxn02ffuotbln2avgf 875589 875588 2026-07-04T04:55:17Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shine kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shine gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekarar 623 Miladiyya. Shine kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shine waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] tjbvtay489syl7a0ius5hee4igbwf1u 875590 875589 2026-07-04T04:55:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shine gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekarar 623 Miladiyya. Shine kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shine waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] 6l8q9sdzwvlewq3ppt1admxosmzxtqy 875600 875590 2026-07-04T05:27:19Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekarar 623 Miladiyya. Shine kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shine waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] 439bfkq5tiupd9l07jvgw3ezlqd33bp 875601 875600 2026-07-04T05:28:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekarar 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] nnvtininnj1ex6fxpkq6gud54al05q6 875602 875601 2026-07-04T05:29:12Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] qynyxjyrhwuj0ndgcoco3qr0e3yux8l 875603 875602 2026-07-04T05:29:43Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara a 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] pxpusjsx8meyrsl2tsgawqh0v7huh4q 875604 875603 2026-07-04T05:30:17Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara al 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] 2c29wimeovhukwvdpi9fztzc0uzks4y 875606 875604 2026-07-04T05:30:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara ali 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] 1t0tlolc8lk91d7xiokuk0vo528nt5c 875607 875606 2026-07-04T05:31:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] sa3t6vd660te3r3www8ncz5clpv1xsx 875608 875607 2026-07-04T05:32:18Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r. (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] 7ebl8dtg7gziu0um8sgmn2ufur7rzjo 875610 875608 2026-07-04T05:34:19Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamai hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r. (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] 9w2sxppfbfnc6govbdimunp9qs9kc4f 875612 875610 2026-07-04T05:36:18Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamai hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r. (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] oywp8klunov6lx3suk7jx1ttk3tvxhl 875613 875612 2026-07-04T05:37:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r. (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] eyqw9kk1f9gvdemi2tivx58zwdsxgqa 875615 875613 2026-07-04T05:38:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r. (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] esy8uvcq21d1hrywm2c8wtyuminb5fn 875617 875615 2026-07-04T05:38:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r. (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] kj742aij2ga3lmmotyw76pc183e09jz 875619 875617 2026-07-04T05:40:31Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t. (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] ov5oo9ge7v8lpc7ahe0wdq40ry6ckaa 875620 875619 2026-07-04T05:41:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] qe040uf6x4s94rruv93x2954rzyyeqh 875621 875620 2026-07-04T05:42:17Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] 2eidqqu3pvm5y59ufuhnm0bv891yiuk 875624 875621 2026-07-04T05:42:59Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] 37gfd8sqb0m38vgya01flstkwrotzvo 875625 875624 2026-07-04T05:43:40Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara a 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] 8dm6x3b4hywohddsvbk6q6rdg896t6r 875626 875625 2026-07-04T05:44:04Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara al 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] 6eexk35jcy4l4d27svf9j1p99937br7 875627 875626 2026-07-04T05:44:35Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara ali 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] preg6ufr69x5ajs0h3zgpkh7j6svdl6 875628 875627 2026-07-04T05:45:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara alif 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] eprl9ocypo421ow3yp26pzn1cjqb6r1 875629 875628 2026-07-04T05:47:09Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara alif 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar r.]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] b8lg5i9qu0xhn5o0c89f8iqxurrs23i 875630 875629 2026-07-04T05:48:01Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara alif 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar r.t.]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] le35jew62u1ktipwo6fzf57f0suvxt1 875631 875630 2026-07-04T05:48:49Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara alif 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar r.t.a]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] 3cmlsg2er2i8h81u15wol59l3tbd0y6 875818 875631 2026-07-04T10:53:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara alif 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar r.t.a]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] qon9oohgmh1y4bf02z73qlfvkp4wpil 875819 875818 2026-07-04T10:54:39Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara alif 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar r.t.a]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara a 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] hwf0d582iqg4j4wok32lbqvcm1l78gx 875820 875819 2026-07-04T10:55:56Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara alif 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar r.t.a]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara al 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara a 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] towe5yphuammxjngskhjxq3j7q0d22f 875821 875820 2026-07-04T10:56:32Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara alif 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yammah sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar r.t.a]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na uku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara al 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara a 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] d7h5t5mmgyz83kpf89iwu16rvqminfx 875822 875821 2026-07-04T10:57:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara alif 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yammah sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar r.t.a]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na ukku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara al 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara a 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] tdei9uk9a9ib56x8wan3jim27c82fob 875823 875822 2026-07-04T10:58:04Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara alif 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yammah sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar r.t.a]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na ukku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara al 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara ukku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara a 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] d6ngr8kyppnrnlqw48pvrjsfx9si5tz 875824 875823 2026-07-04T10:59:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara alif 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yammah sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar r.t.a]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na ukku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara al 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara ukku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shi ne na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara a 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] h3mpo6k706rb42x7v3cp6g2t3mev7m0 875826 875824 2026-07-04T11:00:11Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara alif 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yammah sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar r.t.a]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na ukku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin al shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara al 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara ukku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shi ne na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara a 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] jpswlwv7osl3rhwkz8auy63p00wqanc 875827 875826 2026-07-04T11:01:22Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara alif 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yammah sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar r.t.a]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na ukku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin al shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara al 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara ukku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shi ne na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara a 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] 9cczzcbt33p5x2budq3g35w6rsyedxq 875828 875827 2026-07-04T11:02:12Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi s.a.w ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara alif 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yammah sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar r.t.a]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na ukku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin al shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara al 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara ukku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida ammah daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shi ne na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara a 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] 00czpchume6ui321psruf8xtrdoi55b 875831 875828 2026-07-04T11:12:52Z Gwanki 3834 875831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The Enlightened City.jpg | thumb | Masallacin Annabi]] '''Masallacin Annabi''' ([[Larabci]] ألمسجذ النبوي '''Al-Masjid An-Nabawi''') [[Masallaci]] ne a birnin [[Madina]] na kasar [[Saudiyya]], wanda Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shi ne masallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a [[duniya]]. Shi ne kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a [[Musulunci]] bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin [[Makka]] na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai. Asalin wajen shi ne gidan Annabi (s.a.w) , anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekara alif 623 Miladiyya. Shi ne kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'umma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin [[Musulunci]]. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shi ne waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakamasa hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotal-hotal da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin [[umara]] ga [[mahajjata]] da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu [[Sahabbai]] nasa guda biyi (kalifofin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun]] na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shi ne babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha r.t.a (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.<ref>pic.twitter.com/6Dvoi0tAUc</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko === [[File:View_of_Masjid-e-Nabawi_Gate_21,_22.jpg|thumb|Hoton masallacin annabi.]] Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekara alif 622 miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene ''Sahal'' da ''Suhail'', wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 × 35.62 ( kafa 100.1 × kafa 116.9) , an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yammah sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas. Bayan kammala yakin '''Khaibar''' an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato [[Sayyadina Abubakar r.t.a]] yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin [[Sayyadina Umar]] sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan [[Ummuna Aisha]] domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 × mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 × 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha. Kalifa na ukku wato [[Sayyadina Usman]], ya rushe masallacin al shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 × mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba. === Shekarun tsaka tsakiya === [[File:Medina_Grab_des_Propheten.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Annabi a zamanin daular Usmaniyya, karni na 19.]] A shekara al 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara ukku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. [[File:Burton_Nabi.gif|thumb|Hoton babbar Hasumaya ta masallacin Annabi lokacin ziyarar Rechard Frances Burton (dan kasar [[Birtaniya]] mai nazari kan yanayin [[duniya]] da halitta, kuma mai fassara, marubuci, soja, mai jawabi, mai daukar hoto, mai nazarin yarurruka kuma jami'in [[Diflomasiyya]]) a 1850.]] Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida ammah daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da '''Koriyar Hasumiya''' Sultan Abdul Majid ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato '''Madrasah''' domin koyar da Alkur'ani. === Saudiyya === Lokacin da Sarki '''Saud bin Abdul-Aziz''' ya karbe [[Madina]], ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shi ne na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen. Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci. A shekara a 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar [[Amurika]] biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6. == Tsarin ginin == === Raudah === === Babbar Hasumaya === === Mihirabi === === Mimbari === [[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG | thumb | mimbarin masallaci Annabi]] === Hasumaya === === Hotunan masallacin Annabi === [[File:Entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | wata kofa ta shiga]] [[File:Qibla Nabvi mosque.jpg | thumb | Saitin Alkibla]] [[File:Engraving on Main entrance Nabvi Mosque.jpg | thumb | babbar kofar shiga]] [[File:Nabavi Mosque at Night.jpg | thumb | masallacin Annabi da dare]] [[Category:Musulunci]] nhkhscqg74nfwg1w7m6fxtq2tn0kjyr 0 8698 875730 874774 2026-07-04T09:01:02Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Daura: */ 875730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox religious biography | name = Usman Ɗan fodiyo<br>عُثْمَانْ طَࢽْ ࢻُودِیُواْ (Hausa)<br>عثمان بن فوديُ (Larabci) | title = [[Sarkin Musulmi]], [[Amir al-Mu'minin]], [[Shehu]] | image = Usman Ibn Fodiyo Calligraphy 02.png | reign = | coronation = | Predecessor =[[None]] | successor =''([[Mohammad Bello]])'':<br /> [[Muhammed Bello]], Yaro.<br />''Gabashi ([[Gwandu]])'':<br /> [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]], Dan uwa. | spouse = | spouse 1 = | spouse 2 = | spouse 3 = | spouse 4 = | issue = | dynasty = Masarautar Sokoto | royal house = | father = Mallam Muhammadu Fodio | mother = Maimuna | birth_date = 15 December 1754 | birth_place = [[Marratta, Niger Republic]] | death_date = 20 April 1817 | death_place = [[Sokoto]] | place of burial= Hubbare, Sokoto |module= |religion=[[Islam]] |denomination = [[Sunna]] |creed = Athari<ref>{{cite book|title=Islam and the Problem of Black Suffering|first=Sherman A.|last=Jackson|isbn=978-0195382068|page=81|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|date=2009}}</ref> |Maddhab = [[Malikiyya]] |Sufi_order = [[Ƙadiriya]]<ref>[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Uthm_Fodiyo.html University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center: "An Interview on usman dan Fodiyo" by Shireen Ahmed] 22 June 1995</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Reform and Political Change in Northern Nigeria|last=Loimeier|first=Roman|isbn=978-0810128101|date=2011|page=21|publisher=Northwestern University Press}}</ref> |founder=Ƙasar Musulunci|honorific prefix=Shehu Usumanu|children=*[[Nana Asma'u]] *[[Muhammadu Bello]]|native_name=عثمان بن فودي|jurisprudence=[[Malikiyya]]}} [[Fayil:مقدمة نانا أسماء بنت عثمان فودي.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:The tomb of Usman dan Fodiyo.png|thumb|Gidan usman dan fodiyao]] [[Fayil:Usman Ibn Fodiyo Calligraphy 02.png|thumb|Hoton Zanen sunan Usman Dan Fodiyo]] [[Fayil:مقدمة نانا أسماء بنت عثمان فودي.png|thumb|muqaddimar yar usman dan fodio]] Shehu '''Usman Dan Fodiyo:''' An haife shi ne a ranar Lahadi ta karshen watan Safar, 15 ga watan Disamba shekara ta (1754) a garin [[Marratta]], [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marratta, a yankin Madawa, ta Jamhurriyar Nijar.]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Ya rasu a ranar 20, ga watan [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/april Afrilu] shekara ta (1817 ) a cikin garin [[Sokoto]] Dake arewa maso yammacin kasar Nigeria. Sunan shehin malamin Usman bin Fodiyo da {{Lang-ar|عثمان بن فودي}} ) Fodiyo kalmar fullatanci ce wato Mujaddadi. Sunan mahaifin sa Malam Muhammadu fodiyo, mahaifiyar sa Hauwa'u. Yana da yara sama da (27) da matan da ya aura hudu (4) da kuyanga daya (1)ba a samu bayanin yadda ya auri mata sama da hudu ba. Ƴaƴayen sa biyu, wadanda aka fi sani sune: ɗan sa namiji mai suna [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammadu Bello,]] da kuma ƴarsa mai suna [[Nana Asma'u]].<ref>Hunwick, John O. 1995. "Arabic Literature in Africa: the Writings of Central Sudanic Africa (pp.</ref> <ref>Hunwick, John O. 1995. "Arabic Literature in Africa: the Writings of Central Sudanic Africa </ref> Ana masa laƙabi da Mujaddadi ko Shehu. Shi ne kuma jagoran jihadi na jaddada addinin [[Musulunci]] a ƙasar [[Hausa]], tunda ya taso yaga an daɗe da [[musulunci]] a wajen sama da shekar, 400 kafin a haife shi amma a daidai wannan lokacin al'ummar kasar hausa suna sukar addinin [[musulunci]] da gargajiya. Domin karin bayanin ka karanta littafinsa na [[Wasikatul Ikhwan]]. Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo Malamin addinin [[Musulunci]] ne, [[Marubuci]], kuma wanda ya kafa daular [[Musulunci]] cikin ƙasar Hausa a Sokoto.Ya kasance malamin [[Fulani]], malamin addini, mai son kawo sauyi, kuma shi ne ya kafa Daular [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sokoto]].<ref>I. Suleiman, ''The African Caliphate: The Life, Works and Teachings of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo (1757-1817)'' (2009)</ref>. Dan Fodio ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wayayyun mutane a cikin [[Fulani]] na farko. Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo malamin [[Sunnah]] ne mabiyin koyarwa akan tsarin Babban Malamin nan wato [[Malik Ibn Anas|Imam Malik]] wanda ake ƙira da Maliki. Yayi duk rayuwarsa ne a ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Ana masa laƙabi da Amir-al-mumin<ref>citation needed</ref> Usman Ɗan Fodiyo kuma jagoran Daular Usmaniyya [[Sakkwato|da afrika gaba daya]] . A matsayin sa na malamin addinin [[musulunci]] kuma mai karantarwa akan [[Malikiyya|Mazhabar Malikiyya]] ya rayu a garin [[Gobir]] har zuwa shekara ta (1802) ya zama Sarkin Gobir Bawa Jangwarzo ya riƙe shi tamkar ɗan da ya haifa.<ref>I.Suleiman, ''The African Caliphate: The Life, Works and Teachings of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo (1757-1817)'' (2009).</ref>. <ref>https://religiondocbox.com/Islam/68196378-University-of-maiduguri-centre-for-distance-learning.html{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi yaki a tsakanin shekara ta (1804) har zuwa shekara ta (1812) ya fito ne daga ƙabilar Toronkawa na fulani.<ref>Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.46</ref> [[Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo]] ya kasance daga zuriyar ɗaya daga cikin dangin (Toronkawa) na ƙabilar [[Fulanin]] dake zaune a cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|Masarautun Hausa]] tun daga farkon shekara ta (1400). <ref>{{Cite book|title=a Short history of WEST AFRICA A.D 1000-1800|last=T. A. Osae & S. N. Nwabara|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|year=1968|isbn=0-340-07771-9|location=Great Britain|pages=80}}</ref> A yankin da ke [[Arewacin Najeriya|arewacin]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] a yanzu, ya kasance yana bin karantarwar [[Malikiyya]] makaranta ta [[Fiƙihu|fiƙhu]] (Islamic fikihu) da kuma nuni wajen bin tsarin Musulunci haka nan kuma yana bin [[ɗarikar ƙadiriyya]] a ɗarikun sufaye. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littattafai sama da ɗari waɗanda suka shafi [[addini|addini musulunci]], [[Gwamnati|mulki]], [[Al'ada|al'adu]], da kuma zamantakewar al'umma. Bayan haka Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya ci gaba da sukar manyan musulman Afirika da ke akwai saboda abin da ya gani a matsayin son zuciyarsu da maguzanci da keta [[Shari'a|dokokin Shari'a]] da amfani da haraji mai yawa.date=May 2020}}. Ya ƙarfafa karatu ga mata har da maza, saboda haka 'ya'yansa mata da yawa sun zama malamai marubuta. An ci gaba da kawo rubuce-rubucensa Usman Dan Fodiyo ne da kuma maganganunsa a yau. Wasu mabiyan suna daukar Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a matsayin [[Mujaddidi|mujaddadi]] mai wahayi daga Allah "mai gyara addinin Islama" har suna neman kai shi matsayi kamar wani annabi da Allah ya aiko saboda jahilci.<ref>John O. Hunwick. African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources : #6 (1995).</ref> Karin cigaban Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi wani yunkuri ne da aka bayyana a matsayin masu jihadi na Fulani a ƙarni na goma sha bakwai (17) da sha takwas (18) har zuwa na sha tara. Ya biyo bayan jihadi cikin nasara da akayi a Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro da kuma Futa Djallon a tsakanin shekarar ta (1650) zuwa ta (1750) wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar waɗannan ƙasashe guda uku na musulunci. A nasa bangaren Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi wa wasu da dama daga cikin jihadin Afirika ta yamma wanda daga baya, ciki har da na Shehu Ahmadu, wanda ya kafa daular Massina da Umar Sa'idu Tall, wanda ya kafa daular Toucouleur wanda ya auri ɗaya daga cikin jikokin ɗan Fodiyo da kuma Modibbo Adama wanda ya kafa ta, a masarautar Adamawa cikin Najeriya. == Farkon rayuwa: == An haifi Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ne a cikin garin Maratta a (garin gobir) a ranar lahadi 29 ga watan [[Safar]] a shekarar ta 1168 H.J wanda yayi dai-dai da ranar 15 ga watan [[Disamban]] shekarar ta 1754, kuma ya fito ne daga cikin tsatson Fulanin Jakolo ne.<ref name=":0">Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]]. [[Kano]] Millennium,100 years in History. p38</ref> Ya kasance Fikihu ne kuma Ɗan ɗariƙa ne a farkon rayuwar sa, Bayan haka kuma yana bin mazahaban [[malikiyya]] ne a fannin [[ilmi|ilimi]] na [[addini]] da [[Faqihi|Fikihu]]. == Ilimi: == Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya haddace Qur'ani yana da ƙananan shekaru a rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsa.<ref name=":1" />Ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malamai irinsu: Shakh Jibril B.Umar, Shakh Uthman Biddur ibn Al-amin, Shakh Ahmad ibn Muhammad da kuma Shakh Al-Hajj Muhammad Raj.<ref name=":1">Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]]. Millennium:100 years in History. p39</ref>Ɗan Fodiyo ya fara karantarwa ne yana da kimanin shekara 20 a rayuwarsa.<ref name=":1" /> Ɗan Fodiyo yana bin ɗarikar Shakh [[Abdulƙadir Gilani|Abd-al-Qadir Al-jaylani]], wanda shi ne ya samar da ɗarikar [[Ƙadiriya]]. == Jihadin Shehu Dan Fodiyo: == Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi jihadi ne ta hanyar ƙira zuwa ga [[Musulunci]], da kuma yaƙan sarakunan [[Haɓe]], bayan Sarkin [[Gobir]] mai suna [[Yumfa]] ya yi masa barazanar kawar da shi saboda da'awar da yake yi zuwa ga '''[[Musulunci]]''', hakan ne ya tirsasa Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi hijira zuwa wani guri, Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi yaƙi da Yumfa Sarkin Gobir na wancan lokacin a shekarar ta 1804 a watan (Yuli miladiya) wanda [[Abdullahi]] ne ya kasan ce kwamandan yaƙin, an karya mulkin Yumfa ne a ranar 3 ga watan Oktobar ta 1808, inda aka ci garin da yaki aka kuma ƙwace garin [[Alƙalawa]], wanda a lokacin garin Alƙalawa shi ne babban birnin Gobir. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yaƙi garin Gobir a dalilin tabbatar da addinin [[Musulunci]] a shekarar ta 1804.^(p249) Bayan shekara takwas, yawancin ƙasashen Hausa Fulani sun cisu da yaƙi. Masu sarauta ƴan Haɓe Fulani sun karɓe mulki daga gurinsu. An yaƙi Gobirawa ne a tafkin kwatto, shi yasa ake kiran yaƙin da yaƙin kwato ko kwatto.<ref>Furniss, Graham. (1996). ''Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa''.p.349</ref><ref>Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.249</ref><ref>Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]]. Millennium:100 years in History. p.p, 44-45.</ref>. === [[Kano|Kano:]] === Fulanin Kano sun wakilta Ɗan Zabuwa na ƙabilar [[Fulani]] na Daneji. Da yaje [[Sokoto]] ya karɓo tuta, an bashi tuta amman ba a wakilta sarki ba. A wannan lokacin sarkin Haɓe na [[Kano]] mai suna Alwali an yaƙe shi a Ɗan Yahaiya, wani gari ne mil 25 arewa dake garin kano, sai Alwali ya gudu [[Zaria]], da yaga bai samu matsugunni ba sai ya gudu Burum, a inda aka kai masa farmaki aka kashe shi. Mallam Jemo ne ya hallaka shi, bayan mutanenshi ƙabilar [[Fulani]] suka je gurin Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo suka buƙace shi da ya naɗa sarki a [[Kano]], sai Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya naɗa musu Suleiman Ɗan Modibawa a matsayin sarki a shekara ta 1809. Bayan rasuwar sa ne aka naɗa Mallam Jemo, wanda sananne ne kuma mayaƙi, wanda yake da ɗa mai suna Ibrahim Dabo.<ref>Being a tradition letters found in the house of waziri of sokoto,Bohari,in 1703, Edited by H.F Backwell.p.4</ref> A ƙarni na goma 10th wasu mafarauta sun zauna  a [[Dutsen Dala]], [[Gwauron Dutse]], Magwan da Fanisau.<ref>Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]]. Millennium:100 years in History.p.73.[[ISBN]]: [tel:978-881-0958-6 978-881-0958-6]</ref> Waɗannan mutanen suna yin tsafi ne da kuma bautawa aljanu ko gunki mai suna [[Tsunburbura]], [[Barbushe]] shi ne babban malamin wannan bauta. Duk farkon shekaran kalandan Hijira, [[Barbushe]] yana shiga cikin wannan gidan tsafin yazo ma mutane da sabon saƙo, inda jama’a suke taruwa kewaye da gidan suna jiran saƙo, idan aka gaya musu saƙon, sai suyi yanke-yanke na akuyoyi da karnika ga Tsunburbura. Wata rana sai [[Barbushe]] ya fito yace ma jama’a za ayi wani lokaci da wani zai yaƙe mu yaci garinmu da yaƙi ya gina masallatai ya kawo [[Musulunci]].<ref>Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]]. Millennium:100 years in History.p.74. [[ISBN]]: [tel:978-881-0958-6 978-881-0958-6]</ref> === [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]]: === '''A Katsina''' kuma sai Shehu ya naɗa [[Ummarun Dallaje]] shugaban [[Fulani]] a matsayin mariƙin tutar [[Musulunci]] kuma sarki. [[Magaji Halidu]] shine sarkin Haɓe na ƙarshe, wanda Malam Ummaru Dallaje ya amshi garin [[Katsina]] a gurinshi a shekarar ta 1807. Bayan rasuwar Ummaru a shekarar ta 1835, wani ɗan tsatsan ƙabilar [[Haɓe]] mai suna Ɗan Mari ya haɗa kai da [[Rumawa]], domin ƙwace garin [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]], inda ya kafa sansaninsa a [[Matazu]], ammah an yaƙe shi.<ref>Being a tradition letters found in the house of waziri of [[sokoto]], Bohari, in 1703, Edited by H.F Backwell.p.4</ref> === [[Daura]]: === Sarkin Daura [[Gwari Abdu]] sarki ne na [[Haɓe]] a shekara ta 1800 a masarautar Daura, a shekara ta 1805 har zuwa Shekara ta 1807, sarkin [[Daura]] [[Gwari]] Abdu ya gudu ya bar [[Daura]] saboda samame da Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya kawo a [[Daura]]. Hakan yasa aka samu sabon sarki mai suna [[Isiyaku|Malam Ishi'aku]], Abdu Gwari ya gudu ne tare da tawagarsa, inda ya ɓoye a cikin Ƙasar [[Hausa]], da niyyar zai dawo ya ƙwace ƙasar [[Daura]] daga hannun [[Fulani]].<ref>Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.70</ref> Daga baya sai ya zauna a Yekuwa.<ref>Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.72</ref> == Mulki: == == Iyali da dangi; == Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tsatson [[Musa Jakolo]] ne.<ref>Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]].Kano Millennium:100 years in History.p. 38. [[ISBN]]: [tel:978-881-0958-6 978-881-0958-6]</ref>. An bayyana cewa Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya wuce ƙafa shida tsawo, ya yi kama da mahaifiyarsa Sayyda Hauwa Hisan, dan uwansa [[Abdullahi dan Fodiyo|Abdullahi Ɗan Fodiyo]] (a shekara ta alif 1761 zuwa shekarar a1829) shi ma ya wuce ƙafa shida a tsayi kuma an bayyana shi da kamannin mahaifinsu Muhammad Fodiyo, tare da launin fata mai duhu da kuma kyakkyawar ma'amala a rayuwarsa. A cikin Rawd al-Janaan (Makiyayan Aljanna), Waziri Gidado Ɗan Laima (a shekara ta alif 1777 zuwa shekarar 1851) ya lissafa matan Ɗan Fodiyo kamar haka: Ta farko Maimuna wacce ta haifa masa yara 11, ciki har da Aliyu (1770s-1790s) da tagwayen Hasan (a shekara ta alif, 1793 zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 1817) da [[Nana Asma'u]] (a shekara ta 1793 zuwa shekarar 1864). Maimuna ta rasu wani lokaci bayan haihuwar ƙaramar yarta. '''Aisha ƴar Muhammad Sa'ad ;An''' kuma san ta da suna "Gaabdo" (Farin Ciki a Fulfulde) da kuma "Iyya Garka" (Uwar gida). Iyya Garka ta shahara ne saboda ilimin addinin Musulunci da kasancewarta 'yar dangi. Ta haifi 'ya'ya da yawa. Daga cikin wasu, ita ce mahaifiyar: * Muhammad Sa'ad (1777-kafin 1804). Babban ɗan Shehu ɗan Fodiyo da ya rage, an san shi da neman ilimi. * Khadija (c.1778-1856). Mai kula da yar' uwarta Asma'u da Aisha al-Kammu, matar ɗan uwanta [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammad]] Bello. Ta auri Malam Mustafa (c.1770-1855), babban sakataren Shaykh Usman ɗan Fodiyo. Itace mahaifiyar Sheikh Abdul Qadir ɗan Tafa (1803-1864), Sufi, malamin addinin Musulunci kuma masanin tarihi. * Muhammad Sambo (c.1780-1826). Babban malamin Ɗarikar Sufanci na Kadiriyya, Sambo shi ne na farko da yayi mubaya'a ga ƙanensa Bello lokacin da ya zama Khalifa a shekarar 1817. * Muhammad Buhari (a shekara ta 1785 zuwa shekarar 1840). Buhari ya kasance masani kuma Laftana ga Sarakunan Sakkwato. Ya kasance Sarkin hamayyar [[Tambuwal]], kuma ya shahara da kamfen a Nupe tare da Sarakunan Gwandu. Muhammad Buhari shine kakan Sarkin Musulmi [[Ibrahim Dasuki]]. '''Hauwa: wacce''' aka fi sani da "Inna Garka" (Uwar Gida a Hausance) da Bikaraga. An bayyana ta a matsayin mai saukin kai ga ina [[Zuhudu]]. Daga cikin ‘ya’yanta akwai: * [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammad Bello]] (a shekara ta a a alif 1781 zuwa shekarar 1837) Sarkin Musulmi na biyu. Mawallafin littafin tarihin Jihadin Fulani (Infaq al-Maysur) kuma shahararren malami. * [[Abubakar Atiku|Abu Bakr Atiku]] (1783-1842), Sarkin Musulmi na uku. An san Atiku saboda ya gaji yawancin sirrin mahaifinsa. Ya yi mulki tsakanin 1837 da 1842 kuma ya mutu biyo bayan haɗari a tsibiri. * Fatima (1787-1838), wacce aka fi sani da "Mo 'Inna" ('yar Inna, don rarrabe ta da wata Fatima). Ta auri Sarkin Yaƙi Aliyu Jedo, janar na sojojin Sokoto '''Hajjo''', wanda mahaifinsa ne ya yi wa Abdulqadir (1807-1836) wanda aka fi sani da ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaqan Sakkwato'''.''' AbdulQadir ya mutu ne sakamakon raunin da ya samu a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen Sultan Bello, a Zamfara. An binne shi a Baraya Zaki. '''Shatura''', wanda ya kasance shi ne mahaifin [[Ahmadu Rufai|Ahmadu Rufa'i]] (a shekara ta 1812 zuwa shekarar 1873). Rufa'i shi ne Sarkin [[Silame]] sannan daga baya ya zama Sarkin Musulmi (a shekara ta 1867 zuwa shekarar 1873). Ta wurin ƙwaraƙwaran sa Mariyatu, Sheykh Ɗan Fodiyo ya haifi: * Amina. * Ibrahim Dasuki. * Hajara. * ''Uwar Deji'' Maryam (c.1808- fl. 1880s). Maryam ƴan Shehu malama ce kamar 'yar uwarta Khadija, Fatima da Asma'u. Bayan rasuwar waɗannan, ta jagoranci kungiyar 'Yan Taru wacce ta bunƙasa ilimin mata. An fara aurenta da Muhammad Adde ɗan Waziri Gidado, wanda ta haifa masa 'ya'ya mata biyu. Bayan rasuwar marigayin, ta auri Sarkin Kano Ibrahim Dabo (r. 1819-1846). Ba ta da yara a cikin ƙungiyarta ta biyu. Maryam tayi tasiri sosai bayan dawowarta Sokoto a cikin shekarun 1840s. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai tasiri ga ƴaƴanta wadanda suka zama Sarakuna, kuma galibi tana aiki a matsayin mai tuntuɓar mu'amala da Kano. A shekarun 1880 lokacin mulkin Sarkin Musulmi Umar ɗan Ali dan Bello (alif,18811892), ta rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga ɗan uwantaSarkin Kano Muhammad Bello (a 1883-1893) na Kano, tana mai yin tir da abin da ɗan uwanta Hayatu ya yi, ɗan Sai'd ɗan Sultan Bello (a shekara ta 1840 zuwa shekarar 1898), wanda ke tallata yawan kaura zuwa Adamawa, a matsayin "amil" na Sudan din [[Muhammad Ahmad|Muhammad Muhammad Ahmad]]. * Malam Isa (1817-c.17070), wanda ya kasance ɗan ƙarami kuma ɗan Shaykh Ɗan Fodiyo.Tare da Asma'u, ya fassara cikin harsunan Hausa da Larabci, yawancin ayyukan mahaifinsa waɗanda aka rubuta da Fulfulde. Shi ma Malam Isa ya kasance ɗan uwansa Sultan Bello ya sanya masa suna Yammah. Ya mutu wani lokaci a lokacin mulkin Sultan Rufa'i (a shekara alif 1867 zuwa shekara 1873). == Ayyuka: == Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo ya wallafa littatafai da yawa, musamman domin karantar da mutane haƙiƙanin addinin musulunci. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa kuma ya umurci mutanensa da su rubuta littatafai, akan addini da kuma tarihinsu. Daular Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tayi mulki ne na tsawon shekara Ɗari (100), daga shekarar alif 1804 zuwa shekarar alif 1903, bayan Zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka.<ref>Furniss, Graham. (1996).''Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.349''</ref> A garin Alƙalawa dake masarautar Gobir ne inda Usman yake zuwa domin ganin Bawa.<ref name=":5">Furniss, Graham (1996).''Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.372''</ref> Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa, kuma yana umurtar mutanen sa da su rubuta littatafai.<ref name=":5" /> A ƙarni na 20 musulman ƙasar Hausa sun samu tsaiko da naƙasu a kan ilmantar da mata, bayan Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a ƙarni na 19 ya nuna muhimmancin bama mata ilimi, a inda ya fara kira ga neman ilimi.<ref name=":6">Furniss, Graham. (1996).''Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.373''</ref> Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana cewa, “shaidancin Illar barin mata a cikin jahilci, ba tare da sun samu ilimi akan kawunansu ba har ma ya zamana cewa basu san addini kwata-kwata ba, yafi girman munin shaiɗanci fiye da cakuɗasu tare da maza.”<ref name=":6" /> Shuehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana da littatafai kimanin 73.<ref>Bobboyi,H.,Yakubu Mahmood. 1st Ed, p.385-387</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !s/n !Suna |- |1 |Al-madkhal<ref name=":1" /> |- |2 |Wathiqat ahl al-|Wathiqat ahl al-Sudan |- |3 |Al-farq<ref>Bobboyi, H.,Yakubu Mahmood. 1st Ed, p.351 </ref> |- |4 |Bayan Wujub al-Hijra |- |5 |Ihya' us Sunnah wa Ikhmad al-Bid'ah |}{{s-start}} {{succession box|before=Babu kowa|title=[[Sarkin Musulmi]] na Farko|years=1804–1815|after=[[Muhammed Bello]]}} {{s-end}}. == Karatu: == {{refbegin}} * Writings of Usman dan Fodiyo, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, {{ISBN|978-12858702-43}} (page:233-236) * Asma'u, Nana. ''Collected Works of Nana Asma'u''.Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack,eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997. * Omipidan Teslim [https://oldnaija.wordpress.com/2016/02/04/usman-dan-fodiyo-1754-1817/ Usman Dan Fodiyo (1754–1817)]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} OldNaija * Mervyn Hiskett. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodiyo. Northwestern Univ Pr; 1973, Reprint edition (March 1994). {{ISBN|0-8101-1115-2}} * Ibraheem Sulaiman. The Islamic State and the Challenge of History: Ideals, Policies, and Operation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Mansell (1987). {{ISBN|0-7201-1857-3}} * Ibraheem Sulaiman. A Revolution in History: The Jihad of Usman dan Fodiyo. * Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp.&nbsp;623–624 * Usman 6 Bugaje. ''The Tradition of Tajdeed in West Africa: An Overview''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/tradtajdid.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-12-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121114859/http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/tradtajdid.html |archive-date=21 January 2008 }} </ref> International Seminar on Intellectual Tradition in the Sokoto Caliphate & Borno. Center for Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto (June 1987) * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Dan Fodio's Teachings (1774–1804)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/udfcontmethimpact.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928083049/http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/udfcontmethimpact.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. ''The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo and its Impact Beyond the Sokoto Caliphate''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/beyond.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-12-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121114841/http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/beyond.html |archive-date=21 January 2008}}</ref> A Paper read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo at [[International University of Africa]], Khartoum, Sudan, from 19 to 21 November 1995. * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. ''Shaykh Uthman Ibn Fodiyo and the Revival of Islam in Hausaland'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/shyri.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-12-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121114850/http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/shyri.html |archive-date=21 January 2008}}</ref> (1996). * Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country-studies.com/nigeria/usman-dan-fodiyo-and-the-sokoto-caliphate.html|title=Nigeria Usman Dan Fodiyo and the Sokoto Caliphate|access-date=8 October 2014}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. * B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978. * Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister, Nana Asma'u, 1793–1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader. *Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. pg 469–472 * Nikki R. Keddie. The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations & Relations to Imperialism. in Comparative Studies in Society & History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp.&nbsp;463–487 * R. A. Adeleye. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804–1906. 1972. * Hugh A.S. Johnston . Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. {{ISBN|0-19-215428-1}}. * S. J. Hogben and [[A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]], ''The Emirates of Northern Nigeria'', Oxford: 1966. * J. S. Trimgham, ''Islam in West Africa'', Oxford, 1959. * 'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Dan Fodiyo: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp.&nbsp;101–110). * Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery – A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-78430-1}}. * Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, & Afro-American History University of Massachusetts. (1986). * Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub ( 2007) {{ISBN|1-55876-378-3}}. * F. H. El-Masri, "The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp.&nbsp;435–48. * M. A. Al-Hajj, "The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodiyo", Kano Studies,Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77). * David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in [[Levtzion, Nehemia]] and Randall L.Pouwels (eds).The History of Islam in Africa Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000. * ''Bunza''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arewahouseabung.org/Bunza.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714082345/http://www.arewahouseabung.org/Bunza.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2010}}</ref> {{refend}}. == Mutuwarsa == A shekarar alif, 1815, Usman ya koma [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]], inda Bello ya gina masa gida a yankunan yamma. Daga lokacin Usman ɗan Fodio zuwa [[Tarihin mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|Nasarar Burtaniya]] a farkon karni na 20 akwai Khalifofi goma sha biyu. == Bibiliyo == * Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmud.(2006). The Sokoto Caliphate: history and legacies, 1804-2004, 1st Ed. Kaduna, Nigeria:Arewa House. [[ISBN]] [tel:978-135-166-7 978-135-166-7] * Hamman, Mahmoud, 1950- (2007). ''The Middle Benue region and the Sokoto Jihad, 1812-1869 : the impact of the establishment of the Emirate of Muri''. Kaduna: Arewa House, Ahmadu Bello University. <nowiki>ISBN 978-125-085-2</nowiki>. OCLC 238787986. *Asma'u, Nana, 1793-1865. (1999). ''The collected works of Nana Asma'u, daughter of Usman ɗan Fodiyo, (1793-1864)''. Boyd, Jean., Mack, Beverly B. (Beverly Blow), 1952- (Nigerian ed ed.). Ibadan, Nigeria: Sam Bookman Publishers. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2165-84-0</nowiki>. OCLC 316802318. *Staudinger, Paul. (1990). ''In the heart of the Hausa states''. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. <nowiki>ISBN 0-89680-160-8</nowiki>. OCLC 21559544. * Writings of Usman ɗan Fodiyo, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, <nowiki>ISBN 978-12858702-43</nowiki> (page:233-236) * Asma'u, Nana. ''Collected Works of Nana Asma'u''. Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack, eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997. * Omipidan Teslim Usman Ɗan Fodiyo (1754-1817) OldNaija. * Mervyn Hiskett. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Ɗan Fodiyo. Northwestern Univ Pr; 1973, Reprint edition (March 1994). <nowiki>ISBN 0-8101-1115-2</nowiki> * Ibraheem Sulaiman. The Islamic State and the Challenge of History: Ideals, Policies, and Operation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Mansell (1987). <nowiki>ISBN 0-7201-1857-3</nowiki> * Ibraheem Sulaiman. A Revolution in History: The Jihad of Usman ɗan Fodio. * Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 623–624 * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. ''The Tradition of Tajdeed in West Africa: An Overview'' International Seminar on Intellectual Tradition in the Sokoto Caliphate & Borno. Center for Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto (June 1987) * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo's Teachings (1774-1804) * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. ''The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Ɗan Fodiyo and its Impact Beyond the Sokoto Caliphate''. A Paper read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo at International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan, from 19 to 21 November 1995. * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. ''Shaykh Uthman Ibn Fodiyo and the Revival of Islam in Hausaland'', (1996). * Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. * B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978. * Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister, Nana Asma'u, 1793–1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader. * Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. pg 469-472 * Nikki R. Keddie. The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations & Relations to Imperialism. in Comparative Studies in Society & History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp. 463–487 * R. A. Adeleye. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804–1906. 1972. * Hugh A.S. Johnston . Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. <nowiki>ISBN 0-19-215428-1</nowiki>. * S. J. Hogben and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, ''The Emirates of Northern Nigeria'', Oxford: 1966. * J. S. Trimgham, ''Islam in West Africa'', Oxford, 1959. * 'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Ɗan Fodiyo: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp. 101–110). * Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery - A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series, Cambridge University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 0-521-78430-1</nowiki>. * Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, & Afro-American History. University of Massachusetts. (1986). * Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub ( 2007) <nowiki>ISBN 1-55876-378-3</nowiki> * F. H. El-Masri, "The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp. 435–48. * M. A. Al-Hajj, "The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodiyo", Kano Studies, Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77). * David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in Levtzion, Nehemia and Randall L. Pouwels (eds). The History of Islam in Africa. Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000. * ''Bunza''<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100714082345/http://www.arewahouseabung.org/Bunza.pdf</ref> *Lapidus, Ira M.(2014) A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. *Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]].Kano Millennium:100 years in History. [[ISBN]]: [tel:978-881-0958-6 978-881-0958-6] *Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3</nowiki>. OCLC 624196914. *·''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710.'' *·''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366. * == Diddigin bayanai == * [http://www.africanlegends.info African Legends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201140357/http://www.africanlegends.info/ |date=2018-12-01 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140514005248/http://siiasi.org/?page_id=21 SIIASI Uthman Dan Fodiyo] * [http://www.webpulaaku.net/ubf/index.html WebPulaaku] * [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SIV_SOU/SOKOTO.html Sokoto Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028181919/http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SIV_SOU/SOKOTO.html |date=2011-10-28 }} * [[Arewa House]] == Hadin waje: == * [http://www.africanlegends.info/ African Legends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201140357/http://www.africanlegends.info/ |date=2018-12-01 }}. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140514005248/http://siiasi.org/?page_id=21 SIIASI Uthman Dan Fodiyo] * [http://www.webpulaaku.net/ubf/index.html WebPulaaku] * [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SIV_SOU/SOKOTO.html Sokoto Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028181919/http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SIV_SOU/SOKOTO.html |date=2011-10-28 }} == Manazarta: == {{Reflist|4}} {{Authority control}} {{Sarakunan Sokoto}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dan Fodiyo}} [[category:Haifaffun 1754]] [[category:Mutuwan 1817]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Sarakunan Hausawa]] [[Category:Sarakuna]] [[Category:Sarakunan Sakkwato]] [[Category:Hausa Fulani]] [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Marubuta]] [[Category:Khalifa]] s7o64s1a7qlb7be3rbaielm896z59hj 0 8939 875728 860296 2026-07-04T09:00:40Z Ammarpad 4826 ingantawa 875728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Adam Zango performing in an event.jpg|thumb|Adam A Zango performing in an event.jpg]] [[Fayil:Adam A Zango 10.jpg|thumb|Adam A zango a wajen taro]] [[Fayil:Adam A Zango 06.jpg|thumb|Adam A Zango]] [[Fayil:Adam Zango performing in an event.jpg|thumb|dan wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Adam A Zango 10.jpg|thumb|Adam A Zango]] '''Adam A Zango'''{{Audio|Ha-Adam A. Zango.ogg|Adam A. Zango}} [[dan Najeriya|Dan wasan]] kwaikwayo ne na [[Najeriya]], mawaki, dan rawa, [[marubuci]], darakta, mai shirya fina-finai na [[Hausa]], dan shirin talabijin, kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Ya fito a fina-finai sama da guda dubu daya (1000) kuma ya samu lambar yabo da yawa. Adam A. Zango yana da dimbin mabiya a Afirka da ma sauran kasashen [[dan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] da Nijar a [[duniya]]. Dangane da lambobin fina-finan da aka nuna da sassaucin ra'ayi, an bayyana shi a matsayin jarumin fina-finan da sukayi fice a Afrika, kuma shahararren mai bada [[Hausawa|nishadin Hausa]] a duniya. Acikin shekarar 2000, ya kasance babban [[jarumi]] a fagen fina-finan Hausa. Adam A Zango yana samun labarai da yawa na kafofin watsa labarai a [[Najeriya]], [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]], [[Ghana]], [[Kamaru]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Togo]] da [[Benin]], kuma galibi ana kiransa da “Yariman kowane lokaci” Shi ne abin da wasu masu kishin addini ke bi, wani lokaci tushe an kiyasta ya zarce miliyoyi kuma ana kiransa" [[Hausawa|babbar tauraruwar Hausa]] a duniya". Dangane da binciken shaharansa, Sama da [[mutane]] miliyan dari uku (30,000) a duk duniya suka san Adam A. Zango. Yana daya daga cikin masu nishadantarwa mafi girma a Najeriya kuma daya daga cikin shahararrun mashahuran mutane a tallan talabijin. Adam A. Zango ya kasance jakadan kamfen na gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a kasar Najeriya baki daya.<ref>https://buzznigeria.com/unearthing-new-details-of-adam-a-zango-biography-and-net-worth-sources/</ref> == Haihuwa. == Adam Abdullahi Zango, an haife shi a watan Oktoba, na shekara ta alif da dari tara da tamanin da biyar (1985). [[Miladiyya]]. a karamar hukumar Zangon kataf,a [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya da ga Malam Abdullahi da kuma Hajiya Yelwa Abdullahi, yan kabilan, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] kuma mabiya [[addinin]] [[Musulunci]].<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_A._Zango</ref> .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} == Sana'a. == Adam A. Zango ya fara aikin kira ne daga ayyukan makarantar sakandare wanda ke jagorantar kwanakin/bukukuwan kulob din da ya kasance yana wakiltan makarantarsa a makarantar sakandire ta gwamnati laranto jos [[Plateau (jiha)|Jihar Filato]]. Adam A. Zango ya fara shiga harkar fina finan Hausa a shekarar dubu biyu da daya (2001) a matsayin mawaki. Ya fara sana'ar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin karamin dan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya fito a fina-finan Hausa ku san sama da guda dari (100). == Karatun sa == Adam A. Zango ya fara karatun firamare a shekarar alif dari, da tara da tamanin da tara (1989) zuwa shekara ta dubu daya, da dari tara, da casa'in da biyar (1995), miladiyya. Ya fara sakandire daga shekarar alif da dari tara, da casa'in da shidda (1996) zuwa shekarar dubu biyu, da daya (2001). Adam A. Zango be cigaba da karatu ba, bisa ra'ayinsa na cewa ba dole sai kayi karatu zaka iya zama wani abinda zaka taimaki al'umma ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam A. Zango Net Worth and Full Biography (2023 Updated) |url=https://buzznigeria.com/unearthing-new-details-of-adam-a-zango-biography-and-net-worth-sources/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=buzznigeria.com}}</ref> == Wakoki == * [https://naijadrop.com/tag/adam-zango Wasu Daga Cikin Wakokin Adam A Zango] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212004137/https://naijadrop.com/tag/adam-zango |date=2022-02-12 }} * Duniya tazo karshe * Wakan sarkin zazzau * Shahuda * Samarin duniya * Komai daga Allah ne * Tsumagiya == Gudummawar da yabada ga alumma == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha tara (2019), Adam A Zango Ya biya, a matsayin sadaqa, da Naira miliyan arba'in, da bakwai (47,000,000) [[Naira]] ga yara, marayu, domin ci gaba da karatu. An yi haka a fadar [[Shehu Idris]] Sarkin [[Zazzau]].<ref>[https://hausa.legit.ng/1269941-a-zango-ya-raba-guraben-tallafin-karatu-ga-fadar-sarkin-zazzau-apc-da-pdp.html A Zango ya raba guraben karatu ga fadar sarkin zazzau] Legit Hausa</ref> == Aure == Adam A. Zango yayi aure akalla guda shidda (6), yana rabuwa da matan bayan wani dan lokaci. yanada Yara guda bakwai shida daga Matan da ya aura guda biyar. Sai daya daga wacce ya aura ta karshe ta haifi diya mace. Sunan babban dansa Aliyu haidar. [[File:Adam_A_Zango_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adam_A_Zango_03.jpg|thumb|Adam A Zango na rera waka tare da masoyan shi.]] == Filmography == {| class="wikitable" !Film !Year |- |'Ya'Yana |ND |- |'Yar Agadez |2011 |- |Adamsi |2011 |- |Addini ko Al'Ada |2011 |- |Adon Gari |2011 |- |Ahlul Kitabi |2011 |- |Alkawari na |2011 |- |Albashi (The Salary) |2002 |- |Andamali |2013 |- |Ango da Amarya |ND |- |Artabu |2009 |- |Aska Tara |ND |- |Auren Tagwaye |ND |- |Baban Sadik |2012 |- |Babban Yaro |2011 |- |Balaraba |2010 |- |Basaja |2013 |- |Bayan Rai |2014 |- |Bita Zai Zai |ND |- |Dajin So |ND |- |Dan Almajiri |ND |- |Dare |2015 |- |Dijangala |2008 |- |Duniya Budurwar Wawa |ND |- |Dutsen Gulbi |2013 |- |Farar Saka |ND |- |Fataken Dare |ND |- |Ga Duhu Ga Haske |2010 |- |Ga Fili Ga Mai Doki |ND |- |Gaba da Gabanta |2013 |- |Gambiza |ND |- |Gamdakatar |ND |- |Gwamnati |2003 |- |Gwanaye |2003 |- |Gwaska |2016 |- |Hadizalo |ND |- |Hindu |2014 |- |Hisabi |2017 |- |Hubbi |2012 |- |Ijaabaah |ND |- |Jamila |2016 |- |Kaddara Ko Fansa |2014 |- |Kama da Wane |2014 |- |Kare Jini |ND |- |Kolo |ND |- |Kundin Tsari |ND |- |Laifin Dadi |2010 |- |Larai |ND |- |Madugu |ND |- |Masu Aji |ND |- |Mata ko Ya |2015 |- |Matsayin So |ND |- |Mazan Fama |ND |- |Matsayin So |ND |- |Mazan Fama |2015 |- |Mukaddari |ND |- |Murmushin Alkawari |ND |- |Mutallab |2011 |- |Nai Maka Rana |ND |- |Namamajo |ND |- |Nas |2013 |- |Ni Da Ke Mun Dace |2013 |- |Najeriya Da Nijar |2012 |- |Nusaiba |ND |- |Rabin Jiki |2011 |- |Rai A Kwalba |ND |- |Rai Dai |2012 |- |Rawar Gani |ND |- |Rintsin Kauna |ND |- |Rumana |2017 |- |Ruwan Ido |ND |- |Ruwan Jakara |ND |- |Sai Wata Rana |2010 |- |Salma |ND |- |Shahuda |2012 |- |Siyayya Da Shakuwa |2014 |- |Soyayyar Facebook |2013 |- |Tarkon Kauna |ND |- |Tsangaya |ND |- |Ummi da Adnan |2011 |- |Walijam |2010 |- |Wata Rayuwa |2013 |- |Ya Salam |ND |- |Zanen Dutse |ND |- |Zarar Bunu |2011 |- |Zatona |ND |- |Zeenat |2014 |- |Zo Mu Zauna |ND |- |Zullumi 2017 |- |Asin da Asin film mai dogon zango |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} <references /> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan kwaikwayo]] == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == [[Category:Haifaffun shekarar dubu daya da dari Tara da tamanin da biyar miladiyya1985]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kaduna]] tu6upxwxaw6u79b2sgxkbubry62ti2y 875729 875728 2026-07-04T09:00:59Z Ammarpad 4826 /* Hanyoyin hadi na waje */ - 875729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Adam Zango performing in an event.jpg|thumb|Adam A Zango performing in an event.jpg]] [[Fayil:Adam A Zango 10.jpg|thumb|Adam A zango a wajen taro]] [[Fayil:Adam A Zango 06.jpg|thumb|Adam A Zango]] [[Fayil:Adam Zango performing in an event.jpg|thumb|dan wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Adam A Zango 10.jpg|thumb|Adam A Zango]] '''Adam A Zango'''{{Audio|Ha-Adam A. Zango.ogg|Adam A. Zango}} [[dan Najeriya|Dan wasan]] kwaikwayo ne na [[Najeriya]], mawaki, dan rawa, [[marubuci]], darakta, mai shirya fina-finai na [[Hausa]], dan shirin talabijin, kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Ya fito a fina-finai sama da guda dubu daya (1000) kuma ya samu lambar yabo da yawa. Adam A. Zango yana da dimbin mabiya a Afirka da ma sauran kasashen [[dan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] da Nijar a [[duniya]]. Dangane da lambobin fina-finan da aka nuna da sassaucin ra'ayi, an bayyana shi a matsayin jarumin fina-finan da sukayi fice a Afrika, kuma shahararren mai bada [[Hausawa|nishadin Hausa]] a duniya. Acikin shekarar 2000, ya kasance babban [[jarumi]] a fagen fina-finan Hausa. Adam A Zango yana samun labarai da yawa na kafofin watsa labarai a [[Najeriya]], [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]], [[Ghana]], [[Kamaru]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Togo]] da [[Benin]], kuma galibi ana kiransa da “Yariman kowane lokaci” Shi ne abin da wasu masu kishin addini ke bi, wani lokaci tushe an kiyasta ya zarce miliyoyi kuma ana kiransa" [[Hausawa|babbar tauraruwar Hausa]] a duniya". Dangane da binciken shaharansa, Sama da [[mutane]] miliyan dari uku (30,000) a duk duniya suka san Adam A. Zango. Yana daya daga cikin masu nishadantarwa mafi girma a Najeriya kuma daya daga cikin shahararrun mashahuran mutane a tallan talabijin. Adam A. Zango ya kasance jakadan kamfen na gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a kasar Najeriya baki daya.<ref>https://buzznigeria.com/unearthing-new-details-of-adam-a-zango-biography-and-net-worth-sources/</ref> == Haihuwa. == Adam Abdullahi Zango, an haife shi a watan Oktoba, na shekara ta alif da dari tara da tamanin da biyar (1985). [[Miladiyya]]. a karamar hukumar Zangon kataf,a [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya da ga Malam Abdullahi da kuma Hajiya Yelwa Abdullahi, yan kabilan, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] kuma mabiya [[addinin]] [[Musulunci]].<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_A._Zango</ref> .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} == Sana'a. == Adam A. Zango ya fara aikin kira ne daga ayyukan makarantar sakandare wanda ke jagorantar kwanakin/bukukuwan kulob din da ya kasance yana wakiltan makarantarsa a makarantar sakandire ta gwamnati laranto jos [[Plateau (jiha)|Jihar Filato]]. Adam A. Zango ya fara shiga harkar fina finan Hausa a shekarar dubu biyu da daya (2001) a matsayin mawaki. Ya fara sana'ar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin karamin dan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya fito a fina-finan Hausa ku san sama da guda dari (100). == Karatun sa == Adam A. Zango ya fara karatun firamare a shekarar alif dari, da tara da tamanin da tara (1989) zuwa shekara ta dubu daya, da dari tara, da casa'in da biyar (1995), miladiyya. Ya fara sakandire daga shekarar alif da dari tara, da casa'in da shidda (1996) zuwa shekarar dubu biyu, da daya (2001). Adam A. Zango be cigaba da karatu ba, bisa ra'ayinsa na cewa ba dole sai kayi karatu zaka iya zama wani abinda zaka taimaki al'umma ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam A. Zango Net Worth and Full Biography (2023 Updated) |url=https://buzznigeria.com/unearthing-new-details-of-adam-a-zango-biography-and-net-worth-sources/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=buzznigeria.com}}</ref> == Wakoki == * [https://naijadrop.com/tag/adam-zango Wasu Daga Cikin Wakokin Adam A Zango] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212004137/https://naijadrop.com/tag/adam-zango |date=2022-02-12 }} * Duniya tazo karshe * Wakan sarkin zazzau * Shahuda * Samarin duniya * Komai daga Allah ne * Tsumagiya == Gudummawar da yabada ga alumma == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha tara (2019), Adam A Zango Ya biya, a matsayin sadaqa, da Naira miliyan arba'in, da bakwai (47,000,000) [[Naira]] ga yara, marayu, domin ci gaba da karatu. An yi haka a fadar [[Shehu Idris]] Sarkin [[Zazzau]].<ref>[https://hausa.legit.ng/1269941-a-zango-ya-raba-guraben-tallafin-karatu-ga-fadar-sarkin-zazzau-apc-da-pdp.html A Zango ya raba guraben karatu ga fadar sarkin zazzau] Legit Hausa</ref> == Aure == Adam A. Zango yayi aure akalla guda shidda (6), yana rabuwa da matan bayan wani dan lokaci. yanada Yara guda bakwai shida daga Matan da ya aura guda biyar. Sai daya daga wacce ya aura ta karshe ta haifi diya mace. Sunan babban dansa Aliyu haidar. [[File:Adam_A_Zango_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adam_A_Zango_03.jpg|thumb|Adam A Zango na rera waka tare da masoyan shi.]] == Filmography == {| class="wikitable" !Film !Year |- |'Ya'Yana |ND |- |'Yar Agadez |2011 |- |Adamsi |2011 |- |Addini ko Al'Ada |2011 |- |Adon Gari |2011 |- |Ahlul Kitabi |2011 |- |Alkawari na |2011 |- |Albashi (The Salary) |2002 |- |Andamali |2013 |- |Ango da Amarya |ND |- |Artabu |2009 |- |Aska Tara |ND |- |Auren Tagwaye |ND |- |Baban Sadik |2012 |- |Babban Yaro |2011 |- |Balaraba |2010 |- |Basaja |2013 |- |Bayan Rai |2014 |- |Bita Zai Zai |ND |- |Dajin So |ND |- |Dan Almajiri |ND |- |Dare |2015 |- |Dijangala |2008 |- |Duniya Budurwar Wawa |ND |- |Dutsen Gulbi |2013 |- |Farar Saka |ND |- |Fataken Dare |ND |- |Ga Duhu Ga Haske |2010 |- |Ga Fili Ga Mai Doki |ND |- |Gaba da Gabanta |2013 |- |Gambiza |ND |- |Gamdakatar |ND |- |Gwamnati |2003 |- |Gwanaye |2003 |- |Gwaska |2016 |- |Hadizalo |ND |- |Hindu |2014 |- |Hisabi |2017 |- |Hubbi |2012 |- |Ijaabaah |ND |- |Jamila |2016 |- |Kaddara Ko Fansa |2014 |- |Kama da Wane |2014 |- |Kare Jini |ND |- |Kolo |ND |- |Kundin Tsari |ND |- |Laifin Dadi |2010 |- |Larai |ND |- |Madugu |ND |- |Masu Aji |ND |- |Mata ko Ya |2015 |- |Matsayin So |ND |- |Mazan Fama |ND |- |Matsayin So |ND |- |Mazan Fama |2015 |- |Mukaddari |ND |- |Murmushin Alkawari |ND |- |Mutallab |2011 |- |Nai Maka Rana |ND |- |Namamajo |ND |- |Nas |2013 |- |Ni Da Ke Mun Dace |2013 |- |Najeriya Da Nijar |2012 |- |Nusaiba |ND |- |Rabin Jiki |2011 |- |Rai A Kwalba |ND |- |Rai Dai |2012 |- |Rawar Gani |ND |- |Rintsin Kauna |ND |- |Rumana |2017 |- |Ruwan Ido |ND |- |Ruwan Jakara |ND |- |Sai Wata Rana |2010 |- |Salma |ND |- |Shahuda |2012 |- |Siyayya Da Shakuwa |2014 |- |Soyayyar Facebook |2013 |- |Tarkon Kauna |ND |- |Tsangaya |ND |- |Ummi da Adnan |2011 |- |Walijam |2010 |- |Wata Rayuwa |2013 |- |Ya Salam |ND |- |Zanen Dutse |ND |- |Zarar Bunu |2011 |- |Zatona |ND |- |Zeenat |2014 |- |Zo Mu Zauna |ND |- |Zullumi 2017 |- |Asin da Asin film mai dogon zango |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} <references /> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Haifaffun shekarar dubu daya da dari Tara da tamanin da biyar miladiyya1985]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kaduna]] 86u72rgk9pzz68sxnukhxab714mtn01 0 9104 875527 746540 2026-07-03T22:54:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Mountain in Fika LGA Yobe State (3).jpg|thumb|hoton tsaunin fika]] [[File:Fika kurtzifizioa.jpg|thumb|hoton wani wuri a fika]] [[Fayil:Doum Palm Trees farm near Ngaji River (1).jpg|thumb|Fika]] '''Fika''' karamar hukuma ce dake a [[jihar Yobe]], arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/yobe-state/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-10-23 |archive-date=2024-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421030942/https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/yobe-state/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A karamar hukumar Fika akwai garuruwa kamar su garin Fika, [[Dumbulwa]], Daya, [[Ngalda]], [[Gadaka]], [[Godowoli]] da sauransu. ==Harsuna== Karamar hukumar Fika gida ne ga [[kabilu]] daban-daban wanda suka kunshi harsuna kamar haka; *[[Bolewa]] *[[Fulani]] *[[Ngamo]] *[[Karai-Karai]] ==Sarauta== [[Fayil:Fika emirate.jpg|thumb|Masarautar Fika]] A karamar hukumar Fika akwai manyan masarautu guda biyu; Masarautar Fika da kuma Masarautar [[Gudi]]. .Dukda cewar babban sarkinsu ba,a yankinnasu yakeba Dan Yana zaunane a garin potiskum,Wanda Hakan yasa kusan potiskum din yarabu Kashi biyu Dan wasu suna ganin Shima Wani sarkinne a garinnna potiskum din. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Yobe]] l00ij1as3e66feqvgb7eqjmlmycen7f 0 9107 875618 328240 2026-07-04T05:39:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Geidam karamar''' [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|hukuma]] ce a [[Yobe|jihar Yobe a]] [[Najeriya|Najeriya.]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/yobe-state/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-10-23 |archive-date=2024-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421030942/https://www.nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/yobe-state/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hedkwatar ta tana cikin garin Geidam da ke arewa maso yammacin yankin a{{Coord|12|53|49|N|11|55|49|E|region:NG_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} . A ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2021 'yan ta'adda daga [[Boko Haram|ISWAP]] sun kwace Geidam inda suka kashe mutane 11, kuma sama da mazauna 6,000 sun rasa matsugunansu. Sai dai sojojin Najeriya sun sake kwace garin bayan wani farmaki da suka kai wa 'yan ta'addar. Yana da yanki 4,357&nbsp;km² da yawan jama'a 157,295 a ƙidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ita ce 632. == Ilimi == * Mai-Idris Alooma Polytechnic, babbar makarantar gwamnati ce da aka kafa a 1993. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}}{{Yobe State}}Habeeb elcready [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Yobe]] 767snx7qep73rxifpuqrj0nqnckbm89 0 9128 875541 869444 2026-07-04T01:19:31Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 875541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:A beautiful big mountain in Hawul, Borno State (2).jpg|thumb|Tsauninikan hawul]] HawulListenⓘ karamar hukuma ce a Jihar Borno, Najeriya. Tana yankin kudancin jihar. Hedkwatar karamar hukumar tana cikin garin Azare kuma yankin ya kunshi garuruwa da kauyuka wadanda suka hada da Dagiza, Bantali, Damudanaka, Kidang, Samari, Pakilama, Tong, Ghuma, da Shaffa. Karamar hukumar Hawul wani bangare ne na masarautar Biu inda sarki ke kula da harkokin gargajiya na karamar hukumar. Ana amfani da harsunan Hausa, Kanuri, da Fufulde a karamar hukumar yayin da ake amfani da Musulunci da Kiristanci sosai a karamar hukumar. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,098 da kuma yawan jama'a kusan 120,000 a kidayar jama'a ta 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 603.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2009</ref> Tana daya daga cikin kananan hukumomi hudu da suka kunshi masarautar Biu, jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke jihar Borno, Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria (2000). Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. Vol. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information. p. 106. <nowiki>ISBN 9780104089</nowiki>.</ref> Yanayi/Yanayi Ƙaramar hukumar Hawul tana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na digiri 34 na Celsius ko digiri 93 na Fahrenheit kuma jimlar fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,098 ko murabba'in mil 810. Lokacin busasshiyar damina sune yanayi biyu daban-daban da karamar hukumar ke fuskanta. A karamar hukumar Hawul, matsakaicin saurin iska shine kilomita 10/h (6.2 mph), kuma matsakaicin zafi shine kashi 21%.<ref>"Hawul Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 9 August 2024.</ref><ref>"10-day weather forecast for Hawul, Borno, Nigeria - The Weather Channel | weather.com". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 9 August 2024.</ref><ref>"Hawul, Nigeria 10-Day Weather Forecast | Weather Underground". www.wunderground.com. Retrieved 9 August 2024.</ref>{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] Hawul Hawul ƙaramar hukuma ce da ke kudancin Jihar Borno a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Tana daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi huɗu da ke ƙarƙashin Masarautar Biu, wadda ke da muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da al'amuran gargajiya a yankin. Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Azare, kuma tana da yawan al'umma masu sana'o'i daban-daban da kuma al'adun gargajiya masu armashi. Tarihi An kafa ƙaramar hukumar Hawul a lokacin da aka sake fasalin tsarin ƙananan hukumomi a Najeriya domin kusantar da gwamnati ga al'umma. Tun kafin hakan yankin yana ƙarƙashin ikon Masarautar Biu, wacce ta shahara tun ƙarni da dama a yankin kudancin Borno. Har yanzu masarautar na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sasanta rikice-rikice, kare al'adu, da haɗa kan al'umma. Wuri da iyaka Hawul tana da faɗin kusan kilomita murabba'i 2,098, kuma tana iyaka da wasu ƙananan hukumomi na Jihar Borno da kuma wasu yankuna na Jihohin Adamawa da Gombe. Yankin ya ƙunshi tsaunuka, filayen noma, da kwaruruka masu kyau. Garuruwa da ƙauyuka Wasu daga cikin manyan garuruwa da ƙauyukan Hawul sun haɗa da: Azare (hedikwata) Shaffa Kidang Pakilama Tong Ghuma Dagiza Bantali Damudanaka Samari Yawan jama'a A ƙidayar jama'ar shekarar 2006, Hawul tana da kusan mutane 120,000. A halin yanzu ana hasashen yawan jama'arta ya ƙaru sakamakon ƙaruwar haihuwa da bunƙasar ƙauyuka. Kabilu da harsuna Manyan kabilun yankin sun haɗa da: Bura (Babur) Marghi Hausa Kanuri Fulani Harsunan da aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da: Hausa Bura Kanuri Fulfulde Addini Musulunci da Kiristanci su ne manyan addinan da ake bi a Hawul. Al'ummomin yankin suna rayuwa cikin zaman lafiya tare da gudanar da bukukuwan addininsu. Tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin Hawul ya ta'allaka ne kan: Noma (masara, dawa, gero, gyada, wake, auduga da rogo) Kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki Kasuwanci Sana'o'in hannu kamar saƙa, ƙira da aikin katako Kasuwannin mako-mako suna taimakawa wajen cinikayya tsakanin Hawul da sauran yankuna. Ilimi Akwai makarantu na firamare da sakandare da dama a yankin, tare da cibiyoyin koyon addini. Gwamnati da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ci gaba da inganta harkokin ilimi. Lafiya Hawul na da asibitoci da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da ke ba da kulawar lafiya ga mazauna yankin, duk da cewa ana ci gaba da buƙatar ƙarin kayan aiki da ma'aikata. Yanayi Hawul tana cikin yankin savanna, inda ake samun: Lokacin damina daga watan Mayu zuwa Oktoba. Lokacin rani daga Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin jiki kusan 34°C. Matsakaicin zafi (humidity) kusan 21%. Wuraren yawon buɗe ido Daga cikin wuraren da suka fi jan hankali akwai: Tsaunukan Hawul masu kyawawan shimfiɗu. Filayen noma da kwaruruka. Bukukuwan gargajiya na Masarautar Biu. Kalubale Wasu daga cikin ƙalubalen da Hawul ke fuskanta sun haɗa da: Lalacewar hanyoyi. Ƙarancin ruwan sha a wasu yankuna. Tasirin sauyin yanayi ga noma. Matsalolin tsaro da suka shafi wasu yankunan Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Muhimmanci Hawul na daga cikin manyan yankunan noma a kudancin Jihar Borno. Haka kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da abinci da bunƙasa tattalin arzikin jihar, tare da kasancewa cibiyar al'adun Masarautar Biu. f8xhxke77xe7og93088li95sjoecpuk 875542 875541 2026-07-04T01:21:49Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 875542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Hawul Hawul ƙaramar hukuma ce da ke kudancin Jihar Borno a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Tana daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi huɗu da ke ƙarƙashin Masarautar Biu, wadda ke da muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da al'amuran gargajiya a yankin. Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Azare, kuma tana da yawan al'umma masu sana'o'i daban-daban da kuma al'adun gargajiya masu armashi. Tarihi An kafa ƙaramar hukumar Hawul a lokacin da aka sake fasalin tsarin ƙananan hukumomi a Najeriya domin kusantar da gwamnati ga al'umma. Tun kafin hakan yankin yana ƙarƙashin ikon Masarautar Biu, wacce ta shahara tun ƙarni da dama a yankin kudancin Borno. Har yanzu masarautar na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sasanta rikice-rikice, kare al'adu, da haɗa kan al'umma. Wuri da iyaka Hawul tana da faɗin kusan kilomita murabba'i 2,098, kuma tana iyaka da wasu ƙananan hukumomi na Jihar Borno da kuma wasu yankuna na Jihohin Adamawa da Gombe. Yankin ya ƙunshi tsaunuka, filayen noma, da kwaruruka masu kyau. Garuruwa da ƙauyuka Wasu daga cikin manyan garuruwa da ƙauyukan Hawul sun haɗa da: Azare (hedikwata) Shaffa Kidang Pakilama Tong Ghuma Dagiza Bantali Damudanaka Samari Yawan jama'a A ƙidayar jama'ar shekarar 2006, Hawul tana da kusan mutane 120,000. A halin yanzu ana hasashen yawan jama'arta ya ƙaru sakamakon ƙaruwar haihuwa da bunƙasar ƙauyuka. Kabilu da harsuna Manyan kabilun yankin sun haɗa da: Bura (Babur) Marghi Hausa Kanuri Fulani Harsunan da aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da: Hausa Bura Kanuri Fulfulde Addini Musulunci da Kiristanci su ne manyan addinan da ake bi a Hawul. Al'ummomin yankin suna rayuwa cikin zaman lafiya tare da gudanar da bukukuwan addininsu. Tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin Hawul ya ta'allaka ne kan: Noma (masara, dawa, gero, gyada, wake, auduga da rogo) Kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki Kasuwanci Sana'o'in hannu kamar saƙa, ƙira da aikin katako Kasuwannin mako-mako suna taimakawa wajen cinikayya tsakanin Hawul da sauran yankuna. Ilimi Akwai makarantu na firamare da sakandare da dama a yankin, tare da cibiyoyin koyon addini. Gwamnati da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ci gaba da inganta harkokin ilimi. Lafiya Hawul na da asibitoci da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da ke ba da kulawar lafiya ga mazauna yankin, duk da cewa ana ci gaba da buƙatar ƙarin kayan aiki da ma'aikata. Yanayi Hawul tana cikin yankin savanna, inda ake samun: Lokacin damina daga watan Mayu zuwa Oktoba. Lokacin rani daga Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin jiki kusan 34°C. Matsakaicin zafi (humidity) kusan 21%. Wuraren yawon buɗe ido Daga cikin wuraren da suka fi jan hankali akwai: Tsaunukan Hawul masu kyawawan shimfiɗu. Filayen noma da kwaruruka. Bukukuwan gargajiya na Masarautar Biu. Kalubale Wasu daga cikin ƙalubalen da Hawul ke fuskanta sun haɗa da: Lalacewar hanyoyi. Ƙarancin ruwan sha a wasu yankuna. Tasirin sauyin yanayi ga noma. Matsalolin tsaro da suka shafi wasu yankunan Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Muhimmanci Hawul na daga cikin manyan yankunan noma a kudancin Jihar Borno. Haka kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da abinci da bunƙasa tattalin arzikin jihar, tare da kasancewa cibiyar al'adun Masarautar Biu. p6nf1ml0uig3kmrjhv1gun3gqiu1mtn 0 9295 875773 866476 2026-07-04T10:26:24Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 /* Tarihi */ 875773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Batagarawa Katsina.ogg|thumb|sautin batagarwa]] '''Batagarawa''' karamar [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|hukuma]] ce a [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina a]] [[Najeriya]]. Hedkwatarta tana cikin garin Batagarawa.<ref>"Batagarawa Local Government Area". ''www.manpower.com.ng''. Retrieved 2021-07-12.</ref> == Tarihi == Al'ummar [[Hausawa]] ne ke zaune kuma garin babban birnin gundumar Mallamawa ne a [[Katsina (birni)|masarautar Katsina]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Arewa maso Yamma]]. An kafa karamar hukumar LGA a shekarar 1991.<ref>"Batagarawa Local Government". Katsina State. Archived from the original on 2010-02-03. Retrieved 2010-03-20.</ref> Yana da yanki 433&nbsp;km2 da yawan jama'a {{Sup|2}} a kidayar shekarar 2006. Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 820.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> == Geography == Karamar hukumar Batagarawa tana da fadin kasa kimanin murabba'in kilomita 433 kuma tana da matsakaicin yanayin zafi/sanyi na {{Convert|35|C|1}} a shekara . An kiyasta karfin iska a yankin da kilomita 5 a duk bayan sa'a guda, yayin da yanayin zafi ya karu da kashi 11 cikin 100.<ref>"Batagarawa Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2023-08-28.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Ƙananan Hukumomin Jihar Katsina}} i862oxddfmn6va3dgdkpoz7bn4s0l3c 875774 875773 2026-07-04T10:26:49Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 /* Tarihi */ 875774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Batagarawa Katsina.ogg|thumb|sautin batagarwa]] '''Batagarawa''' karamar [[kananan hukumomin Najeriya|hukuma]] ce a [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina a]] [[Najeriya]]. Hedkwatarta tana cikin garin Batagarawa.<ref>"Batagarawa Local Government Area". ''www.manpower.com.ng''. Retrieved 2021-07-12.</ref> == Tarihi == Al'ummar [[Hausawa]] ne ke zaune kuma garin babban birnin gundumar Mallamawa ne a [[Katsina (birni)|masarautar Katsina]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Arewa maso Yamma]]. An kafa karamar hukumar (LGA) a shekarar 1991.<ref>"Batagarawa Local Government". Katsina State. Archived from the original on 2010-02-03. Retrieved 2010-03-20.</ref> Yana da yanki 433&nbsp;km2 da yawan jama'a {{Sup|2}} a kidayar shekarar 2006. Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 820.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.</ref> == Geography == Karamar hukumar Batagarawa tana da fadin kasa kimanin murabba'in kilomita 433 kuma tana da matsakaicin yanayin zafi/sanyi na {{Convert|35|C|1}} a shekara . An kiyasta karfin iska a yankin da kilomita 5 a duk bayan sa'a guda, yayin da yanayin zafi ya karu da kashi 11 cikin 100.<ref>"Batagarawa Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2023-08-28.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Ƙananan Hukumomin Jihar Katsina}} e309ffyizr9ei2ew6attq2hepdiunce 0 11256 875153 534923 2026-07-03T16:33:42Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338424411|Badou Ndiaye]]" 875153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Papa Alioune N'Diaye''' known as '''Badou Ndiaye''' ( IPA : {{IPA|[ⁿdʒaj]}} ; an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1990) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Senegal wanda ke buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon tsakiya]] . Badou ya fara aikinsa da Diambars a ƙasarsa Senegal kafin ya koma ƙungiyar Bodø/Glimt ta ƙasar Norway a shekarar 2012. Bayan ya yi fice a Norway, ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turkiyya ta [[Süper Lig]] Osmanlıspor a shekarar 2015. Ya shafe shekaru biyu tare da Osmanlıspor kafin ya koma [[Galatasaray S.K.|Galatasaray]] a watan Agusta na shekarar 2017 kan kuɗin Yuro miliyan 7.5. A watan Janairun shekarar 2018, Badou ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa ƙungiyar [[Premier League|ƙwallon ƙafa ta]] Ingila ta Stoke City kan kuɗin fam miliyan 14. Bayan faɗuwar Stoke a kakar wasa ta 2017–18, Badou ya sake komawa Galatasaray a matsayin aro a kakar wasa ta 2018–19 . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] cmv2nwuc1p2ni0vnyxm3l957zji29yo 875158 875153 2026-07-03T16:35:08Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338424411|Badou Ndiaye]]" 875158 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Papa Alioune N'Diaye''' known as '''Badou Ndiaye''' ( IPA : {{IPA|[ⁿdʒaj]}} ; an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1990) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Senegal wanda ke buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon tsakiya]] . Badou ya fara aikinsa da Diambars a ƙasarsa Senegal kafin ya koma ƙungiyar Bodø/Glimt ta ƙasar Norway a shekarar 2012. Bayan ya yi fice a Norway, ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turkiyya ta [[Süper Lig]] Osmanlıspor a shekarar 2015. Ya shafe shekaru biyu tare da Osmanlıspor kafin ya koma [[Galatasaray S.K.|Galatasaray]] a watan Agusta na shekarar 2017 kan kuɗin Yuro miliyan 7.5. A watan Janairun shekarar 2018, Badou ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa ƙungiyar [[Premier League|ƙwallon ƙafa ta]] Ingila ta Stoke City kan kuɗin fam miliyan 14. Bayan faɗuwar Stoke a kakar wasa ta 2017–18, Badou ya sake komawa Galatasaray a matsayin aro a kakar wasa ta 2018–19 . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === An haifi Badou a [[Dakar]] kuma ya girma a Diamalaye a matsayin ɗan wani jami'in soja kuma malamin kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Papa Alioune Ndiaye |url=http://www.altomfotball.no/element.do?cmd=player&personId=267575&tournamentId=1&seasonId=336&teamId=307&useFullUrl=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409053554/http://www.altomfotball.no/element.do?cmd=player&personId=267575&tournamentId=1&seasonId=336&teamId=307&useFullUrl=false |archive-date=9 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |website=altomfotball.no |publisher=TV 2 |language=no}}</ref> Ndiaye ya fara karatun digirin lauya yayin da yake bugawa ƙungiyar Diambars ta gida. <ref name="Report">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=Badou Ndiaye scouting report: Who is the £15m midfielder set to join Stoke City? |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/badou-ndiaye-stoke-city-transfer-1141670 |access-date=9 February 2018 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> Bayan shekara guda da fara karatunsa, ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ya yi gwaji a ƙungiyoyin Turai. <ref name="Report" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] ghkofnmdlvfsviqcwlzwbomvswgj2ev 875160 875158 2026-07-03T16:35:45Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338424411|Badou Ndiaye]]" 875160 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Papa Alioune N'Diaye''' known as '''Badou Ndiaye''' ( IPA : {{IPA|[ⁿdʒaj]}} ; an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1990) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Senegal wanda ke buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon tsakiya]] . Badou ya fara aikinsa da Diambars a ƙasarsa Senegal kafin ya koma ƙungiyar Bodø/Glimt ta ƙasar Norway a shekarar 2012. Bayan ya yi fice a Norway, ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turkiyya ta [[Süper Lig]] Osmanlıspor a shekarar 2015. Ya shafe shekaru biyu tare da Osmanlıspor kafin ya koma [[Galatasaray S.K.|Galatasaray]] a watan Agusta na shekarar 2017 kan kuɗin Yuro miliyan 7.5. A watan Janairun shekarar 2018, Badou ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa ƙungiyar [[Premier League|ƙwallon ƙafa ta]] Ingila ta Stoke City kan kuɗin fam miliyan 14. Bayan faɗuwar Stoke a kakar wasa ta 2017–18, Badou ya sake komawa Galatasaray a matsayin aro a kakar wasa ta 2018–19 . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === An haifi Badou a [[Dakar]] kuma ya girma a Diamalaye a matsayin ɗan wani jami'in soja kuma malamin kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Papa Alioune Ndiaye |url=http://www.altomfotball.no/element.do?cmd=player&personId=267575&tournamentId=1&seasonId=336&teamId=307&useFullUrl=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409053554/http://www.altomfotball.no/element.do?cmd=player&personId=267575&tournamentId=1&seasonId=336&teamId=307&useFullUrl=false |archive-date=9 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |website=altomfotball.no |publisher=TV 2 |language=no}}</ref> Ndiaye ya fara karatun digirin lauya yayin da yake bugawa ƙungiyar Diambars ta gida. <ref name="Report">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=Badou Ndiaye scouting report: Who is the £15m midfielder set to join Stoke City? |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/badou-ndiaye-stoke-city-transfer-1141670 |access-date=9 February 2018 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> Bayan shekara guda da fara karatunsa, ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ya yi gwaji a ƙungiyoyin Turai. <ref name="Report" /> === Bodø/Glimt === Bayan ya yi nasara a gwaji da ƙungiyar Bodø/Glimt ta ƙasar Norway, ya fara shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin aro a shekarar 2012. Bayan ya ƙaura daga Senegal zuwa Arctic Circle, Ndiaye ya yarda cewa abin ya girgiza al'ada. — "Lokacin da na tashi a rana ta farko na buɗe ƙofar gidana, na ji tsoro. Ban taɓa ganin dusar ƙanƙara ba a da, ko kuma aƙalla a talabijin kawai. A hankali na koyi kada in damu da yanayi. Idan sanyi ne, to sanyi ne. Na sami wannan hali daga iyayena; yana da mahimmanci in daidaita." <ref name="Report">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=Badou Ndiaye scouting report: Who is the £15m midfielder set to join Stoke City? |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/badou-ndiaye-stoke-city-transfer-1141670 |access-date=9 February 2018 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/badou-ndiaye-stoke-city-transfer-1141670 "Badou Ndiaye scouting report: Who is the £15m midfielder set to join Stoke City?"]. </cite></ref> Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da Bærum . Kafin kakar wasa ta 2013, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da Bodø/Glimt. <ref name="aftenposten" /> An ba shi kyautar Kniksenprisen don mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a gasar Norway First Division ta 2013 yayin da ƙungiyar ta sami ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2013 |title=Scouting report: Papa Alioune Ndiaye, Bodø Glimt |url=https://www.scan-scout.com/2013/10/19/scouting-report-papa-alioune-ndiaye-bodo-glimt/ |access-date=9 February 2018 |website=Scan Scout}}</ref> Badou ya zama wanda magoya baya suka fi so a Aspmyra Stadium kuma ya buga duk wasannin Tippeligaen a 2014 yayin da Bodø/Glimt ya yi nasarar guje wa faduwa. <ref name="Report">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=Badou Ndiaye scouting report: Who is the £15m midfielder set to join Stoke City? |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/badou-ndiaye-stoke-city-transfer-1141670 |access-date=9 February 2018 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/badou-ndiaye-stoke-city-transfer-1141670 "Badou Ndiaye scouting report: Who is the £15m midfielder set to join Stoke City?"]. </cite></ref> === Osmanlıspor === A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2015, Badou ya koma ƙungiyar Osmanlıspor ta Turkiyya, kan kuɗin canja wuri na €300,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2017 |title=West Ham in talks to sign midfielder Badou N'Diaye |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11685/10956980/west-ham-in-talks-to-sign-midfielder-badou-ndiaye |access-date=5 October 2017 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Badou ya zira kwallaye 11 a wasanni 33 a kakar wasa ta 2015-16, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa Osmanlıspor ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League . <ref name="Report">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=Badou Ndiaye scouting report: Who is the £15m midfielder set to join Stoke City? |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/badou-ndiaye-stoke-city-transfer-1141670 |access-date=9 February 2018 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/badou-ndiaye-stoke-city-transfer-1141670 "Badou Ndiaye scouting report: Who is the £15m midfielder set to join Stoke City?"]. </cite></ref> A shekarar 2016-17 ya buga wasanni 42 inda ya zira kwallaye bakwai yayin da ƙungiyar ta kare a matsayi na 13 kuma ta kai zagaye na ƙarshe na gasar Europa League inda ta sha kashi a hannun Olympiacos . <ref name="Report" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] ae3co8107nbkckny3nlngspzwxuv6rx 0 11414 875046 571082 2026-07-03T15:13:27Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359431388|Hameed Ali]]" 875046 wikitext text/x-wiki   Hameed Ibrahim Ali Listenⓘ CFR (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1955) jami'in soja ne mai ritaya kuma tsohon Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2023. Ya taba aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kaduna daga 1996 zuwa 1998. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama Sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum wata kungiya ta siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin Arewacin Najeriya. [1] Ya kasance memba na All Progressives Congress, kuma ya goyi bayan takarar shugaban kasa ta [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a 2003, 2007, 2011, [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|2015]] da 2019. Ya fito ne daga asalin siyasa na [[Buhariyya|Muharist]], ya inganta kariya ta kasuwanci da tsauraran ka'idoji da tsari a cikin gwamnatin Buhari. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ali kuma ya girma a [[Dass (Nijeriya)|Dass]], [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] . Shi mazaunin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] ne. == Ayyukan soja == Ali was commissioned in 1977 after he received his training at the [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Nigerian Defence Academy]] in [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]]. He attended Sam Houston State University from 1984 to 1988. And holds a bachelor's and master's degrees in criminology, and an educational certificate from the academy.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin 1981, Ali ya kasance babban jami'in ma'aikata a hedikwatar 'yan sanda na soja. A shekara ta 1992, an tura shi zuwa 1st Division a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], a matsayin babban jami'in ma'aikata. Ali ya kasance kwamandan Ofishin Bincike na Musamman a [[Apapa]] daga 1994 zuwa 1996. A shekara ta 1998, an sanya Ali a matsayin Colonel (Training) TRADOC, a [[Minna]] kafin ya yi ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker details |url=https://na.eventscloud.com/ereg/popups/speakerdetails.php?eventid=279498&language=eng&speakerid=842553& |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=na.eventscloud.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, shi ne babban soja na kotun ta musamman da gwamnatin Sani Abacha ta kafa (membobin farar hula sune Justice Auta da Justice Arikpo) wanda ya gwada kuma ya yanke wa Ken Saro-Wiwa da wasu masu fafutukar kare muhalli takwas hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa. == Ayyukan siyasa == === Gwamnan Kaduna === Ali ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] daga watan Agustan 1996 zuwa watan Agustan 1998 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1997, ya kori ma'aikatan gwamnati 30,000 da suka yi yajin aiki a jihar, kuma ya tsare shugabannin kananan hukumomi 18. Wani ɗan jarida wanda ya ba da rahoto game da labarin ya buga wani labarin a cikin wata mujallar yankin, an yi zargin an kama shi, an yi masa duka sosai, sannan aka kai shi gidan Gwamnati kuma aka ci gaba da azabtar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attacks On The Media In October 1997 |url=http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723204104/http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=Media Rights Agenda}}</ref> Ali daga baya ya musanta zargin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2001 |title=Three journalists arrested |url=http://www.ifex.org/nigeria/1997/10/16/three_journalists_arrested/ |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=International Freedom of Expression eXchange}}</ref> === Zaben shugaban kasa === Bayan ya yi ritaya daga soja, ya zama sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum - ƙungiyar siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], kuma mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali M. Ali |date=2003-01-01 |title=Four Ex-military Govs Pledge Support for Buhari |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227043049/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |archive-date=27 December 2004 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ali ya kasance babban abokin adawar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] na uku. A watan Yunin 2006, Ali ya bayyana cewa shugabancin zai koma Arewa a Babban zaben Najeriya na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2006 |title=AREWA Youth jettisoned quest for a Northern Presidency |url=http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319192403/http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2010 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Daga baya ya goyi bayan maganganun [[Atiku Abubakar]] game da cewa Obasanjo zai girmama alkawarinsa na barin mukamin a shekara ta 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dapo Olufade & Emeka Mamah |date=6 September 2005h |title=Arewa Faults Obasanjo on Rift with Atiku. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-135915962/arewa-faults-obasanjo-rift.html |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> == Shugaban Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya == A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya nada Ali a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya. A cikin 2017, Ali ya yi rikici da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] game da kin ya bayyana a cikin tufafi. A matsayinsa na babban mai ba da izini, ya kasance mai amfani a ofis, yana magance matsaloli masu yawa a cikin sabis ciki har da karancin ma'aikata, cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsaro a kan iyaka. An warware matsalar karancin ma'aikata tare da daukar dubban ma'aikata don aiki. Ya dauki matakan kariya don hana cin hanci da rashawa, ta amfani da matakai don tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da kudade a hankali. Ya gabatar da cibiyoyin tsabtace lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan kawar da cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin 2019, Ali ya rufe dukkan iyakokin ƙasa kuma daga baya ya sanya haramtacciyar duk shigo da fitarwa a fadin iyakoki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's land borders closed to all goods, official confirms |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/nigeria-land-borders-closed-goods-official-confirms-191015191736317.html |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hameed Ali ta auri Hajiya Hadiza Jummai Ali har zuwa mutuwarta tana da shekaru 53 a shekarar 2018. Sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu tare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s Customs Service Boss, Hameed Ali, Marries New Wife {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2020/05/31/nigeria%E2%80%99s-customs-service-boss-hameed-ali-marries-new-wife |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Hameed Ali ya auri Hajiya Zainab Abdullahi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2020-05-31 |title=Customs Boss Hameed Ali Takes New Bride Two Years After Wife's Death |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/customs-boss-hameed-ali-takes-new-bride-two-years-after-wifes-death/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya ta [[Order of the Federal Republic|Kwamandan Order of the Federal Republic]] (CFR). == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}}{{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p6mb4nj4nfb6txs7tgm01s0hdp9f2zw 875047 875046 2026-07-03T15:15:20Z Hamza DK 12444 875047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Hameed Ibrahim Ali Listenⓘ CFR (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1955) jami'in soja ne mai ritaya kuma tsohon Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2023. Ya taba aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kaduna daga 1996 zuwa 1998. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama Sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum wata kungiya ta siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin Arewacin Najeriya. [1] Ya kasance memba na All Progressives Congress, kuma ya goyi bayan takarar shugaban kasa ta [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a 2003, 2007, 2011, [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|2015]] da 2019. Ya fito ne daga asalin siyasa na [[Buhariyya|Muharist]], ya inganta kariya ta kasuwanci da tsauraran ka'idoji da tsari a cikin gwamnatin Buhari. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ali kuma ya girma a [[Dass (Nijeriya)|Dass]], [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] . Shi mazaunin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] ne. == Ayyukan soja == Ali was commissioned in 1977 after he received his training at the [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Nigerian Defence Academy]] in [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]]. He attended Sam Houston State University from 1984 to 1988. And holds a bachelor's and master's degrees in criminology, and an educational certificate from the academy.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin 1981, Ali ya kasance babban jami'in ma'aikata a hedikwatar 'yan sanda na soja. A shekara ta 1992, an tura shi zuwa 1st Division a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], a matsayin babban jami'in ma'aikata. Ali ya kasance kwamandan Ofishin Bincike na Musamman a [[Apapa]] daga 1994 zuwa 1996. A shekara ta 1998, an sanya Ali a matsayin Colonel (Training) TRADOC, a [[Minna]] kafin ya yi ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker details |url=https://na.eventscloud.com/ereg/popups/speakerdetails.php?eventid=279498&language=eng&speakerid=842553& |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=na.eventscloud.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, shi ne babban soja na kotun ta musamman da gwamnatin Sani Abacha ta kafa (membobin farar hula sune Justice Auta da Justice Arikpo) wanda ya gwada kuma ya yanke wa Ken Saro-Wiwa da wasu masu fafutukar kare muhalli takwas hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa. == Ayyukan siyasa == === Gwamnan Kaduna === Ali ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] daga watan Agustan 1996 zuwa watan Agustan 1998 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1997, ya kori ma'aikatan gwamnati 30,000 da suka yi yajin aiki a jihar, kuma ya tsare shugabannin kananan hukumomi 18. Wani ɗan jarida wanda ya ba da rahoto game da labarin ya buga wani labarin a cikin wata mujallar yankin, an yi zargin an kama shi, an yi masa duka sosai, sannan aka kai shi gidan Gwamnati kuma aka ci gaba da azabtar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attacks On The Media In October 1997 |url=http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723204104/http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=Media Rights Agenda}}</ref> Ali daga baya ya musanta zargin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2001 |title=Three journalists arrested |url=http://www.ifex.org/nigeria/1997/10/16/three_journalists_arrested/ |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=International Freedom of Expression eXchange}}</ref> === Zaben shugaban kasa === Bayan ya yi ritaya daga soja, ya zama sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum - ƙungiyar siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], kuma mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali M. Ali |date=2003-01-01 |title=Four Ex-military Govs Pledge Support for Buhari |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227043049/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |archive-date=27 December 2004 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ali ya kasance babban abokin adawar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] na uku. A watan Yunin 2006, Ali ya bayyana cewa shugabancin zai koma Arewa a Babban zaben Najeriya na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2006 |title=AREWA Youth jettisoned quest for a Northern Presidency |url=http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319192403/http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2010 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Daga baya ya goyi bayan maganganun [[Atiku Abubakar]] game da cewa Obasanjo zai girmama alkawarinsa na barin mukamin a shekara ta 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dapo Olufade & Emeka Mamah |date=6 September 2005h |title=Arewa Faults Obasanjo on Rift with Atiku. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-135915962/arewa-faults-obasanjo-rift.html |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> == Shugaban Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya == A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya nada Ali a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya. A cikin 2017, Ali ya yi rikici da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] game da kin ya bayyana a cikin tufafi. A matsayinsa na babban mai ba da izini, ya kasance mai amfani a ofis, yana magance matsaloli masu yawa a cikin sabis ciki har da karancin ma'aikata, cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsaro a kan iyaka. An warware matsalar karancin ma'aikata tare da daukar dubban ma'aikata don aiki. Ya dauki matakan kariya don hana cin hanci da rashawa, ta amfani da matakai don tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da kudade a hankali. Ya gabatar da cibiyoyin tsabtace lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan kawar da cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin 2019, Ali ya rufe dukkan iyakokin ƙasa kuma daga baya ya sanya haramtacciyar duk shigo da fitarwa a fadin iyakoki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's land borders closed to all goods, official confirms |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/nigeria-land-borders-closed-goods-official-confirms-191015191736317.html |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hameed Ali ta auri Hajiya Hadiza Jummai Ali har zuwa mutuwarta tana da shekaru 53 a shekarar 2018. Sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu tare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s Customs Service Boss, Hameed Ali, Marries New Wife {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2020/05/31/nigeria%E2%80%99s-customs-service-boss-hameed-ali-marries-new-wife |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Hameed Ali ya auri Hajiya Zainab Abdullahi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2020-05-31 |title=Customs Boss Hameed Ali Takes New Bride Two Years After Wife's Death |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/customs-boss-hameed-ali-takes-new-bride-two-years-after-wifes-death/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya ta [[Order of the Federal Republic|Kwamandan Order of the Federal Republic]] (CFR). == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}}{{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f7wfx8tvddz6k004ug9xz4ry4jwlyxk 875048 875047 2026-07-03T15:16:47Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyukan soja */ 875048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Hameed Ibrahim Ali Listenⓘ CFR (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1955) jami'in soja ne mai ritaya kuma tsohon Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2023. Ya taba aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kaduna daga 1996 zuwa 1998. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama Sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum wata kungiya ta siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin Arewacin Najeriya. [1] Ya kasance memba na All Progressives Congress, kuma ya goyi bayan takarar shugaban kasa ta [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a 2003, 2007, 2011, [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|2015]] da 2019. Ya fito ne daga asalin siyasa na [[Buhariyya|Muharist]], ya inganta kariya ta kasuwanci da tsauraran ka'idoji da tsari a cikin gwamnatin Buhari. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ali kuma ya girma a [[Dass (Nijeriya)|Dass]], [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] . Shi mazaunin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] ne. == Ayyukan soja == Ali was commissioned in 1977 after he received his training at the [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Nigerian Defence Academy]] in [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]]. He attended Sam Houston State University from 1984 to 1988. And holds a bachelor's and master's degrees in criminology, and an educational certificate from the academy.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 1981, Ali ya kasance babban jami'in ma'aikata a hedikwatar 'yan sanda na soja. A shekara ta 1992, an tura shi zuwa 1st Division a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], a matsayin babban jami'in ma'aikata. Ali ya kasance kwamandan Ofishin Bincike na Musamman a [[Apapa]] daga 1994 zuwa 1996. A shekara ta 1998, an sanya Ali a matsayin Colonel (Training) TRADOC, a [[Minna]] kafin ya yi ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker details |url=https://na.eventscloud.com/ereg/popups/speakerdetails.php?eventid=279498&language=eng&speakerid=842553& |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=na.eventscloud.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, shi ne babban soja na kotun ta musamman da gwamnatin Sani Abacha ta kafa (membobin farar hula sune Justice Auta da Justice Arikpo) wanda ya gwada kuma ya yanke wa Ken Saro-Wiwa da wasu masu fafutukar kare muhalli takwas hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa. == Ayyukan siyasa == === Gwamnan Kaduna === Ali ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] daga watan Agustan 1996 zuwa watan Agustan 1998 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1997, ya kori ma'aikatan gwamnati 30,000 da suka yi yajin aiki a jihar, kuma ya tsare shugabannin kananan hukumomi 18. Wani ɗan jarida wanda ya ba da rahoto game da labarin ya buga wani labarin a cikin wata mujallar yankin, an yi zargin an kama shi, an yi masa duka sosai, sannan aka kai shi gidan Gwamnati kuma aka ci gaba da azabtar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attacks On The Media In October 1997 |url=http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723204104/http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=Media Rights Agenda}}</ref> Ali daga baya ya musanta zargin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2001 |title=Three journalists arrested |url=http://www.ifex.org/nigeria/1997/10/16/three_journalists_arrested/ |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=International Freedom of Expression eXchange}}</ref> === Zaben shugaban kasa === Bayan ya yi ritaya daga soja, ya zama sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum - ƙungiyar siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], kuma mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali M. Ali |date=2003-01-01 |title=Four Ex-military Govs Pledge Support for Buhari |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227043049/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |archive-date=27 December 2004 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ali ya kasance babban abokin adawar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] na uku. A watan Yunin 2006, Ali ya bayyana cewa shugabancin zai koma Arewa a Babban zaben Najeriya na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2006 |title=AREWA Youth jettisoned quest for a Northern Presidency |url=http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319192403/http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2010 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Daga baya ya goyi bayan maganganun [[Atiku Abubakar]] game da cewa Obasanjo zai girmama alkawarinsa na barin mukamin a shekara ta 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dapo Olufade & Emeka Mamah |date=6 September 2005h |title=Arewa Faults Obasanjo on Rift with Atiku. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-135915962/arewa-faults-obasanjo-rift.html |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> == Shugaban Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya == A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya nada Ali a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya. A cikin 2017, Ali ya yi rikici da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] game da kin ya bayyana a cikin tufafi. A matsayinsa na babban mai ba da izini, ya kasance mai amfani a ofis, yana magance matsaloli masu yawa a cikin sabis ciki har da karancin ma'aikata, cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsaro a kan iyaka. An warware matsalar karancin ma'aikata tare da daukar dubban ma'aikata don aiki. Ya dauki matakan kariya don hana cin hanci da rashawa, ta amfani da matakai don tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da kudade a hankali. Ya gabatar da cibiyoyin tsabtace lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan kawar da cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin 2019, Ali ya rufe dukkan iyakokin ƙasa kuma daga baya ya sanya haramtacciyar duk shigo da fitarwa a fadin iyakoki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's land borders closed to all goods, official confirms |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/nigeria-land-borders-closed-goods-official-confirms-191015191736317.html |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hameed Ali ta auri Hajiya Hadiza Jummai Ali har zuwa mutuwarta tana da shekaru 53 a shekarar 2018. Sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu tare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s Customs Service Boss, Hameed Ali, Marries New Wife {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2020/05/31/nigeria%E2%80%99s-customs-service-boss-hameed-ali-marries-new-wife |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Hameed Ali ya auri Hajiya Zainab Abdullahi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2020-05-31 |title=Customs Boss Hameed Ali Takes New Bride Two Years After Wife's Death |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/customs-boss-hameed-ali-takes-new-bride-two-years-after-wifes-death/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya ta [[Order of the Federal Republic|Kwamandan Order of the Federal Republic]] (CFR). == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}}{{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mwf6zlcb8o2x7owj5t8qunuc526c64a 875049 875048 2026-07-03T15:17:40Z Hamza DK 12444 875049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Hameed Ibrahim Ali Listenⓘ CFR (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1955) jami'in soja ne mai ritaya kuma tsohon Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2023. Ya taba aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kaduna daga 1996 zuwa 1998. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama Sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum wata kungiya ta siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin Arewacin Najeriya. [1] Ya kasance memba na All Progressives Congress (APC), kuma ya goyi bayan takarar shugaban kasa ta [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a 2003, 2007, 2011, [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|2015]] da 2019. Ya fito ne daga asalin siyasa na [[Buhariyya|Muharist]], ya inganta kariya ta kasuwanci da tsauraran ka'idoji da tsari a cikin gwamnatin Buhari. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ali kuma ya girma a [[Dass (Nijeriya)|Dass]], [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] . Shi mazaunin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] ne. == Ayyukan soja == Ali was commissioned in 1977 after he received his training at the [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Nigerian Defence Academy]] in [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]]. He attended Sam Houston State University from 1984 to 1988. And holds a bachelor's and master's degrees in criminology, and an educational certificate from the academy.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 1981, Ali ya kasance babban jami'in ma'aikata a hedikwatar 'yan sanda na soja. A shekara ta 1992, an tura shi zuwa 1st Division a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], a matsayin babban jami'in ma'aikata. Ali ya kasance kwamandan Ofishin Bincike na Musamman a [[Apapa]] daga 1994 zuwa 1996. A shekara ta 1998, an sanya Ali a matsayin Colonel (Training) TRADOC, a [[Minna]] kafin ya yi ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker details |url=https://na.eventscloud.com/ereg/popups/speakerdetails.php?eventid=279498&language=eng&speakerid=842553& |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=na.eventscloud.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, shi ne babban soja na kotun ta musamman da gwamnatin Sani Abacha ta kafa (membobin farar hula sune Justice Auta da Justice Arikpo) wanda ya gwada kuma ya yanke wa Ken Saro-Wiwa da wasu masu fafutukar kare muhalli takwas hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa. == Ayyukan siyasa == === Gwamnan Kaduna === Ali ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] daga watan Agustan 1996 zuwa watan Agustan 1998 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1997, ya kori ma'aikatan gwamnati 30,000 da suka yi yajin aiki a jihar, kuma ya tsare shugabannin kananan hukumomi 18. Wani ɗan jarida wanda ya ba da rahoto game da labarin ya buga wani labarin a cikin wata mujallar yankin, an yi zargin an kama shi, an yi masa duka sosai, sannan aka kai shi gidan Gwamnati kuma aka ci gaba da azabtar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attacks On The Media In October 1997 |url=http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723204104/http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=Media Rights Agenda}}</ref> Ali daga baya ya musanta zargin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2001 |title=Three journalists arrested |url=http://www.ifex.org/nigeria/1997/10/16/three_journalists_arrested/ |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=International Freedom of Expression eXchange}}</ref> === Zaben shugaban kasa === Bayan ya yi ritaya daga soja, ya zama sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum - ƙungiyar siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], kuma mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali M. Ali |date=2003-01-01 |title=Four Ex-military Govs Pledge Support for Buhari |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227043049/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |archive-date=27 December 2004 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ali ya kasance babban abokin adawar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] na uku. A watan Yunin 2006, Ali ya bayyana cewa shugabancin zai koma Arewa a Babban zaben Najeriya na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2006 |title=AREWA Youth jettisoned quest for a Northern Presidency |url=http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319192403/http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2010 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Daga baya ya goyi bayan maganganun [[Atiku Abubakar]] game da cewa Obasanjo zai girmama alkawarinsa na barin mukamin a shekara ta 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dapo Olufade & Emeka Mamah |date=6 September 2005h |title=Arewa Faults Obasanjo on Rift with Atiku. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-135915962/arewa-faults-obasanjo-rift.html |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> == Shugaban Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya == A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya nada Ali a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya. A cikin 2017, Ali ya yi rikici da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] game da kin ya bayyana a cikin tufafi. A matsayinsa na babban mai ba da izini, ya kasance mai amfani a ofis, yana magance matsaloli masu yawa a cikin sabis ciki har da karancin ma'aikata, cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsaro a kan iyaka. An warware matsalar karancin ma'aikata tare da daukar dubban ma'aikata don aiki. Ya dauki matakan kariya don hana cin hanci da rashawa, ta amfani da matakai don tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da kudade a hankali. Ya gabatar da cibiyoyin tsabtace lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan kawar da cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin 2019, Ali ya rufe dukkan iyakokin ƙasa kuma daga baya ya sanya haramtacciyar duk shigo da fitarwa a fadin iyakoki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's land borders closed to all goods, official confirms |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/nigeria-land-borders-closed-goods-official-confirms-191015191736317.html |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hameed Ali ta auri Hajiya Hadiza Jummai Ali har zuwa mutuwarta tana da shekaru 53 a shekarar 2018. Sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu tare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s Customs Service Boss, Hameed Ali, Marries New Wife {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2020/05/31/nigeria%E2%80%99s-customs-service-boss-hameed-ali-marries-new-wife |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Hameed Ali ya auri Hajiya Zainab Abdullahi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2020-05-31 |title=Customs Boss Hameed Ali Takes New Bride Two Years After Wife's Death |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/customs-boss-hameed-ali-takes-new-bride-two-years-after-wifes-death/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya ta [[Order of the Federal Republic|Kwamandan Order of the Federal Republic]] (CFR). == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}}{{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ie9dgxnaw37idqrxwkrpee2nqso9bxr 875051 875049 2026-07-03T15:20:48Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyukan soja */ 875051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Hameed Ibrahim Ali Listenⓘ CFR (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1955) jami'in soja ne mai ritaya kuma tsohon Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2023. Ya taba aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kaduna daga 1996 zuwa 1998. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama Sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum wata kungiya ta siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin Arewacin Najeriya. [1] Ya kasance memba na All Progressives Congress (APC), kuma ya goyi bayan takarar shugaban kasa ta [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a 2003, 2007, 2011, [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|2015]] da 2019. Ya fito ne daga asalin siyasa na [[Buhariyya|Muharist]], ya inganta kariya ta kasuwanci da tsauraran ka'idoji da tsari a cikin gwamnatin Buhari. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ali kuma ya girma a [[Dass (Nijeriya)|Dass]], [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] . Shi mazaunin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] ne. == Ayyukan soja == An nada Ali a matsayin shugaban . {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 1981, Ali ya kasance babban jami'in ma'aikata a hedikwatar 'yan sanda na soja. A shekara ta 1992, an tura shi zuwa 1st Division a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], a matsayin babban jami'in ma'aikata. Ali ya kasance kwamandan Ofishin Bincike na Musamman a [[Apapa]] daga 1994 zuwa 1996. A shekara ta 1998, an sanya Ali a matsayin Colonel (Training) TRADOC, a [[Minna]] kafin ya yi ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker details |url=https://na.eventscloud.com/ereg/popups/speakerdetails.php?eventid=279498&language=eng&speakerid=842553& |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=na.eventscloud.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, shi ne babban soja na kotun ta musamman da gwamnatin Sani Abacha ta kafa (membobin farar hula sune Justice Auta da Justice Arikpo) wanda ya gwada kuma ya yanke wa Ken Saro-Wiwa da wasu masu fafutukar kare muhalli takwas hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa. == Ayyukan siyasa == === Gwamnan Kaduna === Ali ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] daga watan Agustan 1996 zuwa watan Agustan 1998 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1997, ya kori ma'aikatan gwamnati 30,000 da suka yi yajin aiki a jihar, kuma ya tsare shugabannin kananan hukumomi 18. Wani ɗan jarida wanda ya ba da rahoto game da labarin ya buga wani labarin a cikin wata mujallar yankin, an yi zargin an kama shi, an yi masa duka sosai, sannan aka kai shi gidan Gwamnati kuma aka ci gaba da azabtar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attacks On The Media In October 1997 |url=http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723204104/http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=Media Rights Agenda}}</ref> Ali daga baya ya musanta zargin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2001 |title=Three journalists arrested |url=http://www.ifex.org/nigeria/1997/10/16/three_journalists_arrested/ |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=International Freedom of Expression eXchange}}</ref> === Zaben shugaban kasa === Bayan ya yi ritaya daga soja, ya zama sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum - ƙungiyar siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], kuma mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali M. Ali |date=2003-01-01 |title=Four Ex-military Govs Pledge Support for Buhari |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227043049/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |archive-date=27 December 2004 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ali ya kasance babban abokin adawar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] na uku. A watan Yunin 2006, Ali ya bayyana cewa shugabancin zai koma Arewa a Babban zaben Najeriya na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2006 |title=AREWA Youth jettisoned quest for a Northern Presidency |url=http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319192403/http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2010 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Daga baya ya goyi bayan maganganun [[Atiku Abubakar]] game da cewa Obasanjo zai girmama alkawarinsa na barin mukamin a shekara ta 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dapo Olufade & Emeka Mamah |date=6 September 2005h |title=Arewa Faults Obasanjo on Rift with Atiku. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-135915962/arewa-faults-obasanjo-rift.html |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> == Shugaban Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya == A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya nada Ali a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya. A cikin 2017, Ali ya yi rikici da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] game da kin ya bayyana a cikin tufafi. A matsayinsa na babban mai ba da izini, ya kasance mai amfani a ofis, yana magance matsaloli masu yawa a cikin sabis ciki har da karancin ma'aikata, cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsaro a kan iyaka. An warware matsalar karancin ma'aikata tare da daukar dubban ma'aikata don aiki. Ya dauki matakan kariya don hana cin hanci da rashawa, ta amfani da matakai don tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da kudade a hankali. Ya gabatar da cibiyoyin tsabtace lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan kawar da cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin 2019, Ali ya rufe dukkan iyakokin ƙasa kuma daga baya ya sanya haramtacciyar duk shigo da fitarwa a fadin iyakoki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's land borders closed to all goods, official confirms |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/nigeria-land-borders-closed-goods-official-confirms-191015191736317.html |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hameed Ali ta auri Hajiya Hadiza Jummai Ali har zuwa mutuwarta tana da shekaru 53 a shekarar 2018. Sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu tare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s Customs Service Boss, Hameed Ali, Marries New Wife {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2020/05/31/nigeria%E2%80%99s-customs-service-boss-hameed-ali-marries-new-wife |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Hameed Ali ya auri Hajiya Zainab Abdullahi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2020-05-31 |title=Customs Boss Hameed Ali Takes New Bride Two Years After Wife's Death |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/customs-boss-hameed-ali-takes-new-bride-two-years-after-wifes-death/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya ta [[Order of the Federal Republic|Kwamandan Order of the Federal Republic]] (CFR). == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}}{{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jlzqwvol30zqgkgfbus9vew8btls06c 875053 875051 2026-07-03T15:21:37Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyukan soja */ 875053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Hameed Ibrahim Ali Listenⓘ CFR (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1955) jami'in soja ne mai ritaya kuma tsohon Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2023. Ya taba aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kaduna daga 1996 zuwa 1998. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama Sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum wata kungiya ta siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin Arewacin Najeriya. [1] Ya kasance memba na All Progressives Congress (APC), kuma ya goyi bayan takarar shugaban kasa ta [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a 2003, 2007, 2011, [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|2015]] da 2019. Ya fito ne daga asalin siyasa na [[Buhariyya|Muharist]], ya inganta kariya ta kasuwanci da tsauraran ka'idoji da tsari a cikin gwamnatin Buhari. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ali kuma ya girma a [[Dass (Nijeriya)|Dass]], [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] . Shi mazaunin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] ne. == Ayyukan soja == An nada Ali a matsayin shugaban jami'a a shekarar 1977 bayan ya sami horo {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 1981, Ali ya kasance babban jami'in ma'aikata a hedikwatar 'yan sanda na soja. A shekara ta 1992, an tura shi zuwa 1st Division a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], a matsayin babban jami'in ma'aikata. Ali ya kasance kwamandan Ofishin Bincike na Musamman a [[Apapa]] daga 1994 zuwa 1996. A shekara ta 1998, an sanya Ali a matsayin Colonel (Training) TRADOC, a [[Minna]] kafin ya yi ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker details |url=https://na.eventscloud.com/ereg/popups/speakerdetails.php?eventid=279498&language=eng&speakerid=842553& |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=na.eventscloud.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, shi ne babban soja na kotun ta musamman da gwamnatin Sani Abacha ta kafa (membobin farar hula sune Justice Auta da Justice Arikpo) wanda ya gwada kuma ya yanke wa Ken Saro-Wiwa da wasu masu fafutukar kare muhalli takwas hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa. == Ayyukan siyasa == === Gwamnan Kaduna === Ali ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] daga watan Agustan 1996 zuwa watan Agustan 1998 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1997, ya kori ma'aikatan gwamnati 30,000 da suka yi yajin aiki a jihar, kuma ya tsare shugabannin kananan hukumomi 18. Wani ɗan jarida wanda ya ba da rahoto game da labarin ya buga wani labarin a cikin wata mujallar yankin, an yi zargin an kama shi, an yi masa duka sosai, sannan aka kai shi gidan Gwamnati kuma aka ci gaba da azabtar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attacks On The Media In October 1997 |url=http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723204104/http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=Media Rights Agenda}}</ref> Ali daga baya ya musanta zargin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2001 |title=Three journalists arrested |url=http://www.ifex.org/nigeria/1997/10/16/three_journalists_arrested/ |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=International Freedom of Expression eXchange}}</ref> === Zaben shugaban kasa === Bayan ya yi ritaya daga soja, ya zama sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum - ƙungiyar siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], kuma mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali M. Ali |date=2003-01-01 |title=Four Ex-military Govs Pledge Support for Buhari |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227043049/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |archive-date=27 December 2004 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ali ya kasance babban abokin adawar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] na uku. A watan Yunin 2006, Ali ya bayyana cewa shugabancin zai koma Arewa a Babban zaben Najeriya na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2006 |title=AREWA Youth jettisoned quest for a Northern Presidency |url=http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319192403/http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2010 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Daga baya ya goyi bayan maganganun [[Atiku Abubakar]] game da cewa Obasanjo zai girmama alkawarinsa na barin mukamin a shekara ta 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dapo Olufade & Emeka Mamah |date=6 September 2005h |title=Arewa Faults Obasanjo on Rift with Atiku. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-135915962/arewa-faults-obasanjo-rift.html |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> == Shugaban Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya == A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya nada Ali a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya. A cikin 2017, Ali ya yi rikici da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] game da kin ya bayyana a cikin tufafi. A matsayinsa na babban mai ba da izini, ya kasance mai amfani a ofis, yana magance matsaloli masu yawa a cikin sabis ciki har da karancin ma'aikata, cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsaro a kan iyaka. An warware matsalar karancin ma'aikata tare da daukar dubban ma'aikata don aiki. Ya dauki matakan kariya don hana cin hanci da rashawa, ta amfani da matakai don tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da kudade a hankali. Ya gabatar da cibiyoyin tsabtace lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan kawar da cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin 2019, Ali ya rufe dukkan iyakokin ƙasa kuma daga baya ya sanya haramtacciyar duk shigo da fitarwa a fadin iyakoki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's land borders closed to all goods, official confirms |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/nigeria-land-borders-closed-goods-official-confirms-191015191736317.html |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hameed Ali ta auri Hajiya Hadiza Jummai Ali har zuwa mutuwarta tana da shekaru 53 a shekarar 2018. Sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu tare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s Customs Service Boss, Hameed Ali, Marries New Wife {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2020/05/31/nigeria%E2%80%99s-customs-service-boss-hameed-ali-marries-new-wife |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Hameed Ali ya auri Hajiya Zainab Abdullahi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2020-05-31 |title=Customs Boss Hameed Ali Takes New Bride Two Years After Wife's Death |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/customs-boss-hameed-ali-takes-new-bride-two-years-after-wifes-death/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya ta [[Order of the Federal Republic|Kwamandan Order of the Federal Republic]] (CFR). == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}}{{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q079mfgo74xhv6xk2f8tqjy1edunnjd 875055 875053 2026-07-03T15:23:03Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyukan soja */ 875055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Hameed Ibrahim Ali Listenⓘ CFR (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1955) jami'in soja ne mai ritaya kuma tsohon Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2023. Ya taba aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kaduna daga 1996 zuwa 1998. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama Sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum wata kungiya ta siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin Arewacin Najeriya. [1] Ya kasance memba na All Progressives Congress (APC), kuma ya goyi bayan takarar shugaban kasa ta [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a 2003, 2007, 2011, [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|2015]] da 2019. Ya fito ne daga asalin siyasa na [[Buhariyya|Muharist]], ya inganta kariya ta kasuwanci da tsauraran ka'idoji da tsari a cikin gwamnatin Buhari. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ali kuma ya girma a [[Dass (Nijeriya)|Dass]], [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] . Shi mazaunin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] ne. == Ayyukan soja == An nada Ali a matsayin shugaban jami'a a shekarar 1977 bayan ya sami horo a [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Akademiyar Tsaron Najeriya]] da ke [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]].. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 1981, Ali ya kasance babban jami'in ma'aikata a hedikwatar 'yan sanda na soja. A shekara ta 1992, an tura shi zuwa 1st Division a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], a matsayin babban jami'in ma'aikata. Ali ya kasance kwamandan Ofishin Bincike na Musamman a [[Apapa]] daga 1994 zuwa 1996. A shekara ta 1998, an sanya Ali a matsayin Colonel (Training) TRADOC, a [[Minna]] kafin ya yi ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker details |url=https://na.eventscloud.com/ereg/popups/speakerdetails.php?eventid=279498&language=eng&speakerid=842553& |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=na.eventscloud.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, shi ne babban soja na kotun ta musamman da gwamnatin Sani Abacha ta kafa (membobin farar hula sune Justice Auta da Justice Arikpo) wanda ya gwada kuma ya yanke wa Ken Saro-Wiwa da wasu masu fafutukar kare muhalli takwas hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa. == Ayyukan siyasa == === Gwamnan Kaduna === Ali ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] daga watan Agustan 1996 zuwa watan Agustan 1998 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1997, ya kori ma'aikatan gwamnati 30,000 da suka yi yajin aiki a jihar, kuma ya tsare shugabannin kananan hukumomi 18. Wani ɗan jarida wanda ya ba da rahoto game da labarin ya buga wani labarin a cikin wata mujallar yankin, an yi zargin an kama shi, an yi masa duka sosai, sannan aka kai shi gidan Gwamnati kuma aka ci gaba da azabtar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attacks On The Media In October 1997 |url=http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723204104/http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=Media Rights Agenda}}</ref> Ali daga baya ya musanta zargin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2001 |title=Three journalists arrested |url=http://www.ifex.org/nigeria/1997/10/16/three_journalists_arrested/ |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=International Freedom of Expression eXchange}}</ref> === Zaben shugaban kasa === Bayan ya yi ritaya daga soja, ya zama sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum - ƙungiyar siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], kuma mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali M. Ali |date=2003-01-01 |title=Four Ex-military Govs Pledge Support for Buhari |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227043049/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |archive-date=27 December 2004 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ali ya kasance babban abokin adawar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] na uku. A watan Yunin 2006, Ali ya bayyana cewa shugabancin zai koma Arewa a Babban zaben Najeriya na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2006 |title=AREWA Youth jettisoned quest for a Northern Presidency |url=http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319192403/http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2010 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Daga baya ya goyi bayan maganganun [[Atiku Abubakar]] game da cewa Obasanjo zai girmama alkawarinsa na barin mukamin a shekara ta 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dapo Olufade & Emeka Mamah |date=6 September 2005h |title=Arewa Faults Obasanjo on Rift with Atiku. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-135915962/arewa-faults-obasanjo-rift.html |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> == Shugaban Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya == A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya nada Ali a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya. A cikin 2017, Ali ya yi rikici da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] game da kin ya bayyana a cikin tufafi. A matsayinsa na babban mai ba da izini, ya kasance mai amfani a ofis, yana magance matsaloli masu yawa a cikin sabis ciki har da karancin ma'aikata, cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsaro a kan iyaka. An warware matsalar karancin ma'aikata tare da daukar dubban ma'aikata don aiki. Ya dauki matakan kariya don hana cin hanci da rashawa, ta amfani da matakai don tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da kudade a hankali. Ya gabatar da cibiyoyin tsabtace lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan kawar da cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin 2019, Ali ya rufe dukkan iyakokin ƙasa kuma daga baya ya sanya haramtacciyar duk shigo da fitarwa a fadin iyakoki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's land borders closed to all goods, official confirms |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/nigeria-land-borders-closed-goods-official-confirms-191015191736317.html |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hameed Ali ta auri Hajiya Hadiza Jummai Ali har zuwa mutuwarta tana da shekaru 53 a shekarar 2018. Sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu tare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s Customs Service Boss, Hameed Ali, Marries New Wife {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2020/05/31/nigeria%E2%80%99s-customs-service-boss-hameed-ali-marries-new-wife |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Hameed Ali ya auri Hajiya Zainab Abdullahi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2020-05-31 |title=Customs Boss Hameed Ali Takes New Bride Two Years After Wife's Death |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/customs-boss-hameed-ali-takes-new-bride-two-years-after-wifes-death/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya ta [[Order of the Federal Republic|Kwamandan Order of the Federal Republic]] (CFR). == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}}{{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ileimaigmznuhsx7phv68fmpih9kr71 875057 875055 2026-07-03T15:23:36Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyukan soja */ 875057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Hameed Ibrahim Ali Listenⓘ CFR (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1955) jami'in soja ne mai ritaya kuma tsohon Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2023. Ya taba aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kaduna daga 1996 zuwa 1998. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama Sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum wata kungiya ta siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin Arewacin Najeriya. [1] Ya kasance memba na All Progressives Congress (APC), kuma ya goyi bayan takarar shugaban kasa ta [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a 2003, 2007, 2011, [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|2015]] da 2019. Ya fito ne daga asalin siyasa na [[Buhariyya|Muharist]], ya inganta kariya ta kasuwanci da tsauraran ka'idoji da tsari a cikin gwamnatin Buhari. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ali kuma ya girma a [[Dass (Nijeriya)|Dass]], [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] . Shi mazaunin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] ne. == Ayyukan soja == An nada Ali a matsayin shugaban jami'a a shekarar 1977 bayan ya sami horo a [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Akademiyar Tsaron Najeriya]] da ke [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]]. Ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Sam Houston daga 1984 zuwa 1988. Kuma {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 1981, Ali ya kasance babban jami'in ma'aikata a hedikwatar 'yan sanda na soja. A shekara ta 1992, an tura shi zuwa 1st Division a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], a matsayin babban jami'in ma'aikata. Ali ya kasance kwamandan Ofishin Bincike na Musamman a [[Apapa]] daga 1994 zuwa 1996. A shekara ta 1998, an sanya Ali a matsayin Colonel (Training) TRADOC, a [[Minna]] kafin ya yi ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker details |url=https://na.eventscloud.com/ereg/popups/speakerdetails.php?eventid=279498&language=eng&speakerid=842553& |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=na.eventscloud.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, shi ne babban soja na kotun ta musamman da gwamnatin Sani Abacha ta kafa (membobin farar hula sune Justice Auta da Justice Arikpo) wanda ya gwada kuma ya yanke wa Ken Saro-Wiwa da wasu masu fafutukar kare muhalli takwas hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa. == Ayyukan siyasa == === Gwamnan Kaduna === Ali ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] daga watan Agustan 1996 zuwa watan Agustan 1998 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1997, ya kori ma'aikatan gwamnati 30,000 da suka yi yajin aiki a jihar, kuma ya tsare shugabannin kananan hukumomi 18. Wani ɗan jarida wanda ya ba da rahoto game da labarin ya buga wani labarin a cikin wata mujallar yankin, an yi zargin an kama shi, an yi masa duka sosai, sannan aka kai shi gidan Gwamnati kuma aka ci gaba da azabtar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attacks On The Media In October 1997 |url=http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723204104/http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=Media Rights Agenda}}</ref> Ali daga baya ya musanta zargin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2001 |title=Three journalists arrested |url=http://www.ifex.org/nigeria/1997/10/16/three_journalists_arrested/ |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=International Freedom of Expression eXchange}}</ref> === Zaben shugaban kasa === Bayan ya yi ritaya daga soja, ya zama sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum - ƙungiyar siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], kuma mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali M. Ali |date=2003-01-01 |title=Four Ex-military Govs Pledge Support for Buhari |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227043049/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |archive-date=27 December 2004 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ali ya kasance babban abokin adawar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] na uku. A watan Yunin 2006, Ali ya bayyana cewa shugabancin zai koma Arewa a Babban zaben Najeriya na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2006 |title=AREWA Youth jettisoned quest for a Northern Presidency |url=http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319192403/http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2010 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Daga baya ya goyi bayan maganganun [[Atiku Abubakar]] game da cewa Obasanjo zai girmama alkawarinsa na barin mukamin a shekara ta 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dapo Olufade & Emeka Mamah |date=6 September 2005h |title=Arewa Faults Obasanjo on Rift with Atiku. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-135915962/arewa-faults-obasanjo-rift.html |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> == Shugaban Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya == A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya nada Ali a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya. A cikin 2017, Ali ya yi rikici da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] game da kin ya bayyana a cikin tufafi. A matsayinsa na babban mai ba da izini, ya kasance mai amfani a ofis, yana magance matsaloli masu yawa a cikin sabis ciki har da karancin ma'aikata, cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsaro a kan iyaka. An warware matsalar karancin ma'aikata tare da daukar dubban ma'aikata don aiki. Ya dauki matakan kariya don hana cin hanci da rashawa, ta amfani da matakai don tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da kudade a hankali. Ya gabatar da cibiyoyin tsabtace lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan kawar da cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin 2019, Ali ya rufe dukkan iyakokin ƙasa kuma daga baya ya sanya haramtacciyar duk shigo da fitarwa a fadin iyakoki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's land borders closed to all goods, official confirms |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/nigeria-land-borders-closed-goods-official-confirms-191015191736317.html |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hameed Ali ta auri Hajiya Hadiza Jummai Ali har zuwa mutuwarta tana da shekaru 53 a shekarar 2018. Sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu tare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s Customs Service Boss, Hameed Ali, Marries New Wife {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2020/05/31/nigeria%E2%80%99s-customs-service-boss-hameed-ali-marries-new-wife |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Hameed Ali ya auri Hajiya Zainab Abdullahi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2020-05-31 |title=Customs Boss Hameed Ali Takes New Bride Two Years After Wife's Death |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/customs-boss-hameed-ali-takes-new-bride-two-years-after-wifes-death/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya ta [[Order of the Federal Republic|Kwamandan Order of the Federal Republic]] (CFR). == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}}{{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8oymg8g5heonwfioazz0bw7vte7upla 875059 875057 2026-07-03T15:24:22Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyukan soja */ 875059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Hameed Ibrahim Ali Listenⓘ CFR (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1955) jami'in soja ne mai ritaya kuma tsohon Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2023. Ya taba aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kaduna daga 1996 zuwa 1998. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama Sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum wata kungiya ta siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin Arewacin Najeriya. [1] Ya kasance memba na All Progressives Congress (APC), kuma ya goyi bayan takarar shugaban kasa ta [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a 2003, 2007, 2011, [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|2015]] da 2019. Ya fito ne daga asalin siyasa na [[Buhariyya|Muharist]], ya inganta kariya ta kasuwanci da tsauraran ka'idoji da tsari a cikin gwamnatin Buhari. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ali kuma ya girma a [[Dass (Nijeriya)|Dass]], [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] . Shi mazaunin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] ne. == Ayyukan soja == An nada Ali a matsayin shugaban jami'a a shekarar 1977 bayan ya sami horo a [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Akademiyar Tsaron Najeriya]] da ke [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]]. Ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Sam Houston daga 1984 zuwa 1988. Kuma yana da digiri na farko da na biyu a . {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 1981, Ali ya kasance babban jami'in ma'aikata a hedikwatar 'yan sanda na soja. A shekara ta 1992, an tura shi zuwa 1st Division a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], a matsayin babban jami'in ma'aikata. Ali ya kasance kwamandan Ofishin Bincike na Musamman a [[Apapa]] daga 1994 zuwa 1996. A shekara ta 1998, an sanya Ali a matsayin Colonel (Training) TRADOC, a [[Minna]] kafin ya yi ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker details |url=https://na.eventscloud.com/ereg/popups/speakerdetails.php?eventid=279498&language=eng&speakerid=842553& |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=na.eventscloud.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, shi ne babban soja na kotun ta musamman da gwamnatin Sani Abacha ta kafa (membobin farar hula sune Justice Auta da Justice Arikpo) wanda ya gwada kuma ya yanke wa Ken Saro-Wiwa da wasu masu fafutukar kare muhalli takwas hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa. == Ayyukan siyasa == === Gwamnan Kaduna === Ali ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] daga watan Agustan 1996 zuwa watan Agustan 1998 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1997, ya kori ma'aikatan gwamnati 30,000 da suka yi yajin aiki a jihar, kuma ya tsare shugabannin kananan hukumomi 18. Wani ɗan jarida wanda ya ba da rahoto game da labarin ya buga wani labarin a cikin wata mujallar yankin, an yi zargin an kama shi, an yi masa duka sosai, sannan aka kai shi gidan Gwamnati kuma aka ci gaba da azabtar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attacks On The Media In October 1997 |url=http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723204104/http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=Media Rights Agenda}}</ref> Ali daga baya ya musanta zargin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2001 |title=Three journalists arrested |url=http://www.ifex.org/nigeria/1997/10/16/three_journalists_arrested/ |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=International Freedom of Expression eXchange}}</ref> === Zaben shugaban kasa === Bayan ya yi ritaya daga soja, ya zama sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum - ƙungiyar siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], kuma mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali M. Ali |date=2003-01-01 |title=Four Ex-military Govs Pledge Support for Buhari |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227043049/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |archive-date=27 December 2004 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ali ya kasance babban abokin adawar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] na uku. A watan Yunin 2006, Ali ya bayyana cewa shugabancin zai koma Arewa a Babban zaben Najeriya na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2006 |title=AREWA Youth jettisoned quest for a Northern Presidency |url=http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319192403/http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2010 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Daga baya ya goyi bayan maganganun [[Atiku Abubakar]] game da cewa Obasanjo zai girmama alkawarinsa na barin mukamin a shekara ta 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dapo Olufade & Emeka Mamah |date=6 September 2005h |title=Arewa Faults Obasanjo on Rift with Atiku. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-135915962/arewa-faults-obasanjo-rift.html |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> == Shugaban Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya == A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya nada Ali a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya. A cikin 2017, Ali ya yi rikici da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] game da kin ya bayyana a cikin tufafi. A matsayinsa na babban mai ba da izini, ya kasance mai amfani a ofis, yana magance matsaloli masu yawa a cikin sabis ciki har da karancin ma'aikata, cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsaro a kan iyaka. An warware matsalar karancin ma'aikata tare da daukar dubban ma'aikata don aiki. Ya dauki matakan kariya don hana cin hanci da rashawa, ta amfani da matakai don tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da kudade a hankali. Ya gabatar da cibiyoyin tsabtace lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan kawar da cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin 2019, Ali ya rufe dukkan iyakokin ƙasa kuma daga baya ya sanya haramtacciyar duk shigo da fitarwa a fadin iyakoki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's land borders closed to all goods, official confirms |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/nigeria-land-borders-closed-goods-official-confirms-191015191736317.html |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hameed Ali ta auri Hajiya Hadiza Jummai Ali har zuwa mutuwarta tana da shekaru 53 a shekarar 2018. Sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu tare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s Customs Service Boss, Hameed Ali, Marries New Wife {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2020/05/31/nigeria%E2%80%99s-customs-service-boss-hameed-ali-marries-new-wife |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Hameed Ali ya auri Hajiya Zainab Abdullahi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2020-05-31 |title=Customs Boss Hameed Ali Takes New Bride Two Years After Wife's Death |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/customs-boss-hameed-ali-takes-new-bride-two-years-after-wifes-death/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya ta [[Order of the Federal Republic|Kwamandan Order of the Federal Republic]] (CFR). == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}}{{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iw06rrclqbwxa0cqfc58nkugkodpafj 875060 875059 2026-07-03T15:25:00Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyukan soja */ 875060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Hameed Ibrahim Ali Listenⓘ CFR (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1955) jami'in soja ne mai ritaya kuma tsohon Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2023. Ya taba aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kaduna daga 1996 zuwa 1998. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama Sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum wata kungiya ta siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin Arewacin Najeriya. [1] Ya kasance memba na All Progressives Congress (APC), kuma ya goyi bayan takarar shugaban kasa ta [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a 2003, 2007, 2011, [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|2015]] da 2019. Ya fito ne daga asalin siyasa na [[Buhariyya|Muharist]], ya inganta kariya ta kasuwanci da tsauraran ka'idoji da tsari a cikin gwamnatin Buhari. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ali kuma ya girma a [[Dass (Nijeriya)|Dass]], [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] . Shi mazaunin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] ne. == Ayyukan soja == An nada Ali a matsayin shugaban jami'a a shekarar 1977 bayan ya sami horo a [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Akademiyar Tsaron Najeriya]] da ke [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]]. Ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Sam Houston daga 1984 zuwa 1988. Kuma yana da digiri na farko da na biyu a fannin ilimin laifuka, da kuma takardar . {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 1981, Ali ya kasance babban jami'in ma'aikata a hedikwatar 'yan sanda na soja. A shekara ta 1992, an tura shi zuwa 1st Division a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], a matsayin babban jami'in ma'aikata. Ali ya kasance kwamandan Ofishin Bincike na Musamman a [[Apapa]] daga 1994 zuwa 1996. A shekara ta 1998, an sanya Ali a matsayin Colonel (Training) TRADOC, a [[Minna]] kafin ya yi ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker details |url=https://na.eventscloud.com/ereg/popups/speakerdetails.php?eventid=279498&language=eng&speakerid=842553& |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=na.eventscloud.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, shi ne babban soja na kotun ta musamman da gwamnatin Sani Abacha ta kafa (membobin farar hula sune Justice Auta da Justice Arikpo) wanda ya gwada kuma ya yanke wa Ken Saro-Wiwa da wasu masu fafutukar kare muhalli takwas hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa. == Ayyukan siyasa == === Gwamnan Kaduna === Ali ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] daga watan Agustan 1996 zuwa watan Agustan 1998 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1997, ya kori ma'aikatan gwamnati 30,000 da suka yi yajin aiki a jihar, kuma ya tsare shugabannin kananan hukumomi 18. Wani ɗan jarida wanda ya ba da rahoto game da labarin ya buga wani labarin a cikin wata mujallar yankin, an yi zargin an kama shi, an yi masa duka sosai, sannan aka kai shi gidan Gwamnati kuma aka ci gaba da azabtar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attacks On The Media In October 1997 |url=http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723204104/http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=Media Rights Agenda}}</ref> Ali daga baya ya musanta zargin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2001 |title=Three journalists arrested |url=http://www.ifex.org/nigeria/1997/10/16/three_journalists_arrested/ |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=International Freedom of Expression eXchange}}</ref> === Zaben shugaban kasa === Bayan ya yi ritaya daga soja, ya zama sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum - ƙungiyar siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], kuma mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali M. Ali |date=2003-01-01 |title=Four Ex-military Govs Pledge Support for Buhari |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227043049/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |archive-date=27 December 2004 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ali ya kasance babban abokin adawar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] na uku. A watan Yunin 2006, Ali ya bayyana cewa shugabancin zai koma Arewa a Babban zaben Najeriya na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2006 |title=AREWA Youth jettisoned quest for a Northern Presidency |url=http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319192403/http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2010 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Daga baya ya goyi bayan maganganun [[Atiku Abubakar]] game da cewa Obasanjo zai girmama alkawarinsa na barin mukamin a shekara ta 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dapo Olufade & Emeka Mamah |date=6 September 2005h |title=Arewa Faults Obasanjo on Rift with Atiku. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-135915962/arewa-faults-obasanjo-rift.html |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> == Shugaban Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya == A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya nada Ali a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya. A cikin 2017, Ali ya yi rikici da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] game da kin ya bayyana a cikin tufafi. A matsayinsa na babban mai ba da izini, ya kasance mai amfani a ofis, yana magance matsaloli masu yawa a cikin sabis ciki har da karancin ma'aikata, cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsaro a kan iyaka. An warware matsalar karancin ma'aikata tare da daukar dubban ma'aikata don aiki. Ya dauki matakan kariya don hana cin hanci da rashawa, ta amfani da matakai don tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da kudade a hankali. Ya gabatar da cibiyoyin tsabtace lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan kawar da cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin 2019, Ali ya rufe dukkan iyakokin ƙasa kuma daga baya ya sanya haramtacciyar duk shigo da fitarwa a fadin iyakoki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's land borders closed to all goods, official confirms |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/nigeria-land-borders-closed-goods-official-confirms-191015191736317.html |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hameed Ali ta auri Hajiya Hadiza Jummai Ali har zuwa mutuwarta tana da shekaru 53 a shekarar 2018. Sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu tare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s Customs Service Boss, Hameed Ali, Marries New Wife {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2020/05/31/nigeria%E2%80%99s-customs-service-boss-hameed-ali-marries-new-wife |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Hameed Ali ya auri Hajiya Zainab Abdullahi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2020-05-31 |title=Customs Boss Hameed Ali Takes New Bride Two Years After Wife's Death |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/customs-boss-hameed-ali-takes-new-bride-two-years-after-wifes-death/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya ta [[Order of the Federal Republic|Kwamandan Order of the Federal Republic]] (CFR). == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}}{{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0htp98v1havz7n4w33ghu4gn77sw0f4 875061 875060 2026-07-03T15:25:18Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyukan soja */ 875061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Hameed Ibrahim Ali Listenⓘ CFR (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1955) jami'in soja ne mai ritaya kuma tsohon Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2023. Ya taba aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kaduna daga 1996 zuwa 1998. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama Sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum wata kungiya ta siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin Arewacin Najeriya. [1] Ya kasance memba na All Progressives Congress (APC), kuma ya goyi bayan takarar shugaban kasa ta [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a 2003, 2007, 2011, [[Zaben Najeriya na 2015|2015]] da 2019. Ya fito ne daga asalin siyasa na [[Buhariyya|Muharist]], ya inganta kariya ta kasuwanci da tsauraran ka'idoji da tsari a cikin gwamnatin Buhari. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ali kuma ya girma a [[Dass (Nijeriya)|Dass]], [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] . Shi mazaunin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] ne. == Ayyukan soja == An nada Ali a matsayin shugaban jami'a a shekarar 1977 bayan ya sami horo a [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Akademiyar Tsaron Najeriya]] da ke [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]]. Ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Sam Houston daga 1984 zuwa 1988. Kuma yana da digiri na farko da na biyu a fannin ilimin laifuka, da kuma takardar shaidar ilimi daga makarantar . {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 1981, Ali ya kasance babban jami'in ma'aikata a hedikwatar 'yan sanda na soja. A shekara ta 1992, an tura shi zuwa 1st Division a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], a matsayin babban jami'in ma'aikata. Ali ya kasance kwamandan Ofishin Bincike na Musamman a [[Apapa]] daga 1994 zuwa 1996. A shekara ta 1998, an sanya Ali a matsayin Colonel (Training) TRADOC, a [[Minna]] kafin ya yi ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker details |url=https://na.eventscloud.com/ereg/popups/speakerdetails.php?eventid=279498&language=eng&speakerid=842553& |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=na.eventscloud.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, shi ne babban soja na kotun ta musamman da gwamnatin Sani Abacha ta kafa (membobin farar hula sune Justice Auta da Justice Arikpo) wanda ya gwada kuma ya yanke wa Ken Saro-Wiwa da wasu masu fafutukar kare muhalli takwas hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa. == Ayyukan siyasa == === Gwamnan Kaduna === Ali ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] daga watan Agustan 1996 zuwa watan Agustan 1998 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1997, ya kori ma'aikatan gwamnati 30,000 da suka yi yajin aiki a jihar, kuma ya tsare shugabannin kananan hukumomi 18. Wani ɗan jarida wanda ya ba da rahoto game da labarin ya buga wani labarin a cikin wata mujallar yankin, an yi zargin an kama shi, an yi masa duka sosai, sannan aka kai shi gidan Gwamnati kuma aka ci gaba da azabtar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attacks On The Media In October 1997 |url=http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723204104/http://mediarightsagenda.net/attoct97.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=2010-05-27 |publisher=Media Rights Agenda}}</ref> Ali daga baya ya musanta zargin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2001 |title=Three journalists arrested |url=http://www.ifex.org/nigeria/1997/10/16/three_journalists_arrested/ |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=International Freedom of Expression eXchange}}</ref> === Zaben shugaban kasa === Bayan ya yi ritaya daga soja, ya zama sakataren Arewa Consultative Forum - ƙungiyar siyasa da al'adu ta shugabannin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], kuma mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali M. Ali |date=2003-01-01 |title=Four Ex-military Govs Pledge Support for Buhari |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227043049/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/18/20030118news04.html |archive-date=27 December 2004 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ali ya kasance babban abokin adawar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] na uku. A watan Yunin 2006, Ali ya bayyana cewa shugabancin zai koma Arewa a Babban zaben Najeriya na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2006 |title=AREWA Youth jettisoned quest for a Northern Presidency |url=http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319192403/http://www.tmgnigeria.org/democrwatch/democrwatch-jun2006.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2010 |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Daga baya ya goyi bayan maganganun [[Atiku Abubakar]] game da cewa Obasanjo zai girmama alkawarinsa na barin mukamin a shekara ta 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dapo Olufade & Emeka Mamah |date=6 September 2005h |title=Arewa Faults Obasanjo on Rift with Atiku. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-135915962/arewa-faults-obasanjo-rift.html |access-date=2010-05-27 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> == Shugaban Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya == A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya nada Ali a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya. A cikin 2017, Ali ya yi rikici da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] game da kin ya bayyana a cikin tufafi. A matsayinsa na babban mai ba da izini, ya kasance mai amfani a ofis, yana magance matsaloli masu yawa a cikin sabis ciki har da karancin ma'aikata, cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsaro a kan iyaka. An warware matsalar karancin ma'aikata tare da daukar dubban ma'aikata don aiki. Ya dauki matakan kariya don hana cin hanci da rashawa, ta amfani da matakai don tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da kudade a hankali. Ya gabatar da cibiyoyin tsabtace lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan kawar da cin hanci da rashawa. A cikin 2019, Ali ya rufe dukkan iyakokin ƙasa kuma daga baya ya sanya haramtacciyar duk shigo da fitarwa a fadin iyakoki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's land borders closed to all goods, official confirms |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/nigeria-land-borders-closed-goods-official-confirms-191015191736317.html |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hameed Ali ta auri Hajiya Hadiza Jummai Ali har zuwa mutuwarta tana da shekaru 53 a shekarar 2018. Sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu tare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s Customs Service Boss, Hameed Ali, Marries New Wife {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2020/05/31/nigeria%E2%80%99s-customs-service-boss-hameed-ali-marries-new-wife |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Hameed Ali ya auri Hajiya Zainab Abdullahi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2020-05-31 |title=Customs Boss Hameed Ali Takes New Bride Two Years After Wife's Death |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/customs-boss-hameed-ali-takes-new-bride-two-years-after-wifes-death/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya ta [[Order of the Federal Republic|Kwamandan Order of the Federal Republic]] (CFR). == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}}{{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6ylbxgdwn0ufnqxz72rns8ly34web21 0 11604 875537 826427 2026-07-04T01:04:25Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 875537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ==Zamantakewa== [[File:Family Ransome Kuti c1940.jpg|thumb|Zamtakewa]] '''Zamantakewa,''' na nufin tarayyan [[ɗan Adam]] tsakaninsa da [[mutane]], ƴan uwansa da abokansa, daga lokacin da yake cikin ƙuruciyar sa har zuwa girmansa. Zamantakewa na farawa ne daga kuruciyan yaro ko yazama mai jin magana ko kuma mara jin magana, Sannan ya shiga samartaka har zuwa dattijantakansa , Alaƙan mutum da sauran ƴan uwanshi ne ke nuna cikakkiyar ɗabi'ar mutum yayin da yake ma'amalantar mutane ta hanyoyin magana da aiki. ==Wayewa== [[File:Demonstrant proti homosexualite.jpg|thumb|wayayyu]] Kalmar '''wayewa'''<ref>https://kamus.com.ng/hausa/display.php?action=show&word=wayewa</ref> ta samo asali ne daga kalmar “Wayau” akan cewa mutane wayayyu ne kaɗai idan ya iya shiga cikin al’umma daban-daban masu banbancin halayya, ɗabi’u da kuma al’ada, ya shiga cikinsu ya zauna lafiya, kuma suka ji daɗin zama da shi Ma’ana yanada ɗabi'ar da zai iya tafiyar da su a bi sa tunaninsu da hangen nesan su. Akan cewa mutum wayeyye idan ya iya sarrafa duk wani abunda da yazo gaba gareshi ko kuma haduwa da mutane maban bantun ƙabilu ko yare. Misali mutum ya zauna cikin [[hausawa]], da yarbawa, da inyamurai, kuma alhali a cikinsu akwai mugaye da nagari da macuta da 'yan iska da masu hali mai kyau, yana a matsayin ɗan kasuwa, batare da ɗaya daga cikinsu ya iya cutar da shi ba ko shi ya cuce su.ba Kuma yana mai kyautata mu’amalarshi dasu, kuma suma suna masu kyautata mu’amalar su da shi. Wannan shi ake cema Zamantakewa ko wayewa, ko ace ma mutum ya waye. Mutum yana zama wayeyye ne ta hanyar saukin fahimtar sa da kuma yawan adadin mutane ko wuraren da ya taba mu'amalanta ko shiga<ref><nowiki>https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayewa</nowiki></ref> ==Rukunnan wayewa. == *[[File:Santorin (GR), Fira -- 2017 -- 2598.jpg|thumb|Zama waje daya domin tattauna mahimman abubuwa ko wani abunda ke damun su]]Mu’amala tattausar: zamantakewa na wayewa na buƙatar tattausar mu’amala tsakaninka da kowa yayin cuɗanya dasu, amman kada ya kasance mutum yayi sanyi da yawa ta yanda kowa zai raina shi. Idan kana mu’amala karinga tattausawa, in aka tsananta maka na farko ka maida tattausan mu’amala har sai in an tsananta ne sai ka nuna tsayuwan dakan ka, domin kar a raina ka ko kuma a cuce ka. *Magana mai daɗi: Zamantakewa ta wayewa na buƙatar yin Magana mai taushi da daɗin ji a gurin kowa. In kana ma [[mutane]] Magana mai kyau zasu dinga son mu’amala da kai domin sunsan cewa zasu ji daɗi a yayin Magana da kai kuma baza su ji haushi ko baƙin ciki ko ko farinciki Idan mutum ya iya Magana da mu’amala mai kyau to iya wannan ma kaɗai ya wadatar da shi a zamantakewa. A ƙaurace ma yawan zagi da batsa, domin hakan ba wayewa ba ne kuma yana jawo zubewar mutunci. *Sutura mai rufe tsiraici da tsafta: Zamantakewa ta wayewa na buƙatar sanya kaya masu kyau, ba lallai sai suna da tsada ba, indai suna da tsafta to ya wadatar in kuma akwai hali a iya a siya masu tsadan, amman almubazzaranci da kuɗi koda kaya ba wayewa bane illa rashinta. Sannan a ringa ƙaurace ma yawan sa kayan da suka tsufa, domin hakan na kawo raini da ƙasƙanci, *Ilimi na Zamantakewa da na addini :zamantakewa ta wayewa na bukatar ilimi mai dunbin yawa na Zamantakewa dana boko dana addini. Idan mutum ya samu ilimi to yana kaiwa makura a fannnin wayewa, ta yanda baza’a a iya taba shi ba ta kowane fuska *Nuna soyayya da boye kiyayya *Yawan tunani da nazari ==Akasin wayewa== [[File:My village market.jpg|thumb|Yadda akasha wahala a baya kenan saboda rashin wayewa a duniya kafin zuwan yanzun]] Akasin wayewa na nufin [[Ƙauyanci]] ko [[gidadanci]] ko [[Iskanci|tumasanci]] Mutum yakan rasa wayewa ne idan bai iya zama da wasu mutane wanda bana yankinshi ba, ko ba al’adarsu ɗaya ba, ko ba ɗabi’ar su ɗaya ba, ko [[Addini]]. Kowanne Yare, addini, jinsin mutane, masu ilimi da mara sa ilimi na ganin cewa sun waye a cikin zuƙatan su da maganarsu da suturarsu da halayyarsu. Kuma haka al’amarin yake. amman inda matsalar take shine, a cikin dukkan jinsin mutanen da muka irga akwai wayayyu sannan kuma akwai gidadawa. *Misali akan wayayyu daga kowanne jinsi. *Bahaushe dan boko”:- Idan dan boko ya iya shiga mai kyau na ƙananan kaya, kuma ya iya Magana da mu’amala da waɗanda ba ƴan boko ba, Kaman misalin almajirai (ba masu bara ba) ɗalibai a musulunci da sauran jinsin mutanen gari. Ya mu’amalance su ma’amala mai kyau a fannin Magana da ɗabi’a To za’a ce masa ya waye kenan. Amman idan yayi tunanin cewa yan boko ne kaɗai suka waye, saboda haka bazai yi mu’amala da wasu ba sai yan boko to bai waye ba a cikin al’umma. *Ustazu ɗan islamiyya” Idan ustazu ya iya shiga mai kyau na manyan kaya, kuma ya iya Magana da mu’amala da wadanda ba ustazai ba, Kaman misalin Yan boko da sauran jinsin mutanen gari. Ya ma’amalance su mu’amala mai kyau a fannin Magana da dabi’a, to za’a ce masa yawaye kenan. Amman idan yayi tunanin cewa ustazai yan uwansa ne kadai suka iya Magana kuma suke da hali mai kyau, saboda haka bazai iya mu’amala da wasu ba sai ustazai to bai waye ba a cikin al’umma. ==Abin lura== Duk wanda yayi tunanin cewa jinsin da yake sha’awa ne kaɗai suka waye to bai waye ba. Sannan iskanci ko bariki ba wayewa ba ne, ana kiranta da “Rashin wayewa” misali:- Karuwai da mashaya da yan-daba na wannnan zamanin sun ƙara halaka a cikin gidadanci ta hanyar tunanin cewa indai baka mu’amala da mata a fannin zina ko shaye-shaye, ko karinga nuna cewa kai mai ƙarfi ne indai hakan kayi ba to baka waye ba kwata-kwata. In suka zo cikin waɗanda basa aikata irin abinda suke aikatawa, sai su kasa zama dasu har su ce musu basu waye ba, suna kallan yan boko, da ustazai, da ma’aurata, da yan son zaman lafiya gidadawa. Alhali har yau babu wata ƙasa a duniya da aka taɓa samun karuwai ko mashaya ko yan daba wanda suka zama shahararrun mutunen arziƙi ba. Hasali ma sun manta da cewa karuwanci da iskanci da dabanci duk akan sune ake saka doka a sassan duniya domin kawar da su. == Manazarta == jdycyetao8n2jywy92pfyp5faapxm28 0 12374 875056 827569 2026-07-03T15:23:30Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 875056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Perroquet à Yampopo Beach - Douala.jpg|thumb|aku inya bude fiffike]] '''Tsuntsu.''' [[Fayil:Psittacus erithacus - Vogelburg Weilrod 02.jpg|thumb|namijin aku]] [[Fayil:Psittacus erithacus - Vogelburg Weilrod 01.jpg|alt=Baki aku|thumb|[[Fayil:Portrait of Yellow-headed Amazon Parrot.jpg|thumb|koren Aku]]bakin aku]] '''Aku''' [[tsuntsu]] ne da yakan yi qokarin maimaita ko kwaikwayon duk abinda ya ji ana fada. [[Fayil:Psittacus erithacus -flying-8a.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Psittacus erithacus -pet in garden-8.jpg|thumb|ana ajjiye ta a gida don nishadi]]wannan ita ake kira da ''aku'' ]] Aku wani tsuntsu ne da Allah ya Sanya masa sauƙin ɗaukar abu a kwakwal wansa. [[File:Psittacus erithacus -eggs and new chick-8a.jpg|thumbnail|Kwayaye biyu da sabon kyankyasa]] [[File:Psittacus erithacus -one day old chick-8a.jpg|thumbnail|upright|Jinjirin tsakon aku]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Tsuntsu]] gbetm2eryz8l3mjec3662eizlud96xg 875058 875056 2026-07-03T15:24:19Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 875058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Perroquet à Yampopo Beach - Douala.jpg|thumb|aku inya bude fiffike]] '''Tsuntsu.''' [[Fayil:Psittacus erithacus - Vogelburg Weilrod 02.jpg|thumb|namijin aku]] [[Fayil:Psittacus erithacus - Vogelburg Weilrod 01.jpg|alt=Baki aku|thumb|[[Fayil:Portrait of Yellow-headed Amazon Parrot.jpg|thumb|koren Aku]]bakin aku]] '''Aku''' [[tsuntsu]] ne da yakan yi qokarin maimaita ko kwaikwayon duk abinda ya ji ana fada. [[Fayil:Psittacus erithacus -flying-8a.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Psittacus erithacus -pet in garden-8.jpg|thumb|ana ajjiye ta a gida don nishadi]]wannan ita ake kira da ''aku'' ]] Aku wani tsuntsu ne da Allah ya Sanya masa sauqin daukar abu a kwakwal wansa. [[File:Psittacus erithacus -eggs and new chick-8a.jpg|thumbnail|Kwayaye biyu da sabon kyankyasa]] [[File:Psittacus erithacus -one day old chick-8a.jpg|thumbnail|upright|Jinjirin tsakon aku]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Tsuntsu]] 1nnc07d7zd9noq88ax9cneygf5635pt 0 12493 875342 423356 2026-07-03T19:09:35Z Saudarh2 14842 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357960197|Tashe]]" 875342 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashe''' wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na gargajiya mai muhimmanci a al'adance, wanda yaran [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ke yi musamman a watan Ramadan. Yana haɗa da rawa, kiɗa, da ba da labarai.<ref name="covid">{{Cite journal |last=Rabiatu Lawal |year=2021 |title=Tashen Corona: A Recasting of Hausa Traditional Pantomime by the COVID-19 Pandemic |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/hemispheres/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/36_2021/Lawal_no._36.pdf |journal=Hemispheres.Studies on Cultures and Societies |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref> [[Fayil:A_Hausa_Drum.jpg|thumb|Wani tambari na Hausa]] == Tarihi == Al'adar Hausawa tana da dadadden tarihi na tatsuniyoyi, waɗanda galibi tsofaffin mata ke ba yara. Ana ba da waɗannan labaran ne domin nishaɗantar da yara tare da koya musu darussa na ɗabi'a, ƙa'idojin al'ada, matsayin jinsi, da yadda ake kallon duniya. Sau da yawa, ana ƙawata waɗannan tatsuniyoyi da waƙoƙi, kacici-kacici, rera waƙa, da kuma amfani da ishara da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa marasa amfani da magana.<ref name="theatre">{{Cite web |last=Ododo, Sunday Enessi |last2=Gana, Emmanuel Tsadu |title=The Development of Theatre in Northern Nigeria, 1960--2020 |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112921961/The_Development_of_Theatre_in_Northern_Nigeria-libre.pdf?1711964668=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Development_of_Theatre_in_Northern_N.pdf&Expires=1772669313&Signature=F3zfLv8u900FoB8A88NTHWmQzZFIAORHKjSeoikoUONHH5RMc2Y1cNy3f8Yqw8nwJah8OZkIwjWBsGpUzNDfG3onZ01XaHKffzopQr76emnQaT7FhEwW-lFq4vDvS693-N7kXe1Jt8cURRU2hyHkG1xm2mDGekvGPZk1bG-FgFHU2~yiEVtKna1znhg~0X88aXbCN8ASq6Ig2BynZsiIfP7h8i-G5ksUpYV~c8cBWNCUh5D0hYUNgDDT90N4-GVvSH7yg7p4UPoC1ygPAokUg1CkUlgy55gZpsXAvzIwX~Wb~qSdNALHPDVuhVrJ5JQeb1SLB1QILpb5xMRhs74LVw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref> Zuwan Islama a cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|Hausaland]] tun farkon karni na 11 <ref name="theatre">{{Cite web |last=Ododo, Sunday Enessi |last2=Gana, Emmanuel Tsadu |title=The Development of Theatre in Northern Nigeria, 1960--2020 |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112921961/The_Development_of_Theatre_in_Northern_Nigeria-libre.pdf?1711964668=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Development_of_Theatre_in_Northern_N.pdf&Expires=1772669313&Signature=F3zfLv8u900FoB8A88NTHWmQzZFIAORHKjSeoikoUONHH5RMc2Y1cNy3f8Yqw8nwJah8OZkIwjWBsGpUzNDfG3onZ01XaHKffzopQr76emnQaT7FhEwW-lFq4vDvS693-N7kXe1Jt8cURRU2hyHkG1xm2mDGekvGPZk1bG-FgFHU2~yiEVtKna1znhg~0X88aXbCN8ASq6Ig2BynZsiIfP7h8i-G5ksUpYV~c8cBWNCUh5D0hYUNgDDT90N4-GVvSH7yg7p4UPoC1ygPAokUg1CkUlgy55gZpsXAvzIwX~Wb~qSdNALHPDVuhVrJ5JQeb1SLB1QILpb5xMRhs74LVw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref> ya gabatar da jigogi da ra'ayoyin Islama cikin al'ada. Yara sun yi koyi da nau'in ba da labari, wanda ya haifar da kafa tashe. An bayar da rahoton raguwar shiga tsakanin matasan mata, <ref name="oral">{{Cite journal |last=Adamu, Abdalla Uba |year=2011 |title=Media Technologies and Literary Transformations in Hausa Oral Literature |url=https://www.auadamu.com/phocadownload/Conference_Presentations/Media_and_Cultural_Communication_Presentations/2008%20%20Media%20Transformation%20of%20Hausa%20Oral%20Culture.pdf |journal=From Oral Literature to Video: The Case of Hausa |pages=45-80}}</ref> da kuma gabaɗaya, saboda damuwa game da tsaro game da yara da ke yawo a kan tituna. A cikin 2026, [[Hedkwatar 'yan Sanda Ta Jihar Kano|'Yan sanda na Kano]] sun haramta wasan kwaikwayo, suna mai nuna damuwa game da tsaro game da mutanen da ke amfani da taron don shiga cikin aikata laifuka. == Magana == Tashe, wanda aka samo daga {{Lang|ha|tashi}}, yana nufin "ta farkawa" a cikin [[Harshen Hausa]], yana nufin aikin da ake amfani da shi don tayar da membobin al'umma don [[Sahur|Suhur]], abincin kafin asuba a lokacin Ramadan.<ref name="oral">{{Cite journal |last=Adamu, Abdalla Uba |year=2011 |title=Media Technologies and Literary Transformations in Hausa Oral Literature |url=https://www.auadamu.com/phocadownload/Conference_Presentations/Media_and_Cultural_Communication_Presentations/2008%20%20Media%20Transformation%20of%20Hausa%20Oral%20Culture.pdf |journal=From Oral Literature to Video: The Case of Hausa |pages=45-80}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tashe ya fara ne ta hanyar saiti na biyu na kwanaki 10 a cikin watan Ramadan, kuma an bayyana shi azaman ƙananan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, wanda ya haɗa da rawa, kiɗa, [[Barkwanci|wasan kwaikwayo]], da ba da labari. Masu wasan kwaikwayo yawanci yara ne, suna motsawa daga gida zuwa gida don yin wa iyalai, ko yin wasan kwaikwayo a kasuwa da cibiyoyin al'umma.<ref name="oral">{{Cite journal |last=Adamu, Abdalla Uba |year=2011 |title=Media Technologies and Literary Transformations in Hausa Oral Literature |url=https://www.auadamu.com/phocadownload/Conference_Presentations/Media_and_Cultural_Communication_Presentations/2008%20%20Media%20Transformation%20of%20Hausa%20Oral%20Culture.pdf |journal=From Oral Literature to Video: The Case of Hausa |pages=45-80}}</ref> Kiɗa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon, yawanci drum da waka. Kayan wasan kwaikwayo na iya haɗawa da gemu na ƙarya, tufafi masu yawa, kayan shafawa, sandunan tafiya, da turbans.<ref name="covid">{{Cite journal |last=Rabiatu Lawal |year=2021 |title=Tashen Corona: A Recasting of Hausa Traditional Pantomime by the COVID-19 Pandemic |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/hemispheres/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/36_2021/Lawal_no._36.pdf |journal=Hemispheres.Studies on Cultures and Societies |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref> Wani lokaci ana ba masu wasan kyauta ko kuɗi don musayar wasan kwaikwayon su. Ayyukan na iya zama wasan kwaikwayo ko wasan kwaikwayo, yawanci tare da jigogi game da alhakin cikin gida, Matsayin jinsi, da al'adun Islama.<ref name="oral">{{Cite journal |last=Adamu, Abdalla Uba |year=2011 |title=Media Technologies and Literary Transformations in Hausa Oral Literature |url=https://www.auadamu.com/phocadownload/Conference_Presentations/Media_and_Cultural_Communication_Presentations/2008%20%20Media%20Transformation%20of%20Hausa%20Oral%20Culture.pdf |journal=From Oral Literature to Video: The Case of Hausa |pages=45-80}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdamu,_Abdalla_Uba2011">Adamu, Abdalla Uba (2011). [https://www.auadamu.com/phocadownload/Conference_Presentations/Media_and_Cultural_Communication_Presentations/2008%20%20Media%20Transformation%20of%20Hausa%20Oral%20Culture.pdf "Media Technologies and Literary Transformations in Hausa Oral Literature"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''From Oral Literature to Video: The Case of Hausa'': <span class="nowrap">45–</span>80.</cite></ref> == Irin waɗannan ayyuka == Matsayin Tashe yayi kama da [[Sahur|Musahharati]], wani mutum na jama'a wanda ke tayar da wasu don suhur a lokacin Ramadan da [[Sallar asuba|Addu'ar fajr]]. == Dubi kuma == * [[Adabin Hausa|Littattafan Hausa]] == Manazarta == m91jjquslcbk0b19qvnwm10txzjogta 875344 875342 2026-07-03T19:10:02Z Saudarh2 14842 875344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashe''' wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na gargajiya mai muhimmanci a al'adance, wanda yaran [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ke yi musamman a watan Ramadan. Yana haɗa da rawa, kiɗa, da ba da labarai.<ref name="covid">{{Cite journal |last=Rabiatu Lawal |year=2021 |title=Tashen Corona: A Recasting of Hausa Traditional Pantomime by the COVID-19 Pandemic |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/hemispheres/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/36_2021/Lawal_no._36.pdf |journal=Hemispheres.Studies on Cultures and Societies |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref> [[Fayil:A_Hausa_Drum.jpg|thumb|Wani tambari na Hausa]] == Tarihi == Al'adar Hausawa tana da dadadden tarihi na tatsuniyoyi, waɗanda galibi tsofaffin mata ke ba yara. Ana ba da waɗannan labaran ne domin nishaɗantar da yara tare da koya musu darussa na ɗabi'a, ƙa'idojin al'ada, matsayin jinsi, da yadda ake kallon duniya. Sau da yawa, ana ƙawata waɗannan tatsuniyoyi da waƙoƙi, kacici-kacici, rera waƙa, da kuma amfani da ishara da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa marasa amfani da magana.<ref name="theatre">{{Cite web |last=Ododo, Sunday Enessi |last2=Gana, Emmanuel Tsadu |title=The Development of Theatre in Northern Nigeria, 1960--2020 |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112921961/The_Development_of_Theatre_in_Northern_Nigeria-libre.pdf?1711964668=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Development_of_Theatre_in_Northern_N.pdf&Expires=1772669313&Signature=F3zfLv8u900FoB8A88NTHWmQzZFIAORHKjSeoikoUONHH5RMc2Y1cNy3f8Yqw8nwJah8OZkIwjWBsGpUzNDfG3onZ01XaHKffzopQr76emnQaT7FhEwW-lFq4vDvS693-N7kXe1Jt8cURRU2hyHkG1xm2mDGekvGPZk1bG-FgFHU2~yiEVtKna1znhg~0X88aXbCN8ASq6Ig2BynZsiIfP7h8i-G5ksUpYV~c8cBWNCUh5D0hYUNgDDT90N4-GVvSH7yg7p4UPoC1ygPAokUg1CkUlgy55gZpsXAvzIwX~Wb~qSdNALHPDVuhVrJ5JQeb1SLB1QILpb5xMRhs74LVw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref> Zuwan Islama a cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|Hausaland]] tun farkon karni na 11 <ref name="theatre">{{Cite web |last=Ododo, Sunday Enessi |last2=Gana, Emmanuel Tsadu |title=The Development of Theatre in Northern Nigeria, 1960--2020 |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112921961/The_Development_of_Theatre_in_Northern_Nigeria-libre.pdf?1711964668=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Development_of_Theatre_in_Northern_N.pdf&Expires=1772669313&Signature=F3zfLv8u900FoB8A88NTHWmQzZFIAORHKjSeoikoUONHH5RMc2Y1cNy3f8Yqw8nwJah8OZkIwjWBsGpUzNDfG3onZ01XaHKffzopQr76emnQaT7FhEwW-lFq4vDvS693-N7kXe1Jt8cURRU2hyHkG1xm2mDGekvGPZk1bG-FgFHU2~yiEVtKna1znhg~0X88aXbCN8ASq6Ig2BynZsiIfP7h8i-G5ksUpYV~c8cBWNCUh5D0hYUNgDDT90N4-GVvSH7yg7p4UPoC1ygPAokUg1CkUlgy55gZpsXAvzIwX~Wb~qSdNALHPDVuhVrJ5JQeb1SLB1QILpb5xMRhs74LVw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref> ya gabatar da jigogi da ra'ayoyin Islama cikin al'ada. Yara sun yi koyi da nau'in ba da labari, wanda ya haifar da kafa tashe. An bayar da rahoton raguwar shiga tsakanin matasan mata, <ref name="oral">{{Cite journal |last=Adamu, Abdalla Uba |year=2011 |title=Media Technologies and Literary Transformations in Hausa Oral Literature |url=https://www.auadamu.com/phocadownload/Conference_Presentations/Media_and_Cultural_Communication_Presentations/2008%20%20Media%20Transformation%20of%20Hausa%20Oral%20Culture.pdf |journal=From Oral Literature to Video: The Case of Hausa |pages=45-80}}</ref> da kuma gabaɗaya, saboda damuwa game da tsaro game da yara da ke yawo a kan tituna. A cikin 2026, [[Hedkwatar 'yan Sanda Ta Jihar Kano|'Yan sanda na Kano]] sun haramta wasan kwaikwayo, suna mai nuna damuwa game da tsaro game da mutanen da ke amfani da taron don shiga cikin aikata laifuka. == Magana == Tashe, wanda aka samo daga {{Lang|ha|tashi}}, yana nufin "ta farkawa" a cikin [[Harshen Hausa]], yana nufin aikin da ake amfani da shi don tayar da membobin al'umma don [[Sahur|Suhur]], abincin kafin asuba a lokacin Ramadan.<ref name="oral">{{Cite journal |last=Adamu, Abdalla Uba |year=2011 |title=Media Technologies and Literary Transformations in Hausa Oral Literature |url=https://www.auadamu.com/phocadownload/Conference_Presentations/Media_and_Cultural_Communication_Presentations/2008%20%20Media%20Transformation%20of%20Hausa%20Oral%20Culture.pdf |journal=From Oral Literature to Video: The Case of Hausa |pages=45-80}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tashe ya fara ne ta hanyar saiti na biyu na kwanaki 10 a cikin watan Ramadan, kuma an bayyana shi azaman ƙananan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, wanda ya haɗa da rawa, kiɗa, [[Barkwanci|wasan kwaikwayo]], da ba da labari. Masu wasan kwaikwayo yawanci yara ne, suna motsawa daga gida zuwa gida don yin wa iyalai, ko yin wasan kwaikwayo a kasuwa da cibiyoyin al'umma.<ref name="oral">{{Cite journal |last=Adamu, Abdalla Uba |year=2011 |title=Media Technologies and Literary Transformations in Hausa Oral Literature |url=https://www.auadamu.com/phocadownload/Conference_Presentations/Media_and_Cultural_Communication_Presentations/2008%20%20Media%20Transformation%20of%20Hausa%20Oral%20Culture.pdf |journal=From Oral Literature to Video: The Case of Hausa |pages=45-80}}</ref> Kiɗa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon, yawanci drum da waka. Kayan wasan kwaikwayo na iya haɗawa da gemu na ƙarya, tufafi masu yawa, kayan shafawa, sandunan tafiya, da turbans.<ref name="covid">{{Cite journal |last=Rabiatu Lawal |year=2021 |title=Tashen Corona: A Recasting of Hausa Traditional Pantomime by the COVID-19 Pandemic |url=http://www.iksiopan.pl/hemispheres/images/czasopisma/hemispheres/36_2021/Lawal_no._36.pdf |journal=Hemispheres.Studies on Cultures and Societies |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref> Wani lokaci ana ba masu wasan kyauta ko kuɗi don musayar wasan kwaikwayon su. Ayyukan na iya zama wasan kwaikwayo ko wasan kwaikwayo, yawanci tare da jigogi game da alhakin cikin gida, Matsayin jinsi, da al'adun Islama.<ref name="oral">{{Cite journal |last=Adamu, Abdalla Uba |year=2011 |title=Media Technologies and Literary Transformations in Hausa Oral Literature |url=https://www.auadamu.com/phocadownload/Conference_Presentations/Media_and_Cultural_Communication_Presentations/2008%20%20Media%20Transformation%20of%20Hausa%20Oral%20Culture.pdf |journal=From Oral Literature to Video: The Case of Hausa |pages=45-80}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdamu,_Abdalla_Uba2011">Adamu, Abdalla Uba (2011). [https://www.auadamu.com/phocadownload/Conference_Presentations/Media_and_Cultural_Communication_Presentations/2008%20%20Media%20Transformation%20of%20Hausa%20Oral%20Culture.pdf "Media Technologies and Literary Transformations in Hausa Oral Literature"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''From Oral Literature to Video: The Case of Hausa'': <span class="nowrap">45–</span>80.</cite></ref> == Irin waɗannan ayyuka == Matsayin Tashe yayi kama da [[Sahur|Musahharati]], wani mutum na jama'a wanda ke tayar da wasu don suhur a lokacin Ramadan da [[Sallar asuba|Addu'ar fajr]]. == Dubi kuma == * [[Adabin Hausa|Littattafan Hausa]] == Manazarta == 1x3yqxkl3p0u01i6r0x0gqjg19818w2 0 13375 875121 217944 2026-07-03T16:19:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Essence International''' ( '''EIS''' ) '''Makaranta''' ce ta kasa da kasa wace take a cikin Jihar [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]]. tana cikin layin Kashim Ibrahim kusa da kan hanyar Sultan, Ungwan Rimi Kaduna. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1982. Tana amfani da makarantar gaba da gaba, makarantar reno, ta farko, da sakandare ta ilimi. <ref>"[http://essenceschool.com/ Welcome]" () Essence International School. Retrieved on 30 January 2013.</ref> == Sanannun tsofaffin dalibai == * Umar Farouq Abdulmutallab * Nafisa Badmus == Manazarata == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == <br /> [[Category:Makarantu]] [[Category:Makarantun a Jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:Makaranta masu zaman kansu]] ono81i0wypdrhcyk76k8ewzh66xd87a 0 13532 875578 874880 2026-07-04T03:52:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Univers%C3%A3o_dos_Direiros_do_Cidad%C3%A3o.JPG |thumb| Bayanin Duniya na Haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa]] [[File:3_Korean_Samples.png |thumb|3 Korean Samples ]] [[File:AnneFrankHumanRightsMemorialUniversalDeclarationOfHumanRights.jpg |thumb|Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial Universal Declaration Of Human Rights ]] [[File:Statue_of_Liberty,_NY_(cropped).jpg |thumb|Mutum-Mutumin Yanci, NY-(New York)]] Qungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam na duniya tayi taro a karp na 183, a paris 10 decemba a shekarar 1948. '''''Sanarwar ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya''''' ('''UDHR),''' Wani kundi ne mai tarihi wanda [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] ta amince da shi, yayin zaman su na uku, A ranar 10, ga watan Disamba na shekara ta alif 1948, a matsayin ''Resolution'' 217, a ''Palais de Chaillot'' a [[Faris|Paris]], ƙasar [[Faransa]]. Daga cikin mambobi 58, na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]], mambobi 48, ne suka kaɗa ƙuri'ar amincewar, babu wanda ya tsaurara, takwas sun kaurace, biyu kuma ba su jefa ƙuri'ar ba.<ref>[[Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Najeriya]]</ref> Sanarwar ta kunshi batutuwa 30, waɗanda ke tabbatar da haƙƙin mutum, wanda duk da cewa ba a bin doka da oda a cikin su, an ba da cikakken bayani a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Democrat ta 2024|yarjejeniyoyin]] ƙasa da ƙasa, [[Tattalin arziki|canjin tattalin arziƙi]], kayan aikin [[Hakkin ɗan'adam|ɗan adam]] na yanki, tsarin mulki na ƙasa, da sauran [[Dokokin Jim Crow|dokoki.]]<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/2014/01/140127_freedom_hausa_seriesone</ref> Sanarwar itace matakin farko na ai watarwa da ƙirƙiro da Dokar Ƴan Adam ta Duniya, wacce aka kammala a shekarar 1966, kuma ta fara aiki a shekarar 1976, bayan isassun ƙasashe da suka rattaɓa hannu akan su. Wasu Malaman Shari'a sun sa'insa da kafa hujja da cewa saboda ƙasashe sun saba kiran na sama da shekaru 50, yanzu kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref>Henry J Steiner and Philip Alston, International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals, (2nd ed), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.</ref> <ref>Hurst Hannum, [https://cdn2.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2014/04/16-Hannum.pdf The universal declaration of human rights in National and International Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103152205/https://cdn2.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2014/04/16-Hannum.pdf |date=2020-01-03 }}, p.145</ref> Ko yaya, a Amurka, Kotun Ƙoli a ''Sosa v.'' ''Alvarez-Machain'' (2004), ta yanke hukuncin cewa "Sanarwar" ba ta da ƙarfin kanta, ba ta sanya wajibai a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. " <ref>''Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain'', 542 U.S. 692, 734 (2004).</ref> Kotunan wasu ƙasashe sun kuma yanke hukuncin cewa Sanarwar ba ta cikin ɓangaren dokar cikin gida.<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/duniya/20241210-yau-duniya-ke-bikin-ranar-kare-ha%C6%99%C6%99in-%C9%97an-adam</ref> == Tsari da abunda ke ciki. == [[File:Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg|alt=Ƴancin dan Adam|thumb|<ref>[[File:Zürich Stadthaus, Privacy Exhibition( Ank Kumar, Infosys) 03.jpg|alt=Hotone |thumb|Bayanin yancin dan Adam]] </ref>Takarda ne na bayani akan yanci dan adamTakarda mai dauke da bayani akan yanci dan adam.]] An gabatar da tsarin Bayanan na Sanarwar ta duniya a cikin daftarin na biyu wanda René Cassin ya shirya. Cassin ya yi aiki daga daftarin farko, wanda John Peters Humphrey ya shirya. Tsarin ''Napoléon'' ya rinjayi tsarin, wanda ya haɗa da ƙa'idoji da gabatarwa na ƙa'idoji na gabatarwa. Cassin ya kwatanta zancen da kamar ɗakin ginin hankalin Girka, tare da tushe, matakai, ginshiƙai huɗu, da farfajiya . Sanarwar ta ƙunshi muhimmin bayanai na mukaloli talatin: * Wallafan ya gabatar da dalilai na tarihi da na zamantakewa waɗanda suka haifar da wajibcin yin Bayanin. * Muƙala na 1-2 sun kafu ne akan asalin mutunci, ƴanci da daidaituwa. * Muƙala na 3 da kafa 5, sun tsayar da wasu haƙƙoƙin mutum, kamar yancin rayuwa da haramcin bautar da azabtarwa. * Muƙala na 6, zuwa 11, yana magana ne game da mahimmancin haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam tare da takamaiman maganganun da aka ambata don kare su idan aka keta doka. * Muƙala ta 12, zuwa 17, sun tabbatar da haƙƙin mutum a cikin alumma (gami da abubuwa irin su ƴancin motsi ). * Muƙala na 18-21, ya sanya wa abin da ake kira ƴancin walwala na kundin tsarin mulki", kuma tare da' yancin ruhaniya, jama'a, da siyasa, kamar 'yancin tunani, ra'ayi, addini da lamiri, magana, da haɗin zaman lafiya na mutum. * Muƙala na 22-27, ya rattaɓa hannu kan haƙƙoƙin mutum na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, gami da harkar kiwon lafiya . Mataki na 25, da ce: Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin ya sami matsayin zama daidai gwargwado ga lafiya da ci gaban kansa da na iyalinsa, waɗanda suka haɗa da abinci, sutura, gidaje da kula da lafiya da kuma hidimomin rayuwa na yau da kullun. Hakanan yana samar da ƙarin masauki don tsaro idan akwai batun lalacewa ta jiki ko tawaya, kuma ya ambaci kulawa ta musamman ga waɗanda ke cikin uwa ko ƙuruciya. * Magana ta 28-30, sun kafa hanyoyin gaba ɗaya na amfani da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, yankunan da ba za a iya amfani da waɗannan haƙƙin mutum ba, kuma ba za a iya cin nasara da su ba. Waɗannan jawabai suna da alaƙa da haƙƙin mutum ga alumma da haramcin yin amfani da doka da ke da saɓawa manufar ƙungiyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ba. == Labarai. == === Mafarin === {{listen|title=State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (6 January 1941)|filename=FDR's 1941 State of the Union (Four Freedoms speech) Edit 1.ogg|description=[[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]'s 6&nbsp;January 1941 [[State of the Union address]] introducing the theme of the [[Four Freedoms]] (starting at 32:02)|image=[[File:FDR in 1933.jpg|100px|frameless]]}} A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], yan kawancen na ƙungiyoyin sun amince da ƙa'idoji huɗu - ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki, ƴancin addini, ƴanci daga tsoro, da yanci daga buƙata - kamar manufarsu ta yaƙi. <ref name="Bodnar, John 2010">Bodnar, John, The "Good War" in American Memory. (Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010) 11</ref> Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar ɗinkin duniya "ta sake ba da gaskiya ga [[Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|haƙƙoƙi na ɗan adam]], da mutunci da kimar mutum", kuma ta himmatu ga dukkan ƙasashe mambobi don inganta girmama duniya, da kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƴanci na kowa da kowa ba tare da nuna bambancin launin fata ba, jam'i, yare, ko addini ". Lokacin da ayyukan zaluncin da Nazi ta kuma yi a fili bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na II]], yarjejeniya tsakanin al'ummomin duniya ita ce Yarjejeniyar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin]] Duniya bata fayyace ainihin irin hakkin ta wacce ta ambata. <ref>[http://www.udhr.org/history/overview.htm#Cataclysm%20and%20World%20Response Cataclysm and World Response] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120045717/http://www.udhr.org/history/overview.htm#Cataclysm%20and%20World%20Response |date=2013-01-20 }} in [http://www.udhr.org/history/overview.htm Drafting and Adoption : The Universal Declaration of Human Rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120045717/http://www.udhr.org/history/overview.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, [http://www.udhr.org udhr.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927155113/http://www.udhr.org/history/overview.htm |date=2019-09-27 }}.</ref> Sanarwa ta duniya wacce ta ayyana hakkokin mutane ya zama dole don aiwatar da tanadin Yarjejeniyar kan hakkin Dan-Adam. === Ƙirƙira da tsarawa === A watan Yuni ne na shekarar 1946, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam, wanda ya kunshi membobi 18 daga kasashen da siyasosi daban daban. Kwamitin, cikakken mamba ne na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], an tsara shi don aiwatar da aikin shirya abin da aka fara aiwatarwa a matsayin Dokar Kare Hakkin Kasa da Kasa . Hukumar ta kafa wata sanarwa ta musamman game da zartar da batun kare hakkin Dan-Adam, wanda Eleanor Roosevelt ke jagoranta, don rubuta labaran sanarwar. Kwamitin ya hadu a cikin zama biyun a tsawon shekaru biyu. Canada John Peters Humphrey, D na Division of Human Rights cikin United Nations sakatariya, an kirãyi da United Nations Sakatare Janar zuwa aiki a kan aikin da ya zama jawabi ta babba drafter. A lokacin, an nada Humphrey a matsayin sabon Daraktan sashen 'yancin dan adam a cikin sakatariyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Sauran sanannun mambobin kwamitin da aka tsara sun hada da René Cassin na Faransa, Charles Malik na [[Lebanon]], da PC na Jamhuriyar China . <ref name="RoC rep">The Declaration was drafted during the [[Chinese Civil War]]. P.C. Chang was appointed as a representative by the [[Republic of China]], then the recognised government of China, but which was driven from [[mainland China]] and now administers only [[Taiwan]] and nearby islands ([http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/chinese-nationalists-move-capital-to-taiwan history.com]).</ref> Humphrey ya samar da daftarin farko wanda ya zama aikin Hukumar. Hansa Mehta daga Indiya ta ba da shawarar ƙara "dukkan 'yan adam an halicce daidai" maimakon "dukkan mutane an daidaita su" a cikin sanarwar. A cewar Allan Carlson, Sanarwa ta danganta dangi sakamakon sakamakon gwagwarmayar mabiya addinin kirista ne kan Cassin da Malik. Da zarar Kwamitin ya kammala aikinsa a watan Mayun shekarar 1948, Hukumar ta kara tattaunawa kan batun kare hakkin dan Adam, Kwamitin tattalin arziki da na zamantakewa, Kwamitin Uku na Babban Taro kafin a sanya shi a watan Disamban shekarata 1948. Yayin tattaunawar an tattauna abubuwa da yawa da bada shawarwari daga kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. [[ Gwamnatin Ingila |Wakilan Birtaniya]] sun ji takaici matuka cewa shirin yana da ɗabi'a amma ba doka ba ce. (Ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 1976, ne Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa ya fara aiki, yana ba da matsayin doka ga yawancin Sanarwar. ) === Dauka. === Babban zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da a matsayin Resolution 217, a ranar 10 &nbsp; Disamban shekarar 1948, a Palais de Chaillot, Paris, kamar yadda aka yi taro na uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a can. Daga cikin wakilai 58, na lokacin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 48, suka kada kuri'ar amincewa, babu wanda ya hana, takwas sun kaurace kuma Honduras da [[Yemen]] sun kasa kada kuri'a ko kauracewa. Rikodin taron ya ba da fahimtar abin da ya dace da mahawara. Ana iya ganin matsayin Afirka ta kudu a matsayin yunƙurin kare tsarin wariyar launin fata, wanda a fili ya keta abubuwa da yawa a cikin sanarwar. Haramcin wakilan na Saudi Arabiya ya haifar da abubuwa biyu daga cikin Maganar sanarwa: Fasali na 18, wanda ke nuna cewa kowa na da 'yancin canza addininsa ko akidarsa "; da Mataki na goma sha shida, akan madaidaicin hakkin aure. asashen shida masu ra'ayin gurguzu sun rataya a wuyansu cewa Bayyanar bai isa ya la'anci farkisanci da Naziyanci ba. Eleanor Roosevelt ya danganta haramcin kasashen kungiyar Soviet a cikin Mataki na goma sha uku, wanda ya bayar da hakkin 'yan kasa barin kasashensu . [[File:Original_universal_declaration_of_human_rights_voters.svg|thumb| Zaben jefa kuri'a a cikin zaman majalisarku: <br /><br /><br /><br /> <nowiki></br></nowiki> Kasashe masu kore: sun yi zabe cikin yarda; <br /><br /><br /><br /> <nowiki></br></nowiki> Kasashen Orange: sun kaurace; <br /><br /><br /><br /> <nowiki></br></nowiki> Kasashen bakaken fata: sun gaza kaurace musu ko jefa kuri'a; <br /><br /><br /><br /> <nowiki></br></nowiki> Kasashe masu launin toka: basa cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a lokacin jefa kuri'a ]] Kasashe 48, da suka kada ƙuri'ar amincewa da wannan sanarwar sune: {{Columns-list|* [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] * [[History of Argentina#Peronist Years (1946–1955)|Argentina]] * [[Australia]] * [[Belgium]] * [[History of Bolivia (1920–1964)#The sexenio (1946–52)|Bolivia]] * [[Brazilian Second Republic|Brazil]] * [[Post-independence Burma, 1948–1962|Burma]] * [[Canada]]{{ref label|a|a}}<!-- ref/note used here because ((refn}} with group=lower-alpha was used in the infobox, and is not expected to be displayed until the Notes section is encountered below --> * [[Presidential Republic (1925–1973)|Chile]] * [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] * [[History of Colombia#The Republic: Liberal and Conservative Conflict|Colombia]] * [[History of Costa Rica#Democracy|Costa Rica]] * [[Republic of Cuba (1902–59)|Cuba]] * [[Denmark]] * [[History of the Dominican Republic#The Era of Trujillo|Dominican Republic]] * [[Ecuador]] * [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] * [[History of El Salvador (1931–79)#Repression and reform under military rule|El Salvador]] * [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethopia]] * [[French Fourth Republic|France]] * [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] * [[History of Guatemala#The "Ten Years of Spring"|Guatemala]] * [[Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)|Haiti]] * [[Iceland]] * [[Dominion of India|India]] * [[Pahlavi dynasty|Iran]] * [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] * [[Lebanon]] * [[History of Liberia#Americo-Liberian rule (1847–1980)|Liberia]] * [[Luxembourg]] * [[Mexico]] * [[Netherlands]] * [[Dominion of New Zealand|New Zealand]] * [[History of Nicaragua#Somoza Dynasty (1936–1979)|Nicaragua]] * [[Norway]] * [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] * [[Panama]] * [[History of Paraguay#Morínigo and World War II|Paraguay]] * [[Peru]] * [[History of the Philippines (1946–65)|Philippines]] * [[Kingdom of Thailand|Siam]] * [[Sweden]] * [[Syrian Republic (1946–1963)|Syria]] * [[Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey|Turkey]] * [[United Kingdom]] * [[United States]] * [[Uruguay]] * [[Venezuela]]|colwidth=18em}} : a. ^ Dukda babban mataki da John Peters Humphrey na Canada ya dauka, sai a fari Gwamnatin Canada ta kaurace daga zabe akan daftarin Declaration's din, amma daga baya ta maya baya a daftarin karshe a Babban taron Majalisar.[31] Kasashe takwas sun kauracewa: {{Columns-list|*[[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]] *[[Polish People's Republic|Poland]] *[[Saudi Arabia]] *[[Soviet Union]] *[[Byelorussian SSR]] *[[Ukrainian SSR]] *[[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] *[[Yugoslavia]]|colwidth=18em}} Kasashe biyu ba su yi zaben ba: * Honduras * [[ Masarautar Mutawakkilite na Yemen |Yaman]]. Sauran ƙasashe sun sami ikon mallaka ne kawai kuma suka shiga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga baya, wanda ke bayani game da relativelyan kananan jihohin da suka cancanci kada kuri'un tarihi. == Ranar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya == Sanarwar ranar kare hakkin Dan Adam ana tunawa da kowace shekara &nbsp; 10 ga Disamba, ranar tunawa da ranar Yarda da Jama'a, kuma ana kiranta Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ko Ranar' Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya. Ana yin wannan taron tunawa da mutane, al'umma da kuma kungiyoyin addinai, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam, majalisun dokoki, gwamnatoci, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Taron tunawa da bikin Decadal yakan kasance tare da kamfen don inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da sanarwa da 'yancin ɗan adam. Shekarar 2008, ta cika shekaru 60, da sanarwar, kuma an samu rakiyar ayyukan shekara guda da taken "Mutunci da adalci ga dukkanmu". == Mahimmanci da tasirin dokar == === Muhimmanci === [[File:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_(miniature_book).JPG|thumb| A cikin karamin littafi ]] A shekara ta 1948, UN Resolution A / RES / 217 (III) [A] ya karɓi wannan sanarwa a kan takaddar yarukan magana da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] da [[Faransanci]], da fassarar hukuma a cikin [[Sinanci]], [[Rashanci]] da Spanish. A shekara ta 2009, ''Littafin Guinness Book of Records ya'' bayyana Sanarwa a matsayin “Mafi Cancantar daftarin Dokoki” a duniya (370 yare da yare daban daban). Kamfanin Unicode Consortium yana adana 431 <ref>[https://www.unicode.org/udhr/translations.html "UDHR in Unicode – Translations"], [[Unicode]], retrieved 8-6-2017</ref> na 503 <ref>[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/SearchByLang.aspx "Search by Translation"], UDHR Translation Project, [[United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]], retrieved 13-8-2017.</ref> fassarar hukuma a OHCHR ( {{As of|2017|June}} ). A wajansa, gwamnatoci sun sadaukar da kansu da jama'arsu don matakan cigaba waɗanda ke tabbatar da duniya da inganci daraja da kiyaye haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da aka bayyana a cikin Sanarwa. Eleanor Roosevelt ya goyi bayan ɗaukar wannan sanarwar a matsayin sanarwa maimakon yarjejeniya saboda ta yi imanin cewa tana da tasiri iri ɗaya kan al'ummomin duniya kamar yadda sanarwar Statesancin Samun 'yanci na Amurka a cikin Amurka. Ko da yake ba ta da hurumin bin doka, an gabatar da sanarwar ne ko ya rinjayi mafi yawan tsarin mulkin kasa tun 1948. Hakanan ya kasance tushen harsashi na haɓaka dokokin ƙasa, dokokin ƙasa, da yarjejeniyoyi, har ma da cigaba na cibiyoyin yanki, yanki da na ƙasa waɗanda ke kiyayewa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan Adam. A karo na farko a cikin dokokin kasa da kasa, an yi amfani da kalmar "bin doka" a cikin shelar sanarwa. Sakin layi na uku na sanarwar ƙa'idar ya karanta kamar haka: "Ganin cewa yana da mahimmanci, idan ba a tilasta wa ɗan adam ya sake neman doka ba, a matsayin makoma ta ƙarshe, tawaye ga zalunci da zalunci, ya kamata a kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam ta dokar doka". === Tasirin doka === Duk da yake ba yarjejeniya ce da kanta ba, an zartar da sanarwar ta dalla-dalla don ma'anar ma'anar kalmomin "yanci na asali" da "haƙƙin ɗan Adam" wanda ke fitowa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wadda ke ɗaure a kan dukkan ƙasashe membobinsu. A saboda wannan dalili, Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam muhimmin aiki ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bugu da kari, da yawa daga cikin lauyoyin kasa da kasa yi imanin cewa Sanarwar ta zama wani bangare na dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada kuma wani kayan aiki ne mai karfi wajen amfani da matsin lambar diflomasiya da halin kirki ga gwamnatocin da ke keta duk wani labarin nata. Taron na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekara ta 1968 game da hakkin Dan-Adam ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan sanarwar "ta wajaba ne ga mambobin kasashen duniya" ga dukkan mutane. Sanarwar ta yi aiki a matsayin kafuwar yarjejeniyoyi biyu na kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: Alkawarin kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa da kuma yarjejeniya ta kasa da kasa kan tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu . An kuma fayyace ka'idodin wannan sanarwar a cikin yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa kamar Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da kowane nau'in nuna wariyar launin fata, Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da wariyar launin fata a kan mata, Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin Yara, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ganawa game da azabtarwa, da ƙari masu yawa. Sanarwar ta ci gaba da ambata ta hanyar gwamnatoci, malamai, masu bayar da shawarwari, da kotunan tsarin mulki, da kuma daidaikun mutane da ke kiran ka'idodinta don kare hakkinsu da suka dan Adam. == Martai == === Yabo === MBayanin Duniya ya samu yabo daga wasu sanannun mutane. Masanin Falsafa na [[Lebanon]] kuma jami'in diflomasiyya Charles Malik ya kira shi "takardun kasa da kasa na muhimmancin farko", yayin da Eleanor Roosevelt - shugabar shugabar hukumar ta 'yancin ɗan adam (CHR) wacce ta ƙaddamar da sanarwar - ta ce hakan "na iya kyau zama Magna Carta ta duniya na duka mutane a ko'ina." A cikin jawabin da ya yi a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1995, Fafaroma [[John Paul na Biyu|John Paul II ya]] kira da sanarwar "ɗayan manyan maganganu na lamirin mutum a zamaninmu" amma Vatican ba ta taɓa amincewa da wannan sanarwar ba. A cikin wata sanarwa a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2003, a madadin Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]], Marcello Spatafora ta ce wannan sanarwar "ta sanya 'yancin bil Adama a tsakiyar tsarin ka'idodi da wajibai na daidaita dangantaka a tsakanin kasashen duniya." === Suka === ==== Kasashen musulmai ==== [[Turkiyya]], kasa ce mai zaman kanta wacce take da yawan musulmai, ta rattaba hannu cikin wannan sanarwa a shekarar 1948. Ko ta yaya, a wannan shekarar, [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya ta]] kauracewa jefa kuri’ar amincewa da wannan sanarwar, tana mai cewa hakan ya saba wa ka’idar [[Shari'a|Sharia]]. [[Pakistan]] - wacce ta rattaba hannu kan sanarwar - ta musanta da kuma yin Allah wadai da matsayin Saudiyya. Ministan Pakistan Muhammad Zafarullah Khan ya yi jayayya mai yawa game da yarda da haɗe da 'yancin addini. <ref name="Hashemi">Hashemi, Nader and Emran Qureshi. "Human Rights." In ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford Islamic Studies Online''.</ref> A shekarar 1982, da [[Iran|kasar Iran]] wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Said Rajaie-Khorassani, ya ce cewa jawabi ya "a wadanda mutane fahimtar da Judeo-Kirista hadisin", wanda ba za a iya aiwatar da [[Musulmi]] ba tare da rikici da Sharia. A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2000, mambobin kungiyar Taron Addinin Musulunci (yanzu Kungiyar Hadin gwiwar Musulunci ) suka yanke hukunci a hukumance don nuna goyon baya ga Bayyanar Alkahira game da Hakkokin bil'adama a cikin Musulunci, wani takaddar takaddar da ta ce mutane suna da 'yanci da hakkinsu na rayuwa mai daraja daidai da shari'ar musulinci ", ba tare da wani banbanci ba akan dalilan" launin fata, yare, jinsi, akida, addini, dangantakar siyasa, matsayin zamantakewa ko wasu sharudda ". Wasu jami'an diflomasiyya na musulmai za su ci gaba daga baya don taimakawa wajen tsara wasu yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Misali, diflomasiyyar Iraki Bedia Afnan ta dage kan maganarta cewa an sami daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya haifar da Mataki na 3 a cikin (ICCPR) da (ICESCR). Jami’ar diflomasiyar kasar Pakistan Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah ita ma ta yi magana don nuna godiya ga hakkokin mata. <ref name="Hashemi">Hashemi, Nader and Emran Qureshi. "Human Rights." In ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford Islamic Studies Online''.</ref> Yawancin malamai a fannoni daban-daban sun bayyana damuwarsu game da Sanarwar da ake zargin kasashen yamma da aikatawa. Wadannan sun hada da Irene Oh, Abdulaziz Sachedina, Riffat Hassan, da Faisal Kutty . Hassan ya kafa hujja da cewa: <blockquote> Abin da ake buƙatar nunawa ga waɗanda ke riƙe da sanarwa ta 'Yancin dan Adam ta zama mafi girma, ko tafin kafaɗa, na tsarin ba da daidaituwa da' yanci ga dukkan bil'adama, shi ne wanda aka ba Asalin ƙasashen yamma da manufar wannan Sanarwa, "ilimin halittu" na zato wanda ake dogaro da a ƙallatsala da batun tambaya. Kari akan haka, zargin rashin daidaituwa tsakanin manufar 'yancin ɗan adam da kuma addinin gabaɗaya, ko kuma takamaiman addinai irin su Islama, ana buƙatar bincika ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. </blockquote> Irene Oh ta bayar da hujjar cewa mafita guda ita ce kusanci da batun daga hangen nasihu (kwatancen) kyawawan dabi'u . Kutty ya rubuta cewa: "Hujja mai karfi za a iya cewa tsarin samar da 'yancin dan Adam na duniya ya zama tsarin al'adu wanda al'ummar yammacin duniya ke samun saukin kai a gida. . . Yana kuma da muhimmanci a amince da sanin cewa sauran al'ummomin na iya samun damar musayar ra'ayi daban-daban na hakkin Dan-Adam. " ==== "Hakkin kin Kisa" ==== Kungiyoyi kamar su ''Amnesty International'' <ref name="autogenerated1997">[https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/EUR01/004/1997/en Out of the margins: the right to conscientious objection to military service in Europe: An announcement of Amnesty International's forthcoming campaign and briefing for the UN Commission on Human Rights], 31 March 1997. Amnesty International.</ref> da ''War Resisters International'' <ref name="War Resisters International">[http://www.wri-irg.org/books/co-guide-un.htm A Conscientious Objector's Guide to the UN Human Rights System], Parts 1, 2 & 3, Background Information on International Law for COs, Standards which recognise the right to conscientious objection, War Resisters' International.</ref> sun ba da sanarwar “'Yancin Kisa” da za a sanya su cikin Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya. ''War Resisters International'' ya bayyana cewa 'yancin yin kiyayya ga aikin soja ya samo asali ne daga farko - amma ba a fayyace ba a-Mataki na 18, na (UDHR) yancin walwala da tunani da lamiri da addini. An dauki matakai a cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don tabbatar da wannan hakkin a bayyane, amma {{As of|2017}}, an takaita wadancan matakan ne zuwa karan tsaye na takardun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Sean MacBride - Babban Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da [[ Lambar Nobel ta zaman lafiya |lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta]] Nobel - ya ce: "Ga hakkokin da ke kunshe a cikin Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya game da Hakkokin bil'adama nan gaba, za a iya kara. Yana da <nowiki>''</nowiki> yancin Karyata Kashe Shi <nowiki>''</nowiki>. <ref>Sean MacBride, [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1974/macbride-lecture.html The Imperatives of Survival], Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1974, [https://www.nobelprize.org/index.html The Nobel Foundation]&nbsp;– Official website of the [[Nobel Foundation]]. (English index page; hyperlink to Swedish site.) From [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/publications/lectures/peace.html Nobel Lectures in Peace] 1971–1980.</ref> ==== Kungiyar Anthropological American ==== Antungiyar ''Anthropological'' American ta soki (UDHR) yayin da take cikin shirinta na tsarawa. AAA ta yi gargadin cewa kundin zai kasance yana bayyana hakkokin duniya daga yanayin kasashen yamma wanda ba zai dace da kasashen da ke wannan batun ba. Sun kara da cewa tarihin kasashen yamma na mulkin mallaka da wa'azin bishara yasa suka zama wakilin matsala na sauran al'ummomin duniya. Sun gabatar da bayanin kula guda uku don tattaunawa tare da mahimman bayanai game da alaƙar al'adu : "1. Kowane mutum ya san dabi'unsa ta hanyar al'adarsa, saboda haka mutunta bambance-bambancen mutum ya zama girmamawa ga bambance-bambancen al'adu "," 2. Mutunta bambance-bambance tsakanin al'adu an inganta shi ta hanyar ilimin kimiyya cewa babu wata dabara ta gwajin ingancin al'adu da aka gano ", da" 3. Matsayi da martabobi suna da alaƙa da al'adun da suka samo asali ta yadda duk wani yunƙurin kirkirar wasu abubuwa waɗanda suka girma daga imani ko ɗabi'un kyawawan al'adu guda ɗaya to lallai hakan ya nesanta daga dacewa da duk wani sanarwa game da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ga ɗan adam gaba ɗaya." ==== Bayanin Bangkok ==== A lokacin kaiwa ga taron Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da aka gudanar a shekarar 1993, ministoci daga kasashen Asiya sun amince da wannan sanarwar Bangkok, tare da jaddada kudirin gwamnatocinsu ga ka’idodin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Yarda da Duniya game da Hakkokin Yan Adam. Sun bayyana ra'ayinsu game da daidaituwa da rarrabewar haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma jaddada bukatar samaniya, aiki, da zaɓin haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Ko yaya, a lokaci guda, sun jaddada ka'idodin ikon mallakar kai tsaye da rashin tsangwama, suna kiran babbar girmamawa ga tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adun - musamman, 'yancin haɓakar tattalin arziƙi akan haƙƙin jama'a da siyasa. A Bangkok jawabi da aka dauke su a landmark magana na Asian dabi'u hangen zaman gaba, wanda yayi wani ''Extended'' sharhi na kare hakkin dan adam ''universalism'' . ==== Hukuncin kisa ==== Sanarwar ba ta dauki tsinkayen ra'ayi kan hukuncin kisa ba. Mataki na biyar ya ce: "Ba wanda za a azabtar da shi ko a zaluntar shi, a cikin mutane ko a wulakantar da su, ko azaba." == Kungiyoyi masu neman cigaban UDHR == === Tarayyar Duniya don 'yancin ɗan adam === Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya (FIDH) ba ta da wariya, ba ta ƙabilarci ba ce, ba ta da' yanci da kowace hukuma, kuma babban aikinta shi ne haɓaka girmamawa ga dukkan haƙƙoƙin da aka bayyana a cikin Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya na Rightsancin Bil Adama, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da onasa kan kungiyoyin Yan Adam da Siyasa., da kuma Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da Al'adu. <ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/partners.html Information Partners], web site of the [[UNHCR]], last updated 25 February 2010, 16:08 GMT (web retrieval 25 February 2010, 18:11 GMT)</ref> === Amnesty International === A cikin shekarar 1988, darekta Stephen R. Johnson da masu ba da labari na duniya 41, mawaƙa, da masu samarwa sun kirkiro bidiyon na minti 20 don ''Amnesty International'' don murnar cikar ta shekaru 40 da samarwa a Duniya. Batun bidiyon shi ne Magana game da sanarwa 30. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil Adama ta ''Amnesty International'' ta yi bikin Ranar ‘Yancin Dan Adam da kuma Shekaru 60 na sanarwar Kasa da Kasa a duk fadin duniya ta hanyar shirya" Gobarar wuta! " aukuwa. === Ofishin Quaker na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Kwamitin Ayyukan Abokai na Amurka === Ofishin Quaker na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Kwamitin bauta na Amurka suna aiki kan batutuwan take hakkokin bil'Adama, da suka hada da inganta ilimi kan Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya na Yan-Adam. Sun kirkiro wani tsari don taimakawa gabatar da ɗalibai na makarantar sakandare zuwa sanarwar dan Adam ta Duniya. === Kungiyar Library ta Amurka === A shekarar 1997, majalisar kungiyar Makarantar Amurka (ALA) ta amince da Mataki na 19 daga Sanarwar 'Yancin Bil Adama na Duniya. Hakanan hade da Mataki na 19, Mataki na 18 da na 20 kuma suna da alaƙa da hakkokin AlA akan haƙƙin toan Adam da Dokar Libraryancin Makaranta. Takunkumi, mamayar sirrin jama'a, da kuma kutsawa cikin ra'ayoyi sune take hakkin Dan-Adam a cewar ALA. Game da take hakkin Dan-Adam, ALA tana ba da ka'idoji kamar haka: {{quote|The American Library Association opposes any use of governmental prerogative that leads to intimidation of individuals that prevents them from exercising their rights to hold opinions without interference, and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas. We urge libraries and librarians everywhere to resist such abuse of governmental power, and to support those against whom such governmental power has been employed. The American Library Association condemns any governmental effort to involve libraries and librarians in restrictions on the right of any individual to hold opinions without interference, and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas. Such restrictions, whether enforced by statutes or regulations, contractual stipulations, or voluntary agreements, pervert the function of the library and violate the professional responsibilities of librarians. The American Library Association rejects censorship in any form. Any action that denies the inalienable human rights of individuals only damages the will to resist oppression, strengthens the hand of the oppressor, and undermines the cause of justice. The American Library Association will not abrogate these principles. We believe that censorship corrupts the cause of justice, and contributes to the demise of freedom.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Universal Right to Free Expression|url=http://www.ala.org/advocacy/intfreedom/librarybill/interpretations/universalright|website=American Library Association|accessdate=1 April 2018}}</ref>}} === Matasa masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam === Matasa don 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya (YHRI) wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001, ta Mary Shuttleworth, malama ce wacce aka Haifa kuma ta girma a Afirka Ta Kudu, inda ta ba da labari ta hanyar illar wariyar launin fata da kuma rashin' yancin ɗan Adam. Manufar (YHRI) ita ce koya wa matasa game da haƙƙin ɗan Adam, musamman Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ofancin Humanancin Bil Adama, da kuma zuga su su zama masu ba da shawara ga haƙuri da zaman lafiya. (YHRI) yanzu ya zama babban motsi na duniya, wanda ya hada da daruruwan ƙungiyoyi, kulake da babi a duk faɗin duniya. == Duba kuma == === Dokar 'yancin ɗan Adam ta ƙasa === * Tarihin 'yancin ɗan Adam * Manufofin Yogyakarta === Yarjejeniyar da bata da alaƙa === * Bayanin Alkahira game da Hakkin Dan Adam a Musulunci (1990) * Bayanin Vienna da Tsarin aiki (1993) * Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ''Millennium'' (2000) {{Div col}} * [[Fourth Geneva Convention]] (1949) * [[European Convention on Human Rights]] (1952) * [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees]] (1954) * [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] (1969) * [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] (1976) * [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (1976) * [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]] (1981) * [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] (1990) * [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union]] (2000) * [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]] (2007) {{Div col end}} === 'Yan Tunaninku suna tasiri cikin sanarwar === * Jacques Maritain * Tommy Douglas * John Sankey, 1st Viscount Sankey === Wasu === {{Div col}} * [[Slavery in the United States]] * [[Slavery in Russia]] * [[Slavery in international law]] * [[Slave Trade Act]]s * [[Human rights in China|Human rights in China (PRC)]] * [[LGBT rights at the United Nations]] * [[Command responsibility]] * [[Moral universalism]] * [[Declaration on Great Apes]], an as-yet unsuccessful effort to extend some human rights to other [[Hominidae|great apes]] * [[United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights]] * "[[Consent of the governed]]" * [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919#Japanese approach|Racial equality proposal]] (1919) * [[The Farewell Sermon]] (632 [[Common Era|CE]]) * [[Youth for Human Rights International]] * [[List of literary works by number of translations]] * [[Monica Ross]] {{Div col end}} == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} === Ruwayoyi === {{Reflist|30em}} === Manazarta === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Gordon|author-link=Gordon Brown|title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the 21st Century: A Living Document in a Changing World|url=http://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/467/the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights-in-the-21st-century|year=2016|publisher=Open Book Publishers|ISBN=978-1-783-74218-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Glendon|first=Mary Ann|author-link=Mary Ann Glendon|title=A world made new: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-vaZkbca2sC|year=2002|publisher=Random House|ISBN=978-0-375-76046-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Hashmi|first=Sohail H.|title=Islamic political ethics: civil society, pluralism, and conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LmXFpnp_bMC|year=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|ISBN=978-0-691-11310-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Morsink|first=Johannes|title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: origins, drafting, and intent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8OapwltI3YC|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|ISBN=978-0-8122-1747-6|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Price|first=Daniel E.|title=Islamic political culture, democracy, and human rights: a comparative study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgF58rl4tCkC|year=1999|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|ISBN=978-0-275-96187-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Paul|others=United Nations General Assembly|title=The International bill of human rights|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalbil00will|url-access=registration|year=1981|publisher=Entwhistle Books|ISBN=978-0-934558-07-5|ref=harv}} {{refend}} == Karin karatu == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite journal}} * Nurser, John. "For All Peoples and All Nations. Christian Churches and Human Rights.". (Geneva: WCC Publications, 2005). * [http://www.columbia.edu/ccnmtl/projects/mmt/udhr/index.html Universal Declaration of Human Rights pages at Columbia University (Centre for the Study of Human Rights), including article by article commentary, video interviews, discussion of meaning, drafting and history.] * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/udhr/udhr.html Introductory note] by [[Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade]] and [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/udhr/udhr.html procedural history] on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law] {{refend}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ Rubutun UDHR] * [http://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/introduction.aspx Fassarorin hukuma na UDHR] * [http://libraryresources.unog.ch/udhr Jagorar Bayani kan Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya Game da 'Yancin Dan Adam] a dakin karatu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Geneva. * [http://research.un.org/en/undhr Tsarin Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya Game da Hakkokin Dan-Adam] - takardu da bayanan tarurruka &nbsp; - Laburaren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Dag Hammarskjöld * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120912162219/http://www.unac.org/rights/question.html Tambayoyi da amsoshi game da Bayanai na Duniya] * [https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/eleanorrooseveltdeclarationhumanrights.htm Rubutu, Audio, da kuma Bunkunin Adireshin Eleanor Roosevelt ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya] * [http://www.universalrights.net/main/educat.htm UDHR &nbsp; - Ilimi] * [https://www.unicode.org/udhr/ UDHR a Unicode] * [http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1349 Revista Envío &nbsp; - Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam Na ƙarni na 21] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706125927/http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1349 |date=2007-07-06 }} * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/udhr/udhr.html Bayanin gabatarwa] daga Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade da [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/udhr/udhr.html bayanin tarihin] aiwatarwa game da Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya game da Hakkokin Yan Adam a cikin [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Tarihin Tarihi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Audiovisual Library of the Law International] * [http://blogs.loc.gov/law/2012/12/the-laws-of-burgos-500-years-of-human-rights/ Dokokin Burgos: Shekaru 500 na 'Yancin Dan Adam] daga Littattafan Shari'a na blog. === Abubuwa na sauti da kallon === * [https://udhr.audio/ UDHR Audio / Video project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426015816/https://udhr.audio/ |date=2020-04-26 }} (rakodin cikin yaruka 500 + ta masu magana da harshen asalin) * [http://librivox.org/the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights-by-the-united-nations/ Librivox: Rikodin sauti na mutum-karanta a cikin Harsuna da yawa] * [https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/eleanorrooseveltdeclarationhumanrights.htm Rubutu, Audio, da kuma Bunkunin Adireshin Eleanor Roosevelt ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epVZrYbDVis Takaitaccen bayani game da Bayyanar da Kare Hakkin Dan Adam] ta Amnesty International a YouTube (a cikin Ingilishi tsawon minti 20 da sakan 23). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080910145004/http://webcast.un.org/ramgen/ondemand/legal/audio/humanrights/dr_charles_malik-human_rights_06_nov_48.rm Audio: Bayanin Charles Malik a matsayin Wakilin Lebanon ga Kwamitin Na Uku na Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sanarwar Universal, 6 Nuwamba 1948] * [http://www.columbia.edu/ccnmtl/projects/mmt/udhr/ramfiles/udhr_045.ram Sanarwar Sanarwar Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ga masu gabatar da sanarwar] * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/udhr/udhr_video.html Littattafai masu sauraro] a kan Sanarwar Kasashen Duniya Game da Hakkiin Yan-Adam a cikin [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Tarihin Tarihi na Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Audiovisual Library of the International Law] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] p7uxk9zjtujby956jwxo9nbwm8m0zst 0 14724 875744 873388 2026-07-04T10:09:09Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358438234|Wale Adenuga]]" 875744 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1950) tsohon [[Cartoonist|ɗan wasan barkwanci]] /mawallafi ne ɗan Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai [[Wale Adenuga Production|na WAP]] . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] kdf5glk42uy2x6xaxwzz46z2kiaabrw 875745 875744 2026-07-04T10:09:28Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358438234|Wale Adenuga]]" 875745 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1950) tsohon [[Cartoonist|ɗan wasan barkwanci]] /mawallafi ne ɗan Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai [[Wale Adenuga Production|na WAP]] . == Rayuwar farko == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] nloy51izrlzs213eki1rcnwi1ygbv4h 875746 875745 2026-07-04T10:10:00Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358438234|Wale Adenuga]]" 875746 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1950) tsohon [[Cartoonist|ɗan wasan barkwanci]] /mawallafi ne ɗan Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai [[Wale Adenuga Production|na WAP]] . == Rayuwar farko == Ɗan wani mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ibadan inda ya sami [[O-Level|takardar shaidar O-Level]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's, Legas]] don samun takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta pop wadda ta wargaje bayan kammala karatunsu na sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] fnvutcmc0wgxvlqtcrgbny02er326x0 875747 875746 2026-07-04T10:10:17Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358438234|Wale Adenuga]]" 875747 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1950) tsohon [[Cartoonist|ɗan wasan barkwanci]] /mawallafi ne ɗan Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai [[Wale Adenuga Production|na WAP]] . == Rayuwar farko == Ɗan wani mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ibadan inda ya sami [[O-Level|takardar shaidar O-Level]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's, Legas]] don samun takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta pop wadda ta wargaje bayan kammala karatunsu na sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Bugawa == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] rdgygv4nxvm6hihc6anmix6ylp447tr 875748 875747 2026-07-04T10:10:45Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358438234|Wale Adenuga]]" 875748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1950) tsohon [[Cartoonist|ɗan wasan barkwanci]] /mawallafi ne ɗan Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai [[Wale Adenuga Production|na WAP]] . == Rayuwar farko == Ɗan wani mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ibadan inda ya sami [[O-Level|takardar shaidar O-Level]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's, Legas]] don samun takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta pop wadda ta wargaje bayan kammala karatunsu na sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Bugawa == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashen zane mai ban dariya na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Harabar Jami'ar inda ba da daɗewa ba aka naɗa shi Babban Mai Zane-zane. A shekarar 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|hidimar matasa]] a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da wasan barkwancinsa ''Ikebe Super'', ya gabatar da fitattun jarumai da dama ciki har da mai son mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara karatu, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata fitacciyar jarumar mace, Miss Pepeiye, wacce ta yi zinare. Sauran mujallun Adenuga su ne ''Super Story'', waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan batutuwan barkwanci da ''Binta'', wani littafin yara. <ref name="Intimate Secrets2">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] l9g35v9cv8ad2d3uv7pn5h17j65cdzb 875749 875748 2026-07-04T10:10:59Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358438234|Wale Adenuga]]" 875749 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1950) tsohon [[Cartoonist|ɗan wasan barkwanci]] /mawallafi ne ɗan Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai [[Wale Adenuga Production|na WAP]] . == Rayuwar farko == Ɗan wani mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ibadan inda ya sami [[O-Level|takardar shaidar O-Level]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's, Legas]] don samun takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta pop wadda ta wargaje bayan kammala karatunsu na sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Bugawa == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashen zane mai ban dariya na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Harabar Jami'ar inda ba da daɗewa ba aka naɗa shi Babban Mai Zane-zane. A shekarar 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|hidimar matasa]] a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da wasan barkwancinsa ''Ikebe Super'', ya gabatar da fitattun jarumai da dama ciki har da mai son mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara karatu, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata fitacciyar jarumar mace, Miss Pepeiye, wacce ta yi zinare. Sauran mujallun Adenuga su ne ''Super Story'', waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan batutuwan barkwanci da ''Binta'', wani littafin yara. <ref name="Intimate Secrets2">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Fim/Talabijin == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] btn8pwg5kj34vns8644wsfadx4lc1ff 875750 875749 2026-07-04T10:11:31Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358438234|Wale Adenuga]]" 875750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1950) tsohon [[Cartoonist|ɗan wasan barkwanci]] /mawallafi ne ɗan Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai [[Wale Adenuga Production|na WAP]] . == Rayuwar farko == Ɗan wani mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ibadan inda ya sami [[O-Level|takardar shaidar O-Level]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's, Legas]] don samun takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta pop wadda ta wargaje bayan kammala karatunsu na sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Bugawa == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashen zane mai ban dariya na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Harabar Jami'ar inda ba da daɗewa ba aka naɗa shi Babban Mai Zane-zane. A shekarar 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|hidimar matasa]] a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da wasan barkwancinsa ''Ikebe Super'', ya gabatar da fitattun jarumai da dama ciki har da mai son mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara karatu, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata fitacciyar jarumar mace, Miss Pepeiye, wacce ta yi zinare. Sauran mujallun Adenuga su ne ''Super Story'', waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan batutuwan barkwanci da ''Binta'', wani littafin yara. <ref name="Intimate Secrets2">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Fim/Talabijin == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya shafi wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, wanda ya bar Adenuga da shawarar ƙaura daga bugawa zuwa kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Kafin ci gaban [[Nollywood|masana'antar fina-finai]], Adenuga ya fitar da fim ɗin celluloid ''Papa Ajasco'', wanda aka gina bisa ga babban jarumin a cikin ''Ikebe Super'', a cikin 1983. ''Papa Ajasco'' ya kafa tarihi a matsayin barkwancin Ingilishi na farko a cikin masana'antar da aka mamaye ta hanyar shirye-shiryen [[Yarbanci|Yarabawa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=I have the third eye — Wale Adenuga, lele creator of Papa Ajasco |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3612/3/i-have-the-third-eye-wale-adenuga-creator-of-papa-.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> An fitar da wani nau'in fim na ''Binta'' a cikin 1995, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka an watsa shirin talabijin ''[[Papa Ajasco|na Papa Ajasco]]'' (wanda a da ake kira ''The Ajasco Family'' ) a [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] don yin bita mai ban sha'awa. Wannan ƙaramin sigar allo ya ga dawowar tsoffin haruffa tare da Pa James wanda aka ƙirƙira don guje wa ɓata wa Musulmai rai. ("Ba mu so [Musulmi] wanda ya yi abubuwan ban dariya a matsayin Pa Jimoh shi kaɗai ba.") [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] 137y7u6c7qvfc6ru9flz9cdo1o4poet 875751 875750 2026-07-04T10:11:44Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358438234|Wale Adenuga]]" 875751 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1950) tsohon [[Cartoonist|ɗan wasan barkwanci]] /mawallafi ne ɗan Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai [[Wale Adenuga Production|na WAP]] . == Rayuwar farko == Ɗan wani mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ibadan inda ya sami [[O-Level|takardar shaidar O-Level]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's, Legas]] don samun takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta pop wadda ta wargaje bayan kammala karatunsu na sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Bugawa == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashen zane mai ban dariya na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Harabar Jami'ar inda ba da daɗewa ba aka naɗa shi Babban Mai Zane-zane. A shekarar 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|hidimar matasa]] a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da wasan barkwancinsa ''Ikebe Super'', ya gabatar da fitattun jarumai da dama ciki har da mai son mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara karatu, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata fitacciyar jarumar mace, Miss Pepeiye, wacce ta yi zinare. Sauran mujallun Adenuga su ne ''Super Story'', waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan batutuwan barkwanci da ''Binta'', wani littafin yara. <ref name="Intimate Secrets2">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Fim/Talabijin == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya shafi wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, wanda ya bar Adenuga da shawarar ƙaura daga bugawa zuwa kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Kafin ci gaban [[Nollywood|masana'antar fina-finai]], Adenuga ya fitar da fim ɗin celluloid ''Papa Ajasco'', wanda aka gina bisa ga babban jarumin a cikin ''Ikebe Super'', a cikin 1983. ''Papa Ajasco'' ya kafa tarihi a matsayin barkwancin Ingilishi na farko a cikin masana'antar da aka mamaye ta hanyar shirye-shiryen [[Yarbanci|Yarabawa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=I have the third eye — Wale Adenuga, lele creator of Papa Ajasco |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3612/3/i-have-the-third-eye-wale-adenuga-creator-of-papa-.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> An fitar da wani nau'in fim na ''Binta'' a cikin 1995, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka an watsa shirin talabijin ''[[Papa Ajasco|na Papa Ajasco]]'' (wanda a da ake kira ''The Ajasco Family'' ) a [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] don yin bita mai ban sha'awa. Wannan ƙaramin sigar allo ya ga dawowar tsoffin haruffa tare da Pa James wanda aka ƙirƙira don guje wa ɓata wa Musulmai rai. ("Ba mu so [Musulmi] wanda ya yi abubuwan ban dariya a matsayin Pa Jimoh shi kaɗai ba.") A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma suka kafa Makarantar Binta International School a Legas, wata gidauniya da ta sadaukar da kanta ga inganta ilimi a Najeriya. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] n2bv08svjtjq6xkr8wmeaxk4llifsar 875752 875751 2026-07-04T10:12:15Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358438234|Wale Adenuga]]" 875752 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1950) tsohon [[Cartoonist|ɗan wasan barkwanci]] /mawallafi ne ɗan Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai [[Wale Adenuga Production|na WAP]] . == Rayuwar farko == Ɗan wani mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ibadan inda ya sami [[O-Level|takardar shaidar O-Level]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's, Legas]] don samun takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta pop wadda ta wargaje bayan kammala karatunsu na sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Bugawa == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashen zane mai ban dariya na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Harabar Jami'ar inda ba da daɗewa ba aka naɗa shi Babban Mai Zane-zane. A shekarar 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|hidimar matasa]] a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da wasan barkwancinsa ''Ikebe Super'', ya gabatar da fitattun jarumai da dama ciki har da mai son mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara karatu, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata fitacciyar jarumar mace, Miss Pepeiye, wacce ta yi zinare. Sauran mujallun Adenuga su ne ''Super Story'', waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan batutuwan barkwanci da ''Binta'', wani littafin yara. <ref name="Intimate Secrets2">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Fim/Talabijin == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya shafi wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, wanda ya bar Adenuga da shawarar ƙaura daga bugawa zuwa kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Kafin ci gaban [[Nollywood|masana'antar fina-finai]], Adenuga ya fitar da fim ɗin celluloid ''Papa Ajasco'', wanda aka gina bisa ga babban jarumin a cikin ''Ikebe Super'', a cikin 1983. ''Papa Ajasco'' ya kafa tarihi a matsayin barkwancin Ingilishi na farko a cikin masana'antar da aka mamaye ta hanyar shirye-shiryen [[Yarbanci|Yarabawa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=I have the third eye — Wale Adenuga, lele creator of Papa Ajasco |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3612/3/i-have-the-third-eye-wale-adenuga-creator-of-papa-.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> An fitar da wani nau'in fim na ''Binta'' a cikin 1995, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka an watsa shirin talabijin ''[[Papa Ajasco|na Papa Ajasco]]'' (wanda a da ake kira ''The Ajasco Family'' ) a [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] don yin bita mai ban sha'awa. Wannan ƙaramin sigar allo ya ga dawowar tsoffin haruffa tare da Pa James wanda aka ƙirƙira don guje wa ɓata wa Musulmai rai. ("Ba mu so [Musulmi] wanda ya yi abubuwan ban dariya a matsayin Pa Jimoh shi kaɗai ba.") A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma suka kafa Makarantar Binta International School a Legas, wata gidauniya da ta sadaukar da kanta ga inganta ilimi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2004, Adenuga ta buɗe Cibiyar Fina-finai da Talabijin ta Pencil (PEFTI). Darussan da take koyarwa sun haɗa da Shiryawa, Darakta, da kuma [[Cinematography|Fina-finai]] . A shekara ta 2009, an nuna makarantar a cikin wani shirin gaskiya na ''De Film Industries van Nigeria'', wani shirin gaskiya na ƙasar Denmark kan masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] n63ioyzi5kwdsdp51twgkwvbf5yqzkd 875753 875752 2026-07-04T10:12:31Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358438234|Wale Adenuga]]" 875753 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1950) tsohon [[Cartoonist|ɗan wasan barkwanci]] /mawallafi ne ɗan Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai [[Wale Adenuga Production|na WAP]] . == Rayuwar farko == Ɗan wani mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ibadan inda ya sami [[O-Level|takardar shaidar O-Level]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's, Legas]] don samun takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta pop wadda ta wargaje bayan kammala karatunsu na sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Bugawa == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashen zane mai ban dariya na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Harabar Jami'ar inda ba da daɗewa ba aka naɗa shi Babban Mai Zane-zane. A shekarar 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|hidimar matasa]] a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da wasan barkwancinsa ''Ikebe Super'', ya gabatar da fitattun jarumai da dama ciki har da mai son mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara karatu, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata fitacciyar jarumar mace, Miss Pepeiye, wacce ta yi zinare. Sauran mujallun Adenuga su ne ''Super Story'', waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan batutuwan barkwanci da ''Binta'', wani littafin yara. <ref name="Intimate Secrets2">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Fim/Talabijin == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya shafi wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, wanda ya bar Adenuga da shawarar ƙaura daga bugawa zuwa kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Kafin ci gaban [[Nollywood|masana'antar fina-finai]], Adenuga ya fitar da fim ɗin celluloid ''Papa Ajasco'', wanda aka gina bisa ga babban jarumin a cikin ''Ikebe Super'', a cikin 1983. ''Papa Ajasco'' ya kafa tarihi a matsayin barkwancin Ingilishi na farko a cikin masana'antar da aka mamaye ta hanyar shirye-shiryen [[Yarbanci|Yarabawa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=I have the third eye — Wale Adenuga, lele creator of Papa Ajasco |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3612/3/i-have-the-third-eye-wale-adenuga-creator-of-papa-.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> An fitar da wani nau'in fim na ''Binta'' a cikin 1995, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka an watsa shirin talabijin ''[[Papa Ajasco|na Papa Ajasco]]'' (wanda a da ake kira ''The Ajasco Family'' ) a [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] don yin bita mai ban sha'awa. Wannan ƙaramin sigar allo ya ga dawowar tsoffin haruffa tare da Pa James wanda aka ƙirƙira don guje wa ɓata wa Musulmai rai. ("Ba mu so [Musulmi] wanda ya yi abubuwan ban dariya a matsayin Pa Jimoh shi kaɗai ba.") == Cibiyoyi == A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma suka kafa Makarantar Binta International School a Legas, wata gidauniya da ta sadaukar da kanta ga inganta ilimi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2004, Adenuga ta buɗe Cibiyar Fina-finai da Talabijin ta Pencil (PEFTI). Darussan da take koyarwa sun haɗa da Shiryawa, Darakta, da kuma [[Cinematography|Fina-finai]] . A shekara ta 2009, an nuna makarantar a cikin wani shirin gaskiya na ''De Film Industries van Nigeria'', wani shirin gaskiya na ƙasar Denmark kan masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] 81zokf14nh5ap22ebwe1rxva5yvc966 875754 875753 2026-07-04T10:13:05Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358438234|Wale Adenuga]]" 875754 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1950) tsohon [[Cartoonist|ɗan wasan barkwanci]] /mawallafi ne ɗan Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai [[Wale Adenuga Production|na WAP]] . == Rayuwar farko == Ɗan wani mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ibadan inda ya sami [[O-Level|takardar shaidar O-Level]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's, Legas]] don samun takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta pop wadda ta wargaje bayan kammala karatunsu na sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Bugawa == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashen zane mai ban dariya na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Harabar Jami'ar inda ba da daɗewa ba aka naɗa shi Babban Mai Zane-zane. A shekarar 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|hidimar matasa]] a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da wasan barkwancinsa ''Ikebe Super'', ya gabatar da fitattun jarumai da dama ciki har da mai son mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara karatu, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata fitacciyar jarumar mace, Miss Pepeiye, wacce ta yi zinare. Sauran mujallun Adenuga su ne ''Super Story'', waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan batutuwan barkwanci da ''Binta'', wani littafin yara. <ref name="Intimate Secrets2">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Fim/Talabijin == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya shafi wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, wanda ya bar Adenuga da shawarar ƙaura daga bugawa zuwa kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Kafin ci gaban [[Nollywood|masana'antar fina-finai]], Adenuga ya fitar da fim ɗin celluloid ''Papa Ajasco'', wanda aka gina bisa ga babban jarumin a cikin ''Ikebe Super'', a cikin 1983. ''Papa Ajasco'' ya kafa tarihi a matsayin barkwancin Ingilishi na farko a cikin masana'antar da aka mamaye ta hanyar shirye-shiryen [[Yarbanci|Yarabawa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=I have the third eye — Wale Adenuga, lele creator of Papa Ajasco |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3612/3/i-have-the-third-eye-wale-adenuga-creator-of-papa-.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> An fitar da wani nau'in fim na ''Binta'' a cikin 1995, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka an watsa shirin talabijin ''[[Papa Ajasco|na Papa Ajasco]]'' (wanda a da ake kira ''The Ajasco Family'' ) a [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] don yin bita mai ban sha'awa. Wannan ƙaramin sigar allo ya ga dawowar tsoffin haruffa tare da Pa James wanda aka ƙirƙira don guje wa ɓata wa Musulmai rai. ("Ba mu so [Musulmi] wanda ya yi abubuwan ban dariya a matsayin Pa Jimoh shi kaɗai ba.") == Cibiyoyi == A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma suka kafa Makarantar Binta International School a Legas, wata gidauniya da ta sadaukar da kanta ga inganta ilimi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2004, Adenuga ta buɗe Cibiyar Fina-finai da Talabijin ta Pencil (PEFTI). Darussan da take koyarwa sun haɗa da Shiryawa, Darakta, da kuma [[Cinematography|Fina-finai]] . A shekara ta 2009, an nuna makarantar a cikin wani shirin gaskiya na ''De Film Industries van Nigeria'', wani shirin gaskiya na ƙasar Denmark kan masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya. * Kyauta 5 a Bikin Fina-finai na Najeriya, 2002: Mafi kyawun Furodusa, Mafi kyawun Marubuci, Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Talabijin da Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Alaƙa da Jama'a. * [[Order of the Federal Republic|Memba na Dokar Jamhuriyar Tarayya]] (MFR), 2009 [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] pr2hc2lbr18m417tgbv667g5odoy8dq 875755 875754 2026-07-04T10:13:20Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358438234|Wale Adenuga]]" 875755 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1950) tsohon [[Cartoonist|ɗan wasan barkwanci]] /mawallafi ne ɗan Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai [[Wale Adenuga Production|na WAP]] . == Rayuwar farko == Ɗan wani mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ibadan inda ya sami [[O-Level|takardar shaidar O-Level]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's, Legas]] don samun takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta pop wadda ta wargaje bayan kammala karatunsu na sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Bugawa == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashen zane mai ban dariya na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Harabar Jami'ar inda ba da daɗewa ba aka naɗa shi Babban Mai Zane-zane. A shekarar 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|hidimar matasa]] a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da wasan barkwancinsa ''Ikebe Super'', ya gabatar da fitattun jarumai da dama ciki har da mai son mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara karatu, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata fitacciyar jarumar mace, Miss Pepeiye, wacce ta yi zinare. Sauran mujallun Adenuga su ne ''Super Story'', waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan batutuwan barkwanci da ''Binta'', wani littafin yara. <ref name="Intimate Secrets2">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Fim/Talabijin == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya shafi wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, wanda ya bar Adenuga da shawarar ƙaura daga bugawa zuwa kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Kafin ci gaban [[Nollywood|masana'antar fina-finai]], Adenuga ya fitar da fim ɗin celluloid ''Papa Ajasco'', wanda aka gina bisa ga babban jarumin a cikin ''Ikebe Super'', a cikin 1983. ''Papa Ajasco'' ya kafa tarihi a matsayin barkwancin Ingilishi na farko a cikin masana'antar da aka mamaye ta hanyar shirye-shiryen [[Yarbanci|Yarabawa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=I have the third eye — Wale Adenuga, lele creator of Papa Ajasco |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3612/3/i-have-the-third-eye-wale-adenuga-creator-of-papa-.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> An fitar da wani nau'in fim na ''Binta'' a cikin 1995, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka an watsa shirin talabijin ''[[Papa Ajasco|na Papa Ajasco]]'' (wanda a da ake kira ''The Ajasco Family'' ) a [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] don yin bita mai ban sha'awa. Wannan ƙaramin sigar allo ya ga dawowar tsoffin haruffa tare da Pa James wanda aka ƙirƙira don guje wa ɓata wa Musulmai rai. ("Ba mu so [Musulmi] wanda ya yi abubuwan ban dariya a matsayin Pa Jimoh shi kaɗai ba.") == Cibiyoyi == A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma suka kafa Makarantar Binta International School a Legas, wata gidauniya da ta sadaukar da kanta ga inganta ilimi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2004, Adenuga ta buɗe Cibiyar Fina-finai da Talabijin ta Pencil (PEFTI). Darussan da take koyarwa sun haɗa da Shiryawa, Darakta, da kuma [[Cinematography|Fina-finai]] . A shekara ta 2009, an nuna makarantar a cikin wani shirin gaskiya na ''De Film Industries van Nigeria'', wani shirin gaskiya na ƙasar Denmark kan masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya. == Kyaututtuka == * Kyauta 5 a Bikin Fina-finai na Najeriya, 2002: Mafi kyawun Furodusa, Mafi kyawun Marubuci, Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Talabijin da Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Alaƙa da Jama'a. * [[Order of the Federal Republic|Memba na Dokar Jamhuriyar Tarayya]] (MFR), 2009 [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] 504900dx15y8twple0c8k3oiusu8nis 875757 875755 2026-07-04T10:14:22Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 875757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1950) tsohon [[Cartoonist|ɗan wasan barkwanci]] /mawallafi ne ɗan Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai [[Wale Adenuga Production|na WAP]] . == Rayuwar farko == Ɗan wani mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ibadan inda ya sami [[O-Level|takardar shaidar O-Level]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's, Legas]] don samun takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta pop wadda ta wargaje bayan kammala karatunsu na sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Bugawa == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashen zane mai ban dariya na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Harabar Jami'ar inda ba da daɗewa ba aka naɗa shi Babban Mai Zane-zane. A shekarar 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|hidimar matasa]] a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da wasan barkwancinsa ''Ikebe Super'', ya gabatar da fitattun jarumai da dama ciki har da mai son mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara karatu, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata fitacciyar jarumar mace, Miss Pepeiye, wacce ta yi zinare. Sauran mujallun Adenuga su ne ''Super Story'', waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan batutuwan barkwanci da ''Binta'', wani littafin yara. <ref name="Intimate Secrets2">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Fim/Talabijin == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya shafi wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, wanda ya bar Adenuga da shawarar ƙaura daga bugawa zuwa kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Kafin ci gaban [[Nollywood|masana'antar fina-finai]], Adenuga ya fitar da fim ɗin celluloid ''Papa Ajasco'', wanda aka gina bisa ga babban jarumin a cikin ''Ikebe Super'', a cikin 1983. ''Papa Ajasco'' ya kafa tarihi a matsayin barkwancin Ingilishi na farko a cikin masana'antar da aka mamaye ta hanyar shirye-shiryen [[Yarbanci|Yarabawa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=I have the third eye — Wale Adenuga, lele creator of Papa Ajasco |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3612/3/i-have-the-third-eye-wale-adenuga-creator-of-papa-.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> An fitar da wani nau'in fim na ''Binta'' a cikin 1995, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka an watsa shirin talabijin ''[[Papa Ajasco|na Papa Ajasco]]'' (wanda a da ake kira ''The Ajasco Family'' ) a [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] don yin bita mai ban sha'awa. Wannan ƙaramin sigar allo ya ga dawowar tsoffin haruffa tare da Pa James wanda aka ƙirƙira don guje wa ɓata wa Musulmai rai. ("Ba mu so [Musulmi] wanda ya yi abubuwan ban dariya a matsayin Pa Jimoh shi kaɗai ba.") == Cibiyoyi == A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma suka kafa Makarantar Binta International School a Legas, wata gidauniya da ta sadaukar da kanta ga inganta ilimi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2004, Adenuga ta buɗe Cibiyar Fina-finai da Talabijin ta Pencil (PEFTI). Darussan da take koyarwa sun haɗa da Shiryawa, Darakta, da kuma [[Cinematography|Fina-finai]] . A shekara ta 2009, an nuna makarantar a cikin wani shirin gaskiya na ''De Film Industries van Nigeria'', wani shirin gaskiya na ƙasar Denmark kan masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya. == Kyaututtuka == * Kyauta 5 a Bikin Fina-finai na Najeriya, 2002: Mafi kyawun Furodusa, Mafi kyawun Marubuci, Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Talabijin da Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Alaƙa da Jama'a. * [[Order of the Federal Republic|Memba na Dokar Jamhuriyar Tarayya]] (MFR), 2009 [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] 4qaxgov6yd9c7j258bdgjx214n5vjr5 875758 875757 2026-07-04T10:14:46Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 875758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wale Adenuga''' (saurara ⓘ ) (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1950) tsohon [[Cartoonist|ɗan wasan barkwanci]] /mawallafi ne ɗan Najeriya, kuma a halin yanzu mai shirya shirye-shirye ne, wanda aka fi sani da shirye-shiryen ''Ikebe Super'', ''Binta da Friends'' da ''[[Super Story]]'', da kuma sigar talabijin ɗinsu ta kamfanin shirya fina-finai [[Wale Adenuga Production|na WAP]] . == Rayuwar farko == Ɗan wani mai sayar da taba, Adenuga ya girma a [[Ibadan]] kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ibadan inda ya sami [[O-Level|takardar shaidar O-Level]], kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's, Legas]] don samun takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare inda ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta pop wadda ta wargaje bayan kammala karatunsu na sakandare. <ref name="Intimate Secrets">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Bugawa == Adenuga ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1971, kuma ya yi aiki a sashen zane mai ban dariya na [[Mujalla|Mujallar]] Harabar Jami'ar inda ba da daɗewa ba aka naɗa shi Babban Mai Zane-zane. A shekarar 1975, bayan kammala karatunsa da [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|hidimar matasa]] a [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Bendel]], an ƙaddamar da wasan barkwancinsa ''Ikebe Super'', ya gabatar da fitattun jarumai da dama ciki har da mai son mata [[Papa Ajasco]], Pa Jimoh mara karatu, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alinco. Daga baya aka gabatar da wata fitacciyar jarumar mace, Miss Pepeiye, wacce ta yi zinare. Sauran mujallun Adenuga su ne ''Super Story'', waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan batutuwan barkwanci da ''Binta'', wani littafin yara. <ref name="Intimate Secrets2">{{Cite web |date= |title=The intimate secrets of Wale Adenuga |url=https://www.modernghana.com/movie/1282/the-intimate-secrets-of-wale-adenuga.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Fim/Talabijin == A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya shafi wallafe-wallafen Najeriya, wanda ya bar Adenuga da shawarar ƙaura daga bugawa zuwa kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Kafin ci gaban [[Nollywood|masana'antar fina-finai]], Adenuga ya fitar da fim ɗin celluloid ''Papa Ajasco'', wanda aka gina bisa ga babban jarumin a cikin ''Ikebe Super'', a cikin 1983. ''Papa Ajasco'' ya kafa tarihi a matsayin barkwancin Ingilishi na farko a cikin masana'antar da aka mamaye ta hanyar shirye-shiryen [[Yarbanci|Yarabawa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=I have the third eye — Wale Adenuga, lele creator of Papa Ajasco |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3612/3/i-have-the-third-eye-wale-adenuga-creator-of-papa-.html |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> An fitar da wani nau'in fim na ''Binta'' a cikin 1995, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka an watsa shirin talabijin ''[[Papa Ajasco|na Papa Ajasco]]'' (wanda a da ake kira ''The Ajasco Family'' ) a [[Gidan Telebijin na AIT|AIT]] don yin bita mai ban sha'awa. Wannan ƙaramin sigar allo ya ga dawowar tsoffin haruffa tare da Pa James wanda aka ƙirƙira don guje wa ɓata wa Musulmai rai. ("Ba mu so [Musulmi] wanda ya yi abubuwan ban dariya a matsayin Pa Jimoh shi kaɗai ba.") == Cibiyoyi == A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1994, Adenuga da matarsa Ehiwenma suka kafa Makarantar Binta International School a Legas, wata gidauniya da ta sadaukar da kanta ga inganta ilimi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2004, Adenuga ta buɗe Cibiyar Fina-finai da Talabijin ta Pencil (PEFTI). Darussan da take koyarwa sun haɗa da Shiryawa, Darakta, da kuma [[Cinematography|Fina-finai]] . A shekara ta 2009, an nuna makarantar a cikin wani shirin gaskiya na ''De Film Industries van Nigeria'', wani shirin gaskiya na ƙasar Denmark kan masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya. == Kyaututtuka == * Kyauta 5 a Bikin Fina-finai na Najeriya, 2002: Mafi kyawun Furodusa, Mafi kyawun Marubuci, Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Talabijin da Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Masu Alaƙa da Jama'a. * [[Order of the Federal Republic|Memba na Dokar Jamhuriyar Tarayya]] (MFR), 2009 [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] ==Manazarta o0as3r59i6qybzew81is5i4nvw83daq 0 15998 875037 666909 2026-07-03T14:46:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emmanuel Arinze Ifeajuna''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1935 - ya mutu a shekara ta 1967). <ref>[http://trackfield.brinkster.net/Profile.asp?ID=2887&Gender=M&Page=Years.asp&EventCode=&Year=1954&TF=F&P=F "Emmaunel Ifeajuna"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305132357/http://trackfield.brinkster.net/Profile.asp?ID=2887&Gender=M&Page=Years.asp&EventCode=&Year=1954&TF=F&P=F |date=2021-03-05 }}. Brinkster. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> Ya kasance babban hafsan sojan [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] kuma babban jumper . Shi ne Baƙin Afirka na farko da ya ci lambar zinare a taron wasanni na duniya lokacin da ya ci nasara a shekarar 1954 na Biritaniya da Wasannin Ƙasashe . Alamar nasararsa da mafi kyawun mutum na 6&nbsp;ft. 8&nbsp;a cikin (2.03&nbsp;m) rikodin wasanni ne da rikodin masarautar Biritaniya a lokacin. Ba’amurke ne daga [[Onitsha]], ya kuma kasance ya kammala karatun sa na kimiyya a Jami’ar Ibadan sannan ya tsunduma cikin siyasa, daga baya ya shiga aikin soja. Ya taka rawa a wajen juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1966 . == Rayuwa da aiki == === Babban tsalle === Haihuwar [[Onitsha]], <ref name="MS1">Siollun, Max (2005-10-30). [http://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/articles/781/3/The-Inside-Story-Of-Nigerias-First-Military-Coup-I/Page3.html "The Inside Story Of Nigeria’s First Military Coup (I)"]. ''Nigeria Matters''. Retrieved on 2014-07-13.</ref> ya halarci Dennis Memorial Grammar School a garin sa kuma ya nuna halaye da zasu bayyana rayuwarsa daga baya. Ya yi horo a tsalle tsalle a ƙarƙashin malamin wasanninsa, <ref name="Guardian"/> kuma shi ma ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar da ta rufe makarantar na ɗan lokaci. Ya kammala karatun sakandare a shekarar 1951. <ref name="Naija">Onyema, Henry (2013-10-23). [http://www.naijastories.com/2013/10/the-man-called-emma-vancouver/ "EMMANUEL IFEAJUNA – The Man Called Emma Vancouver"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818113856/http://www.naijastories.com/2013/10/the-man-called-emma-vancouver/ |date=2020-08-18 }}. Naija Stories. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> Makarantar Grammar ta Ilesa ita ma ta yi ikirarin cewa shi tsohon dalibi ne.<ref>[http://www.ilegrams.org/prominent.asp?idm=11 Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152652/http://www.ilegrams.org/prominent.asp?idm=11|date=14 July 2014}}. Ilesa Grammar School. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref>Wannan ana jayayya dashi, kodayake yayi koyarwar bazara a makarantar. <ref>[https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/WorldIgboCongress/conversations/messages/44021 "E Ifeajuna, old student of Ilesha Grammar School"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715044447/https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/WorldIgboCongress/conversations/messages/44021 |date=2014-07-15 }}. World Igbo Congress. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> Gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta 'Najeriyar ta shekara ta 1954 ta gan shi ya kafa kansa a cikin manya-manyan masu tsalle-tsalle a ƙasar. Tsalle na 6&nbsp;ƙafa 5.5&nbsp;inci (1.97&nbsp;m) yana nufin an zabi Ifeajuna ne don ya wakilci ƙasarsa a masarautar Birtaniyya ta 1954 da wasannin Commonwealth, tare da Nafiu Osagie . <ref name="Guardian"/> Nijeriya ta yi rawar gani a duniya a cikin tsalle a wancan lokacin - Joshua Majekodunmi shi ne ya zo na biyu a Wasannin Masarautar Birtaniyya na shekarar 1950, <ref name="GBR">[http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/cg.htm Commonwealth Game Medallists (Men)]. GBR Athletics. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> kuma ‘yan tsalle-tsalle uku na Nijeriya sun sami damar zuwa na ashirin a gasar tsalle-tsalle ta Olympics ta shekarar 1952 . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080411091045/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1952/OR1952.pdf 1952 Summer Olympics Report]. LA Foundation 1984. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> A Wasannin shekarar 1954 a [[Vancouver]], ya yi gasa sanye da takalmin hagu kawai amma har yanzu ya sami nasarar share 6&nbsp;ft. 8&nbsp;a cikin (2.03&nbsp;m), wanda ya kasance rikodin Wasanni da kuma rikodin Masarautar Burtaniya don horo. Sakamakon lambar zinare ya sanya shi ɗan Afirka ta Farko na farko da ya ci nasara a wata babbar gasar wasanni ta duniya. <ref name="Guardian"/> Babban tsallen ya samu damar daukar nauyin lambobin yabo a Afirka a wannan shekarar, inda Patrick Etolu na Uganda ya kare a bayan Ifeajuna sannan Osagie na Najeriya ya zama na uku. <ref name="GBR"/> Ifeajuna ya sami tarba ta gwarzo bayan dawowarsa [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] kuma an baje shi kan tituna kafin yayi magana a wani bikin farar hula. Daga baya an yi amfani da hoton nasa don murfin gaban littafin motsa jiki na ɗaliban makarantun firamare da sakandare a Najeriya.<ref name="Guardian2">Oliver, Brian (2014-07-13). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/jul/13/commonwealth-games-emmanuel-ifeajuna-nigeria "Emmanuel Ifeajuna: Commonwealth Games gold to facing a firing squad"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> === Siyasa da jami'a === Bayan kuma nasarar da ya samu ta zinare, ya daina samun horo a tsalle mai tsayi kuma bai koma wasan ba. Ya shiga cikin karatun kimiyya a Kwalejin Jami'ar Ibadan a shekarar 1954 kuma ya shiga cikin harkar siyasar ɗaliban makarantar . Ya kuma kasance memba na mashahurin Sigma Club, na Jami'ar Ibadan, ƙungiyar dalibai masu kishin zamantakewar al'umma, masu shirya bikin Havana Musical Carnival a cikin makarantar. Yayin da yake can ya zama abokai na kud da kud da Christopher Okigbo da JP Clark, wadanda dukkansu za su ci gaba da zama fitattun mawaƙan Nijeriya. <ref name="AM">[http://www.author-me.com/Fict12/journey.html "The Journey of a Manuscript"]. AuthorMe. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> Ifeajuna shi ma babban aboki ne ga Emeka Anyaoku, daga baya ya zama Sakatare Janar na Commonwealth . Ya tsunduma cikin Kungiyar Daliban Ibadan kuma ya zama Daraktan yada labarai na kungiyar, yana karfafa zanga-zanga. <ref name="Guardian"/> Ya kasance yana da alaka da Dynamic Party, karkashin jagorancin masanin lissafi Chike Obi . Uche Chukwumerije, wanda ya yi zamani da shi kuma daga baya ya zama sanata, ya tuna Ifeajuna yana da himma a cikin hargitsi na siyasa, amma kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da sha'awar shiga cikin zanga-zangar da kansu. Clark ya kuma tabbatar da hakan, yana ba da misalin wata zanga-zanga kan rufe gidan kwanan dalibai. Rufe rufewar ta biyo bayan shari’ar kisan kai ne na Ben Obumselu, shugaban kungiyar daliban kuma aboki na Ifeajuna. Ifeajuna ta shirya zanga-zangar amma ba ta kasance ba yayin rikicin da ya biyo baya. <ref name="Naija"/> Bayan ya kuma kammala karatun digirinsa na kimiyya sai ya shiga koyarwa, ana sanya shi a makarantar Ebenezer Anglican Grammar da ke [[Abeokuta]] . Ifeajuna ya kasance cikin tuntuɓar yau da kullun tare da Okigbo, wanda shi ma ya ci gaba da koyarwa, kuma su biyun sun ci gaba da tattauna batun siyasar juyin juya hali. <ref name="Naija"/> Wannan ya kawo karshen Ifeajuna ya bar aikin koyarwa ya shiga soja a 1960. Ya samu horo a makarantar Mons Officer Cadet School a Aldershot, United Kingdom. <ref name="Guardian">Oliver, Brian (2014-07-13). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/jul/13/commonwealth-games-emmanuel-ifeajuna-nigeria "Emmanuel Ifeajuna: Commonwealth Games gold to facing a firing squad"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> A matsayinsa na wanda ya kammala karatunsa, ya tashi cikin sauri a cikin mukamin soja ya kai matsayin Manjo a watan Janairun 1966. Ya kasance babban birgediya a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] .<ref name="Naija2">Onyema, Henry (2013-10-23). [http://www.naijastories.com/2013/10/the-man-called-emma-vancouver/ "EMMANUEL IFEAJUNA – The Man Called Emma Vancouver"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818113856/http://www.naijastories.com/2013/10/the-man-called-emma-vancouver/ |date=2020-08-18 }}. Naija Stories. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> === Juyin mulki === Rashin gamsuwa da alkiblar da kasarsa ta bi a lokacin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta Farko a ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], Ifeajuna ya zama makarkashiya a wani shiri na kifar da gwamnatin. Ganin karatun da ya yi, ana ɗaukar Ifeajuna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hazikan masu hankali na makircin kuma ya rubuta wani rubutu da ba a buga ba kan dalilin yunkurin juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1966 . <ref name="MS1"/> Ya yi tir da rashawa da rashin tsari wanda ya haifar da rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci na gwamnati. <ref>[http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=9670 "1966 Coup: The last of the plotters dies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604044730/http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=9670 |date=2016-06-04 }}. ''Nigeria Vanguard'' (2007-03-20). Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> Manjo Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu shi ne fuskar yunkurin juyin mulkin, wanda ya hada da wasu manyan sojoji biyar: Timothy Onwuatuegwu, Chris Anuforo, Don Okafor, Adewale Ademoyega da Humphrey Chukwuka .<ref name="MS12">Siollun, Max (2005-10-30). [http://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/articles/781/3/The-Inside-Story-Of-Nigerias-First-Military-Coup-I/Page3.html "The Inside Story Of] [[Nigeria]]<span>’s First Military Coup (I)"</span>. ''Nigeria Matters''. Retrieved on 2014-07-13.</ref> Ademoyega, Okafor, Anuforo da Chukwuka sune sauran manya a Legas, inda Ifeajuna suka jagoranci motsi. Ifeajuna ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa gidan Firaminista Balewa kuma suka kama shi. A halin yanzu, Nzeogwu ya fito fili ya bayyana sunayen wadanda suka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin da kuma Balewa a matsayin babban rashi. Okafor ya nemi cafke Birgediya Zakariya Maimalari, babban kwamandan Ifeajuna. Maimalari ya tsere kuma da ya sami Ifeajuna ya nemi taimako. Ifeajuna ya kashe Maimalari, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin jituwa a tsakanin jiga-jigan Ifeajuna, kasancewar shi babban jami’i ne mai matukar daraja. Ifeajuna ya kuma harbe Laftanar Kanar Abogo Largema a wani otal da ke gundumar Ikoyi a Legas. <ref name="MS2">Siollun, Max (2006-07-12). [http://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/articles/1376/1/The-Inside-Story-Of-Nigerias-First-Military-Coup-2/Page1.html "The Inside Story Of Nigeria’s First Military Coup (2)"]. ''Nigeria Matters''. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen da aka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin, Manjo-Janar [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]], ya kama makircin kuma ya tsere daga kama shi. Daga nan ya fara matsawa kan wadanda suka yi masa juyin mulki. Daga karshe Ironsi ya sami nasarar hana juyin mulkin sannan ya karbi mulki da kansa. <ref name="MS2"/> A yayin wadannan abubuwan, Firayim Minista Balewa ya mutu yayin da yake tsare da Ifeajuna. Jami'an 'yan sanda sun ba da rahoto game da yanayin mutuwarsa (wanda har yanzu ba a sake bayani ba) suna iƙirarin cewa Ifeajuna ya harbe Balewa yayin da yake tuki zuwa Abeokuta kuma ya bar gawar a hanya. Wasu na ikirarin cewa ba da gangan aka kashe Balewa ba (ganin cewa shi ba ya daga cikin wadanda aka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin), amma dai ya mutu ne sakamakon cutar asma ko bugun zuciya a lokacin tsananin. Wannan batun har yanzu ba a warware shi ba na tarihin yunƙurin juyin mulkin shekarar 1966. <ref name="Guardian"/> === Kisa da gado === Bayan matakin da Ironsi ya yi game da juyin mulkin, abokan Ifeajuna Christopher Okigbo da JP Clark sun taimaka masa ya tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa Dahomey (yanzu Benin) sannan ya wuce zuwa [[Ghana]] inda shugabanta [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ya yi masa maraba.<ref name="NT1">Obasi, Emaka (2014-04-11). [http://newtelegraphonline.com/ifeajuna-jumpers-january-jeremiad/ "Ifeajuna: A jumper’s January jeremiad"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011085125/http://newtelegraphonline.com/ifeajuna-jumpers-january-jeremiad/|date=11 October 2014}}. ''The New Telegraph''. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref>An kifar da mulkin Nkrumah jim kaɗan bayan haka kuma Ifeajuna ya dawo Najeriya bayan tabbatarwa daga [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|Emeka Ojukwu]] cewa rayuwarsa ba za ta kasance cikin haɗari ba. Ya sake shiga aikin soja, a wannan karon a cikin Sojojin Biyafara - Jamhuriyyar Biafra ta ayyana ballewa daga Najeriya, ta fara yaƙin basasar Najeriya . Ifeajuna, Victor Banjo, Phillip Alale da Sam Agbam da Ojukwu ya zarga da sasantawa da jami’an gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya, ta hanyar wakilan Burtaniya, da fatan za su kawo tsagaita wuta, su hambarar da Ojukwu, su sami manyan mukamai da kansu. An hanzarta yi musu shari'a kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar harbi saboda cin amanar ƙasa. Ifeajuna ya yi ikirarin cewa shirin shi ne don kare rayukan fararen hula a [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] daga farmakin da sojojin tarayya za su kawo musu. An kashe Ifeajuna da abokan hadin gwiwar sa uku a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1967. <ref name="Guardian"/> <ref>Awoyokun, Damola. [http://pwc-review.com/why-i-killed-victor-banjo-ifeajuna-and-others-ojukwu/ "Why I killed Victor Banjo, Ifeajuna and others – Ojukwu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205020153/http://pwc-review.com/why-i-killed-victor-banjo-ifeajuna-and-others-ojukwu |date=2018-02-05 }}. PWC Review. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> Sojojin tarayyar Najeriya sun kame Enugu, babban birnin Biafra bayan kwana biyu. <ref>Omoigui, Nowa. [http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui15.htm "The Key Players of the 1966 Rebellions-Where Are They Today?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512214441/http://dawodu.com/omoigui15.htm |date=2012-05-12 }}. Dawodu. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> Ifeajuna ya sami gado mai hade. Wannan rubutun nasa da ba a buga ba ya ja hankali sosai, ciki har da na [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], janar din soja kuma yanzu tsohon [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] . <ref name="Naija"/> <ref>[[Odia Ofeimun]], [http://saharareporters.com/2012/10/21/forgotten-documents-nigerian-civil-war-odia-ofeimun "The Forgotten Documents Of The Nigerian Civil War"]. Sahara Reporters (2012-10-12). Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> Mutane da yawa suna ganin yunkurin juyin mulkin na shekarar 1966 a matsayin wani shiri ne na Ibo, duk da cewa wadanda suka yi makircin sun hada da wadanda ba ‘yan kabilar Igbo ba, wasu wadanda aka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin‘ yan kabilar Ibo ne, kuma Janar Ironsi wanda ya hana juyin mulkin shi kansa dan Ibo ne. Ana ganin rubutun a matsayin tushe na tarihi mai yiwuwa don kimanta duk launin fatar har zuwa juyin mulki da rawar da Ifeajuna ke ciki, wanda ya kasance daga mai haɗa kai zuwa shugaban masu ilimi. <ref name="AM"/> <ref name="MS2"/> Ifeajuna bai yi fice ba ko kuma nuna fifiko a tarihin yakin basasar Najeriya. Yayin da dan uwansa Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu wanda ya yi juyin mulki a shekarar 1966 aka kawata shi a matsayin jarumin yaki kuma an kafa mutum-mutumi a garinsu, Ifeajuna bai samu karbuwa ba sosai. <ref>Oliver, Brian (2014). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WJCSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=ifeajuna+hero&source=bl&ots=DaDe-pSHA2&sig=cKRnrK5CI2RudkFZVbRdP1JIrQI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WoHCU94nr9vsBsafgPAP&ved=0CDMQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=ifeajuna%20hero&f=false The Commonwealth Games: Extraordinary Stories behind the Medals], p. 112. Bloomsbury Publishing. {{ISBN|9781472908438}}''</ref> Bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2011, tsohon shugaban Biafra Ojukwu ya samu yabo mafi girma daga Najeriya kuma jana’izarsa ya samu halartar Shugaban [[Goodluck Jonathan|Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=At Ojukwu memorial in Dallas, USAfrica’s Chido Nwangwu challenges Igbo nation to say 'never again' like Jews|work=USAfrica|accessdate=2014-04-04|date=2012-02-06|url=http://usafricaonline.com/2012/02/06/ojukwu-memorial-in-dallas-usafricas-chido-nwangwu-challenges-igbos-to-say-never-again-like-jews/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Isiguzo|first1=Christopher|last2=Osondu|first2=Emeka|title=Goodnight Ikemba Ojukwu|work=THISDAY LIVE|accessdate=2014-04-04|date=2012-03-03|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/goodnight-ikemba-ojukwu/110541/|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407094701/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/goodnight-ikemba-ojukwu/110541/|archivedate=7 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McFadden|first=Robert D.|title=Odumegwu Ojukwu, Leader of Breakaway Republic of Biafra, Dies at 78|work=New York Times|accessdate=2014-04-04|date=2011-11-26|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/world/africa/odumegwu-ojukwu-leader-of-breakaway-republic-of-biafra-dies-at-78.html?_r=0}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 1992, Ojukwu ya yi watsi da ikirarin cewa Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu shi ne jagoran wannan makarkashiyar, kamar yadda aka yi amannar. Wani rahoto na Musamman na Ofishin ‘Yan Sanda na Najeriya, sashinta na farko an sake shi wani bangare kuma an rasa na biyun, ya bayyana cewa Ifeajuna, Don Okafor da Kyaftin Ogbu Oji su ne suka kirkiro kuma suka nuna goyon baya ga yunkurin juyin mulkin a shekarar 1965, inda kawai Ojukwu ya shiga cikin wani mataki na makara. <ref>Chukwuemeka Onyema, Henry. [http://www.author-me.com/nonfiction/shot.html "The Shot That Shook The Nation. Reflections On The January 15, 1966 Coup"]. AuthorMe. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> Wasu na ganin Ifeajuna a matsayin wanda ya kashe Firayim Minista Balewa, wanda ya durkusar da Jamhuriya ta Farko kuma ya haifar da yakin basasa.<ref name="NT12">Obasi, Emaka (2014-04-11). [http://newtelegraphonline.com/ifeajuna-jumpers-january-jeremiad/ "Ifeajuna: A jumper’s January jeremiad"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011085125/http://newtelegraphonline.com/ifeajuna-jumpers-january-jeremiad/|date=11 October 2014}}. ''The New Telegraph''. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref>Babu wani bincike da aka yi a jikin Balewa kuma babu tabbacin cewa an harbe shi. Rahotannin da aka bayar game da rahoton sun kuma gano gawarsa a zaune kusa da wata bishiya, kusa da gawar ministan kudi Festus Okotie-Eboh, wanda aka harbe kuma yana tsakiyar zargin cin hanci da rashawa. <ref>Ogunseitan, O'seun (2010-09-05).[https://web.archive.org/web/20100908210025/http://thenationonlineng.net/web3/news/12210.html "Balewa was not killed by soldiers —Mbu"]. ''The Nation Nigeria''. Retrieved 2014-07-13.</ref> Ayyukan siyasa na bin ƙa'idodin wasan kwaikwayon sun mamaye tasirin Ifeajuna a cikin tarihin wasanni na Black Africa. <ref name="Guardian"/> == Rayuwar mutum == A lokacin da yake jami'a, Ifeajuna ya sadu da matarsa Rose a shekara ta 1955. Bayan shekara huɗu sai ma'auratan suka yi aure kuma suka ci gaba da samun 'ya'ya maza biyu. <ref name="Guardian"/> == Rikodin gasar ƙasa da ƙasa == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- |1954 |[[Athletics at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|British Empire and Commonwealth Games]] |[[Vancouver]], Canada |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[Athletics at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games – Men's high jump|High jump]] || 6&nbsp;ft 8&nbsp;in (2.03&nbsp;m) |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Sojojin Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] legaivx7mh6mna93clbdem5l26ybduw 0 17342 875663 729784 2026-07-04T06:18:15Z ~2026-38166-49 46633 875663 wikitext text/x-wiki An haife janar Ali Muhammad Gusau Rts.a garin Gusau a ranar 18 watan mayun shekarar 1943 yana daya daga cikin manyan jami'an tsaron na leken asiri a Nijeriya,wanda ya rawar gani sosai a matsayin maibada shawara kan tsaron kasa (NSA) da kuma Ministan tsaro a karkashin gwamnatoci daban daban, shine taken ƙwararren shugaban [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]] tun 1966. Kafin 1966, taken shine Janar Janar Kwamandan, [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]] (GOCNA). Tun daga shekara ta 1980, wannan mukamin ya kasance a ƙarƙashin shugaban ma'aikatan tsaro, mukamin da shugaban Sojojin Najeriya ke rikewa. Matsayin sau da yawa babban jami'in da [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban kasa]] ya naɗa ne ke rike da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President sacks Service Chiefs, names replacements |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/01/jonathan-replaces-service-chiefs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710171526/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/01/jonathan-replaces-service-chiefs/ |archive-date=10 July 2015 |access-date=9 June 2015 |website=Daily Independent}}</ref> Shugaban ma'aikatan soja na yanzu shine Lieutenant Janar Oluyede, wanda ya gaji Lieutenant Janara [[Taoreed Lagbaja]], wanda ya mutu a ofis a watan Nuwamba 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2024 |title=UPDATED: Tinubu Announces Death of Chief of Army Staff Lagbaja |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2024/11/06/breaking-tinubu-announces-death-of-chief-of-army-staff-lagbaja/}}</ref> == Matsayi == A cikin jerin umarni, shugaban ma'aikatan soja yana ba da rahoto ga shugaban ma'aikata na tsaro, wanda hakan ke ba da rahotanni ga [[Ministan Tsaron Najeriya|Ministan tsaro]], wanda ke da alhakin shugaban Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimah, Jibrin, Amosu Appointed Service Chiefs |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/minimah-jibrin-amosu-appointed-service-chiefs/169042/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714064440/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/minimah-jibrin-amosu-appointed-service-chiefs/169042/ |archive-date=14 July 2015 |access-date=9 June 2015 |website=Thisdaylive}}</ref> Ayyukan doka na jami'in shine tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofi zuwa ga mafi girman cimma matsakaicin tsaron kasa da ƙwarewar aiki na Sojojin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief of Army Staff vows military will end insurgency |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/182322-chief-of-army-staff-vows-military-will-end-insurgency.html |access-date=9 June 2015 |website=Premium Times}}</ref> == Shugabannin Sojojin Najeriya == Wadannan sune jerin lokuta na jami'an da ke riƙe da matsayin Janar Janar Commanding (GOC) ko Shugaban Sojoji (COAS). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chronicle of Command |url=http://www.nigerian-army.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=44 |access-date=2010-06-01 |publisher=The Nigerian Army |archive-date=2011-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213012733/http://www.nigerian-army.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=44 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Babban Jami'in Kwamandan === {{Officeholder table start|showorder=y|showimage=y|image_title=Portrait|officeholder_title=General Officer Commanding|showtermlenght=y|showparty=n|showdefencebranch=n|showref=n}} {{Officeholder table|order=1|image=|military_rank=Major general|officeholder=Kenneth G. Exham|officeholder_sort=Exham, Kenneth|officeholder_note=|born_year=|died_year=|term_start=1956|term_end=1959|timeinoffice={{age in years|1956|1959}} years|ref=}} {{Officeholder table|order=2|image=|military_rank=Major general|officeholder=Norman Foster|officeholder_sort=Foster, Norman|officeholder_note=|born_year=|died_year=|term_start=1959|term_end=1963|timeinoffice={{age in years|1959|1963}} years|ref=}} {{Officeholder table|order=3|image=|military_rank=Major general|officeholder=[[John Alexander Mackenzie]]|officeholder_sort=Mackenzie, John|officeholder_note=|born_year=|died_year=|term_start=1963|term_end=1963|timeinoffice={{age in years|1963|1963}} years|ref=}} {{Officeholder table|order=4|image=|military_rank=Major general|officeholder=Sir [[Christopher Welby-Everard]]|officeholder_sort=Welby-Everard, Christopher|officeholder_note=|born_year=1909|died_year=1996|term_start=1963|term_end=February 1965|timeinoffice={{age in years|1963|1965}} years|ref=}} {{Officeholder table|order=5|image=|military_rank=Major general|officeholder=[[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]]|officeholder_sort=Aguiyi-Ironsi, Johnson|officeholder_note={{small|Later military ruler}}|born_year=1924|died_year=1966|term_start=February 1965|term_end=15 January 1966|timeinoffice={{age in years|1965|1966}} years|ref=}} {{End}} === Shugaban Ma'aikatan Soja === {{Reflist}} Tushen: <ref>{{Cite web |title=TIMELINE: 26 men who served as Nigeria's Chief of Army Staff |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/464638-timeline-26-men-who-served-as-nigerias-chief-of-army-staff-since-1966.html |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Ranar Sojojin Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Officeholder table start|showorder=y|showimage=y|image_title=Portrait|officeholder_title=Chief of Army Staff|showtermlenght=y|showparty=n|showdefencebranch=n|showref=y}} {{Officeholder table|order=1|image=Nigerian Public Domain 137.jpg|military_rank=Lieutenant colonel|officeholder=[[Yakubu Gowon]] {{post-nominals|country=NGA|size=75%|FSS}}|officeholder_sort=Gowon, Yakubu|officeholder_note={{small|Later military ruler}}|born_year=1934|died_year=|term_start=January 1966|term_end=July 1966|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1966|01|1|1966|07|29}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=2|image=|military_rank=Lieutenant colonel|officeholder=[[Joseph Akahan]] {{post-nominals|country=NGA|size=75%|OFR|FSS}}|officeholder_sort=Akahan, Joseph|officeholder_note=|born_year=1937|died_year=1968|died=y|term_start=July 1966|term_end=May 1968|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1966|07|29|1968|05|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=3|image=Nigerian Public Domain 130.jpg|military_rank=Major general|officeholder=[[Hassan Katsina]] {{small|[[Royal College of Defence Studies|RCDS]], [[psc (military)|PSC]]}}|officeholder_sort=Katsina, Hassan|officeholder_note=|born_year=1933|died_year=1995|term_start=May 1968|term_end=January 1971|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1968|05|1|1971|01|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=4|image=|military_rank=Major general|officeholder=[[David Ejoor]]|officeholder_sort=Ejoor, David|officeholder_note=|born_year=1932|died_year=2019|term_start=January 1971|term_end=July 1975|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1971|01|1|1975|07|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=5|image=TY-Danjuma2.gif|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Theophilus Danjuma]]|officeholder_sort=Danjuma, Theophilus|officeholder_note=|born_year=1938|died_year=|term_start=July 1975|term_end=October 1979|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1975|07|1|1979|10|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=6|image=|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Ipoola Alani Akinrinade]] {{post-nominals|country=NGA|size=75%|CFR|FSS}}|officeholder_sort=Akinrinade, Ipoola|officeholder_note={{small|later [[Chief of Defence Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Defence Staff]]}}|born_year=1939|died_year=|term_start=October 1979|term_end=April 1980|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1979|10|1|1980|04|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=7|image=Lt. Col. G. S. Jalo, Commander 2nd Div. from ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 093 New Nigerian newspaper page 7 January 1970. End of the Nigerian civil war with Biafra (cropped).jpg|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Gibson Jalo]] {{post-nominals|country=NGA|size=75%|CFR|FSS}}{{small|, JSS}}|officeholder_sort=Jalo, Gibson|officeholder_note={{small|later [[Chief of Defence Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Defence Staff]]}}|born_year=1939|died_year=2000|term_start=April 1980|term_end=October 1981|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1980|04|1|1981|10|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=8|image=|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Inua Wushishi]] {{post-nominals|country=NGA|size=75%|CFR|FSS}}|officeholder_sort=Wushishi, Inua|officeholder_note=|born_year=1940|died_year=2021|term_start=October 1981|term_end=October 1983|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1981|10|1|1983|10|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=9|image=|military_rank=Major general|officeholder=[[Ibrahim Babangida]]|officeholder_sort=Babangida, Ibrahim|officeholder_note={{small|Later military ruler}}|born_year=1941|died_year=|term_start=January 1984|term_end=August 1985|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1984|01|1|1985|08|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=10|image=|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Sani Abacha]] {{post-nominals|country=NGA|size=75%|GCON}} {{small|, DSS, mni}}|officeholder_sort=Abacha, Sani|officeholder_note={{small|Later military ruler}}|born_year=1943|died_year=1998|term_start=August 1985|term_end=August 1990|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1985|08|1|1990|08|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=11|image=|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Salihu Ibrahim]] {{post-nominals|country=NGA|size=75%|FSS}} {{small|, FHWC}}|officeholder_sort=Abacha, Sani|officeholder_note=|born_year=1935|died_year=2018|term_start=August 1990|term_end=September 1993|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1990|08|1|1993|09|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=12|image=|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Aliyu Mohammed Gusau]] {{small|DSS, rcds}}|officeholder_sort=Gusau, Aliyu|officeholder_note=|born_year=1943|died_year=|term_start=September 1993|term_end=November 1993|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1993|09|1|1993|11|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=13|image=|military_rank=Major general|officeholder=[[Chris Alli]] {{small|CRG, DSS, ndc, psc(+)}}|officeholder_sort=Alli, Chris|officeholder_note=|born_year=1944|died_year=2023|term_start=November 1993|term_end=August 1994|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1993|11|1|1994|08|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=14|image=|military_rank=Major general|officeholder=[[Alwali Kazir]] {{small|DSS, Usawc, psc(+)}}|officeholder_sort=Kazir, Alwali|officeholder_note=|born_year=1947|died_year=|term_start=August 1994|term_end=March 1996|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1994|08|1|1996|03|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=15|image=|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Ishaya Bamaiyi]] {{small|DSS, Usawc, psc(+)}}|officeholder_sort=Bamaiyi, Ishaya|officeholder_note=|born_year=1949|died_year=|term_start=March 1996|term_end=May 1999|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1996|03|1|1999|05|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=16|image=|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Victor Malu]] {{small|DSS, mni, fwc, psc}}|officeholder_sort=Malu, Victor|officeholder_note=|born_year=1947|died_year=2017|term_start=May 1999|term_end=April 2001|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|1999|05|1|2001|04|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=17|image=|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Alexander Ogomudia]]|officeholder_sort=Ogomudia, Alexander|officeholder_note={{small|Later [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Defence Staff]]}}|born_year=1949|died_year=|term_start=April 2001|term_end=June 2003|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|2001|04|1|2003|06|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=18|image=GEN (R) Martin L. Agwai - Panel Discussion - African Land Forces Summit - May 2010.jpg|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Martin Luther Agwai]]|officeholder_sort=Agwai, Martin|officeholder_note={{small|Later [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Defence Staff]]}}|born_year=1948|died_year=|term_start=June 2003|term_end=June 2006|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|2003|06|1|2006|06|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=19|image=General Owoye Azazi 2008.jpeg|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Owoye Andrew Azazi]]|officeholder_sort=Azazi, Owoye|officeholder_note={{small|Later [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Defence Staff]]}}|born_year=1952|died_year=2012|term_start=1 June 2006|term_end=May 2007|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|2006|06|1|2007|05|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=20|image=|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Luka Yusuf]] {{small|CFR, GSS, GPP, DSO, psc(+), fwc, Msc}}|officeholder_sort=Yusuf, Luka|officeholder_note=|born_year=1952|died_year=2009|term_start=June 2007|term_end=August 2008|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|2007|05|1|2008|08|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=21|image=|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Abdulrahman Dambazau]] {{small|CFR, GSS, psc, ndc, fwc(+)}}|officeholder_sort=Dambazau, Abdulrahman|officeholder_note=|born_year=1954|died_year=|term_start=August 2008|term_end=September 2010|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|2008|08|1|2010|09|1}}|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2023}}}} {{Officeholder table|order=22|image=|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Azubuike Ihejirika]] {{small|CFR, GSS, psc(+), fwc, fniqs}}|officeholder_sort=Ihejirika, Azubuike|officeholder_note=|born_year=1956|died_year=|term_start=September 2010|term_end=January 2014|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|2010|09|1|2014|01|1}}|ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://encomium.ng/former-chief-of-army-staff-general-azubuike-ihejirika-set-to-join-abia-guber-race/|title=Former Chief of Army Staff, GENERAL AZUBUIKE IHEJIRIKA set to join Abia guber race|work=encomium.ng|date=14 February 2014 }}</ref>}} {{Officeholder table|order=23|image=|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Kenneth Minimah]] {{small|GSS, psc(+), fwc}}|officeholder_sort=Minimah, Kenneth|officeholder_note=|born_year=1959|died_year=|term_start=January 2014|term_end=July 2015|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|2014|01|1|2015|07|1}}|ref=https://punchng.com/tinubu-promotes-acting-coas-oluyede-to-lieutenant-general/}} {{Officeholder table|order=24|image=Lt. Gen. Tukru Yusuf Buratai, Chief of Army Staff, from African Land Force Summit2018 with Nigerian CoD (cropped).jpg|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Tukur Yusuf Buratai]] {{small|NAM, GSS, psc(+), ndc (BD)}}|officeholder_sort=Buratai, Tukur|officeholder_note=|born_year=1960|died_year=|term_start=16 July 2015|term_end=28 January 2021|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|2015|07|16|2021|01|28}}|ref=<ref name=LeadershipNG>{{cite web|last1=George|first1=Agba|title=Major General TY Buratai New Chief Of Army Staff|url=http://leadership.ng/news/446721/major-general-ty-buratai-new-chief-of-army-staff|accessdate=28 August 2021|archive-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714024437/http://leadership.ng/news/446721/major-general-ty-buratai-new-chief-of-army-staff|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{Officeholder table|order=25|image=21st Chief of Army Staff (Nigerian Army).jpg|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Ibrahim Attahiru]]|officeholder_sort=Attahiru, Ibrahim|officeholder_note=|born_year=1966|died_year=2021|died=y|term_start=28 January 2021|term_end=[[2021 Nigerian Air Force Beechcraft King Air 350i crash|21 May 2021]]|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|2021|01|28|2021|05|21}}|ref=<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/world-55781292|title=Buhari don sack im service chiefs, appoint new ones - see di new ones here|newspaper=BBC News Pidgin }}</ref><ref name="death">{{cite news |title=Nigerian army chief Ibrahim Attahiru killed in air crash |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57208951 |access-date=28 August 2021 |work=bbc.com/news |publisher=BBC}}</ref>}} {{Officeholder table|order=26|image=|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Faruk Yahaya]]|officeholder_sort=Yahaya, Faruk|born_year=1966|died_year=|term_start=27 May 2021|term_end=23 June 2023|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|2021|05|27|2023|06|23}}|ref=<ref>{{cite news |title=New Chief of Army Staff: Buhari appoint Major General Farouk Yahaya to replace late Lieutenant General Ibrahim Attahiru |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-57271639 |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Buhari names Major-General Farouk Yahaya as new army chief |url=https://guardian.ng/breakingnews/buhari-names-major-general-farouk-yahaya-as-new-army-chief/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |date=2021-05-27}}</ref>}} {{Officeholder table|order=27|image=|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Taoreed Lagbaja]]|officeholder_sort=Lagbaja, Taoreed|born_year=1968|died_year=2024|died=y|term_start=23 June 2023|term_end=5 November 2024|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|2023|06|23|2024|11|05}}|ref=<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ariemu |first=Ogaga |date=2023-06-20 |title=10 interesting things to know about new COAS, Maj Gen Lagbaja |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/06/20/10-interesting-things-to-know-about-new-coas-maj-gen-lagbaja/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref>}} {{Officeholder table|order=28|image=Lt Gen OO Oluyede.jpg|military_rank=Lieutenant general|officeholder=[[Olufemi Oluyede]]|officeholder_sort=Oluyede, Olufemi|born_year=1968|died_year=|term_start=30 October 2024|timeinoffice={{age in years and months|2024|10|30}}|ref=<ref>{{Cite web |last=Angbulu |first=Stephen |date=2024-11-05 |title=Tinubu promotes acting COAS Oluyede to Lieutenant General |url=https://punchng.com/tinubu-promotes-acting-coas-oluyede-to-lieutenant-general/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref>}} {{End}}{{Chiefs of Army Staff (COAS) Nigeria}}{{Military of Nigeria}}{{Chief of the army by country}} mqpsb42wlcnak9zvxtb0jffwjkdy57f 0 17447 875636 743972 2026-07-04T05:58:27Z Nura Bello 24854 875636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''farfesa Lawal Suleiman Bilbis''' (An haife shi a shekarar alif dari tara da sittin da daya 1961). Malami ne a sashen ilimin [[Biochemistry]] a [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo]] dake jihar [[sokoto]] da aka nada a matsayin mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar a watan Yulin shekarar 2019, ya maye gurbin tsohon mataimakin shugaban wato Abdullahi Zuru. Ya taba rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban jami'ar ta jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo kuma ya taba rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban jami'ar tarayya da ke [[Birnin Kebbi]] a 2013. == Ilimi == Yayi karatun digiri dinsa na farko (Yana da B.Sc. Biochemistry) daga Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sakkwato a 1986. Kuma yayi PhD na Kimiyyar Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Essex, Ingila a 1992. Ya zama Farfesa a fannin Biochemistry a shekarar 2002 a Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo.Ya fara aiki a matsayin Biochemistry na asibiti a Babban Asibitin, Gusau kafin ya shiga harkar ilimi. Ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin malami a shekarar 1988 a Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo kuma ya taba zama Shugaban Sashen Kimiyyar Biochemistry, shugaban tsangayar Kimiyya. Ya kuma kasance mataimakin shugaban jami'a da Daraktan Ofishin Cigaban Jami'ar a [[Usmanu Danfodiyo University]] (UDUS). == Manazarta == https://educeleb.com/bilbis-emerges-new-udus-vice-chancellor/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127070801/https://educeleb.com/bilbis-emerges-new-udus-vice-chancellor/ |date=2021-01-27 }} https://newsdiaryonline.com/council-approves-prof-bilbis-as-new-udus-vice-chancellor/ https://penpushing.com.ng/professor-lawal-sulaiman-bilbis-vice-chancellor-usmanu-danfodiyo-university/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017123724/https://penpushing.com.ng/professor-lawal-sulaiman-bilbis-vice-chancellor-usmanu-danfodiyo-university/ |date=2020-10-17 }} https://puoreports.ng/2019/07/11/prof-lawal-sulaiman-bilbis-emerges-udus-vc/ https://campusreporter.ng/sokoto-varsity-gets-new-vice-chancellor/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126222318/https://campusreporter.ng/sokoto-varsity-gets-new-vice-chancellor/ |date=2020-11-26 }} https://dailytrust.com/danfodiyo-university-professor-bilbis-emerges-new-vc {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126082106/https://dailytrust.com/danfodiyo-university-professor-bilbis-emerges-new-vc/ |date=2022-11-26 }} s7otbup6b7x50uyefyiy2wpujm569im 0 17720 875605 812485 2026-07-04T05:30:28Z Nura Bello 24854 875605 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nigerian pidgin Wikimedians meet up 02.jpg|thumb|Pidgin na Najeriya]] {{databox}} [[Fayil:Nigerian pidgin Wikimedians meet up 01.jpg|thumb|Pidgin na Najeriya]] [[Fayil:Nigerian Pidgin Wikimedians logo.svg|thumb|nogerian pidgin]] Wannan harshen Turanci ne na cikin gida wanda kusan yawancin 'yan Nijeriya ke amfani da shi, musamman [[Mutanen Ibibio|mutanen]] kudancin kasan. Ana kiran yaren da ''pijin'' ko ''broken english''. Akan yi amfani da harshen a matsayin pijin, ingausa, ko kuma a salon fasahar sarrafa harshe wanda ake amfani da su dangane da yanayin mu'amala.<ref>"Faraclas, Nicholas C., ''Nigerian Pidgin'', Descriptive Grammar, 1996, Introduction.</ref> Akwai littafi da aka yi don koyar da harshen pidgin kuma ya samu karbuwa matuka a gurin mutane.<ref>"IFRA Nigeria – Naija Languej Akedemi". ''www.ifra-nigeria.org''. Retrieved 2019-02-09.</ref><ref>Esizimetor, D. O. (2009). What Orthography for Naijá? Paper delivered at the Conference on Naijá organised by the Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique (IFRA), July 07-10, 2009, University of Ibadan Conference Centre.</ref> Ba a Najeriya kaɗai ake amfani da wannan harshen na Pidjin ba, har da ƙasashen ketare kamar Benin, Ghana, Cameroon da sauransu.<ref>Fitimi, Prince; Ojitobome, Afinotan. "THE EFFECT OF THE NIGERIAN PIDGIN ENGLISH ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN NIGERIA. ACASE STUDY OF NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA STUDENTS IN BENIN STUDY CENTRE".</ref> Misalin ''ya kake?'' a turance wato ''how are you?'' zai zama ''how you dey?'' a harshen pidjin.<ref>"Faraclas, Nicholas G. (2020-06-30). ''Nigerian Pidgin''. Routledge. p. 25. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-203-19280-X|<bdi>0-203-19280-X</bdi>]].</ref> == Matsayi. == Ana amfani da harshen pidjin a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya, amma har yanzun kuma ba'a zartar da shi a matsayin 'yantaccen harshe ba. Harshen pidjin yana bada damar cudanya tsakanin harsuna daban daban na Najeriya<ref>"Language Contact Manchester". ''languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk''. Retrieved 2018-07-17.</ref> kuma ana amfani da ita wajen magana a sassa daban daban na kasar. == Bambance-bambance. == Yawancin harsuna daban-daban (250) na Najeriya na iya amfani da yaren pidjin sai dai akwai bambanci tsakanin wasu kalmomi dangane da wurare. Misali, Yarbawa kanyi amfani da kalmar Ṣebi da Abi a yayin magana da harshen, wanda akan sanya su a farko ko karshen jimla. Misali, ''"Zaka zo ko?"'' a turance ''"You are coming, right?"'', a ''pdjin Ṣebi you dey come?'' ko ''kuma You dey come abi?'' Wani misalin shi ne yadda inyamurai ke amfani da kalmar "Nna" wanda ake amfani da shi a farkon jimla don jaddada muhimmancin magana. Akwai wata kalma da inyamurai ke yawan amfani da it's wajen magana kamar ''"Una"'' wanda aka aro daga kalmar inyamuranci "Unu" wanda ke nufin "abu masu kama da juna" ko mutane biyu, misali ''"Una dey mad"'' ma'ana "baku da hankali". Har wayau, salon sarrafa harshen pidjin ya bambanta a wurare daban daban. Yaren pidjin ya haɗa da asalin wurare da suka hada da Warri; Sapele; Umuahia; Benin City; Port Harcourt; Lagos (musamman Ajegunle); da kuma Onitsha. Mafi yawanci an fi amfani da yaren pidjin a yankin Niger Delta inda mutane da yawa ke amfani da shi a matsayin yarensu na farko. Akwai zancen da ya tabbatar da cewa a Najeriya aka fara amfani da harshen pidjin wanda daga bisani ya ketara zuwa kasashen yakin Afurka ta yamma. == Dangantakan Pidjin da sauran yaruka. == === Kamanceceniya da Ingausar Carrebiya. === Pidjin din Najeriya tare da sauran pidjin na kasashen nahiyar Afurka na da dangantaka da ingausar da ake amfani da ita a yankin Carreniya. Salon furucin harshen na da bambanci da na Carrebiya amma idan da za'a rubuta shi ko a fada a hankali za'a ga cewa akwai kamanceceniya tsakaninsu. === Dangantaka da yaren Portugal. === Har ila yau akwai kalmomin da ake amfani da su a Pidjin wanda sun samo asali ne daga yaren Portugal wanda zuka zauna a yakunan Edo da Delta musamman lokacin cinikayyar bayi a yankin. Misali, kalmar "sabi" wanda ke nufin "iyawa" ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal "saber" wanda ke da ma'ana iri daya. Kamar ace "za ka/ki iya" (a turance "can you do it?") a pidjin kuma "you ''sabi'' do am"?. Dangane da labarin ka'idojin pidjin, kalmar ''sabir'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar aro na harshen Portugal. Har wayau kalmar pikin wanda ke nufin yaro karami ya samo asali ne daga yaren Portugal wanda ke nufin "pequeno" da kuma "pequenino" wanda suke nufin "karami" ko kuma "karamin yaro" a jere. === Turancin Najeriya. === Kamar dai ingausar yankunan Carrebiya, ana amfani da pidjin ne wajen harkokin yau da kullum amma ba'a harkokin gwamnati ba. Haka zalika wannan yaren pidjin bai da matsayi a gwamnatance a Najeriya. Ana koyan turanci ne a makarantu na boko.<ref>"Florence Agbo, Ogechi; Plag, Ingo (2020-12-11). "The Relationship of Nigerian English and Nigerian Pidgin in Nigeria: Evidence from Copula Constructions in Ice-Nigeria". ''Journal of Language Contact''. '''13''' (2): 351–388. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1163/19552629-bja10023. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 1877-1491.</ref> == Kara bita. == * [[Pichinglis]] == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsuna]] aoauxvskw6krwg8h8k3fvoq74nealhk 0 19359 875684 665290 2026-07-04T07:33:51Z Kaddi123 38060 875684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abubakar Umar Gada''' [[Nijeriya|dan]] majalisar dattijan Najeriya ne wanda ya wakilci [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam’iyyar]] PDP a [[Sokoto (jiha)|jihar Sakkwato]] . Ya zama dan majalisar [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|dattawan Najeriya]] a shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai 2007. == Tarihin rayuwa == An kuma haifi Abubakar Umar Gada a ranar sha’shidda 16 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da shidda 1966 a cikin gari gada. Yana kuma da digiri na biyu a harkokin mulki, da digiri na biyu a harkokin kasuwanci, difloma difloma a fannin gwamnati da kuma Kimiyyar Kimiyya. Kafin ya tsunduma cikin siyasa, ya kasance dan kasuwar Mai na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya. Ya kuma fara shiga siyasa ne a shekara ta dubu biyu da uku 2003, a kokarin da ya yi na zama mataimakin gwamnan jihar Sokoto. == Ayyukan majalisar dattijai == Abubakar Umar Gada an zabe shi sanatan Sokoto ta Gabas a shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai 2007. An kuma naɗa nada shi a kwamitocin Hadin kai da Hadin kai, Kafa da Bautar Jama'a, Man Fetur, Sadarwa, Kasuwanci, Albarkatun Ruwa da Mata da Matasa. A watan Yulin shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai 2007, da yake magana kan gazawar Bode Agusto daga jihar [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] don tabbatar da majalisar dattijai, Gada ya ce tsohon babban darakta a Ofishin Kasafin Kudi ya yi rawar gani sosai a lokacin [[Olusegun Obasanjo|mulkin Obasanjo]], kuma ya nuna raini ga Majalisar Kasa. A watan Afrilun shekara ta shekarar dubu biyu da takwas 2008, majalisar dattijai ta kafa wani kwamiti na mutum goma sha biyu karkashin jagorancin Sanata Heineken Lokpobiri don bincikar yadda aka gudanar da kudaden da aka ware wa bangaren sufuri tun daga shekara ta 1999. An sanya sunan Sanata Gada a cikin kwamitin. A watan Mayu na shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas 2008, Gada yana daya daga cikin sanatocin da aka nada a kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Majalisar kan Tattauna Tsarin Mulki. Da yake magana game da Dokar Masana’antar Man Fetur (PIB) a watan Afrilu na shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009, Sanata Gada, wanda shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa a kan Man Fetur, ya ce dole ne a sanya wa kudurin cikakken bincike don tabbatar da cewa ya cimma burinta. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2009, rikici ya barke a [[Maiduguri]], [[Borno|jihar Borno]] inda sojoji suka farma wani gida da masallaci da [[Boko Haram|kungiyar Boko Haram mai]] kaifin kishin Islama ke amfani da shi, inda suka kashe mataimakin shugabansu da mabiya 200. Da yake tsokaci kan lamarin, Abubakar Umar Gada ya ce ‘yan Boko Haram sun yi amfani da dimbin jama’a ba tare da aiki ko dama ba don inganta kansu. A wata hira da manema labarai, Gada ya yi Allah wadai da kimar sanatoci ta hanyar yawan Kudaden da aka dauki nauyinsu, yana mai bayyana cewa gudummawar da suka bayar yayin da aka aiwatar da kudirin shima yana da matukar muhimmanci. Ibrahim Gada ya fafata a zaɓen fidda gwani na PDP a watan Janairun shekara ta 2011 don sake zama dan takarar Sanatan Sokoto ta Gabas. [[Abdullahi Ibrahim Gobir|Amma, Abdullahi Ibrahim Gobir]] ya doke shi, wanda ya samu kuri’u 1,547 yayin da Gada ya samu kuri’u 60. Gobir ta ci gaba da zaba. A shekara 2019 yafito takara gwana sokoto ama bai samu,ya Kuma sake fitowa takara a 2023 bai samu ba daga yaja za jamaiya zuwa ADC har zuwa 2026 inda yanxu ya koma jam'iya PDP. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1966]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Sokoto (jiha)]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar sokoto]] [[Category:Sanatocin Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bgvoyd5r42tno61h6x1hh37rnrm8432 0 21788 875315 447736 2026-07-03T18:55:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fadamar ruwan Ruacana''' ruwa ne wanda yake kusa da Ruacana akan Kogin Kunene a Arewacin Namibia. Fadamar ruwan yana da tsayi mita 120 (390 ft) mai tsayi kuma mita 700 (2,300 ft) mai fadi a cikakkiyar ambaliya. Tana daga cikin manyan rafukan ruwa a Afirka, duka girma da faɗi.<ref>[http://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall.php?num=155 Ruacana Falls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128154353/http://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall.php?num=155 |date=2006-11-28 }} WorldWaterFallDatabase.com</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 9u2yg16fzzcx891bool0ob8isp8gdeg 0 21837 875531 711685 2026-07-03T23:25:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Mekrou_river_in_W-National_Park_MS_6380.JPG |thumb|Kogin Mekrou da ke wurin shakatawar]] '''Filin shakatawa na W''' (Faransanci: ''Parc national du W'')<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|title=Parc national du W|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/355|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> ko '''Yankin shakatawa na W''' (Faransanci: W du Niger) babban filin shakatawa ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma]] a kusa da bakin ruwa a [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Niger]] mai kama da harafin W (Faransanci: ''double v''). Dajin ya haɗa da yankuna na kasashen uku [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], [[Benin]] da [[Burkina Faso]], kuma gwamnatocin ukun ne ke kula da shi. Har zuwa shekara ta 2008, aiwatar da tsarin gudanarwar yanki ya sami tallafi daga aikin ECOPAS na Kungiyar EU (Kare Tsarin Yanayi a Sudano-Sahelian Afirka, Faransanci: ''Ecosystèmes protégés en Afrique soudano-sahélienne''). Gidajen shakatawa guda uku suna aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan W Transborder Park. (Faransanci: ''Parc Yankin W'').<ref>[http://www.parc-w.net/ parc-w.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201062314/http://www.parc-w.net/ |date=2009-02-01 }}: Official site.</ref> Bangaren Filin shakatawa na W da ke kwance a Benin, wanda yakai sama da 8,000 km2 (3,100 sq mi), ya zo karkashin cikakken kulawar Parks na Afirka a watan Yunin 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.africanparks.org/benin-government-commits-long-term-protection-w-national-park}}</ref> A cikin Benin, W National Park yana haɗuwa da Pendjari National Park wanda shima yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Parks na Afirka. == Tarihi == [[File:Panneau_indicative_du_Parc_W_(Proche).jpg|left|thumb|Allon tallar alamar zuwa yankin ]] An ƙirƙiro Filin shakatawa na W na Nijar ta hanyar doka a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 1954, kuma tun daga 1996 aka sanya ta a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na UNESCO. A cikin Nijar, an sanya wurin shakatawa a matsayin Babban Gandun Kasa, IUCN Nau'in II, kuma yana daga cikin manyan haɗaɗɗun wuraren adanawa da wuraren kariya. Wadannan sun hada da Dallol Bosso da ke kusa da yankin (Ramsar) a gabar gabashin gabar [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Neja]] da wani bangare na karamin 'Parc national du W' (Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)).<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Database on Protected Areas: W du Niger |url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=818&level=nat |access-date=2021-06-26 |archive-date=2020-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619193237/https://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=818&level=nat |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wuraren shakatawa guda uku sune BirdLife International Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBAs) na nau'ikan A1 da A3 (lambobin IBA IBA NE001, IBA BF008, da IBA BJ001). == Labarin kasa == [[File:Bends_in_the_River_Niger_which_give_W_National_Park_its_distinctive_name.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bends_in_the_River_Niger_which_give_W_National_Park_its_distinctive_name.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Bends a cikin Kogin Niger wanda ya ba Filin shakatawa na W sunan ta daban]] A cikin ƙasashe uku, Yankin Yankin ya mamaye kusan 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi) wanda yawancin mutane ba sa zama, kasancewar har zuwa 1970s wani yanki na Malaria na yankuna masu dausayi wanda ya haɗu ta hanyar tafkin Kogin Mékrou tare da Niger, wanda tsaunukan dutse suka farfasa. A tarihi, yankin ya kasance wani lokaci babban yanki na mazaunin ɗan adam, wanda aka yanke hukunci ta wurin mahimman wuraren tarihi na kayan tarihi (galibi kaburbura) da aka samu a yankin. == Flora == A cikin gandun dajin, an adana jimlar nau'ikan shuke-shuke 454, gami da orchids guda biyu da aka samo a Nijar kawai. Wurin shakatawa kuma shine iyakar kudu na rarraba tuddai a filayen daji a Neja. == Fauna == An san wurin shaƙatawa da manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da aardvark, dawa, da bauna na Afirka, da caracal, da cheetah, da giwar daji ta Afirka, da hippopotamus, da damisa ta Afirka, da zakin Afirka ta Yamma, da kuma dabbar daji. Wurin shakatawa na ba da gida ga wasu giwayen Afirka na ƙarshe na giwar Afirka. Koyaya, baƙauran rakumin dawa na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda a yau aka ƙayyade shi zuwa ƙananan yankuna na Nijar, ba ya wurin shakatawa. Park din W kuma sanannen abu ne na tarihi na tarin fakitin karen daji na Yammacin Afirka da ke cikin hatsari,<ref>W National Park. 2009</ref> kodayake wannan kifin na iya karewa yanzu daga yankin.<ref>C.Michael Hogan. 2009</ref> Gandun dajin na ɗaya daga cikin wurare masu karfi na baya-bayan nan don yankin cheetah na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka. Populationananan mutane 25 aka kiyasta suna zaune a ƙetaren haɗaɗɗen yankin W-Arli – Pendjari.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Durant, S.M., Mitchell, N., Groom, R., Pettorelli, N., Ipavec, A., Jacobson, A.P., Woodroffe, R., Böhm, M., Hunter, L.T., Becker, M.S. and Broekhuis, F., Bashir, S., Andresen, L., Aschenborn, O., Beddiaf, M., Belbachir, F.|display-authors=etal|year=2017|title=The global decline of cheetah ''Acinonyx jubatus'' and what it means for conservation|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=3|doi=10.1073/pnas.1611122114|pages=528–533|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/114/3/528.full|pmc=5255576|pmid=28028225|access-date=2021-06-26|archive-date=2018-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613011440/http://www.pnas.org/content/114/3/528.full|url-status=dead}}</ref> W National Park shima an san shi da yawan tsuntsaye, musamman nau'ikan ƙaura masu wucewa, tare da gano sama da nau'ikan 350 a cikin wurin shakatawa.<ref>United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (Content Partner); Mark McGinley (Topic Editor). 2009. "'''W' National Park, Niger.''" In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [https://www.eoearth.org/article/'W'_National_Park,_Niger online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129061424/http://www.eoearth.org/article/%27W%27_National_Park%2C_Niger|date=2009-11-29}}</ref> BirdLife International ta gano wurin shakatawa a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye.<ref>BirdLife International. (2013). Important Bird Areas factsheet: 'W' National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/03/2013.</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Elephants bath park w Niger 2006.jpg| sakin layi<center></center> File:Gazelle big road park w niger 2006148670716 94d943892c b.jpg|<center>irin naman doya</center> File:Gazelle clearing park w niger 2006.jpg|<center>dabbar daji</center> File:Gazelles grass park w niger 2006.jpg|<center>a kewaye</center> File:Landsacpe dry stream park w niger 2006.jpg|<center>wuri mai faɗi</center> File:Baboon niger parkw 2006.jpg|<center>tantalus biri</center> </gallery> == Manazarta == <references /> == Adabi == * Convers Arnaud, Chaibou Issa, Binot Aurélie, Dulieu Dominique (2007) La gestion de la transhumance dans la zone d’influence du parc régional du w par le programme ecopas: une « approche projet » pour l’aménagement de la périphérie du parc. Vertigo Hors Série 4. URL : http://vertigo.revues.org/761 ; DOI : 10.4000/vertigo.761 * Benoit M (1998) Statut et usage du sol en périphérie du parc national du "W" du Niger. Tome 1 : Contribution à l’étude du milieu naturel et des ressources végétales du canton de Tamou et du Parc du "W". ORSTOM, Niamey, Niger, 41 p. [http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/griseli1/010016709.pdf] * Doussa S (2004) Les impacts de la culture cotonnière sur la gestion des ressources naturelles du Parc W. Maitrise, Université de [[Ouagadougou]]. * Grégoire JM, Fournier A, Eva H & Sawadogo L (2003) Caractérisation de la dynamique des feux et de l’évolution du couvert dans le Parc du W: Burkina Faso, Bénin et Niger. 64 S. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060515160415/http://www-tem.jrc.it/PDF_publis/2003/Gregoire_EUR_ParcW_2003.pdf] * Hogan C.Michael (2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 ''Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg] * {{cite journal|author=Koster S, Grettenberger J|year=1983|title=A preliminary survey of birds in Park W Niger|journal=Malimbus|volume=5|pages=62–72}} * Nacoulma, B.M.I. (2012): Dynamique et stratégies de conservation de la végétation et de la phytodiversité du complexe écologique du Parc National du W du Burkina Faso. PhD thesis, Université de Ouagadougou. * Nacoulma, B.M.I., Schmidt, M., Hahn, K., Thiombiano, A. (2020): ''A checklist of vascular plants of the W National Park in Burkina Faso, including the adjacent hunting zones of Tapoa-Djerma and Kondio''. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e54205. [https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e54205] * {{cite journal|author=Poche R|year=1976|title=A checklist of National Park W, Niger|journal=Africa Mig. Field|volume=41|issue=3|pages=113–115}} * {{cite journal|author=Poche R|year=1973|title=Niger's threatened park 'W'|journal=Oryx|volume=12|issue=2|pages=216–222|doi=10.1017/s003060530001156x|doi-access=free}} * Rabeil T (2003) Distribution potentielles des grands mammifères dans le Parc du W au Niger. Doctoral Thesis, Univ. [[Faris|Paris]] VII. 463 S. [http://tel.ccsd.cnrs.fr/docs/00/04/71/22/PDF/tel-00006931.pdf]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Price et al. (2003) The “W” Regional Park of Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger - Building on a Process of Regional Integration to Address both Local Interests and Transboundary Challenges. World Parks Congress 2003, Durban, RSA. In: Pansky, Diane (ed.). 2005. Governance Stream of the Vth World Parks Congress. [[Ottawa]], Canada: Parks Canada and IUCN/WCPA. ISBN R62-375/2003E-MRC 0-662-40433-5. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706175402/http://www.earthlore.ca/clients/WPC/English/grfx/sessions/PDFs/session_1/Price.pdf] * W National Park of Niger. 2009. [http://www.wwfus.org/bsp/publications/africa/108/190/chap2.htm] * Zwarg A, Schmidt M, Janßen T, Hahn K, Zizka G (2012) Plant diversity, functional traits and soil conditions of grass savannas on lateritic crusts (bowé) in south eastern Burkina Faso. Flora et Vegetatio Sudano-Sambesica 15: 15–24. [https://doi.org/10.21248/fvss.15.18] == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080420115109/http://www.air-voyages-niger.com/Air%20pages/Niamey-Parc-W-Carte.html Detailed Nigerien government tourist map]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010627050403/http://www.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/%27w%27-np.htm WCMC World Heritage Site Data Sheet] * [https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=749 UNESCO Page on W National Park] * [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6719&m=0 BirdLife IBA Factsheet 'W' National Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010100336/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6719 |date=2012-10-10 }}. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070627095327/http://www.orleans.ird.fr/UR_US/ur136/site/activites/wniger.htm Le Parc du W du Niger (Niger, Burkina Faso, Bénin): Aires protégées Burkina Faso - Niger - Bénin]. Centre IRD d'Orléans Research Summary, University of Orleans (France) chpl7hlwcqhq9rm2p1bynmapp88pau0 0 21867 874985 621970 2026-07-03T12:21:13Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a cikin 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimma "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a 2003, Laberiya a 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya a 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a cikin 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} t9tfh9u0lereeu3t68yeza7mea0r2en 874986 874985 2026-07-03T12:23:59Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a cikin 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimma "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a 2003, Laberiya a 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya ali 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a cikin 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 97ezx43woqp2fskx8p7xcvjyitc3oce 874987 874986 2026-07-03T12:26:25Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a cikin 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a 2003, Laberiya a 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya ali 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a cikin 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} h9jzw1omd3szwusn0krn1vi04xxyxll 874988 874987 2026-07-03T12:26:57Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a cikin 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a 2003, Laberiya a 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a cikin 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} m0dxzfjjz0lkdrx24nny4bfrpc35kra 874989 874988 2026-07-03T12:28:48Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a 2003, Laberiya a a2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a cikin 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} gdyv2l4ygkh500woxrx3224cr9aje5j 874990 874989 2026-07-03T12:29:11Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a a 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a 2003, Laberiya a a2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a cikin 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} baepg11ukjk5uil6rnyip1vdcctxmux 874991 874990 2026-07-03T12:29:39Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a al 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a 2003, Laberiya a a2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a cikin 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} rontpe5268343b9mj568g9ixndy9qfo 874992 874991 2026-07-03T12:30:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a ali 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a 2003, Laberiya a a2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a cikin 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 5hvna0gthqy7a7smvizm0jbtzlg68on 874993 874992 2026-07-03T12:30:23Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a 2003, Laberiya a a2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a cikin 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 2hcevr6cimg1sve3dicn5fphyrv8j8d 874994 874993 2026-07-03T12:31:05Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a 2003, Laberiya a a2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a cikin 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} awv9jsoiztxj3uvxki7y2ushsl95m1g 874995 874994 2026-07-03T12:31:36Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a 2003, Laberiya a a2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a a 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} groh92snr7ka7ezais8bpe8g61ways7 874996 874995 2026-07-03T12:32:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a 2003, Laberiya a al2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a a 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} gjvnezzpfxj09h06o3rgmdzir8c7tbi 874997 874996 2026-07-03T12:32:35Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a 2003, Laberiya a ali2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a a 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} l2lb0djnd9tvcy7gyy4vaideeq19yuc 874998 874997 2026-07-03T12:33:16Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a a 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 1xde7al2fvu2p40qm7lo0lhwc2f6yoq 874999 874998 2026-07-03T12:33:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 874999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a a 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} cz4y4t0iuo5qbf0s8zq323p9gjzf59v 875000 874999 2026-07-03T12:34:33Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a a 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa al 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} gh5eqtvfuwrzsit3o7il5q4rkvnf3ir 875001 875000 2026-07-03T12:35:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a al 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa al 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 18qzdqdyu1y4ujg30ysf50hg9a5hm5u 875002 875001 2026-07-03T12:35:55Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a ali 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa al 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} cf58x83nunq94af4ys4tdmsy1951y6v 875003 875002 2026-07-03T12:36:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a ali 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa al 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 2uxgfiqyn3sphotcz5uurf5u3x7bct0 875004 875003 2026-07-03T12:36:59Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa al 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} jtao95rwc0soogup1dzhbnlxgnprpmj 875005 875004 2026-07-03T12:37:25Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa ali 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} eklci2prhcf8xs5w94478ii2ql7hf0y 875006 875005 2026-07-03T12:38:09Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} quyb8aw49354fpngpuqndewdjknigj2 875007 875006 2026-07-03T12:38:51Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} be3800outh9ckv1xw619js7lzc5ap2r 875008 875007 2026-07-03T12:40:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 9lqpdeky2f7wipqf5avsaz6jg0lgb6p 875009 875008 2026-07-03T12:40:36Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} plkij6hjotp14pg6t2elezs7lhzlfeo 875010 875009 2026-07-03T12:42:32Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a a 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 1e6u9wlf08zdhdz3dyatu18g40r0lji 875011 875010 2026-07-03T12:43:16Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a al 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} hgtikpydzw7wnbmfdf4h7rrtcacnw5c 875012 875011 2026-07-03T12:43:48Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a al 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} aez5xz85mo6zjj9pqaol7h5hzszxafr 875013 875012 2026-07-03T12:44:11Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a al 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ok88qv0mvuavpeyzsa0dvphrzt7zggo 875014 875013 2026-07-03T12:44:35Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a al 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} duf4x5udecwzinrawz4yz2iwjiik664 875119 875014 2026-07-03T16:19:05Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar a al 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A alif 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun a 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa alif 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 3con0m8ynjkk35epx40n8b970g6ey1h 875167 875119 2026-07-03T16:40:03Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar al 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} n4z0awmvbd0e0i3vz5cubzuwan3m8zv 875168 875167 2026-07-03T16:42:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar al 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} l07ukgzjj4pzoiwm8plvc5scb0u8l35 875169 875168 2026-07-03T16:43:24Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 9vilyqlsudeylqv27wfr89xrz94r5t2 875171 875169 2026-07-03T16:44:19Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ewbnh5jd9ny99o5rmsf8cr3ca6ah1y6 875174 875171 2026-07-03T16:44:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a al 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} jtlqjeltn7zi13dua1x2j05j32sdja3 875175 875174 2026-07-03T16:45:31Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a al 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} b5ekzw5z0p3fvobezfmp75u7pk8rqh4 875176 875175 2026-07-03T16:46:03Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a ali 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} skzoa90f87stzgb4yekln3955lb72sv 875179 875176 2026-07-03T16:49:46Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a ali 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara alif 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta a al2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} hib96p6f0zogco8h6oiy9g3l7tmqo7q 875181 875179 2026-07-03T16:52:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a ali 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga alif 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara alif 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta a al2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} q2yaxntcr0w2xehndvp7kt81w27rd0i 875182 875181 2026-07-03T16:52:58Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a alif 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga alif 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara alif 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta a al2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} n0eiwrzy3ywfce4npwjflucd2r6v3zz 875184 875182 2026-07-03T16:53:55Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a alif 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga alif 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara alif 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta a ali2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} exmk2bk7nv021vmpm1m4h7nb8pr4pl7 875185 875184 2026-07-03T16:55:32Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a alif 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a al 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga alif 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara alif 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta a ali2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 29ft772ok1renl05cjlqwjx8mxgvzkg 875187 875185 2026-07-03T16:56:17Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a alif 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a ali 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga alif 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara alif 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta a ali2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 8kgstpp705os8dkd11ftsspitvrokyc 875191 875187 2026-07-03T16:59:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a alif 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a alif 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun alif 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu alif 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga alif 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara alif 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta a ali2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} g4np4qwwajiwhyo420wqapfe8vpncgo 875194 875191 2026-07-03T17:03:04Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a alif 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a alif 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun alif 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu alif 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga alif 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara alif 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta a ali2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunan ta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} dale1xic3py40y0yu4a4zfvs361grf5 875196 875194 2026-07-03T17:04:30Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a alif 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a alif 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun alif 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu alif 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga alif 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara alif 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta a alif 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, ammah yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunan ta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} hge8q50153doyyk7jm3qzik7xoshvkd 875197 875196 2026-07-03T17:05:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a alif 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a alif 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun alif 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu alif 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga alif 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shi ne mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara alif 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta a alif 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, ammah yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunan ta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} nabtlx6z7srvtryy267a10tuilkexgt 875198 875197 2026-07-03T17:06:37Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a alif 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a alif 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun alif 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun alif 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu alif 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga alif 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shi ne mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara alif 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta a alif 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, ammah yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunan ta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ittu1ha9tw5j04igct2we1ga2t5zwhx 875199 875198 2026-07-03T17:07:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} '''Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma,''' (Da Turanci '''ECOWAS''', da [[Faransanci]] '''CEDEAO'''), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a alif 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, alif 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziƙi a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin a alif 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin ƙungiyar ECOWAS shi ne a cimmah "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziƙi da Ƙungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta ƙasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na haɗin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin ƙungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a a 2003, Laberiya a alif 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya alif 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economic ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a alif 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arziƙi masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yammah ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shi ne CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa alif 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta haɗa da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’ummah ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’ummah, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yammah (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kuɗaɗe da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yammah (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan haɗin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Haɗin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a alif 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar alif 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar a alif 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Ƙasashen Nijar da Mali da Burkina Faso sun sanar da ficewa daga ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun alif 2024, lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan kafa ƙungiyar ECOWAS, inda suka yi zargin rashin taimakon kungiyar musamman ta fuskar ta’addanci da kuma zarginta da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar ta ECOWAS. tasirin ikon ƙasashen waje. {| class="wikitable" | '''Kasashen mambobi''' Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun alif 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu alif 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga alif 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shi ne mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekara alif 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta a alif 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, ammah yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. '''ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar''' {| class="wikitable" |ECOWAS Zone A member statesCountryArea (km²)Population (thousands)GDP (nominal) (millions USD)GDP (PPP) (millions intl.$)CurrencyOfficial language Cabo Verde4,0335211,6033,413escudoPortuguese Gambia11,2951,9919393,344dalasiEnglish Guinea245,85712,6096,69915,244francFrench Guinea-Bissau36,1251,8441,0572,685CFA francPortuguese Liberia111,3694,5032,0533,762dollarEnglish Mali1,240,19217,60012,74735,695CFA francFrench Senegal196,71215,12913,61036,625CFA francFrench Sierra Leone72,3006,4534,21510,127leoneEnglishECOWAS Zone A total'''1,917,88360,55042,923110,895'''—— |} '''Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B''' {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" |'''Country''' |'''Area''' '''(km²)''' |'''Population''' '''(thousands)''' |'''GDP (nominal)''' '''(millions USD)''' |'''GDP (PPP)''' '''(millions intl.$)''' |'''Currency''' |'''Official''' '''language''' |- |Benin |114,763 |10,880 |8,291 |22,377 |CFA franc |French |- |Burkina Faso |272,967 |18,106 |10,678 |30,708 |CFA franc |French |- |Ghana |238,533 |27,410 |37,543 |115,409 |cedi |English |- |Côte d'Ivoire |322,463 |22,702 |31,759 |79,766 |CFA franc |French |- |Niger |1,267,000 |19,899 |7,143 |19,013 |CFA franc |French |- |Nigeria |923,768 |182,202 |481,066 |1,093,921 |Naira |English |- |Togo |56,785 |7,305 |4,088 |10,667 |CFA franc |French |- |ECOWAS Zone B total |'''3,196,279''' |'''277,502''' |'''580,568''' |'''1,371,861''' |— |— |} |} '''Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !Executive Secretary !Country !In office |- |Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara |Ivory Coast |January 1977 – 1985 |- |Momodu Munu |Sierra Leone |1985–1989 |- |Abass Bundu |Sierra Leone |1989–1993 |- |Édouard Benjamin |Guinea |1993–1997 |- |Lansana Kouyaté |Guinea |September 1997 – 31 January 2002 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007 |- |Mohamed Ibn Chambas |Ghana |1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010 |- |James Victor Gbeho |Ghana |18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012 |- |Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo |Burkina Faso |1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016 |- |Marcel Alain de Souza |Benin |4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018 |- |Jean-Claude Brou |Ivory Coast |1 March 2018 – present |} '''Shugabanni''' {| class="wikitable" !hairperson !Country !In office |- |Yakubu Gowon |Nigeria |28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977 |- |Olusegun Obasanjo |Nigeria |13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979 |- |Léopold Sédar Senghor |Senegal |30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1980–1981 |- |Siaka Stevens |Sierra Leone |1981–1982 |- |Mathieu Kérékou |Benin |1982–1983 |- |Ahmed Sékou Touré |Guinea |1983–1984 |- |Lansana Conté |Guinea |1984–1985 |- |Muhammadu Buhari |Nigeria |1985 – 27 August 1985 |- |Ibrahim Babangida |Nigeria |27 August 1985 – 1989 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1989–1990 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |1990–1991 |- |Dawda Jawara |Gambia |1991–1992 |- |Abdou Diouf |Senegal |1992–1993 |- |Nicéphore Soglo |Benin |1993–1994 |- |Jerry Rawlings |Ghana |1994 – 27 July 1996 |- |Sani Abacha |Nigeria |27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998 |- |Abdulsalami Abubakar |Nigeria |9 June 1998 – 1999 |- |Gnassingbé Eyadéma |Togo |1999 – 1999 |- |Alpha Oumar Konaré |Mali |1999 – 21 December 2001 |- |Abdoulaye Wade |Senegal |21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003 |- |John Kufuor |Ghana |31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005 |- |Mamadou Tandja |Niger |19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007 |- |Blaise Compaoré |Burkina Faso |19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008 |- |Umaru Musa Yar'Adua |Nigeria |19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010 |- |Goodluck Jonathan |Nigeria |18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012 |- |Alassane Ouattara |Ivory Coast |17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013 |- |John Mahama |Ghana |17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015 |- |Macky Sall |Senegal |19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016 |- |Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |Liberia |4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017 |} '''Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki''' Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. '''Majalisar Al'umma''' Majalisar Al'ummah ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Parliament Seats |- |Benin |5 |- |Burkina Faso |6 |- |Cape Verde |5 |- |Ivory Coast |7 |- |Gambia |5 |- |Ghana |8 |- |Guinea |6 |- |Guinea-Bissau |5 |- |Liberia |5 |- |Mali |6 |- |Niger |6 |- |Nigeria |35 |- |Senegal |6 |- |Sierra Leone |5 |- |Togo |5 |} '''An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS''' Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) '''Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin''': Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. '''Wasanni da musayar al'adu''' ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. '''Hadin kan tattalin arziki''' Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunan ta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. '''Membobinsu''' * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) *'''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka''' *Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. ==== Membobin su ==== * Benin (Founding Member) * Burkina Faso (Founding Member) * Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) * Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) * Mali (Founding Member) * Niger (Founding Member) * Senegal (Founding Member) * Togo (Founding Member) '''Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka.''' Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. '''Sufuri''' Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. '''Yawon shakatawa''' A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 - 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. '''Duba kuma''' Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa - tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} jov7wl4bsym76wzi2fp34j97sfzh6ce 4 21908 875502 874717 2026-07-03T21:29:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 875502 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:HaxelKaszëba|HaxelKaszëba]] |[[Special:Contributions/HaxelKaszëba|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 2 ga Yuli 2026 |- |2 |[[User:JODOR1981|JODOR1981]] |[[Special:Contributions/JODOR1981|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 2 ga Yuli 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Hwyaden fach|Hwyaden fach]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hwyaden fach|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 2 ga Yuli 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Woaoaoawr|Woaoaoawr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Woaoaoawr|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 2 ga Yuli 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Jnbloss|Jnbloss]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jnbloss|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 2 ga Yuli 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Awagana|Awagana]] |[[Special:Contributions/Awagana|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 2 ga Yuli 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Abunihla001|Abunihla001]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abunihla001|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 2 ga Yuli 2026 |- |8 |[[User:CoreTechLogic|CoreTechLogic]] 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|[[User:Yodin|Yodin]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yodin|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |35 |[[User:Jozefus|Jozefus]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jozefus|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |36 |[[User:Mahamed souleymane|Mahamed souleymane]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mahamed souleymane|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |37 |[[User:Babayo Usman|Babayo Usman]] |[[Special:Contributions/Babayo Usman|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |38 |[[User:Leon918|Leon918]] |[[Special:Contributions/Leon918|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |39 |[[User:Tsungam|Tsungam]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tsungam|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |40 |[[User:Little Professor|Little Professor]] |[[Special:Contributions/Little Professor|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |41 |[[User:Rakoon|Rakoon]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rakoon|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |42 |[[User:أبو القاسم الحجي|أبو القاسم الحجي]] |[[Special:Contributions/أبو القاسم الحجي|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |43 |[[User:Sunwutian|Sunwutian]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sunwutian|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |44 |[[User:Askabur|Askabur]] |[[Special:Contributions/Askabur|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |45 |[[User:Jojo V|Jojo V]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jojo V|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |46 |[[User:Harald Hansen|Harald Hansen]] |[[Special:Contributions/Harald Hansen|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |47 |[[User:Saifan ali|Saifan ali]] |[[Special:Contributions/Saifan ali|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |48 |[[User:Understarzzz|Understarzzz]] |[[Special:Contributions/Understarzzz|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |49 |[[User:Kenmercy|Kenmercy]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kenmercy|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |50 |[[User:Idazmakina|Idazmakina]] |[[Special:Contributions/Idazmakina|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |51 |[[User:Inderlovescinema|Inderlovescinema]] |[[Special:Contributions/Inderlovescinema|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |52 |[[User:Карт-Хадашт|Карт-Хадашт]] |[[Special:Contributions/Карт-Хадашт|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |53 |[[User:Anas Djab|Anas Djab]] |[[Special:Contributions/Anas Djab|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |54 |[[User:Duauch|Duauch]] |[[Special:Contributions/Duauch|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |55 |[[User:CuteNiki|CuteNiki]] |[[Special:Contributions/CuteNiki|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 3 ga Yuli 2026 |- |} q1xlpt4txhi1fqhjaniq83klypb4f20 0 23025 875530 790863 2026-07-03T23:21:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Elephant_and_White_Rhinos_at_Ndlovu_waterhole_..._(32376336791).jpg |thumb| Dabbobi na rayuwa a Gandun]] [[File:Weeping_Boer_Bean_(Schotia_brachypetala)_(31643031774).jpg |thumb| Bedinan yankin]] [[File:Hlane-Basic-Hide-At-Hippo-Pool.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hlane-Basic-Hide-At-Hippo-Pool.JPG|thumb|Kayan aiki na asali a wani ɓoye da ke kallon Hippo Pool a yankin kudancin wurin shakatawa.]] '''Filin shakatawa na Hlane Royal,''' wani wurin shakatawa ne na ƙasar a E-swatini, kusan kilomita 67 arewa maso gabashin Manzini tare da hanyar MR3.<ref name="SA">South Africa, page 815</ref> Kafin wurin shakatawa ya zama na jama'a, ƙasa ce ta farauta ta masarauta.<ref name="SA" /> Hlane, ma'ana 'jeji',<ref name="gr">{{cite web|url=http://www.game-reserve.com/swaziland_hlane.html|title=Swaziland - Hlane Royal Game Reserve|publisher=Game-Reserve.com|accessdate=2009-10-08|archive-date=2003-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030428005308/http://game-reserve.com/swaziland_hlane.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sarki Sobhuza II ya sanya masa suna.<ref name="bgp">{{cite web|url=http://www.biggameparks.org/3parks_hlane.html|title=Hlane Royal National Park|work=biggameparks.org|publisher=Big Game Parks|accessdate=2009-10-08|location=Malkerns, Swaziland|archive-date=2009-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422073039/http://www.biggameparks.org/3parks_hlane.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yanzu haka mai martaba Sarki Mswati III ne ke rike da amanar kasar,<ref name="bgp" /> kuma Big Game Parks ne ke kula da shi, kungiyar mai zaman kanta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecs.co.sz/bsap/chapter3.htm|title=The Swaziland National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 1999|publisher=Environmental Centre for Swaziland|accessdate=2009-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728012741/http://www.ecs.co.sz/bsap/chapter3.htm|archive-date=2011-07-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fasali == Babban yanki ne da filin shakatawa<ref>Fitzpatrick, page 558</ref> na E-swatini.<ref name="SA" /> Gandun dajin da ke kusa da shi na watsewa sun mamaye kadada 30,000 (300 km2) ,na ''Swazi bushveld''.<ref name="bgp" /> Yanki ne mai ɗan ƙasa mai laushi, an rufe shi da tsoffin bishiyoyin katako kamar ƙwanƙwara, da itacen ɗari da tambuti, tare da wasu ciyawar ciyawa da filawa mara nisa.<ref name="bgp" /> === Fauna === [[File:Lioness_(Panthera_leo)_in_the_lions_enclosure_..._(31656589284).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lioness_(Panthera_leo)_in_the_lions_enclosure_..._(31656589284).jpg|thumb|Mace zaki a wurin shakatawa]] Hlane gida ne ga zaki, giwa, rakumin daji, da farin karkanda.<ref name="bgp" /> ''Wildebeest'', ''zebra'' da garken impala suna da sha'awar ramuka a lokacin rani na hunturu, Yuni zuwa Satumba.<ref name="bgp" /> Bayan an daɗe ba a dawo ba, an sake dawo da almara a wannan wurin shakatawa. Tana da yalwar rayuwar tsuntsaye iri-iri, gami da mafi girma na gurbatattun farar ungulu a Afirka.<ref name="bgp" /> Masu fyaden sun hada da gaggafa, da masu fada a ji, da mikiya mai doguwar hanya, da kuma nau'ikan ungulu da dama da suka hada da farin-baya, da farin kai, da ''lappetfaced'' da kuma ungulu na Cape. Tana da yankin kudu mafi sanyin marabou.<ref name="bgp" /> Wasu nau'ikan tsuntsaye, irin su hornbill na kudu masu launin rawaya (''Tockus leucomelas'') da aka samu anan suna cikin hatsari ko kuma sun bace a cikin kasar.<ref>A Crash of Rhinoceroses http://www.geobeetles.com/eswatini-rhinos {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803142128/https://www.geobeetles.com/eswatini-rhinos |date=2021-08-03 }} Retrieved 02/2020</ref> === Masauki === Hanyar sadarwar hanyoyi masu kallon wasa sun ratsa filin shakatawar. Akwai masauki a cikin bukkoki da kuma kananun gidaje a shafuka daban daban guda biyu.<ref name="bgp" /> Babban shafin yana kusa da ƙofar shakatawar daga MR3, Hlane Camp. Sauran shafin shine Bhubesi Camp, kusan a ƙarshen arewacin wurin shakatawa. Hanyar da ke tsakanin su tana buƙatar babban yarda don kewaya, don haka tare da mota ta yau da kullun, ya fi kyau a tuka duk hanyar dajin don shiga tsakaninsu. === Sufuri === Babban titin MR3 ne ya rarraba wurin shakatawar a shekarun 1960, sakamakon matsin lamba daga wuraren sikari a kan iyakokin wurin shakatawar. Sun yi da'awar cewa babbar hanyar ba za ta haifar da illa ga muhalli ba, amma yanzu daruruwan dabbobin daji, dabbobin daji, buffalo, da sauran wasanni suna ababen hawa ne a kowace shekara.<ref name="hall">{{cite news|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=17908|title=A Fierce Battle over Construction of New Road|last=Hall|first=James|publisher=[[Inter Press Service]]|accessdate=2009-10-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030501185526/http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=17908|archive-date=2003-05-01}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Majiya == * {{cite book|last=Pinchuck|first=Tony|title=South Africa|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2002|isbn=1-85828-853-3}} * {{cite book|last=Fitzpatrick|first=Mary|title=South Africa, Lesotho & Swaziland|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2004|isbn=1-74104-162-7}} [[Category:Eswatini]] ix2gw5g3wu9hh3snzb0wphygtgp97n2 0 24340 875640 420255 2026-07-04T06:09:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 875640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tawia Adamafio''' (haifaffen '''Joseph Tawia Adams''')<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=C.L.R. James: his life and work|author=Buhle, P.|date=1986|publisher=Allison & Busby|isbn=9780850316858|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPEWAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2015-03-22}}</ref> ya kasance ministan [[Ghana]] a cikin gwamnatin Nkrumah a lokacin jamhuriya ta farko ta Ghana. == Siyasa == Adamafio ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Convention kuma ya tashi ya zama Babban Sakatare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-5208.html|title=The Growth of Opposition to Nkrumah|access-date=2010-02-24|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> A cikin 1960, Nkrumah ya nada shi Ministan Watsa Labarai da Watsa Labarai.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Ebo|editor-last=Hutchful|title=The IMF and Ghana : the confidential record|jstor=1160499|year=1987|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|isbn=0-86232-614-1|pages=298}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance ministan harkokin shugaban kasa a lokaci guda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wto.org/gatt_docs/English/SULPDF/90750288.pdf|title=GHANA -UPPER VOLTA TRADE AGREEMENT - Text of Agreement Signed on 28 June 1961|access-date=2010-02-24|publisher=[[World Trade Organization]]}}</ref> Wannan matsayi ne mai tasiri a cikin gwamnati a lokacin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/11276_CFGhanaIntForAffs19601963.pdf|title=GHANA 1960-January 1963: Internal Affairs and Foreign Affairs|access-date=2010-02-24|work=Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files|publisher=United States Congress}}</ref> == 1963 fitina == Adamafio yana daya daga cikin abokan Kwame Nkrumah wadanda suka tsaya gaban shari'a saboda cin amanar kasa sakamakon kokarin gurnati na [[Kulungugu]] a rayuwarsa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940935,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917104951/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940935,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 17, 2010|title=Ghana: Double & Deadly Jeopardy|access-date=2010-02-24|date=1965-02-19|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> An saki Adamafio da wasu bayan shari'ar farko amma a ƙarshe an same su da laifi bayan shari'ar ta biyu ta kwamitin da ke goyon bayan gwamnati.<ref name="trials">{{cite book|last=Christenson|first=Ron|title=Political trials in history: from antiquity to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBdOvs2THGEC&q=Tawia+Adamafio&pg=PA3|access-date=23 November 2019|date=31 October 1991|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-88738-406-6|pages=538}}</ref> Alkalan kotun sune [[Kobina Arku Korsah]], a lokacin Babban Jojin Ghana da alkalan Kotun Koli guda biyu, William Van Lare da Edward Akufo-Addo wanda daga baya ya zama Babban Jojin Ghana sannan kuma [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaban Ghana]] a lokacin jamhuriya ta biyu. Duk Nkrumah ya kore su bayan wanke Adamafio.<ref name="trials" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1912]] [[Category:Mutuwan 1994]] cnmqgvqgz2y48rokupwj71pa22vhk6x 875641 875640 2026-07-04T06:09:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 875641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tawia Adamafio''' (haifaffen '''Joseph Tawia Adams''')<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=C.L.R. James: his life and work|author=Buhle, P.|date=1986|publisher=Allison & Busby|isbn=9780850316858|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPEWAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2015-03-22}}</ref> ya kasance ministan [[Ghana]] a cikin gwamnatin Nkrumah a lokacin jamhuriya ta farko ta Ghana. == Siyasa == Adamafio ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Convention kuma ya tashi ya zama Babban Sakatare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-5208.html|title=The Growth of Opposition to Nkrumah|access-date=2010-02-24|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> A cikin 1960, Nkrumah ya nada shi Ministan Watsa Labarai da Watsa Labarai.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Ebo|editor-last=Hutchful|title=The IMF and Ghana : the confidential record|jstor=1160499|year=1987|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|isbn=0-86232-614-1|pages=298}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance ministan harkokin shugaban kasa a lokaci guda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wto.org/gatt_docs/English/SULPDF/90750288.pdf|title=GHANA -UPPER VOLTA TRADE AGREEMENT - Text of Agreement Signed on 28 June 1961|access-date=2010-02-24|publisher=[[World Trade Organization]]}}</ref> Wannan matsayi ne mai tasiri a cikin gwamnati a lokacin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/11276_CFGhanaIntForAffs19601963.pdf|title=GHANA 1960-January 1963: Internal Affairs and Foreign Affairs|access-date=2010-02-24|work=Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files|publisher=United States Congress}}</ref> == 1963 fitina == Adamafio yana daya daga cikin abokan Kwame Nkrumah wadanda suka tsaya gaban shari'a saboda cin amanar kasa sakamakon kokarin gurnati na [[Kulungugu]] a rayuwarsa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940935,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917104951/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940935,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 17, 2010|title=Ghana: Double & Deadly Jeopardy|access-date=2010-02-24|date=1965-02-19|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> An saki Adamafio da wasu bayan shari'ar farko amma a ƙarshe an same su da laifi bayan shari'ar ta biyu ta kwamitin da ke goyon bayan gwamnati.<ref name="trials">{{cite book|last=Christenson|first=Ron|title=Political trials in history: from antiquity to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBdOvs2THGEC&q=Tawia+Adamafio&pg=PA3|access-date=23 November 2019|date=31 October 1991|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-88738-406-6|pages=538}}</ref> Alkalan kotun sune [[Kobina Arku Korsah]], a lokacin Babban Jojin Ghana da alkalan Kotun Koli guda biyu, William Van Lare da Edward Akufo-Addo wanda daga baya ya zama Babban Jojin Ghana sannan kuma [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaban Ghana]] a lokacin jamhuriya ta biyu. Duk Nkrumah ya kore su bayan wanke Adamafio.<ref name="trials" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1912]] [[Category:Mutuwan 1994]] r1y6vitt11xo9p1if727rig12igix7m 3 28200 875371 844714 2026-07-03T19:20:32Z MediaWiki message delivery 3927 /* Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2026 Newsletter */ sabon sashe 875371 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hussaini Mohammed Inusa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hussaini Mohammed Inusa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 00:01, 24 Disamba 2021 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2022 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentysecond newsletter, covering December 2022. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * January 15: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|Online user group meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 15) * [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 & 13) '''News''' * [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2022/11/28/museology-myosotis-and-metadata-oh-my-sharing-sustainably-in-wikipedia/ Museology, Myosotis, and metadata oh my! Sharing sustainably in Wikipedia] (SDG 15) '''Resources''' * New Book: [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-05182-1 Open Mapping Towards Sustainable Development Goals] (SDG all) '''Videos''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t66i3ztg-1E&t=1717s Margaret Donald - Wikidata, OpenRefine & Biota] (SDG 15) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_alismatid_families|List of alismatid families]] (SDG 15) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11231|has biological vector]] (SDG 15) * [[d:Property:P11272|Bureau of Meteorology location ID]] (SDG 13) * [[d:Property:P11277|CIViC gene ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11281|Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11282|Tanzania Parliament member ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11311|Lygaeoidea Species File ID]] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 14:37, 1 ga Janairu, 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24307628 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentythird newsletter, covering January 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 16<!-- insert related SDGs here -->.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|19 February - User group meeting]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230115|15 January - User group meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 14) * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/Dunedin_5|The 2023 Bug of the Year Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 14) * Past: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=74 Lexeme challenge Urology] (SDG 3) * Past: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Veckans_tävling/Grodor_versus_ödlor|Swedish Wikipedia weekly challenge - Frogs versus lizards]] (SDG 14) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December_2022/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Three_hundred_episodes_of_Critter_of_the_Week|Three hundred episodes of Critter of the Week]] (SDG 14) * Past: [https://zenodo.org/record/7521891#.Y9p6MdLMKw4 Wikidata Queries around the SARS-CoV-2 virus and pandemic] (SDG 3) * Past: [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 & 13) '''News''' * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/05/the-stories-behind-the-wiki-loves-earth-2022-photos-from-turkiye/ The stories behind the Wiki Loves Earth 2022 photos from Türkiye] (SDG 14) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/05/announcing-our-funding-support-from-the-patient-centered-outcomes-research-institute-pcori/ Announcing our funding support from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)] (SDG 3) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/04/jumping-for-science-how-wikipedia-assignments-inspire-stem-students/ Jumping for science: how Wikipedia assignments inspire STEM students] (SDG 14) * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Birds_of_NYC_Photo_Contest/Winners|Birds of NYC Photo Contest Winners announced!]] (SDG 14) * [https://anchor.fm/civichackerpodcast/episodes/Using-Wikidata-to-Connect-Constituents-With-Their-Government-e1or922 Using Wikidata to Connect Constituents With Their Government] (SDG 16) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/23/wiki-loves-earth-2022-presents-the-winners-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment/ Wiki Loves Earth 2022 presents the winners of the special nomination “Human rights and environment”!] (SDG 10 & 14) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/19/equity-diversity-inclusion-in-affiliate-governance/ Equity, diversity & inclusion in affiliate governance] (SDG 5 & 10) '''Resources''' * [https://www.databricks.com/blog/2023/01/26/building-life-sciences-knowledge-graph-data-lake.htmlBuilding a Life Sciences Knowledge Graph with a Data Lake] (SDG 3) '''Videos''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HW6YxXRL18 Editor uses Wikidata to find new uses for existing drugs and speed up approval process for new treatments] (SDG 3) * [[c:File:WikiForHumanRights_Information_Session_2023.webm|WikiForHumanRights Information Session]] (SDG 10) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_birds_of_Tuvalu|List of birds of Tuvalu]] (SDG 14) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Laos|List of World Heritage Sites in Laos]] (SDG 11) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh|List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh]] (SDG 11) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11429|NIP]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11402|NSR doctor ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:/Property:P11430|UniProt disease ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11446|Strazha ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11500|United States House of Representatives ID]] (SDG 16) </div> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 16:25, 1 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24426147 --> == Request for filling up Google Form for Feminism and Folklore 2023 == [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg | logo.svg|right|frameless|300px]] Greetings Organisers, We appreciate your enthusiasm for '''Feminism and Folklore''' and your initiative in setting up the competition on your local wikipedia. We would want to learn more about the needs of your community and for that please fill out the google form ([https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScusayFXTzNWV-QgIiT3bRHQbAs_pVczvput2jehOcahnCdMg/viewform here]) as soon as possible so that we can plan and adapt the demands according to your specifications. By February 8, 2023, all entries for this form will be closed. Do share about the contest on your local Wikipedia. Ask your local administrator to add Feminism and Folklore to [[Mediawiki:Sitenotice]]. Create your own or see an example [[:m:User:Tiven2240/sn-fnf|on meta]] Also a reminder regarding the prior Google form sent for Internet and Childcare Support Financial Aid ([https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this]). Anyone who hasn't already filled it out has until February 5, 2023 to do so. Feel free to contact us via talkpage if you have any questions or concerns. Thanks and Regards, Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team --[[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] ([[User talk:Tiven2240|talk]]) 17:22, 5 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfourth newsletter, covering February 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16<!-- insert related SDGs here -->.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|2023-03-05 User group meeting]] (SDG all) * [[m:2023-03-19 User group meeting|Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[wikimania:2023:Program/Submissions|Suggest "Environmental sustainability and climate crisis" topics for Wikimania]] (SDG all) * Ongoing: [[m:Africa_Environment|Africa Environment WikiFocus]] (SDG 13) * Past: [https://www.eventbrite.com/x/edit-for-climate-change-wikipedia-editathon-registration-526291811977 Edit for Climate Change: Wikipedia Editathon] (SDG 13) * Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|Capacity Building Sessions on "Tools for Finding the Right Articles" and "Building Article List with Petscan"]] (SDG 10 & 13) * Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Resources|Regional Office Hours for Africa and Maghreb Regions]] (SDG 10 & 13) '''News''' * [https://observablehq.com/@thadk/garden NCBI breakdown of common garden foods with photographs by Phytotheca] (SDG 2) '''Resources''' * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Sweden_report|3000 Arctic images]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Content_Partnerships_Hub_report|SMART-Servier Medical Art upload]] (SDG 3) '''Research''' * [https://fosdem.org/2023/schedule/event/sustainability/ Open Source in Environmental Sustainability] (SDG 13) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11576|Norwegian war prisoner detention camp ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11587|Iowa legislator ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11610|National Grid Balancing Mechanism unit ID]] (SDG 7) '''Wikidata query examples''' * [https://w.wiki/5Vu8 Map of disasters by type] (SDG 11) '''Featured articles''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:South_Asian_river_dolphin|South Asian river dolphin]] (SDG 14) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka|List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka]] (SDG 11) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_lamiid_families|List of lamiid families]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg|Three horses (SDG 15) File:Hunter_baby_chameleon.jpg|Hunter baby chameleon (SDG 15) File:Rice_paper_butterfly_%2816709%29.jpg|Rice paper butterfly (SDG 15) File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28top_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (top view) (SDG 15) File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28side_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (side view).jpg (SDG 15) File:Mockingbird_on_the_North_Lake_Trail_%2836851%29.jpg|Mockingbird on the North Lake Trail (SDG 15) File:Striated_Pardalote_0012.jpg|Striated Pardalote (SDG 15) File:Kleines_Wiesenv%C3%B6gelchen_am_Morgen.jpg|Wiesenvögelchen (SDG 15) File:Immature_herring_gull_%2816259%29.jpg|Herring gull (SDG 15) File:Northern_shoveler_male_in_Marine_Park_%2833296%29.jpg|Northern shoveler (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 18:57, 1 ga Maris, 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24647320 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfifth newsletter, covering March 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230305|User group meeting 2023-03-05]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/30/join-the-wikiforhumanrights-campaign-and-contribute-knowledge-that-connects-human-rights-with-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/ WikiForHumanRights] (SDG 10 & 13) * Upcoming: April 19 - [[m:Translat-a-thon/NYC/2023|LaGuardia Community College Earth Day Translatathon with Casa de las Américas NYC]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: April 22 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_2023_Bushwick|Earth Day 2023 Edit-a-thon Environment of Brooklyn Focus with Sure We Can]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: April 23 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_Wiknic|Earth Day Wiknic NYC]] (SDG 13) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/WMF_GLAM_report|Gender and culture related event to test image suggestions on Wikipedia]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[m:Feminism_and_Folklore_2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[m:Edit_a_thon/artfeminism-edit-a-thon-for-nigerian-female-artists-2023|Art+Feminism edit-a-thon for Nigerian female artists]] (SDG 5) '''News''' * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/08/putting-our-energy-into-wikipedia-as-climate-action/ Putting our energy into Wikipedia as climate action] (SDG 13) * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/07/how-artfeminism-is-using-wikipedia-to-promote-equity-in-the-art-world/ How Art+Feminism is using Wikipedia to promote equity in the art world] (SDG 5) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/New_Zealand_report|Biodiversity Heritage Library and Wikidata]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/USA_report|Black history month and more]] (SDG 10) * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/14/women-do-news-tackling-the-gender-divide-in-journalism-through-wikipedia/ Women Do News: Tackling the Gender Divide in Journalism Through Wikipedia] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/17/wiki-loves-earth-2023-is-starting/ Wiki Loves Earth 2023 is starting!] (SDG 15) * [https://medium.com/@openheritagefoundation/the-quest-to-close-the-gender-gap-on-wikipedia-continues-five-year-anniversary-with-feminism-ebd7a3b3185e The Quest to Close the Gender Gap on Wikipedia Continues; Five-Year Anniversary with Feminism & Folklore] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/28/wikigap-malaysia-2023-empowering-women-in-indigenous-languages/ WikiGap Malaysia 2023: Empowering women in indigenous languages] (SDG 5) * [https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/climate-crisis/wikipedia-has-a-climatetech-problem Wikipedia has a climatetech problem] (SDG 13) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11623|NCI Drug Dictionary ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11649|Malaysia Federal Legislation act ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11650|Moscow University Herbarium ID]] (SDG 15) * [[d:Property:P11666|Norwegian Petroleum Directorate field ID]] (SDG 13) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_Saxifragales_families|List of Saxifragales families]] (SDG 15) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:Red-throated_wryneck|Red-throated wryneck]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> Ourapteryx_yerburii_ssp._specimens_and_male_genitalia.jpg|Ourapteryx yerburii ssp. specimens and male genitalia (SDG 15) Pterophorus_pentadactyla_-_Keila.jpg|Pterophorus pentadactyla (SDG 15) Wood_duck_drake_%2886815%29.jpg|Wood duck drake (SDG 15) Cardinal_%2886755%29.jpg|Cardinal (SDG 15) Bunten_Kronwicke_%28Securigera_varia%29_Bl%C3%BCte-20200626-RM-173640.jpg|Bunten Kronwicke (Securigera varia) (SDG 15) Neubrunn_Steinbruch_Blutrote_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_sanguineum%29_8262082.jpg|Sympetrum sanguineum (SDG 15) Boerenkrokus_%28Crocus_tommasinianus%29_28-02-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Crocus tommasinianus (SDG 15) Papaya_-_longitudinal_section_close-up_view.jpg|Papaya - longitudinal section close-up view (SDG 15) Aphantopus_hyperantus_-_Keila.jpg|Aphantopus hyperantus (SDG 15) Australian_Zebra_Finch_0A2A3013.jpg|Australian Zebra Finch (SDG 15) Melospiza_melodia_JRVdH_03.jpg|Melospiza melodia (SDG 15) Roadside_hawk_%28Rupornis_magnirostris_griseocauda%29_eating_speckled_racer_%28Drymobius_margaritiferus%29_Orange_Walk.jpg|Roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris griseocauda) eating speckled racer (Drymobius margaritiferus) (SDG 15) Black_iguana_%28Ctenosaura_similis%29_Cayo.jpg|Black iguana (Ctenosaura similis) (SDG 15) Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28side_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (side view) (SDG 15) Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28dorsal_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (dorsal view) (SDG 15) Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_%28Leucojum_vernum%29-20230220-RM-161056.jpg|Frühlings-Knotenblume (Leucojum vernum) (SDG 15) Ocellated_turkey_%28Meleagris_ocellata%29_male_Peten.jpg|Ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata) male (SDG 15) Geoffroy%27s_spider_monkey_%28Ateles_geoffroyi_yucatanensis%29_Peten_2.jpg|Geoffroy's spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) (SDG 15) Bessen_van_een_Ophiopogon_planiscapus_%27Niger%27._28-02-2023._%28d.j.b%29.jpg|Ophiopogon planiscapus (SDG 15) Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066.jpg|Protaetic cuprea ignicollis (SDG 15) Monarch_butterflies_%28Danaus_plexippus_plexippus%29_Piedra_Herrada_2.jpg|Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus plexippus) (SDG 15) Cepaea_nemoralis_Paarung-20230314-RM-110511.jpg|Cepaea nemoralis (SDG 15) Wiesen_Pippau_%28Crepis_biennis%29-20220624-RM-123950.jpg|Crepis biennis (SDG 15) Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) Cayo.jpg|Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) (SDG 15) Trifolium_spadiceum_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg|Trifolium spadiceum (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 07:42, 1 ga Afirilu, 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24816279 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-sixth newsletter, covering April 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting 2023-05-07]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20230402|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_the_Challenge|WikiForHumanRights 2023 International Writing Contest]] (SDG 13, 14, 6) * Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_Community_Events|WikiForHumanRights 2023 local community events]] (SDG 13, 15, 14, 6) * Ongoing: [[m:Wiki_Climate_Campus_Tour_Nigeria|WikiCampusTourNigeria Project]] (SDG 6, 13, 14, 15) * Upcoming (and past): [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Kvinnor,_arkitektur_och_design|Women, architecture and design]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Albania_report|WikiGap Tirana 2023, Albania]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|BBC 100 women editathon]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Kosovo_report|WikiGAP in Prishtina]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Switzerland_report|15 Days of French women writers]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/DC/TSU_USF_Women%27s_History_Month_Wikipedia_Edit-a-thon|TSU USF Women's History Month Wikipedia Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject_Smithsonian_AWHI/Meetup/Crafting_a_Better_Wikipedia:_Women_of_Color_in_the_Renwick_Gallery|Crafting a Better Wikipedia: Women of Color in the Renwick Gallery]] (SDG 5) '''News''' * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/07/tuswug-s2e2-women-in-wiki/ TUSWUG S2E2: Women in Wiki] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/13/inaugural-edition-of-the-organizer-lab-awards-6-community-grants/ Inaugural edition of the organizer lab awards – 6 community grants] (SDG 5 & SDG 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/29/bolstering-womens-voices-and-histories-on-wikipedia/ Bolstering women’s voices and histories on Wikipedia] (SDG 5) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|A huge upload for biologists]] (SDG 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycPPBhuQPhs&ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation WikiForHumanRights 2023 Launch Webinar] (SDG 13, 14, 6) * [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|WikiForHumanRights 2023 and WMF Human Rights Team Online Safety Capacity Building for Organizers]] (SDG 13) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLBSSlrI2vo WikiForHummanRights 2023 and Let's Connect Capacity building on good practices for retention] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/living-through-a-triple-planetary-emergency-capturing-the-most-impactful-knowledge-to-weather-the-storm/ Living through a Triple Planetary Emergency: Capturing the Most Impactful Knowledge to Weather the Storm] (SDG 10 & SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/wikimedia-foundation-environmental-sustainability-report-for-2022/ Wikimedia Foundation Environmental Sustainability Report for 2022] (SDG 13) * [[:File:Wikimedia_h%C3%A5llbarhetsrapport_2022.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige sustainability report 2022]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13) '''Research''' * [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12964 Hypotheses in urban ecology: building a common knowledge base] (SDG 15) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11698|student retention rate]] (SDG 4) * [[d:Property:P11704|INEP ID]] (SDG 4) [51] * [[d:Property:P11729|Kulturenvanteri.com ID]] (SDG 11) * [[d:Property:P11747|holds diplomatic passport of]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11741|SINTA affiliation ID]] (SDG 4) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_afrosoricids|List of afrosoricids]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15) Leptura_quadrifasciata_female_-_Keila.jpg|Leptura quadrifasciata (SDG 15) Bursa_lamarckii_01.jpg|Bursa lamarckii (SDG 15) Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_head_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15) Western_Bowerbird_0A2A0436.jpg|Chlamydera guttata (SDG 15) White-breasted_nuthatch_%2826471%29.jpg|Sitta carolinensis (SDG 15) Patzmannsdorf_-_K%C3%BCrbisfeld_mit_Pfarrkirche_und_Raiffeisen-Silo_in_Stronsdorf.jpg|Pumpkin field (SDG 2) Cinnamon-bellied_flowerpiercer_%28Diglossa_baritula%29_male_on_Indian_shot_%28Canna_indica%29_Finca_El_Pilar.jpg|Diglossa baritula & Canna indica (SDG 15) Knoppen_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer_platanoides%29._03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer platanoides (SDG 15) Cinnamon_hummingbird_%28Amazilia_rutila%29_in_flight_Los_Tarrales.jpg|Amazilia rutila (SDG 15) Passion_fruits_-_whole_and_halved.jpg|Passiflora edulis (SDG 15) Golden-fronted_%28Velasquez%27s%29_woodpecker_%28Melanerpes_aurifrons%29_male_Copan.jpg|Melanerpes aurifrons (SDG 15) Argiope_spider_female_adult_on_her_web_dorsal_view_black_background_Don_Det_Laos.jpg|Argiope versicolor (SDG 15) Daslook._Allium_ursinum%2C_zwellende_bloemknop._18-04-2022_%28actm.%29_04.jpg|Allium ursinum (SDG 15) Fallen_leaf_of_Platanus_x_hispanica_%281%29.jpg|Platanus x hispanica (SDG 15) Thymelicus_lineola_underside_-_Keila.jpg|Thymelicus lineola (SDG 15) Japanse_esdoorn_%28Acer_palmatum%29_03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer palmatum (SDG 15) [38] Common_kestrel_%28Falco_tinnunculus%29_female_%28IMGP1648r2-DNA%29.jpg|Falco tinnunculus (SDG 15) [39] California_sea_lion_nap_time_in_La_Jolla_%2870474%29.jpg|Zalophus californianus (SDG 15) [40] Bladknop_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer%29._13-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29_01.jpg|Acer pseudoplatanus (SDG 15) Tamarind_fruits_%28Tamarindus_indica_%27Si_Thong%27%29.jpg|Tamarindus indica (SDG 15) White_leucistic_squirrel_with_a_peanut_%2885668%29.jpg|Sciurus carolinensis (SDG 15) [43] Fork-tailed_flycatcher_%28Tyrannus_savana_monachus%29_in_flight_Cayo.jpg|Tyrannus savana monachus (SDG 15) Rapa_incurva_01.jpg|Rapa incurva (SDG 15) Arboreal_stingless_bee_nest_%28Trigona_sp.%29_Flores.jpg|Trigona sp. (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:31, 2 Mayu 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24969562 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2023 - Local prize winners == [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''{{int:please-translate}}'' Congratulations on your remarkable achievement of winning a local prize in the '''Feminism and Folklore 2023''' writing competition! We greatly appreciate your valuable contribution and the effort you put into documenting your local Folk culture and Women on Wikipedia. To ensure you receive your prize, please take a moment to complete the preferences form before the 1st of July 2023. You can access the form [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdWlxDwI6UgtPXPfjQTbVjgnAYUMSYqShA5kEe4P4N5zwxaEw/viewform?usp=sf_link by clicking here]. We kindly request you to submit the form before the deadline to avoid any potential disappointments. If you have any questions or require further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us via talkpage or Email. We are more than happy to help. Best wishes, [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|FNF 2023 International Team]] ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 10:47, 10 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf2023&oldid=25134473 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2023 - A Heartfelt Appreciation for Your Impactful Contribution! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|center|500px]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikimedian, We extend our sincerest gratitude to you for making an extraordinary impact in the '''[[m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition. Your remarkable dedication and efforts have been instrumental in bridging cultural and gender gaps on Wikipedia. We are truly grateful for the time and energy you've invested in this endeavor. As a token of our deep appreciation, we'd love to send you a special postcard. It serves as a small gesture to convey our immense thanks for your involvement in the competition. To ensure you receive this token of appreciation, kindly fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeXZaej264LOTM0WQBq9QiGGAC1SWg_pbPByD7gp3sC4j7VKQ/viewform this form] by August 15th, 2023. Looking ahead, we are thrilled to announce that we'll be hosting Feminism and Folklore in 2024. We eagerly await your presence in the upcoming year as we continue our journey to empower and foster inclusivity. Once again, thank you for being an essential part of our mission to promote feminism and preserve folklore on Wikipedia. With warm regards, '''Feminism and Folklore International Team'''. --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:37, 25 ga Yuli, 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf2023p&oldid=25345565 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-seventh newsletter, a sort of year-in-review for 2023.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> Dear Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, As we bid farewell to 2023, we reflect on a year that has been an uneven year for our user group. While the journey has been marked by some truly inspiring events, most of our efforts have been largely uncoordinated and the user group hasn't been the support it could have been. Yet, there's a glimmer of hope and a world of potential for 2024. '''Highlights of 2023:''' ;Newsletters Galore: We kicked off the year with zeal, sharing updates and inspiration through four newsletters. The number of things happening in the movement is astounding, but we need to rethink the format of the newsletter going into the next year. ;Growing Strong: The Wikimedians for Sustainable Development family welcomed 33 new members in 2023. Your passion and dedication continue to inspire us, and we look forward to nurturing this community spirit in the year ahead. ;Wikimania Talks: Our voices echoed far and wide at Wikimania, where several members of our community took the virtual stage to share insights and ideas about everything from Wikipedians-in-Residence's to open data. Your contributions showcased our commitment to sustainable development on a global scale. ;Content Creation Magic: Throughout the year, our extended community demonstrated incredible dedication to expanding the knowledge base on Wikipedia. Countless hours were spent creating and curating content that aligns with our mission, contributing to a more sustainable digital ecosystem. ;Campaigning hard: We saw a large variety of campaigns, from writing challenges to editathons. The willingness to experiment with new formats and partners, as well as learning from past efforts, shows great promise for the future. '''Acknowledging Challenges:''' While we celebrate these achievements, we acknowledge that 2023 presented its fair share of challenges. A lack of global coordination reminded us that the road to sustainable development is not always linear. However, it is precisely these challenges that fuel our determination to work together more cohesively in the coming year and proof that the user group is needed. '''Hopeful Anticipation for 2024:''' As we turn the page to 2024, let's carry forward the lessons learned and the successes celebrated. We are optimistic that, with renewed energy and a collective commitment, we will overcome obstacles and create an even more impactful and connected Wikimedians for Sustainable Development community. Here's to a year of collaboration, growth, and making a lasting impact on the world through our shared passion for sustainability. Together, we can turn challenges into opportunities and pave the way for a brighter future. Wishing you all a joyous holiday season and a Happy New Year! Warm regards, [[m:User:Ainali|User:Ainali]], [[m:User:Daniel Mietchen|User:Daniel Mietchen]] PS. We have started writing [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|our yearly report]], please add your activities to it. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 17:23, 1 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=25817439 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-eighth newsletter.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * We have submitted our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|2023 annual report]]. * Upcoming meeting: on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|9 February]], we'll have a call about roles and responsibilities in the user group. This is an attempt to make more opportunities to engage more of the user groups members in its activities. If you want to help out in some way, but don't know how, this is a meeting for you to get help creating that opportunity. If you know how you would like to help, but don't know how to get started, this is also the meeting for you. ; Other news * New Wikiproject for Climate Change on Basque Wikipedia: [[:eu:Wikiproiektu:Klima aldaketa|Wikiproiektu Klima Aldaketa]] * Climate Justice, Digital Rights and Indigenous Voices international Wikimedia event in Huaraz, Peru 2024: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeDIuZQ61v35y3Q293ZV9YjNWOHsgwvq3t2XjP2cQ0OHG-EPA/viewform Engagement Survey] (closes 2 Feb) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:22, 2 ga Faburairu, 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26169519 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-ninth newsletter.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * On 9 February, we had a user group meeting on roles and responsibilities ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240209|minutes]]) * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 17 March]] ; Other news * Wiki Loves Earth: Reminder that if you want to [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2024/Organise|organize a local competition]], it is time to get started. (SDG 15 and 14) * Wiki for Human Rights: Reminder that if you would like to [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|organize a local event]], there is support available. (SDG 10) * Study: [https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/650852934/Meier_Wiki_Climate.pdf Using Wikipedia Pageview Data to Investigate Public Interest in Climate Change at a Global Scale] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 10:40, 9 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26331508 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtieth newsletter covering March and April 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 19 May]] ; Other news * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2024-03-29/Recent_research#Other_recent_publications|Wikipedia Signpost highlighted five papers about climate change editing]]. (SDG 13) * On Wikidata, [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|a model for documenting green house gas emissions]] has been created. (SDG 13) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/EPA_Victoria_WiR_April_2024_Update An update] from the Wikipedian in Residence at the Environment Protection Authority in Victoria, Australia. * WikiAcción Perú organized a training session: "[[m:Volunteer Supporters Network/VSN Training: Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement|Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement]]" (SDG 13) * WikiForHumanRights organized a session: "[[m:Event:Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage|Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage]]" ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, starts in May. (SDG 14 & 15) * [[m:Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region|Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region]] starts in May. (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 19:17, 1 Mayu 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26428292 --> == Tunatarwa don jefa kuri'a yanzu don zaɓar membobin U4C na farko == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Kuna iya samun wannan sakon da aka fassara zuwa ƙarin harsuna akan Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Ya ku 'yan Wikimedia, Kuna karɓar wannan saƙo saboda a baya kun shiga cikin tsarin UCoC. Wannan tunatarwa ce cewa lokacin jefa ƙuri'a na Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) yana ƙare ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. Karanta bayanin akan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Shafin jefa ƙuri'a akan Meta-wiki]] don ƙarin koyo game da zaɓe da cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a. Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) ƙungiya ce ta duniya da aka keɓe don samar da daidaito da daidaiton aiwatar da UCoC. An gayyaci membobin al'umma don gabatar da aikace-aikacen su na U4C. Don ƙarin bayani da alhakin U4C, da fatan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|sake duba Tsarin Dokan ta U4C]]. Da fatan za a raba wannan sakon tare da membobin al'ummar ku don su ma su shiga ciki. A madadin Kungiyar Ayyukan UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 23:11, 2 Mayu 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_2&oldid=26721207 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtyfirst newsletter, covering May 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]], 16 June * [[m:Talk:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development#Mini_report_from_the_Wikimedia_Summit_2024|Mini report from the Wikimedia Summit 2024]] * [https://wikipediapodden.se/jan-ainali-wikimedians-for-sustainable-development-wikimedia-summit-2024-265/ User group representative interviewed by Wikipediapodden] at Wikimedia Summit ([[:File:WP265 - Jan Ainali, Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, Wikimedia Summit 2024.mp3|commons]]) * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240519|Minutes from user group meeting in May]] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/05/02/reflecting-_women-for-sustainability-africa-arts-feminism-her-voice-campaign-2023/ Reflecting _Women For Sustainability Africa Arts + Feminism #Her Voice Campaign 2023] * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report: Climate change and GLAM]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library April monthly highlights]] (SDG 14 & 15) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-024-00166-y WikiProject Biodiversity featured in Nature Africa] (SDG 14 & 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFWS7hfetZk Wikimedia UK releases a video about their climate focus] (SDG 13) ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, continues in some countries. (SDG 14 & 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 13:18, 1 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26852366 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtysecond newsletter, covering June 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 13, 14, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Movement Charter Vote|User group vote on the adoption of the Movement Charter]] (closes 7 July 23.59 UTC) * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming user group meeting]] 21 July * User group meeting held in June - [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240616|minutes]] * The group was featured in the latest WikiAfrica Hour: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B6VI20qopk #36: Does the Wikimedia movement contribute to the SDGs?] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/stories-from-the-anti-disinformation-repository-how-wikiproject-covid-19-and-other-wikimedia-initiatives-counter-health-disinformation/ Stories from the anti-disinformation repository: How WikiProject COVID-19 and other Wikimedia initiatives counter health disinformation] (SDG 3) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Environment_Centre_NT_Wikipedian_in_Residence Environment Centre Northern Territory Wikipedian in Residence] (SDG 15) * [https://www.gp.se/debatt/med-ai-kan-vi-oka-transparensen-om-foretagens-klimatavtryck.2dd4e006-57e3-4534-a0be-70ca56a289e4 With AI can we increase transparency of companies' carbon footprints] (in Swedish). Op-ed that mentions that the greenhouse gas emissions of the top 150 companies on the Stockholm stock exchange has been uploaded to Wikidata. The model is documented on [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|WikiProject Climate Change on Wikidata]]. (SDG 13) * [[wmfblog:2024/06/25/another-year-in-review-where-is-wikimedia-in-the-climate-crisis-seeing-the-impact-of-wikimedia-projects/|Another Year in Review: Where is Wikimedia in the Climate Crisis? Seeing the impact of Wikimedia Projects]] (SDG 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/06/24/46-scholars-self-advocates-bring-knowledge-to-wikipedias-disability-healthcare-content/ 46 scholars, self-advocates bring knowledge to Wikipedia’s disability healthcare content] (SDG 3) * [[c:File:Wikimedia klimatpåverkansrapport 2023.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige publishes their 2023 climate impact report]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13) * WikiProject Govdirectory has started [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Weekly collaboration|weekly collaboration on countries]] (SDG 16) ; Events * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/wikimedia-chapters-and-groups-organise-the-first-sharks-and-rays-wikimarathon/ Wikimedia chapters and groups organise the first Sharks and Rays Wikimarathon] (29 June, but edits in the weeks after are welcome) (SDG 14) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 09:27, 1 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27039469 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty third newsletter, covering July 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 10, 13, and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting held in July, [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240721|minutes]] * Next user group meeting will be 18 August ; Other news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Climate change editahon and workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/wikiforhumanrights-in-nigeria-2024-campaign-virtual-launch/ WikiForHumanRights in Nigeria 2024 Campaign Virtual Launch] (SDG 10&16) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/what-we-learned-from-wiki-women-in-red-8-campaign-2023-women-for-sustainability-africa/ What we Learned from Wiki Women In Red @8 Campaign 2023 Women for Sustainability Africa] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/ghanaian-wikipedians-set-to-educate-students-on-open-climate/ Ghanaian Wikipedians set to educate students on Open Climate] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/23/using-wikipedia-as-a-tool-for-climate-action/ Using Wikipedia as a Tool for Climate Action] (SDG 13) ; Events * 5th August, [[m:Event:Wiki-Green_Conference_2024 Wiki-Green Conference]] (SDG 13) * 7-10 August, Wikimania - [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|All SDG related sessions]] * 7-9 November, [https://wikimedia.org.ar/2024/07/03/justicia-climatica-voces-indigenas-y-plataformas-wikimedia/ Justicia climática, voces indígenas y plataformas Wikimedia] (SDG 13) ; Participate * Share an example of a successful [[m:Campaigns/WikiProjects|WikiProject or topical collaboration]] in this on-wiki survey This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 18:57, 1 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27042528 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 11, 15, and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20240915|Next user group meeting]], 15 September, will be focused on starting to develop a strategy for the group. If you cannot attend, you can leave your input on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030/Ideas|the ideas page]]. * User group meeting held in August ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240818|minutes]]) ; Other news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|Report from WikiProject International Botanical Congress 2024]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Meeting for Writing on Femenist Strikes and Wiki for Peace Camp St. Imier]] (SDG 5 & 16) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]] (SDG 15) * Wikimania had a lot of [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|SDG related sessions]] and you can watch them back now ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2024|Wiki Loves Monuments]] starts in September (SDG 11) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 06:24, 2 Satumba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27262444 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240915|User group meeting held in September on strategy for the group]] ; Other news * [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2024/Submissions/Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region|Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region]], presentation at CEE meeting. ([https://www.youtube.com/live/iB3KNFtA4xI?t=6739 YouTube]) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/09/30/all-about-wiki-green-conference-2024/ All About Wiki-Green Conference 2024] (SDG 13) ; Events * Course: [https://wikiedu.org/courses/global-approaches-to-climate-finance-4/ Global Approaches to Climate Finance] by WikiEdu (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:26, 1 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27437535 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming meeting]], 24 November, 17.00 UTC ; Other news * Talk at WikiIndaba: [[m:WikiIndaba 2024/Proposal/Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region|Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region]] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/17/championing-inclusion-in-the-wikimedia-movement-africa-wiki-women-presentation-at-the-wiki-niger-conference/ Championing Inclusion in the Wikimedia Movement: Africa Wiki Women Presentation at the Wiki Niger Conference] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/25/mountains-birds-and-lakes-wiki-loves-earth-2024-central-asia-edition/ Mountains, Birds and Lakes: Wiki Loves Earth 2024 – Central Asia Edition] (SDG 15) ; Events * November 6, 12 and 21: [https://universityofexeter.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJAkdeqrrzMoGdEeMYlR6q0A7QMHwwwM2VIZ#/registration Climate Change & Health in the UK - Wikipedia workshop] (SDG 3 and 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:01, 1 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27587619 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 8, 12, 13, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting, 24 November ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241124|minutes]]) * We are working on our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]], please add activities that you would like to work on. ; Other news * [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 8 (November 2024)|CEE Catch up Nr. 8 with a sustainability theme]] * [[w:pt:Wikipédia:Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia|Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/New_Zealand_report#nz-edit|Report from New Zealand Species Edit-a-thons]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/Macedonia_report#vvc|Report from climate change editing workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2024/Contents/Croatia_report|DeGrowth in November with students, artists and academics in Croatia]] (SDG 8&12) * The new [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#November_2024:_Production_deployment_and_security_review_complete|Charts extension has been enabled on Wikimedia Commons]]. It's time to start bringing all your local sustainability related charts over there! (SDG 17) ; Events * Ongoing: [[m:Event:Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers|Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:Event:Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia|Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia]] (SDG 13) * Just started: [[m:Event:African Legislators in Red|African Legislators in Red]] (SDG 16) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:29, 1 Disamba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27830533 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 10, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting in December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241229|minutes]]) * We have adopted an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]]! ; Other news * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_hWBwaQxaw Lightning talk by Adam Harangzo - National Institute for Health and Care Research on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/11/top-photos-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2024%f0%9f%a4%9d/ Top photos of the special nomination “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2024!] (SDG 10&15) * [https://www.wikimedia.nz/nz-species-editathon-recap/ Two days, 15 editors, 750 edits] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/28/a-peekaboo-into-our-butterflying-trip-from-the-amazon-of-the-east/ A Peekaboo Into Our Butterflying Trip from the Amazon of the East] (SDG 15) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/12/27/brooklyn-college-students-bring-ecology-course-content-to-wikipedia/ Brooklyn College students bring ecology course content to Wikipedia] (SDG 13&15 * [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09636625241268890 Declaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on WikipediaDeclaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on Wikipedia] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 08:04, 2 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27983472 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 11, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250223|User group meeting 23 February]] * User group meeting in January ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250119|minutes]]). * The user group submitted an annual report in the new [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Affiliates Strategy/Implementation/Affiliate health criteria/Reports/2024/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|affiliate health criteria format]], and as an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2024|activity report]]. * The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030|2030 strategy]] for the user group was adopted. ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/06/swiss-server-helped-optimise-wikidata-in-the-field-of-medicine/ Swiss server helped optimise Wikidata in the field of medicine] (SDG 3) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/08/photographers-from-turkiye-tell-the-story-of-award-wining-photos-in-wiki-loves-earth-2024/ Photographers from Türkiye tell the story of award wining photos in Wiki Loves Earth 2024] (SDG 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZnAp7oovlg OpenStreetMap and Wikidata in Disaster Times - CEE Meeting 2024 Istanbul] (SDG 11) ; Events * 1-28 February: [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/5DC7IKHKGBEE5KOD4PY2XNKT55EA6LW4/|Wiki Loves Africa: Climate & Weather ISA campaign]] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 14:05, 4 ga Faburairu, 2025 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28153013 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fortieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting in February ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250223|minutes]]). ; Other news * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2025/Organise|Time to get ready to organize Wiki Loves Earth]] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/02/05/women-of-the-future-international-womens-day-2025/ ‘Women of the Future’ – International Women’s Day 2025] (SDG 5) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/02/17/the-experts-behind-the-edits-expanding-public-understanding-of-healthcare/ The Experts Behind the Edits: Expanding public understanding of healthcare] (SDG 3) * [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/ecosia-and-wikimedia-enterprise-partner/ Wikimedia Enterprise and Ecosia Partner to Drive Sustainable Search Innovation] (SDG 13) * A [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Climate Change/Policies|subproject to WikiProject Climate Change about Climate Change Policies]] has just started on Wikidata (SDG 13) ; Events * 1 March: [[m:Event:Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire|Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire]] (SDG 8) * 7 March [[m:Event:Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025|Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025]] (SDG 16) * 8 March–1 April: [[m:Event:Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025|Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025]] (SDG 5) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 07:51, 1 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13, 15 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/03/27/organise-your-local-wiki-loves-earth-in-2025/ Organise your local Wiki Loves Earth in 2025!] (SDG 15) * [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Climate Policy Radar ID|Wikidata property proposal for the Climate Policy Radar]] (SDG 13) * [https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/85640/NKB_Debatt_Wikipedia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Biologists encourage other biologists to edit Wikipedia] (in Swedish) (SDG 15) * A [[c:File:Langzeitkooperationen zwischen Museen und dem Wikipedia-Universum.pdf|presentation on long-term collaborations between museums and the Wikimedia universe]] was given on March 10 at a [https://www.kiekeberg-museum.de/fileadmin/user_upload/3_4_1_Tagungen/geplante_tagungen/Programm_Tagung_Mittwochs_ist_Museumstag_-_Langzeitkooperationen_im_Museum_10-11.3.2025_FLMK3.pdf symposium on long-term collaborations with museums in Germany](SDG 17) * A [[c:File:Gemeinsam mehr erreichen Freies Wissen als Grundlage der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wikimedia und anderen Ehrenamtsinitiativen.pdf|presentation on existing and potential collaborations between the Wikimedia community and other volunteer communities]] was given on March 29 at a [https://tdsummit.d-s-e-e.de/ national volunteering convention] in Germany (SDG 17) ; Events * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250420|Next user group meeting: 20 April]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 09:28, 1 ga Afirilu, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Reminder: Submit Your Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May == Dear El-hussain14, Thank you for your valuable contributions to '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' in your communities! This is a kind reminder that the '''deadline to submit your local results is 15 May 2025'''. Please make sure to submit the '''complete and detailed results''' of your local contest on the following Meta-Wiki page: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]''' Additionally, feel free to add a brief summary of your local event under the '''Results''' section in your country/region’s row on the participants page: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]''' If you need any assistance during this process, don’t hesitate to reach out. Thank you for your continued dedication and support! For, Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team 11:51, 2 Mayu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Local_organizers&oldid=28651179 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250420|minutes]]) ; Other news * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/09/zombie-ants-to-bioremediation-the-world-of-entomopathogenic-fungi/ Zombie ants to bioremediation: The world of entomopathogenic fungi] (SDG 15) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/21/with-foundation-increases-support-to-expand-disability-healthcare-information-on-wikipedia/ WITH Foundation increases support to expand disability healthcare information on Wikipedia] (SDG 3) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/04/04/women-and-health-project-improving-the-representation-of-womens-health-on-wikipedia/ Women and Health Project: Improving the representation of women’s health on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&5) ; Events * May 19: [[m:Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025|Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025]] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 07:22, 11 Mayu 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Final Reminder – Submit Full Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May EOD == Dear El-hussain14, This is a final reminder that the deadline to submit your '''full and detailed local results''' for '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' is '''15 May 2025''' EOD. Please ensure you complete the following as soon as possible: * Submit your full results on Meta-Wiki here: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]''' * Add a brief summary of your local event under the "Results" column on: '''[[Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]''' Failure to submit by the deadline may result in exclusion from the international jury consideration. If you need help or encounter any issues, feel free to contact the international team. Thank you once again for your dedication and hard work! ''Warm regards,''<br/> '''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team''', 02:39, 15 Mayu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Local_organizers&oldid=28651179 --> == Share Your Feedback – Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 == Dear El-hussain14 Thank you for being a part of '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]]''' — whether as a contributor, jury member, or local organizer. Your efforts helped make this campaign a meaningful celebration of culture, heritage, and community on Wikimedia platforms. To help us improve and grow this initiative in future years, we kindly ask you to complete a short '''feedback form'''. Your responses are valuable in shaping how we support contributors like you. * '''Feedback Form:''' [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXEtaqszxcwmTJa8pGT60E7GDtpbssNadR9vZFVFbLicGFBg/viewform Submit your feedback here] * '''Deadline to submit:''' 31 May 2025 It will only take a few minutes to complete, and your input will directly impact how we plan, communicate, and collaborate in the future. Thank you again for your support. We look forward to having you with us in future campaigns! Warm regards,<br/> ''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team'' 08:51, 19 Mayu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Participants&oldid=28751574 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 10, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 22 June: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]] ; Other news * Several papers presented at WikiWorkshop: ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_24.pdf EcoWikiRS: Using Species Descriptions in Wikipedia and Remote Sensing to Learn about the Ecological Properties of a Place] (SDG 15) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_6.pdf Data Extraction Methods for Analyzing Gender Bias on Wikipedia's Front Page] (SDG 5) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_28.pdf Measuring Cross-Lingual Information Gaps in English Wikipedia: A Case Study of LGBT People Portrayals] (SDG 10) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_14.pdf Exploring Wikipedia community practices during the 2024 European Parliament election] (SDG 16) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_55.pdf Wikipedia as a Tool for Tracking Mass Migration Flows: Insights from the Russian Invasion of Ukraine] (SDG 10) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_65.pdf Regulations in Wikidata: The case of PFAS-related regulations] (SDG 3 & 16) * [https://wikipediapodden.se/minimal-viable-species-stub-315/ Podcast about the minimal viable species stub] (SDG 15) * [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/05/media-literacy-and-responding-to-emergencies-and-disinformation/ Wikimedia UK and the Royal Society host workshop on information literacy and future health emergencies] (SDG 3) ; Events * 16 June: [[w:en:Event:Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon|Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 09:37, 12 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28771610 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 6 July: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250706|User group meeting]] ; Other news * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9I8Nr_UamtM Biodiversidade na Wiki] (in Portuguese) (SDG 15) * [https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.70050 The women honoured in flowering plant genera: From myth to reality] (SDG 5&15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/20/rethinking-wiki-engagement-in-medical-research-insights-from-a-residency-at-nihr/ Rethinking Wiki engagement in medical research: insights from a residency at NIHR] (SDG 3) ; Events * 24 July: [https://mdi.georgetown.edu/events/guwikieditathonsummer2025/ Editing for Equity: Closing the Wikipedia Gender Gap] (SDG 5) * 2 & 9 August: [https://events.humanitix.com/nz-species-editathon-wellington New Zealand Species Edit-a-thon] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 21:06, 1 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28881683 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 10, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * 6 July: User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250706|minutes]]) * We are trying to establish better governance for the user group and [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Draft by-laws|have some inspiration]] on which your comments are requested. ; Other news * To promote sustainability and increase the visibility of the Sustainable Development Goals, the [[w:tr:Vikiproje:S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilir_Kalk%C4%B1nma|"Sustainable Development Wikiproject" was launched on the Turkish Wikipedia]] * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/11/wiki-loves-butterfly-community-led-contributions-in-dzongu-valley-north-sikkim-india/ Wiki Loves Butterfly: Community-Led Contributions in Dzongu Valley, North Sikkim, India] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/12/gender-climate-and-sustainability-my-journey-with-the-awa-fellowship-2025/ Gender, Climate and Sustainability: My Journey with the AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 5 & 13) * [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2025/07/14/the-power-and-potential-of-wikidata-for-botany/ The power and potential of Wikidata for botany] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/amplifying-inclusion-and-climate-justice-through-open-knowledge-my-journey-as-a-fellow-under-awa-fellowship-2025/ Amplifying Inclusion and Climate Justice Through Open Knowledge: My Journey as a Fellow under AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/justice-through-open-knowledge-training-human-rights-advocate-to-document-human-rights-incident-with-wikipedia-and-wikimedia-commons/ Justice through Open Knowledge: Training Human Rights Advocate to Document Human Rights Incident with Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons] (SDG 10) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/16/wings-of-bengal-the-winners-of-wiki-loves-bangla-2025/ Wings of Bengal: The Winners of Wiki Loves Bangla 2025] (SDG 15) * [https://infomgnt.org/posts/2025-07-16-Connecting-Knowledge-with-Wikidata-a-practical-Project-with-the-Museum-fuer-Naturkunde-Berlin/ Connecting Knowledge with Wikidata: A Practical Project with the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/19/when-time-slows-down-documenting-butterflies-in-the-north-eastern-himalayas/ When Time Slows Down: Documenting Butterflies in the North Eastern Himalayas] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/23/wiki-loves-earth-celebrates-1000000-images-of-the-natural-heritage-worldwide/ Wiki Loves Earth celebrates 1,000,000 images of the natural heritage worldwide!] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/28/closing-content-gaps-highlights-from-my-july-as-an-awa-inclusion-and-climate-justice-fellow/ Closing Content Gaps: Highlights from my July as an AWA Inclusion and Climate Justice Fellow] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/01/thrilling-two-day-butterfly-expedition-in-central-odisha/ Thrilling Two-Day Butterfly Expedition in Central Odisha] (SDG 15) ; Events * 6-9 August: Wikimania is coming up, and you can easily [[wikimania:2025:Registration|join remotely]]. Find [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|all sessions related to the Sustainable Development Goals]]. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 09:27, 2 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28881683 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 21 September: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User Group Meeting]] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/07/when-butterflies-took-over-a-classroom/ When Butterflies Took Over a Classroom] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/13/a-walk-with-butterflies-that-healed-the-heart/ A Walk with Butterflies That Healed the Heart] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/21/wikimania-2025-information-integrity-on-climate-change-on-wikimedia-projects/ Wikimania 2025: Information Integrity on Climate Change on Wikimedia projects] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/botanical-perspective-of-wikitutuwuhan-project/ Botanical Perspective of WikiTutuwuhan Project] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/past-present-and-future-a-wikimedian-in-residence-at-the-biodiversity-heritage-library/ Past, present and future: a Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Biodiversity Heritage Library] (SDG 15) * [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|All SDG related sessions at Wikimania]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 20:24, 1 Satumba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29165157 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 7 and 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250921|minutes]]) ; Other news * The OpenStreetMap community has an initiative called "[https://mapyourgrid.org/ MapYourGrid]" focused on energy infrastructure on Wikidata and Open Streetmap. (SDG 7) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/18/bridging-climate-science-and-the-public-how-the-austrian-climate-report-found-a-home-on-wikipedia/ Bridging Climate Science and the Public: How the Austrian Climate Report Found a Home on Wikipedia] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/27/microworld-a-wikimedia-fueled-microbial-exhibition-in-northern-argentina/ Microworld: a Wikimedia-fueled microbial exhibition in northern Argentina] (SDG 4) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/30/wiki-green-conference-2025/ Wiki-Green Conference 2025] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 20:46, 1 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29165157 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10 and 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/01/ewe-language-activists-trained-to-translate-the-sustainable-development-goals-online/ Ewe Language Activists Trained to Translate the Sustainable Development Goals Online] * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/11/how-wikimedia-commons-is-making-microbiology-open-lessons-from-wikimedistas-de-jujuy-argentina/ How Wikimedia Commons is making microbiology open: lessons from Wikimedistas de Jujuy, Argentina] (SDG 4) * The [https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Faktamall_f%C3%B6retag&diff=58499099&oldid=57412306 Swedish Wikipedia company infobox now shows carbon emissions data] retreived from Wikidata for over 200 companies. (SDG 13) ; Events * 6 November–3 December: [[m:Event:Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025|Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025]] (SDG 5) * 11 November: [[m:Event:First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community|First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community]] (SDG 10) * 1–30 November: [[w:id:Wikipedia:Bulan_Asia_Wikipedia_2025|Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2025]] (SDG 10) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 16:47, 3 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29554723 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 11 December: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20251211|User group call]] * As are ending the year and will be wrapping up on the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|current annual plan]] we are doing a few sprints. If every member of the user group makes just one contribution, we will finish these easily and have a great resource for the entire community. Please check out these and see if you can help out: ** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Video translation|Videos with translatable subtitles]] *** Help by identifying which videos need translation ** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Charts coordination|Charts]] *** Help by identifying charts that should be used in SDG topics <br/> ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/09/wikimedia-project-from-south-america-selected-by-the-unesco-global-initiative-for-information-integrity-on-climate-change-fund/ Wikimedia Project from South America Selected by the UNESCO Global Initiative for Information Integrity on Climate Change Fund] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/10/northern-argentine-wikimedians-recognized-in-regional-openstreetmap-contest/ Northern Argentine Wikimedians recognized in regional OpenStreetMap Contest] (SDG 15) * [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/LMyQBP/ny-ai-modell-svenska-foretags-utslapp-av-koldioxid Garbo gräver fram siffror på utsläpp av koldioxid] news in Swedish about carbon emissions data being added to the company infoboxes (SDG 13) * [https://wikimedia.at/der-klimabericht-und-die-wikipedia-teil-3-wissenschaftskommunikation/ Der Klimabericht und die Wikipedia Teil 3: Wissenschaftskommunikation] (SDG 13) ; Events * [[m:SheSaid|SheSaid campaign on Wikiquote]]. From 1 September until 31 December 2025. (SDG 5) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 14:39, 1 Disamba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29620767 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fiftieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * User group call, 11 December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20251211|minutes]]) ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/08/wikiforhumanrights-2025-documenting-ghanas-just-energy-transition-through-the-lens/ WikiForHumanRights 2025: Documenting Ghana’s Just Energy Transition Through the Lens] (SDG 7) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2025/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Update_on_the_Bioeconomy_Science_Institute_Wikimedian_in_Residence|Update on the Bioeconomy Science Institute Wikimedian in Residence]] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/14/wikiforhumanrights-2025-campaign-in-ghana/ WikiForHumanRights 2025 campaign in Ghana] (SDG 7&13) * [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/12/topics-for-impact/ Topics for impact] by Wikimedia UK * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/22/project-gayatri-a-year-of-building-knowledge-closing-with-heart/ Project Gayatri: A Year of Building Knowledge, Closing with Heart] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 21:24, 4 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29844481 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2025|annual report for 2025]] was published. * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Next user group meeting]] is 22 February. * The drafting of the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2026|2026 annual plan]] is under way, please help. ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/09/winning-images-of-the-special-category-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2025%F0%9F%A4%9D/ Winning images of the special category “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2025🤝] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 14:22, 4 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10, 13, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * A proposal for a climate and sustainability meetup at Wikimania has been submitted. Keep your fingers crossed it gets accepted! ; Other news * [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud Metabase], a project to create a [[m:Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Knowledge Base|movement-wide knowledgebase for activities and initiatives]], now has the property [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud/wiki/Property:P109 relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator] and all the Sustainable Development Goals, Targets and Indicators. This makes it possible to make sure that your projects and initiative that supports these are marked as doing so and also find previous efforts related to them. * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/11/wiki-for-botanists-why-thematic-engagement-matters/ Wiki for Botanists: Why thematic engagement matters] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/influence-of-seasonal-and-eco-climatic-factors-on-butterfly-diversity-insights-from-wiki-loves-butterfly/ Influence of Seasonal and Eco-climatic Factors on Butterfly Diversity: Insights from Wiki Loves Butterfly] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/african-women-in-climate-action-a-continued-editing-journey-through-the-edither-africa-contest-2026/ African Women in Climate Action: A Continued Editing Journey through the EditHer Africa Contest 2026] (SDG 5 & 13) ; Events * March is Women's History Month and also has the Internaltional Women's day, so there are plenty of related events. Check out [[m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]] to find some near you. (SDG 5) * [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_India/Events/International_Mother_Language_Day_2026_Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2026 Datathon]] (SDG 4, 10 &17) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:13, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Join the LDH General Assembly | April 18, 2026 == We are delighted to invite you to the General Assembly of the [[m:Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub|'''Language Diversity Hub''']] (LDH) on Saturday, '''April 18th, 2026''', at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776517200 13:00 UTC]'''. === About the General Assembly === The General Assembly (GA) is a community-wide consultation and engagement space. It is the primary forum through which LDH connects with the broader language and Wikimedia communities. The GA is designed to: * Keep community members informed about LDH activities, decisions, and ongoing work. * Gather feedback and perspectives from across the language and Wikimedia ecosystem. * Create open pathways for participation, collaboration, and community-driven input. === How to participate === Everyone is welcome! If you work on language access, language diversity, or Wikimedia projects in any language community, this is a space for you. * '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform Register here to attend]''' [[File:LDH General Assembly E-flyer.jpg|frameless|center|280px|link=https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform]] Looking forward to your participation, Language Diversity Hub Team, 18:21, 20 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ''<small>You can opt out of our distribution list by removing your username from [[m:MassMessage/Lists/LDH|this list]]</small>'' (This message was sent to [[:User:El-hussain14]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Oscar .@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/LDH&oldid=30182212 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * There is now a [[c:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|user box template on Wikimedia Commons]] that you can use to show that you are participant of the user group. There were already user boxes on [[m:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Meta]], [[d:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Wikidata]], [[w:en:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|English]] and [[w:sv:Mall:Användare Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Swedish]] Wikipedia. If your home wiki uses user boxes but lacks one, feel free to copy any of these to it. ; Other news * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2026/03/02/the-winners-of-wiki-loves-earth-2025/ “Cinematic intensity”: The winners of Wiki Loves Earth 2025] (SDG 15) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00940-y Scientists should join collaborative online editing communities for biodiversity] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 11:26, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30155800 --> == Programme submissions open: Language Diversity Conference, Accra 2026 == [[File:Official logo for language diversity conference 03.png|frameless|250px|right]] The '''[[m:Language Diversity Conference|Language Diversity Conference 2026]]''' will take place '''2–4 October 2026 in Accra, Ghana''', under the theme: ''Strengthening Language Communities in the Open Knowledge Movement''. The Programming Team is inviting the following types of session proposals: * '''Lightning talks''' – 10-minute short presentations on any relevant topic * '''Presentations''' – 20–25 minutes (including audience Q&A) * '''Workshops and tutorials''' – 50 or 110-minute interactive sessions (e.g. on Content Translation, Wikidata, or other topics) * '''Panel discussions''' – 50-minute panels; collaborations with others are encouraged Submissions will be evaluated by the Programme Committee based on: * Potential impact and expected outcomes * Relevance to the conference theme or focus areas Sessions may be recorded and made publicly available. If you prefer not to be filmed, you may indicate this during submission. '''→ [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/langdiv/cfp Submit your proposal on Eventyay]''' For more information, or questions, contact: languagediversitycon{{@}}gmail.com <!-- Message sent by User:~~~~~ on behalf of the Language Diversity Hub --> (This message was sent to [[:User:El-hussain14]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Oscar .@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/LDH&oldid=30405990 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 5, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/04/15/from-lens-to-knowledge-citizen-science-through-wiki-loves-butterfly/|From Lens to Knowledge: Citizen Science through Wiki Loves Butterfly]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Wikidata type specimen data model]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|Edit-a-thon "Women Botanists" and “Plants Around Us: Veles” workshop]] (SDG 5 & 15) ; Events * Ongoing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:100 Days 100 Edits|100 Days 100 Edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026|Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026]] (SDG 2, 6 & 7) * May 9-10: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Projekt naturgeografi/Fotosafari: Fåglar i Skåne 2026|Bird photography trip]] in south Sweden (SDG 15) * May 30: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Biologisk mångfald|Editathon about biodiversity]] in Stockholm (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:47, 6 Mayu 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30472224 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/05/19/wikimedia-projects-and-the-climate-crisis-how-wiki-for-sustainable-futures-2026-is-being-built/|Wikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being BuiltWikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being Built]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7 & 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2026/05/21/earth-day-every-day-preserving-biodiversity-on-wikipedia/ Earth Day, Every Day: Preserving Biodiversity on Wikipedia] (SDG 15) *[[diffblog:ar/2026/05/29/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-2026-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9/|Launch of the Arabic Environmental Contest 2026: an ambitious initiative to enrich environmental content]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/From_the_field_to_the_free_web From the field to the free web] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 17:47, 1 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30606764 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5 and 10.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; In the news * [[diffblog:2026/06/08/reading-wikipedia-in-the-classroom-in-wa-ghana-empowering-educators-with-media-and-information-literacy-skills/|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom in Wa, Ghana: Empowering Educators with Media and Information Literacy Skills]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/12/amplifying-womens-stories-and-indigenous-knowledge-feminism-and-folklore-2026-in-the-igbo-community/|Amplifying Women’s Stories and Indigenous Knowledge: Feminism and Folklore 2026 in the Igbo Community]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/13/artfeminism-network-organizers-at-eseap-conference-2026/|Art+Feminism Network Organizers at ESEAP Conference 2026]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/14/a-reflection-on-what-i-learned-at-my-first-international-womens-day-celebration/|A Reflection on What I Learned at My First International Women’s Day Celebration]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/16/from-mentee-to-builder-my-six-months-in-the-eduwiki-hub-mentorship-program/|From Mentee to Builder: My Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/16/building-skills-and-confidence-during-my-three-month-journey-through-the-on-wiki-skill-program-organized-by-africa-wiki-women/|Building Skills and Confidence During My Three-Month Journey Through the On Wiki Skill Program Organized by Africa Wiki Women]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/17/why-the-eduwiki-starter-kit-matters-for-the-future-of-education/|Why the EduWiki Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/17/empowering-new-editors-to-bridge-the-gender-gap-my-experience-as-a-mentor-in-the-edither-africa-april-2026-contest/|Empowering New Editors to Bridge the Gender Gap: My Experience as a Mentor in the EditHer Africa April 2026 Contest]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/18/visible-women-edit-a-thon-piloting-a-collaborative-approach-to-free-knowledge-in-hong-kong/|Visible Women Edit-a-thon: Piloting a Collaborative Approach to Free Knowledge in Hong Kong]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/23/guiding-new-voices-training-women-in-wikidata-during-the-april-edither-africa-contest/|Guiding New Voices: Training Women in Wikidata during the April EditHer Africa Contest]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/23/wikimedia-community-usergroup-botswana-in-collaboration-with-art-and-feminism-on-wikidata-mobile-training-2026/|Wikimedia Community Usergroup Botswana in collaboration with Art and Feminism on Wikidata Mobile Training 2026]] (SDG 5) ; Events * 10-18 July: [[m:Event:Wikiwomen Camp 2026|Wikiwomen Camp 2026]] (SDG 5) * 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers & Frauen 14.07.2026|Queers & Frauen]] (SDG 5 & 10) * 21-25 July: Wikimania is coming up and there are plenty of sessions related to sustainable development. There is now a dedicated page for those sessions at [[wikimania:2026:Program/SDG related sessions]]. * 23 July: [[m:Event:From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements|From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements]] (SDG 10) * 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers & Frauen 28.07.2026|Queers & Frauen]] (SDG 5 & 10) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 19:20, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30633243 --> kbrptxj5p04jfrly1ay0izmz1wa902e 0 28987 875647 492605 2026-07-04T06:12:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 875647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Fayil:Eli Cohen-Kagan present.jpg|thumb|Eli Cohen ]] '''Eli Cohen''' ( {{Lang-he|אלי כהן}} ; an haife shi 18 Disamba shekarar 1940) ya kasance ɗan wasan Isra'ila ne kuma [[Darakta|darektan fina-finai]] . A cikin 1989 Fim ''ɗinsa Summer of Afiya'' ya sami lambar yabo ta Azurfa daga Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Berlin na 39th .<ref name="Berlinale">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1989/03_preistr_ger_1989/03_Preistraeger_1989.html |title=Berlinale: 1989 Prize Winners |access-date=12 March 2011 |work=berlinale.de |archive-date=15 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015122130/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1989/03_preistr_ger_1989/03_Preistraeger_1989.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shekaru shida bayan haka, an nuna fim ''ɗinsa a ƙarƙashin itacen Domim'' a cikin sashin Un Certain Regard a 1995 Cannes Film Festival .<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3415/year/1995.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Under the Domim Tree |access-date=6 September 2009|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> == Filmography zaba == ; Darakta * ''Ricochets'' ( ''Shtei Etzbaot Mi'Tzidon'' ) (1986) * ''Summer na Aviya'' (1989) * ''Ƙarshen'' (1991) * ''Karkashin Bishiyar Domim'' (1994) ; Dan wasan kwaikwayo * ''Ba Da Rana Ko Da Dare'' (1972) * ''Yesu'' (1979) * ''Buzz'' (1998) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|0169348|Eli Cohen}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] r48l3i9ung2k7828m1oyklxdr4c3a8d 875648 875647 2026-07-04T06:12:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 875648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Fayil:Eli Cohen-Kagan present.jpg|thumb|Eli Cohen ]] '''Eli Cohen''' ( {{Lang-he|אלי כהן}} ; an haife shi 18 Disamba shekarar 1940) ya kasance ɗan wasan Isra'ila ne kuma [[Darakta|darektan fina-finai]]. A cikin 1989 Fim ''ɗinsa Summer of Afiya'' ya sami lambar yabo ta Azurfa daga Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Berlin na 39th .<ref name="Berlinale">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1989/03_preistr_ger_1989/03_Preistraeger_1989.html |title=Berlinale: 1989 Prize Winners |access-date=12 March 2011 |work=berlinale.de |archive-date=15 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015122130/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1989/03_preistr_ger_1989/03_Preistraeger_1989.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shekaru shida bayan haka, an nuna fim ''ɗinsa a ƙarƙashin itacen Domim'' a cikin sashin Un Certain Regard a 1995 Cannes Film Festival .<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3415/year/1995.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Under the Domim Tree |access-date=6 September 2009|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> == Filmography zaba == ; Darakta * ''Ricochets'' ( ''Shtei Etzbaot Mi'Tzidon'' ) (1986) * ''Summer na Aviya'' (1989) * ''Ƙarshen'' (1991) * ''Karkashin Bishiyar Domim'' (1994) ; Dan wasan kwaikwayo * ''Ba Da Rana Ko Da Dare'' (1972) * ''Yesu'' (1979) * ''Buzz'' (1998) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|0169348|Eli Cohen}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] g94wcnul1m2b671ks06narrzfzbenzv 875649 875648 2026-07-04T06:13:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 875649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Fayil:Eli Cohen-Kagan present.jpg|thumb|Eli Cohen ]] '''Eli Cohen''' ( {{Lang-he|אלי כהן}} ; an haife shi 18 Disamba shekarar 1940) ya kasance ɗan wasan Isra'ila ne kuma [[Darakta|darektan fina-finai]]. A cikin 1989 Fim ''ɗinsa Summer of Afiya'' ya sami lambar yabo ta Azurfa daga Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Berlin na 39th .<ref name="Berlinale">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1989/03_preistr_ger_1989/03_Preistraeger_1989.html |title=Berlinale: 1989 Prize Winners |access-date=12 March 2011 |work=berlinale.de |archive-date=15 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015122130/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1989/03_preistr_ger_1989/03_Preistraeger_1989.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shekaru shida bayan haka, an nuna fim ''ɗinsa a ƙarƙashin itacen Domim'' a cikin sashin Un Certain Regard a 1995 Cannes Film Festival.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3415/year/1995.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Under the Domim Tree |access-date=6 September 2009|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> == Filmography zaba == ; Darakta * ''Ricochets'' ( ''Shtei Etzbaot Mi'Tzidon'' ) (1986) * ''Summer na Aviya'' (1989) * ''Ƙarshen'' (1991) * ''Karkashin Bishiyar Domim'' (1994) ; Dan wasan kwaikwayo * ''Ba Da Rana Ko Da Dare'' (1972) * ''Yesu'' (1979) * ''Buzz'' (1998) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|0169348|Eli Cohen}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] jp735n6833jrzz9h19ek1leg5yh37bg 875650 875649 2026-07-04T06:13:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 875650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Fayil:Eli Cohen-Kagan present.jpg|thumb|Eli Cohen ]] '''Eli Cohen''' ( {{Lang-he|אלי כהן}} ; an haife shi 18 Disamba shekarar 1940) ya kasance ɗan wasan Isra'ila ne kuma [[Darakta|darektan fina-finai]]. A cikin 1989 Fim ''ɗinsa Summer of Afiya'' ya sami lambar yabo ta Azurfa daga Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Berlin na 39th .<ref name="Berlinale">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1989/03_preistr_ger_1989/03_Preistraeger_1989.html |title=Berlinale: 1989 Prize Winners |access-date=12 March 2011 |work=berlinale.de |archive-date=15 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015122130/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1989/03_preistr_ger_1989/03_Preistraeger_1989.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shekaru shida bayan haka, an nuna fim ''ɗinsa a ƙarƙashin itacen Domim'' a cikin sashin Un Certain Regard a 1995 Cannes Film Festival.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3415/year/1995.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Under the Domim Tree |access-date=6 September 2009|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> == Filmography zaba == ; Darakta * ''Ricochets'' ( ''Shtei Etzbaot Mi'Tzidon'' ) (1986) * ''Summer na Aviya'' (1989) * ''Ƙarshen'' (1991) * ''Karkashin Bishiyar Domim'' (1994) ; Dan wasan kwaikwayo * ''Ba Da Rana Ko Da Dare'' (1972) * ''Yesu'' (1979) * ''Buzz'' (1998) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|0169348|Eli Cohen}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] m8ci51lh0e6ggbdj2uvr1ucba4pgb2s 0 29025 875638 679654 2026-07-04T06:08:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 875638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:ECOLEKALABANCOROADEKEN (1).jpg|thumb|hoton garin ecilekalabancoro]] [[File:Kalabancoro adeken... (2).jpg|thumb|Al-Ada a yanki kalabancoro ]] [[Fayil:ECOLEKALABANCOROADEKEN (1).jpg|thumb|Birnin Kalabancoro]] '''Kalabancoro''' ko Kalaban Koro birni ne na ƙauye kuma birni ne a cikin yankin Koulikoro a kudu maso yammacin [[Mali|Ƙasar Mali]] . Sanarwar ta zama wani yanki na kewayen birnin [[Bamako]], babban birnin kasar Mali. Ya ta'allaka ne a gefen kudu na kogin [[Neja (kogi)|Niger]], kudu da yamma na garuruwan V da VI na Bamako. Sadarwar tana girma cikin sauri. A cikin shekara ta 1998 tana da yawan jama'a kimanin 35,582 amma zuwa shekara ta 2009 wannan ya karu zuwa 166,722. Yanzu ita ce ta uku (3) mafi yawan jama'a a ƙasar Mali, kuma ya zuwa yanzu ita ce mafi yawan jama'a a ''karkara''. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin garuruwa a Mali]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi ==  . {{Hujja}} i12n3ix46h8yp3fxmzq1xhr5gq5ao5m 875639 875638 2026-07-04T06:08:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 875639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}}{{Databox}} [[File:ECOLEKALABANCOROADEKEN (1).jpg|thumb|hoton garin ecilekalabancoro]] [[File:Kalabancoro adeken... (2).jpg|thumb|Al-Ada a yanki kalabancoro ]] [[Fayil:ECOLEKALABANCOROADEKEN (1).jpg|thumb|Birnin Kalabancoro]] '''Kalabancoro''' ko Kalaban Koro birni ne na ƙauye kuma birni ne a cikin yankin Koulikoro a kudu maso yammacin [[Mali|Ƙasar Mali]] . Sanarwar ta zama wani yanki na kewayen birnin [[Bamako]], babban birnin kasar Mali. Ya ta'allaka ne a gefen kudu na kogin [[Neja (kogi)|Niger]], kudu da yamma na garuruwan V da VI na Bamako. Sadarwar tana girma cikin sauri. A cikin shekara ta 1998 tana da yawan jama'a kimanin 35,582 amma zuwa shekara ta 2009 wannan ya karu zuwa 166,722. Yanzu ita ce ta uku (3) mafi yawan jama'a a ƙasar Mali, kuma ya zuwa yanzu ita ce mafi yawan jama'a a ''karkara''. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin garuruwa a Mali]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi ==  . {{Hujja}} 5cfhjy4mlj5tfr18v2ka8sd9eimknl6 0 30358 875742 218260 2026-07-04T10:00:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An kafa kungiyar '''Kyiv Opera''' bisa ka'ida a lokacin ranin shekarar 1867, kuma ita ce opera ta uku a tsufa a Ukraine, bayan Odessa Opera da Lviv Opera. A yau, Kamfanin Kyiv Opera yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a National Opera House na Ukraine mai suna Taras Shevchenko a [[Kiev|Kyiv]] == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko: 1867 - 20th karni === [[File:Грифони_на_будинку_Національної_опери_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb| Griffins a saman ginin]] [[File:Kyiv-teatr.jpg|left|thumb| Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kyiv City a farkon shekarun 1900.]] [[File:Оперный_театр_перед_евровидением.jpg|thumb| Taras Shevchenko Ukrainian National Opera House a Kyiv.]] [[File:500_000_karbovanets_1994_back.jpg|thumb| Opera da aka nuna akan takardar kuɗin wucin gadi na Ukraine a cikin 1990s.]] An kafa shi a lokacin rani na 1867 wanda Ferdinand Berger (? - 1875) ya jagoranta kafawar. Berger ya yi nasarar gayyato hazikan mawaƙa, da masu gudanarwa, kuma majalisar birnin (duma) ta ba da sabuwar ƙungiyar da aka ƙirƙira don yin amfani da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birni (wanda aka gina a 1856, architect I. Shtrom) don wasan kwaikwayo. A hukumance, ana kiran gidan wasan kwaikwayon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birni amma an fi kiransa da Opera na Rasha. Ranar wasan farko, Nuwamba 8 (Oktoba 27 tsohon salon), 1867 an sanya shi hutun birni. Ayyukan opera ''Askold's Tomb'' na Alexey Verstovsky shine farkon farkon ƙungiyar. Nasarar farko tana da nasaba da basirar murya na wancan lokacin O. Satagano-Garchakova, F. L'vov, M. Agramov amma kuma makircin da ya ɗauka daga wasu manyan shafuka na tsohon tarihin birnin. Wasannin kwaikwayo na farko sun kasance mafi yawan wasannin opera na Russia ne, ciki har da ''Ruslan da Ludmila'' na Mikhail Glinka, ''Rusalka'' na Alexander Dargomyzhsky, ''Maccabees'' na Anton Rubinstein da ''The Power of the Fiend'' ta A. Serov, da kuma fassarar Turai operas ciki har ''da Barber na Seville'' ta Rossini, ''The'' Barber of Seville ta Rossini ''Auren Figaro'' na [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], ''Der Freischütz'' na Weber, ''Lucia di Lammermoor'' na Donizetti, da operas ta Giuseppe Verdi, wanda ya zama mafi so na Kyivites. Ranar Fabrairu 4, 1896, bayan wasan kwaikwayo na safe na ''Eugene Onegin'' ta Tchaikovsky, wuta ta tashi daga kyandir da ba a kashe a gidan wasan kwaikwayon ba. Gobarar ta cinye ginin gaba daya cikin sa'o'i da dama. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan karatu na kiɗa a Turai tare da kayayyaki masu yawa da kayan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da yawa sun ɓace yayin gobara. Bayan gobarar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birnin, ƙungiyar ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a wasu matakai na shekaru da yawa, ciki har da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bergonie (yanzu gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Rasha mai suna Lesya Ukrainka ), Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Solovtsov (yanzu Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa mai suna Ivan Franko ) har ma a kan. filin wasa na sanannen Circus na Krutikov. === Farkon karni na 20 === Bayan gobarar, majalisar birnin ta sanar da gasar kasa da kasa don tsara wani sabon gini ga gidan wasan kwaikwayon na Opera a Kyiv. Victor Schröter ya bada shawaran hakan. An tsara na waje a cikin salon Neo-Renaissance kuma ya ba da lissafin bukatun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da masu kallo. An sake fasalin ciki a cikin salon gargajiya kuma ana kiransa ''Viennese Modern'' . Duk da haka, ana daukar babban nasararsa a matsayin mataki - daya daga cikin mafi girma a Turai da aka tsara zuwa sababbin matakan injiniya. A ranar 29 ga Satumba, an gudanar da bikin buɗe sabon filin wasan kwaikwayo tare da wasan kwaikwayo na cantata Kyiv na mawaki Wilhelm Hartweld (1859 - 1927) da kuma gabatar da wasan opera ''Life for the Tsar'' na M. Glinka. [[File:Національний_академічний_театр_опери_та_балету_України_імені_Тараса_Шевченка_DSC_9625.jpg|thumb| Ciki na Opera]] A ranar 14 September [ O.S, akwai wasan kwaikwayo na Rimsky-Korsakov 's <nowiki><i id="mwTA">The Tale of Tsar Saltan</i></nowiki> a Kyiv Opera House a gaban Tsar da 'ya'yansa maza biyu, Grand Duchesses Olga da Tatiana . Maza 90 ne suka mamaye gidan wasan kwaikwayon. A lokacin da ake tsaka da aikin an kashe Firayim Minista Pyotr Stolypin . A cewar Alexander Spiridovich, bayan aiki na biyu "Stolypin yana tsaye a gaban ramp yana raba parterre daga ƙungiyar makaɗa, baya zuwa mataki. A gefen damansa akwai Baron Freedericks da Gen. Suhkomlinov ." Mai tsaron lafiyarsa ya tafi shan taba. An harbe Stolypin sau biyu, sau ɗaya a hannu kuma sau ɗaya a cikin kirji Dmitry Bogrov, wani juyin juya hali na hagu, yana ƙoƙari ya gyara kansa. Bogrov ya gudu zuwa ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka shigar kuma aka kama shi. "Ya [Stolypin] ya juya wajen Akwatin Imperial, sannan ya ga Tsar da ya shiga akwatin, sai ya yi nuni da hannaye biyu ya ce wa Tsar ya koma." Mawakan sun fara wasa "Allah Ya Tsare Tsar." Likitocin sun yi fatan Stolypin zai murmure, amma duk da cewa bai haihu ba, yanayinsa ya tabarbare. Washegari, Tsar da ke cikin damuwa ya durƙusa a gefen gadon asibitin Stolypin ya ci gaba da maimaita kalmar "Ka gafarta mini". Stolypin ya mutu bayan kwana uku. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 20, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kyiv Opera ya jawo hankalin hazikan mawaƙa na Ukrainian da Rasha, ciki har da O. Petlyash, P. Tsevich, K. Voronets, M. Medvedev, K. Brun, O. Mosin da O. Kamionsky. kuma shahararrun taurarin opera daga Yamma sukan zo yawon bude ido. Da yawa sabon abu don wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci ya faru a kan mataki: ''Die Walkure'' ta [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]], ''Sadko'' ta Rimsky-Korsakov da ''Mefistofele'' ta Arrigo Boito . == Jihar Ukraine == A cikin shekarar 1917, an yi amfani da gidan wasan opera ba kawai don fasaha ba har ma da majalisa. Musamman ma, a cikin 1917, an gudanar da taron Soja na Biyu na Sojoji na Biyu a cikin Opera House wanda aka fi sani da shela ta farko na Majalisar Tsakiyar Ukraine . A lokacin Jihar Ukraine, Kyiv Opera ake kira ''Ukrainian Drama da Opera gidan wasan kwaikwayo'' . An gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fassarar Yukren, musamman a cikin 1918: "Faust", "La Traviata", "Bohemia", "Madame Butterfly" da sauransu. An rubuta a cikin 'yan jaridu na Ukrainian cewa Opera na Jihar Ukrainian yana da kowane dalili da kuma yiwuwar zama daya daga cikin mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na lokacinsa, yayin da yake gargadin cewa "Opera na Ukraine kada ya sake maimaita tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Petrograd, wanda ya ba da al'adun kasashen waje da al'adun 'yan kasa. ..." da kuma jaddada cewa wajibi ne a "tsara aikin opera mai karfi, kasa da al'adu". == lokacin Soviet == Bayan da Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Ukraine, gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya zama ƙasa kuma an sanya masa suna '''K. Liebknecht Opera House.''' . A 1926 an sake masa suna '''Kyiv State Academic Ukrainian Opera''', kuma a 1934, lokacin da Kyiv aka mayar da babban birnin kasar matsayi - '''Academic Opera da Ballet gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tarayyar Soviet''' . A 1936 gidan wasan kwaikwayo aka bayar da Order of Lenin, kuma a 1939 aka mai suna bayan Taras Shevchenko . Bisa ga Dokar Kwamishinonin Jama'a na 1926, an yi duk wasan operas a harshen Ukraine. Wannan wahayi zuwa ga kafa cikakken darajar Ukrainian al'adu da Ukrainian harshe. Al'adar yin wasan opera a cikin fassarorin Ukrainian ta yi nasara har zuwa farkon 1990s. A shekara ta 1981, an yi bikin ballet na duniya a kan rayuwar Olga na Kiev don tunawa da ranar 1500th na birnin. <ref>Черкашина-Губаренко М. Р. ''Театральні університети Володимира Рожка''. Часопис Національної музичної академії України імені П. І. Чайковського. 2016. № 3 (32). с. 52.</ref> == 1990-2010 == A tsakanin shekarun 1991-1999, Anatoliy Mokrenko ya jagoranci Opera ta kasa. A wannan lokacin, gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya fara watsar da fassarori na yaren Ukrainian a hankali, wanda matsalolin tattalin arziki ya bayyana da kuma buƙatar ayyukan yawon shakatawa don tsira ga masu fasaha. == Manazarta == '''Bayanan kula''' {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons category-inline}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041502/http://welltime.kiev.ua/Company/770 Kyiv.ua: Ziyarar gani da ido na Gidan Opera na Kasa] * [http://www.worldwalk.info/en/catalog/1295/ Worldwalk.info: Shevchenko National Opera House na Ukraine (Kyiv)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813062241/http://www.worldwalk.info/en/catalog/1295/ |date=2020-08-13 }} {{Kyiv Theaters}}{{State Theaters of Ukraine}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Gidajen wasan kwakwayo da aka kammala a 1901]] [[Category:Wakar Ukraine]] [[Category:Gine-ginen karni na 19]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 22x7fxjgyn1zc3vsh4ern135ougrogj 0 32551 875426 533580 2026-07-03T20:24:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{multiple image|align=right|perrow=3|total_width=400|image1=Akan MHNT.ETH.2010.25.074-fond blanc.jpg|image2=Akan MHNT.ETH.2010.25.041-fond blanc.jpg|image3=Akan MHNT.ETH.2010.25.141.jpg|image4=Akan MHNT.ETH.2010.25.038.jpg|image5=Akan MHNT.ETH.2010.25.044-2.jpg|image6=Akan MHNT.ETH.2010.25.028-fond blanc.jpg|image7=Akan MHNT.ETH.2010.25.004.jpg|image8=Akan MHNT.ETH.2010.25.051.jpg|image9=Akan MHNT.ETH.2010.25.052.jpg|footer=Zinariya ma'aunin nauyi na Akan}} '''Fasaha na Akan''' wani nau'i ne na fasaha da ya samo asali daga mutanen Akan na yammacin Afirka. An kuma san fasahar Akan don ƙwararrun al'adun fasaha, waɗanda suka haɗa da saka, sassaka, Ma'aunin gwal na Akan, da kayan adon zinariya da na azurfa. An san mutanen Akan saboda ƙaƙƙarfan alaƙa tsakanin maganganun gani da magana da haɗakar fasaha da falsafa ta musamman. Al'adar Akan tana daraja zinare sama da duk wasu karafa, don haka zane-zane da kayan adon da aka yi da zinare suna nuna kima mai yawa, ko an yi shi don bayyanar, zane-zane, ko ƙarin dalilai na kasuwanci. == Girman gwal. == Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun sassan fasahar Akan shine ma'aunin [[Gwale (Kano)|gwal]] na Akan. An yi ma'aunin zinariya da tagulla, da tagulla, da tagulla. An jefa su ta hanyar yin simintin simintin gyare-gyaren da aka fi sani da fasahar ɓataccen abu ko "cire perdue". An ƙirƙiri ma'aunin zinare don mu'amalar tattalin arziki da ta shafi zinari. Ko da yake ba a bayyana lokacin da aka fara gabatar da taron ma'aunin nauyi ba, amma masana sun yi nuni da cewa, 'yan Akan sun fara cinikin zinare da 'yan kasuwa musulmi daga yankin yammacin Afirka, tun kafin haduwar Turai. Tsarin nauyinsu ya yi daidai da tsarin nauyin Musulunci na Arewacin Afirka, kuma da alama yana cikin farkon cinikin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Ma'aunin gwal ɗin ya yi aiki da yawa a cikin al'adarsu da rayuwar yau da kullun. Ana amfani da ma'aunin gwal na Akan azaman ma'auni akan ma'auni da ake amfani da su a cinikin zinare, abubuwan gani na al'adar baka, wakilcin karin magana, azaman rubutun hoto a tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, da tsarin ilimin mutanen Akan. An yi amfani da ma'aunin zinare a cikin kasuwancin yau da kullun da kasuwanci, da kuma a cikin lissafin kuɗi, azaman nau'in juzu'i ko ƙira. A cewar masanin Akan Nitecki, an halicci ma'aunin gwal na Akan kuma an yi amfani da su kamar harshen magana don tunawa da al'amuran zamantakewa ko na tarihi, don bayyana ra'ayi na falsafa ko addini, buri, da mafarkai, ko kawai don yin tambayoyi, ko nuna rashin jin daɗi". Dala na Akan sun kasance tabbataccen shaida game da yadda mai zanen ke ji game da kansu da kuma manyan al'amuran rayuwa da matsaloli kamar aure, 'ya'ya, rashin adalci, da rikice-rikice na sirri da na jaha. Akwai manyan nau'ikan gwal guda huɗu, bisa ga abin da aka kwatanta. Nau'in ma'aunin zinare na farko yana kwatanta mutane. Na biyu ya ƙunshi flora da fauna na gida. Kashi na uku ana kwatanta su da abubuwan da mutum ya yi. Rukunin ƙarshe na ƙayyadaddun bayanai ne kuma buɗe don fassarar mutum ɗaya. == Kayan ado == Kayan ado na al'adan Akan yana da nau'i-nau'i iri-iri. Mutanen Akan suna yin suturar wuya, daɗaɗɗen wuyan hannu, rigar gwiwar hannu, rigar gwiwa, da rigar ƙafar ƙafa. Kayan ado na musamman na jinsi sun haɗa da fil ɗin hula da ɗigon kai ga maza da ƴan kunne da kuma turaren gashi ga mata. == Manazarta == * Akan Goldweights. (1995) Retrieved 9 February 2007 from https://web.archive.org/web/20121111020449/http://www.fa.indiana.edu/~conner/akan/shape.html. * Kreft, Linda. Wrapped in Pride- Akan Art and Proverbs. (2004). Retrieved 8 February 2007 from http://www.lindakreft.com/akanart.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105232010/http://www.lindakreft.com/akanart.html |date=2020-11-05 }}. * Peirce, Susan. Akan Art of Ghana. (2005). Retrieved 9 February 2007 from http://www.canyonlights.com/akanartofghana.html. * Arthur, G. F. Kojo. Akan Goldweights Symbols. (2001). {{cite web|author=Arthur Rowe|url=http://www.marshall.edu/akanart/abramo.html|title=AKAN GOLD WEIGHTS - ABRAMMOO|publisher=Marshall University|accessdate=October 10, 2005|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014185709/http://www.marshall.edu/akanart/abramo.html|archivedate=October 14, 2006}}<cite id="CITEREFArthur_Rowe" class="citation web cs1">. Marshall University. Archived from [http://www.marshall.edu/akanart/abramo.html the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014185709/http://www.marshall.edu/akanart/abramo.html |date=2006-10-14 }} on October 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2005</span>.</cite> * Arthur, G. F. Kojo. Akan Cultural Symbols Project Online (1998-2001). {{cite web|author=CEFIKS Publications|url=http://www.marshall.edu/akanart/|title=AKAN cultural symbols project|publisher=Marshall University|accessdate=October 10, 2005|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206085418/http://www.marshall.edu/akanart/|archivedate=February 6, 2006}}<cite id="CITEREFCEFIKS_Publications" class="citation web cs1">CEFIKS Publications.. Marshall University. Archived from [http://www.marshall.edu/akanart/ the original] on February 6, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2005</span>.</cite> rs7zsbtnm2lokq821bpaem27mbvvr7t 0 32689 875579 873660 2026-07-04T04:17:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875579 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />   '''Gari''' foda ne da ake amfani da shi wajen yin [[abinci]] iri-iri, ciki har da kayan gasa, da kuma yin kauri. Ana yin sa ne ta hanyar ninika [[hatsi]], [[wake]], gairo, iri, saiwoyi, ko [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]] ta amfani da injin niƙa. Garin [[Siril|hatsi]], musamman garin alkama, shine babban sinadarin [[burodi]], wanda shine babban abincin al'adu da yawa. Masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun gano shaidar cewa mutane suna yin garin hatsi sama da shekaru 32,000 da suka gabata <ref>{{Cite web |title=Popular Archeology - Scientists report Stone Age flour production |url=https://popular-archaeology.com/article/scientists-report-stone-age-flour-production/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Popular Archeology |language=en-US}}</ref> . Sauran garin hatsi sun haɗa da garin masara, wanda yake da mahimmanci a cikin abincin Mesoamerican tun zamanin da kuma har yanzu shine babban abincin Amurka, yayin da garin hatsin rai wani ɓangare ne na burodi a Tsakiyar Turai da Arewacin Turai . Garin hatsi ya ƙunshi ko dai endosperm, germ, da bran tare, wanda aka sani da garin hatsi gaba ɗaya, ko na endosperm kaɗai, wanda aka sani da gari mai ladabi. 'Abinci' a zahiri ana iya bambanta shi da gari kamar yana da ɗan ƙaramin girman barbashi, wanda aka sani da digiri na haɗin kai . Duk da haka, kalmar 'abinci' tana da alaƙa da 'gari' a wasu sassan duniya. Sarrafa garin hatsi don samar da farin gari, inda aka cire yadudduka na waje, yana nufin an rasa abubuwan gina jiki. Irin wannan garin, da burodin da aka yi daga gare su, ana iya ƙarfafa su ta hanyar ƙara abubuwan gina jiki. Tun daga shekarar 2016, doka ta wajabta a ƙasashe 86 don ƙarfafa garin alkama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2017 |title=Fortification growing globally |url=https://www.world-grain.com/articles/8286-fortification-growing-globally |website=World Grain}}</ref> Ana yin garin gairo ta hanyar niƙa gairo mai laushi, sai dai garin goro, wanda ake fara fitar da mai daga gare shi. Garin goro sanannen madadin rashin alkama ne, ana amfani da shi a cikin abincin "keto" da "paleo" . Babu wani amfani na abinci mai gina jiki da goro ke da shi da aka rasa yayin niƙa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2022 |title=Nut flour: new applications in the food industry |url=https://www.itac-professional.com/en/blog/nut-flours-new-applications-food-industry |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=ITAC Professional}}</ref> A al'ada ana amfani da garin goro a cikin abincin Bahar Rum da Farisa. Ana yin garin wake ta hanyar niƙa wake da aka busar ko aka gasa. Garin wake da aka fi amfani da shi sun haɗa da chickpea, wanda aka fi sani da garin gram ko besan, wanda aka yi daga busasshen wake kuma ana amfani da shi a al'ada a cikin abincin Bahar Rum, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A guide to Heritage grains |url=https://haydenflourmills.com/pages/heritage-grains-guide |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=Hayden Flour Mills}}</ref> Ana yin garin wake ta hanyar jiƙa wake don cire su, kafin a busar da su (ko a gasa su don yin kinako ) a niƙa su; aƙalla kashi 97% na samfurin dole ne ya wuce ta hanyar allo mai kauri 100 wanda za a kira shi garin wake, wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin abincin Asiya da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Soya Flour Uses |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/soya_flour |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref> Garin iri kamar teff na gargajiya ne a Habasha da Eritrea, inda ake amfani da su wajen yin burodi mai laushi da sourdough, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Teff |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/glossary/teff-glossary |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=BBC Good Food}}</ref> yayin da ake amfani da buckwheat a Rasha, Japan da Italiya. A Ostiraliya, an gano duwatsun niƙa don niƙa iri waɗanda suka samo asali tun zamanin Pleistocene . Garin tushen ya haɗa da arrowroot da [[rogo]] . Ana amfani da garin Arrowroot (wanda kuma aka sani da arrowroot foda) a matsayin mai kauri a miya, miya da biredi, kuma yana da ƙarfin kauri sau biyu fiye da garin alkama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2018 |title=What Is Arrowroot Powder? |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-arrowroot-powder-1328463 |website=The Spruce Eats |access-date=10 June 2026 |archive-date=31 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031064204/https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-arrowroot-powder-1328463 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Garin rogo ba shi da alkama kuma ana amfani da shi azaman madadin garin alkama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2023 |title=Health benefits of Cassava flour |url=https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-of-cassava-flour |website=WebMD}}</ref> Ana amfani da garin rogo a al'ada a abincin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da Tsakiyar Amurka da Caribbean. Ana yin garin kayan lambu ne daga kayan lambu da suka bushe kafin a niƙa su. Ana iya yin waɗannan daga yawancin kayan lambu, ciki har da broccoli, alayyafo, kabewa da wake kore. Suna da wadataccen zare kuma ba su da gluten. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=Vegetable Flours: Here's Why You Need Ground Veggies For Better Health & Taste |url=https://m.netmeds.com/health-library/post/vegetable-flours-heres-why-you-need-ground-veggies-for-better-health-taste?srsltid=AfmBOop7ChYt3nPbA0gHScqmvIbqCAcEnyULzzPSnmChmh0Ty7-nHofa |website=NetMeds}}</ref> An yi bincike don ganin ko za a iya ƙara garin kayan lambu a cikin burodin alkama a madadin amfani da wasu hanyoyin ƙarawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marcella Mastromatteo, Alessandra Danza, Mariangela Guida, Matteo A. Del Nobile |date=June 2012 |title=Formulation optimisation of vegetable flour-loaded functional bread Part I: screening of vegetable flours and structuring agents |url=https://academic.oup.com/ijfst/article/47/6/1313/7866410?login=false |journal=International Journal of Food Science and Technology |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1313–1320 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.02975.x |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar ''fulawa'' ta Ingilishi asali nau'in kalmar ''fure'' ce, kuma duka kalmomin sun samo asali ne daga tsohuwar ''fure'' ko ''fulawa'' ta Faransa, wacce ke da ma'anar "fure", da kuma ma'anar alama "mafi kyau". Kalmar ''fleur de farine'' tana nufin "mafi kyawun ɓangaren fulawa", tunda fulawa ta samo asali ne daga kawar da abu mai kauri da mara amfani daga hatsi yayin niƙa. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Wheat_P1210892.jpg|thumb|Gonar alkama marar nuna]] {{Reflist}} [[Masara]] ko garin masara ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Mesoamerica tun zamanin d ̄ a kuma ya kasance abin da ake amfani da shi a Amurka. Rye flour wani abu ne na gurasa a tsakiya da arewacin Turai. Shaidar archaeological don yin gari (tsuntsaye na alkama da aka murkushe tsakanin dutse mai sauƙi) ya kasance aƙalla 6000 BC. A cikin 2018, masu binciken tarihi sun ba da rahoton gano shaidar <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arranz-Otaegui |first=Amaia |date=31 July 2018 |title=Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=115 |issue=31 |pages=7925–7930 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115.7925A |doi=10.1073/pnas.1801071115 |pmc=6077754 |pmid=30012614 |doi-access=free}}</ref> na yin burodi a Shubayqa 1, wani wurin farauta da tarawa na Natufian sama da shekaru 14,000 a arewa maso yammacin Jordan. [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] sune na farko da suka niƙa tsaba a kan ma'adinai. A shekara ta 1786, a farkon zamanin masana'antu, an kammala ma'aikatar gari ta farko, Albion Mills, Southwark, a [[Landan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The history of flour – The FlourWorld Museum Wittenburg – Flour Sacks of the World |url=http://www.flour-art-museum.de/english/background-and-culture/history-of-flour.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404033142/http://www.flour-art-museum.de/english/background-and-culture/history-of-flour.html |archive-date=2011-04-04 |access-date=2017-10-18 |website=www.flour-art-museum.de |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, an fara wadatar da wasu gari da baƙin ƙarfe, niacin, thiamine da riboflavin. A cikin shekarun 1940, ma'adanai sun fara wadatar da gari da folic acid an kara su a cikin jerin a cikin shekarun 1990. === Garin da aka nikashi kuma aka sarrafa shi da zafi === Wata babbar matsala ta [[Industrial Revolution|juyin juya halin masana'antu]] ita ce adana fulawa. Nisa tsakanin sufuri da tsarin rarrabawa a hankali ya ci karo da tsawon lokacin shiryawa na halitta. Dalilin ƙarancin lokacin shiryawa shine fatty acids na germ, waɗanda ke amsawa daga lokacin da suka fuskanci iskar oxygen. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka niƙa hatsi; fatty acids suna oxidize kuma fulawa ta fara yin kumfa . Dangane da yanayi da ingancin hatsi, wannan tsari yana ɗaukar watanni shida zuwa tara. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, wannan tsari ya yi gajere ga zagayowar samarwa da rarrabawa na masana'antu. Ganin cewa bitamin, micronutrients da [[amino acid]] ba a san su sosai ba a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, cire germ mafita ce mai tasiri. Ba tare da germ ba, fulawa ba za ta iya yin kumfa ba. Garin da aka lalata ya zama daidaitacce. Rushewar germ ya fara a wuraren da ke da cunkoso kuma ya ɗauki kimanin ƙarni ɗaya kafin ya isa ƙauye. Garin da aka sarrafa da zafi shine gari inda aka fara raba germ daga endosperm da bran, sannan a sarrafa shi da tururi, zafi busasshe ko microwave sannan a sake haɗa shi zuwa fulawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deutsch: Goldkeim |url=http://www.goldkeim.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201180727/http://goldkeim.com/ |archive-date=2011-02-01 |access-date=2017-10-18 |website=www.goldkeim.com |language=de}}</ref> == Samarwa ==   [[Fayil:A_Walz_set_of_roller_mills.png|right|thumb|Saitin injinan niƙa na Walz .]] Ana yin niƙa fulawa ta hanyar niƙa hatsi tsakanin duwatsu ko ƙafafun ƙarfe. A yau, "ƙasa da dutse" yawanci yana nufin cewa an niƙa hatsin a cikin injin niƙa inda tayoyin dutse masu juyawa ke juyawa kan ƙafafun dutse marasa tsayawa, a tsaye ko a kwance tare da hatsi a tsakani. Masana'antar roller ta maye gurbin masana'antar dutse a ƙarni na 19. Samar da fulawa ya haifar da ci gaban fasaha a tarihi, yayin da yunƙurin sa masana'antar gristmills da masana'antar fulawa su fi samar da kayayyaki da ƙarancin aiki ya haifar da injin niƙa ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2006 |title=Grist Mills |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/by_jerry_jaynes/collections/72157602214123118/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802034456/https://www.flickr.com/photos/by_jerry_jaynes/collections/72157602214123118/ |archive-date=2020-08-02 |access-date=2017-10-18 |website=Flickr |language=en-us}}</ref> da injin niƙa iska . Waɗannan sharuɗɗan yanzu ana amfani da su sosai wajen amfani da ruwa da ƙarfin iska don dalilai banda niƙa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Roller Mills Changed the Milling Industry |url=https://www.angelfire.com/journal/millrestoration/roller.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304180315/http://www.angelfire.com/journal/millrestoration/roller.html |archive-date=2018-03-04 |access-date=2017-10-18 |website=[[Angelfire]]}}</ref> Kwanan nan, an ƙirƙiro injin niƙa na Unifine, wani injin niƙa mai nau'in tasiri, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20. == Abun da ke cikin garin hatsi ==   [[Fayil:Uskladněná_mouka.JPG|thumb|Ana adana fulawa a cikin manyan buhunan zane]] Gari yana ɗauke da yawan sitaci, waɗanda wani ɓangare ne na hadaddun carbohydrates wanda aka sani da polysaccharides . Nau'in fulawa da ake amfani da shi wajen girki sun haɗa da dukkan amfanin gona (Arewacin Amurka) ko fulawa mara lahani, fulawa mai tasowa (Arewacin Amurka) ko fulawa mai tayar da hankali, da kuma, a Arewacin Amurka, fulawa mai kek. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2012 |title=What is Cake Flour? |url=https://www.nigella.com/ask/what-is-cake-flour |website=Nigella}}</ref> Girman furotin, fulawa tana da ƙarfi da ƙarfi, kuma yawanta zai samar da burodi mai ƙyalli ko mai tauna. Ƙasa da furotin, fulawa tana da laushi, wanda ya fi kyau ga kek, kukis, da ɓawon burodi. Gari na hatsi ya ƙunshi ko dai endosperm, germ, da bran tare (garin hatsi gaba ɗaya) ko na endosperm kaɗai (gari mai tsafta). === Garin da aka yi wa fenti === "Furan da aka yi wa bleached" gari ne mai "tsarkakakke" wanda aka ƙara sinadarin bleaching (chemical bleaching) . An cire ƙwayayen da aka yi wa fulawa, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yawancin sinadarin fiber mai gina jiki da bitamin, kuma galibi ana kiransa da "farin gari". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Food |first=Science Meets |date=2020-07-29 |title=Bleached vs Unbleached Flour: What’s the Difference and Which Should You Be Baking With? {{!}} Food Chemistry {{!}} |url=https://sciencemeetsfood.org/bleached-flour/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Science Meets Food |language=en-US}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="Student blog (February 2026)">mafi kyau&nbsp;tushe&nbsp;ana buƙata</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana amfani da sinadarin "bleaching" na fulawa ta hanyar amfani da sinadarin "bleaching", ko kuma wani sinadarin "balaga", ko kuma duka biyun. Maganin bleaching yana shafar carotenoids da ke da alhakin launin fulawa na halitta; sinadarin "balaga" kuma yana shafar ci gaban gluten . Maganin bleaching na iya ƙarfafa ko raunana ci gaban gluten. Wannan har yanzu yana samuwa a Arewacin Amurka, amma an haramta shi a Turai, Ostiraliya da New Zealand. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title=Bread and flour: labelling and composition |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/bread-and-flour-labelling-and-composition |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ==== Yawan ƙarin abubuwa ==== Karin abubuwa guda huɗu da aka fi amfani da su a matsayin masu yin bleaching ko kuma masu girma a Amurka sune: * Potassium bromate, wanda aka lissafa a matsayin sinadari, wani sinadari ne da ke ƙara ƙarfin ci gaban gluten. Ba ya yin bleaching. * Benzoyl peroxide yana yin bleaching, amma baya aiki a matsayin maganin da ke nuna balaga. Ba shi da wani tasiri ga gluten. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-09 |title=Exploring Bleaching Agents in Flour Processing - Agriculture Notes by Agriculture.Institute |url=https://agriculture.institute/baking-and-flour-confectionary/bleaching-agents-in-flour-processing/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> * An lissafa sinadarin Ascorbic acid (bitamin C) a matsayin sinadari, ko dai a matsayin alamar cewa an yi amfani da ascorbic acid wajen yin fulawa ko kuma an ƙara ƙaramin adadin a matsayin mai ƙara kullu. Yana da sinadarin da ke ƙara ƙarfin ci gaban gluten, amma ba ya yin bleach. * Ana amfani da iskar gas ta Chlorine a matsayin maganin bleaching da kuma maganin da ke girma. Yana raunana ci gaban gluten kuma yana lalata sitaci, wanda hakan ke sa gari ya sha ruwa ya kumbura, wanda ke haifar da batter mai kauri da kuma kullu mai tauri. Tsarin gluten da aka jinkirta yana da kyau a cikin kek, kukis, da biskit, domin in ba haka ba zai sa su yi tauri da kama da burodi. Gyaran sitaci a cikin fulawa yana ba da damar amfani da kullu mai danshi (yana yin samfurin ƙarshe mai danshi) ba tare da lalata tsarin da ake buƙata don kek da biskit masu sauƙi, masu laushi ba. Garin da aka yi da chlorine yana ba da damar kek da sauran kayan gasa su daidaita da sauri kuma su tashi da kyau, kuma kitsen ya rarraba daidai gwargwado, tare da ƙarancin raunin rugujewa. Wasu wasu sinadarai da ake amfani da su azaman maganin gari don canza launi da halayen yin burodi sun haɗa da: * Chlorine dioxide (wanda ba shi da tabbas da za a jigilar shi a Amurka) * Calcium peroxide * Azodicarbonamide ko azobisformamide (na roba) * Iskar oxygen ta yanayi, wadda ke haifar da bleaching na halitta. Abubuwan kiyayewa da aka saba amfani da su a cikin garin fulawa sun haɗa da: * Sinadarin calcium propanoate * Sodium benzoate * Tricalcium phosphate * Butylated hydroxyanisole ==== Abubuwan da aka kara ==== An haramta duk wani sinadarin bleaching da bloating (banda ascorbic acid) a Burtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2008 |title=The Bread and Flour Regulations 1998 – Guidance Notes |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/breadflourguide.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209193220/http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/breadflourguide.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2011 |access-date=29 March 2012 |publisher=Food Standards Agency}}</ref> Amfani da garin burodi a Amurka ya ragu, kuma duk da cewa ba a haramta shi a ko'ina ba tukuna, ƙananan fulawa da ake samu ga mai yin burodi a gida ba a ƙara yin amfani da su ba. Iri-iri na fulawa da aka shirya musamman don gidajen burodi na kasuwanci har yanzu ana yin bromated. Garin da aka yi bleach da aka sayar wa mai yin burodi na gida yanzu ana yi masa magani da peroxidation ko chlorine gas. Bayanan da ke fitowa daga Pillsbury yanzu sun nuna cewa nau'in fulawar da aka yi bleach ana yi musu magani da benzoyl peroxide da chlorine gas. Gold Medal ya bayyana cewa fulawar da aka yi bleach ana yi musu magani da benzoyl peroxide ko chlorine gas, amma babu wata hanyar da za a iya gane wace hanya aka yi amfani da ita lokacin siyan fulawar a shagon kayan abinci. ==== Tsohuwar hanyar yin bleaching ==== Tsohuwar hanyar samun fulawa fari ko "mai launin shuɗi" ba ta buƙatar amfani da sinadarai kwata-kwata ba. Maimakon haka, ana jiƙa ƙwayoyin alkama da ruwa har tsawon lokacin da ƙwayoyin alkama na waje waɗanda ke ɗauke da bran za su yi laushi kuma, daga ƙarshe, su faɗi yayin niƙa. A wasu wurare, ana yaɗa ganyen rue na Siriya ( ''Peganum harmala'' ) a cikin layukan da aka raba tsakanin layukan hatsi, kuma a bar su a cikin irin wannan yanayi na tsawon kwanaki da yawa, har sai hayakin da ke fitowa daga ganyen shukar ya sa ƙwayoyin alkama na waje su karye su narke, suna barin fulawa mai tsabta da fari bayan niƙa. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Yosef Qafih}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|last=Yosef Qafih}}, s.v. ''Ḥametz u'matzah'' 5:8</ref> === Garin da aka ƙara wa gari === {{Commonscat}} A lokacin yin fulawa, musamman sakamakon bleaching, abubuwan gina jiki suna ɓacewa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki ana iya maye gurbinsu yayin tacewa - sakamakon ana kiransa fulawa ''mai wadata'' . A Burtaniya, yawancin fulawa, kuma saboda haka, ana buƙatar a ƙara musu sinadarin calcium, iron, thiamine (Vitamin B1) da niacin (Vitamin B3); fulawa cikakke ba ta da amfani domin tana ɗauke da isasshen waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2023 |title=Bread and Flour Regulations |url=https://www.ukflourmillers.org/bread-and-flour-regulations |publisher=UK Flour Millers}}</ref> === Garin kek === Garin kek shine mafi ƙarancin adadin furotin na gluten, tare da furotin 6–7% (5–8% daga tushe na biyu <ref name="Food Network-2018"/> ) don samar da ƙarancin ɗaurewa don kek ɗin ya "rushe" cikin sauƙi. === Garin biredi === Garin burodi yana da furotin na biyu mafi ƙarancin sinadarin gluten, tare da furotin 7.5–9.5% (8–9% daga tushen na biyu <ref name="Food Network-2018"/> ) don riƙewa tare da ɗan ƙarfi fiye da kek, amma har yanzu yana samar da ɓawon burodi mai laushi maimakon waɗanda suka yi tauri ko masu ƙyalli. === Garin da ba a amfani da shi ko kuma wanda aka yi amfani da shi don yin burodi === Duk-manufa, ko "fulawar AP", ko kuma gari mai laushi yana da matsakaicin adadin furotin na gluten a kashi 9.5–11.5% (10–12% daga tushen na biyu <ref name="Food Network-2018">{{Cite web |title=Different Flour Types |url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/packages/baking-guide/flour-101-guide-to-different-types-and-uses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105123050/http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/packages/baking-guide/flour-101-guide-to-different-types-and-uses |archive-date=2018-01-05 |access-date=2018-01-04 |website=Food Network}}</ref> ). Yana da isasshen adadin furotin ga yawancin tushen burodi da pizza, kodayake galibi ana fifita garin burodi da garin Italiyanci na musamman don waɗannan dalilai, bi da bi, musamman ta masu yin burodi na ƙwararru. Ana kuma shirya wasu biskit ta amfani da wannan nau'in fulawa. "Plain" ba wai kawai yana nufin yawan gluten na fulawar AP ba har ma da rashin wani ƙarin sinadarin yisti (kamar yadda yake a cikin fulawar da ke tasowa da kanta). === Garin burodi === Yawanci ana yin garin burodi ne daga alkama mai ja ta hunturu da aka shuka a lokacin kaka kuma aka girbe ta a lokacin bazara. Alkama mai tauri tana da yawan gluten, furotin da ke sa kullu ya yi laushi. Alkama mai tauri tana da kashi 11.5–13.5% (12–14% daga tushen na biyu <ref name="Food Network-2018"/> ). Karin furotin yana manne da garin don kama [[carbon dioxide]] da aka fitar ta hanyar fermentation na yisti, wanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan yanayi na girma da kuma ɗanɗano. === Garin tauri === Hard kalma ce ta gama gari ga fulawa mai yawan furotin mai gluten, galibi tana nufin fulawa mai ƙarfi, tare da furotin 13.5–16% (ko 14–15% daga wasu tushe) (16% shine yawan furotin da ake iya samu a ka'ida <ref name="Reinhart-2001" /> ). Ana iya amfani da wannan fulawa inda girke-girke ke ƙara sinadaran da ke buƙatar kullu ya zama mai ƙarfi sosai don riƙewa tare a gaban su, ko kuma lokacin da ake buƙatar ƙarfi don gina burodi (misali, wasu nunin tsakiya). === Garin alkama === Garin Gluten furotin ne mai kyau na gluten, ko kuma furotin 100% na nazari (kodayake gyaran jiki ba ya samun cikakken 100%). Ana amfani da shi don ƙarfafa gari idan ana buƙata. Misali, ƙara kusan cokali ɗaya a kowace kofi na garin AP yana ba da haɗin furotin da ke cikin garin burodi. Ana ƙara shi a girke-girke na garin alkama gaba ɗaya don shawo kan yanayin yawan fiber na hana haɓakar gluten, wanda ake buƙata don ba wa burodin ingantaccen haɓaka (riƙewar iskar gas) da taunawa. === Garin da ba a wanke ba === Garin da ba a wanke ba kawai gari ne da ba a yi masa bleach ba, don haka ba shi da launin fari kamar fulawa. Misali shi ne garin graham, wanda sunansa Sylvester Graham, ya ƙi amfani da sinadaran bleach, wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin mara lafiya. === Gurasar da ke ɗaga kanta === A ƙasashen da ke magana da Turanci, ana samun fulawa mai kiba (ko kuma mai kiba a Arewacin Amurka) a kasuwa tare da sinadaran yisti da aka riga aka haɗa. A Amurka, ana iya ƙara gishiri kafin a saka ta; a Birtaniya ba haka lamarin yake ba. Ana rarraba sinadaran da aka ƙara a cikin fulawa daidai gwargwado, wanda ke taimakawa wajen ƙaruwar kayan gasa. Ana amfani da wannan fulawa gabaɗaya don shirya kek ɗin soso, scones da muffins. Henry Jones ne ya ƙirƙiro ta kuma ya ba da lasisi a 1845. Idan girke-girke yana buƙatar fulawa mai kiba, kuma wannan ba ya samuwa, ana iya maye gurbinsa kamar haka: * 1 cup (~240 mL) (125&nbsp;g) plain flour * 1 tsp (5 mL) (3&nbsp;g) [[baking powder]] * (US recipes) a pinch to   teaspoon (1&nbsp;g or less) [[Gishiri|salt]] == Nau'o'in == === Garin da ke ɗauke da Gluten === ==== Garin alkama ==== {{Bread}}Alkama shine hatsi da aka fi amfani dashi don yin gari.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2018}}Wasu nau'o'in ana iya kiransu "mai tsabta" ko "farin". Furen yana dauke da matakai daban-daban na furotin gluten. "Fur mai ƙarfi" ko "farin mai wuya" yana da mafi girman abun ciki na gluten fiye da "mai rauni" ko "mai laushi". "Brown" da kuma garin da za a iya yin su da alkama mai wuya ko mai laushi. * Garin Atta shine garin alkama gabaɗayan hatsi mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Indiya da Pakistan, ana amfani da shi don kewayon burodi kamar roti da [[chapati]] . Yawanci ya zama dutse-ƙasa zuwa ƙananan granules, wanda ke ba shi nau'i mai sauƙi wanda ba a iya samuwa a cikin sauran gurasar lebur. * Garin [[Alkama|alkama na yau da kullun]] ( ''T. aestuum'' ) shine fulawar da aka fi amfani da ita don yin burodi. Garin alkama ( ''T. durum'' ) shi ne na biyu mafi amfani. <ref name="Cooper">{{Cite journal |last=Cooper R |date=Mar 29, 2015 |title=Re-discovering ancient wheat varieties as functional foods |journal=J Tradit Complement Med |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=138–43 |doi=10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.02.004 |pmc=4488568 |pmid=26151025}}</ref> * Garin maida ita ce garin alkama da aka niƙa da kyau da ake amfani da ita don yin burodin Indiya iri-iri kamar paratha da naan. Ana amfani da Maida sosai ba kawai a cikin abincin Indiya ba har ma a cikin Asiya ta Tsakiya da kuma Kudancin Gabashin Asiya. Ko da yake wani lokacin ana kiransa "fulawa gaba ɗaya" ta masu dafa abinci na Indiya, ya fi kama da garin cake ko ma sitaci mai tsabta. A kasar Indiya, ana amfani da garin maida wajen yin kek da sauran kayan biredi kamar su biredi da biskit da gasa. * Garin [[Taliya|noodle]] wani hadadden fulawa ne na musamman da ake amfani da shi don yin noodles irin na Asiya, wanda aka yi da alkama ko shinkafa. * [[Semolina]] ita ce ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan tsaftataccen alkama na alkamar durum da ake amfani da ita wajen yin taliya, hatsin karin kumallo, puddings, da couscous. * Spelled, tsohuwar hatsi, nau'in alkama ne na hexaploid. <ref name="Cooper" /> Kullun da aka ba da baƙaƙe yana buƙatar ƙasa da ƙwanƙwasa fiye da kullun alkama na gama gari ko ƙullun alkama. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">Idan</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D; &#x5B;</sup> da fulawar alkama mai tauri, fulawar da aka ƙera tana da ƙarancin furotin (kashi shida zuwa tara), kaɗan kaɗan fiye da garin irin kek. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="skeptical of protein level, spelt page says protein roughly 14% (November 2013)">abubuwan da ake buƙata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Wannan yana nufin cewa fulawar da aka ƙera tana aiki da kyau wajen ƙirƙirar kullu don abinci mai laushi kamar kukis ko pancakes. Crackers suna fitowa da kyau saboda an yi su daga kullu wanda baya buƙatar tashi idan aka gasa. ==== Sauran hatsi ==== [[Fayil:E8088-Alamudun-Bazaar-flour-vendor.jpg|thumb|Ana sayar da nau'ikan fulawa da hatsi iri-iri a wani kasuwa da ke [[Bishkek]], [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]]]] * Ana amfani da garin rye wajen gasa burodin sourdough na gargajiya na Jamus, Austria, Switzerland, Rasha, [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], Poland da Scandinavia . Yawancin burodin rye suna amfani da gaurayen garin rye da alkama saboda rye ba ya samar da isasshen gluten. Yawanci ana yin burodin Pumpernickel ne kawai da rye, kuma yana ɗauke da gaurayen garin rye da garin rye. Ana amfani da garin secale don yin burodi kamar burodin Prądnik . * [[Gurasar sha'ir|Garin sha'ir]] gari ne da aka shirya daga busasshen sha'ir da aka niƙa. Ana amfani da garin sha'ir don shirya burodin sha'ir da sauran burodi, kamar burodi mai faɗi da burodi mai yisti. Ana amfani da shi wajen shirya rieska, burodi mai faɗi na gargajiya na ƙasar Finland. Garin sha'ir mai laushi gari ne da aka yi da tsaban sha'ir wanda ya ɗan yi tsiro sannan aka busar da shi, kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin kayayyakin malt kamar madarar malt, burodin malt, da giyar malt . === Garin da ba shi da alkama === Idan fulawa ba ta ɗauke da gluten ba, sun dace da mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan da suka shafi gluten, kamar cutar celiac, rashin lafiyar gluten mara celiac ko rashin lafiyar alkama, da sauransu. <ref name="TovoliMasi">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tovoli F, Masi C, Guidetti E, Negrini G, Paterini P, Bolondi L |date=Mar 16, 2015 |title=Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders |journal=World J Clin Cases |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=275–84 |doi=10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.275 |pmc=4360499 |pmid=25789300 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Akobeng2008">{{Cite journal |last=Akobeng AK, Thomas AG |date=June 2008 |title=Systematic review: tolerable amount of gluten for people with coeliac disease |journal=Aliment Pharmacol Ther |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1044–52 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03669.x |pmid=18315587 |s2cid=20539463 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="SeeKaukinen">{{Cite journal |vauthors=See JA, Kaukinen K, Makharia GK, Gibson PR, Murray JA |date=Oct 2015 |title=Practical insights into gluten-free diets |journal=Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=580–91 |doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2015.156 |pmid=26392070 |s2cid=20270743}}</ref> <ref name="FSAI">{{Cite web |title=Guidelines to Prevent Cross-Contamination of Gluten-free Foods |url=https://www.fsai.ie/uploadedfiles/legislation/consultations/info_270204.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013411/https://www.fsai.ie/uploadedfiles/legislation/consultations/info_270204.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=Dec 20, 2015 |publisher=Food Safety Authority of Ireland}}</ref> Gurɓata hatsi masu ɗauke da gluten na iya faruwa yayin girbin hatsi, jigilar su, niƙa su, adana su, sarrafawa, sarrafawa da/ko dafa su. <ref name="FSAI" /> <ref name="CominoMoreno">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Comino I, Moreno Mde L, Real A, Rodríguez-Herrera A, Barro F, Sousa C |date=Oct 23, 2013 |title=The gluten-free diet: testing alternative cereals tolerated by celiac patients |journal=Nutrients |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=4250–68 |doi=10.3390/nu5104250 |pmc=3820072 |pmid=24152755 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="HuttneraArednt">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hüttnera EK, Arednt EK |date=June 2010 |title=Recent advances in gluten-free baking and the current status of oats |journal=Trends in Food Science & Technology |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=303–12 |doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2010.03.005}}</ref> * Ana yin garin Ƙwai daga ƙwaya kuma ana iya amfani dashi azaman maye gurbin garin alkama. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ne suka yi amfani da shi. Koriya kuma suna amfani da garin ƙwaya don yin dotorimuk. * Ana yin garin almond daga almond da aka niƙa. * Amaranth flour shine gari da aka samar daga hatsi na amaranth. An saba amfani da shi a cikin abincin meso-Amurka na pre-Columbian kuma Aztecs ne suka fara noma shi. Yana ƙara samuwa a cikin shagunan abinci na musamman. * Ana yin garin apple daga niƙa apple pomace, ragowar apple juiced. * An yi garin ayaba a al'ada daga ayaba mai kore na dubban shekaru kuma a halin yanzu yana da mashahuri a matsayin maye gurbin gari na alkama da kuma tushen starch mai tsayayya. * Gurasar wake gari ne da aka samar daga busassun wake ko wake. Garbanzo da Fava bean flour wani nau'i ne na gari tare da babban darajar abinci mai gina jiki da kuma dandano mai karfi. * Gurasar shinkafa mai launin ruwan kasa tana da matukar muhimmanci a cikin Abincin kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Ana iya yin Takardar shinkafa mai cin abinci daga gare ta. * Ana amfani da garin Buckwheat a matsayin sinadarin a cikin pancakes da yawa a Amurka. A Japan, ana amfani da shi don yin sanannen noodle da ake kira soba . A Rasha, ana ƙara garin buckwheat a cikin mashaya don pancakes da ake kira ''blinis'' wanda ake ci akai-akai tare da caviar. Ana kuma amfani da garin Buckwheat don yin crêpes bretonnes a Brittany. A ranakun azumi na Hindu (''Navaratri'' galibi, kuma ''Maha Shivaratri''), mutane suna cin abinci da aka yi da garin buckwheat. Shirye-shiryen ya bambanta a duk faɗin Indiya. Mafi shahararrun abinci sune ''kuttu ki puri'' da ''kuttu pakora'' . A mafi yawan jihohin arewa da yammacin kalmar da aka saba amfani da ita ita ce ''kuttu ka atta'' . * Ana yin garin [[cassava]]" id="mwAY4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cassava">Cassava daga tushen shuka cassava. A cikin tsari mai tsabta (mai tsabta), ana kiransa gari na tapioca (duba jerin da ke ƙasa). * Gurasar Chestnut ta shahara a [[Korsika|Corsica]], Périgord, da Lunigiana don burodi, kek da [[pasta]]. Shi ne asalin sinadarin polenta, har yanzu ana amfani dashi a Corsica da sauran wuraren Bahar Rum. Gurasar Chestnut tana ci gaba da zama sabo har tsawon makonni biyu. A wasu sassan Italiya galibi ana amfani da shi don kayan zaki. * Gurasar Chickpea (wanda aka fi sani da gurasar gram ko besan) tana da matukar muhimmanci a cikin Abincin Indiya, kuma a Italiya, inda ake amfani da ita don [[Farinata|farina]] na Ligurian. * Ana yin garin Chuño daga busassun dankali a kasashe daban-daban na Kudancin Amurka. * Ana yin garin kwakwa daga nama na kwakwa kuma yana da mafi girman fiber na kowane gari, yana da ƙarancin carbohydrates masu narkewa don haka yana yin kyakkyawan zaɓi ga waɗanda ke neman ƙuntata abincin su. Har ila yau, yana da babban kitse na kusan kashi 60. * Masara (mai) gari ya shahara a Kudancin da Kudu maso yamma Amurka, Mexico, Amurka ta tsakiya, da Yankunan Punjab na Indiya da Pakistan, inda ake kira ''makai ka atta'' . Ana kiran garin masara mai cike da hatsi. Kyakkyawan garin ''Mass'' wanda aka bi da shi tare da lemun tsami mai mahimmanci ana kiransa masa harina (duba masa) kuma ana amfani dashi don yin ''tortillas'' da ''tamales'' a cikin abincin Mexico. Bai kamata a taɓa rikitar da garin masara da starch na masara ba, wanda aka sani da "mai masara" a cikin Turanci na Burtaniya. ** Mai cin masara yayi kama da garin masara (duba sama) sai dai a cikin niƙa mai tsanani. ** Starch na masara shine starch da aka cire daga endosperm na masara. * Ana amfani da garin Shinkafa mai laushi ko garin shinkafar mai laushi a gabashin da kudu maso gabashin Asiya don yin tangyuan, da sauransu. * Ana samar da garin Hemp ta hanyar matse man daga tsaba na hemp da kuma niƙa ragowar. Iri na Hemp kusan kashi 30 cikin dari ne na mai da kashi 70 cikin dari. Hemp flour ba ya tashi, kuma ya fi dacewa a gauraya da wasu gari. An kara shi ga kowane gari da kusan kashi 15-20 cikin dari, yana ba da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ɗanɗano tare da launin kore. * Ana yin garin Mesquite daga busassun bishiyoyi na itacen mesquite, wanda ke girma a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka a yanayin zafi. Farin yana da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, ɗanɗano kuma ana iya amfani dashi a aikace-aikace iri-iri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mesquite, the Rediscovered Food Phenomenon |url=http://chetday.com/mesquiteflour.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708143259/http://chetday.com/mesquiteflour.htm |archive-date=2011-07-08 |access-date=2010-06-23}}</ref> * Ana amfani da garin Nut daga kwayoyi masu mai - galibi almonds da hazelnuts - kuma ana amfani da su maimakon ko ban da garin alkama don samar da karin burodi da cakes. Cakes da aka yi da garin kwai yawanci ana kiransu tortes kuma mafi yawa sun samo asali ne a Tsakiyar Turai, a ƙasashe kamar Hungary da Austria. * Peasemeal ko garin wake gari ne wanda aka samar daga wake mai launin rawaya da aka gasa da kuma yaduwa. * Gurasar man shanu da aka yi daga man shanu da ake dafawa ita ce madadin furotin mai yawa ga gari na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulk Walnuts &#124; Wholesale Macadamia Products &#124; Cashews &#124; Seeds &#124; Golden Peanut |url=http://www.goldenpeanut.com/flour.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208072006/http://www.goldenpeanut.com/Flour.aspx |archive-date=2010-12-08 |access-date=2010-11-27}} -Peanut flour</ref> * Ana samun garin Starch na dankali ta hanyar niƙa tubers zuwa kwai da cire fiber da furotin ta hanyar wanke ruwa. Starch na dankali (gurasa) fari ne mai yawa wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman wakili mai kauri. Standard (na asali) starch na dankali yana buƙatar tafasa, don kauri cikin ruwa, yana ba da gel mai haske. Saboda an yi garin ne daga hatsi ko legumes, ana amfani da shi azaman maye gurbin garin alkama a dafa abinci da [[Yahudawa]] ke dafa shi a lokacin Idin Ƙetarewa, lokacin da ba a ci hatsi ba. * Gurasar [[Dankalin turawa|Dankali]], sau da yawa ana rikitar da ita da starch na dankali, an cire shi, an dafa shi da foda na dankali na mashed, galibi an bushe shi da kuma dankali da aka yi amfani da dankali gaba ɗaya kuma ta haka ne ya ƙunshi furotin da wasu fiber na dankali. Yana da launin fari mai launin rawaya. Wadannan dankali masu bushewa, bushewa, dankali, wanda ake kira dankali mai laushi na nan take na iya zama granules ko flakes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Idaho Pacific Corporation, The best potatoes that Idaho has to offer |url=http://www.idahopacific.com/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906091103/http://www.idahopacific.com/index.html |archive-date=2011-09-06 |access-date=2011-10-31 |publisher=Idahopacific.com}}</ref> Gurasar dankali tana narkewa da ruwa mai sanyi; duk da haka, ba a amfani da ita sau da yawa saboda tana da nauyi. * Gurasar shinkafa ita ce ƙwayoyin shinkafa. Yana da mahimmanci a [[Asiya]]. Hakanan ana amfani dashi sosai a kasashen Yamma, musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da Cututtukan da suka shafi gluten. Gurasar shinkafa mai launin ruwan kasa tana da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki fiye da fararen shinkafa. * Ana yin garin [[Dawa|Sorghum]] daga niƙa dukkan hatsi na tsire-tsire. Ana kiranta ''jowar'' a Indiya. * Ana amfani da garin Tapioca, wanda aka samar daga tushen shuka [[Rogo|cassava]], don yin burodi, pancakes, tapioca pudding, mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗwano da ake kira [[fufu]] a Afirka, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman starch. * Ana yin garin Teff daga teff na hatsi, kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci a [[gabashin Afirka]] (musamman a kusa da Horn of Africa). Musamman, shine babban sinadarin a cikin burodi injera, wani muhimmin bangare na abincin Habasha. * Ana iya yin garin Typha (wanda kuma aka sani da Cattail) daga rhizome na shukar Typha. Ana karya sitaci da tushen furotin a ƙarƙashin ruwa kafin a busar da su sannan a niƙa su don samar da fulawa. <ref name="Revedin">{{Cite journal |last=Revedin |first=A. |display-authors=etal |year=2010 |title=Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=107 |issue=44 |pages=18815–18819 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10718815R |doi=10.1073/pnas.1006993107 |pmc=2973873 |pmid=20956317 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=AGATA KURZAWSKA, DANUTA GÓRECKA, DOROTA PIASECKA-KWIATKOWSKA, KRZYSZTOF DZIEDZIC |date=2010 |title=Content of gluten in rhizome of narrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia) |url=https://journal.pttz.org/magazine-archive/agata-kurzawska-danuta-gorecka-dorota-piasecka-kwiatkowska-krzysztof-dziedzic-zawartosc-glutenu-w-klaczu-palki-wodnej-waskolistnej-typha-angustifolia/#:~:text=Based%20on%20the%20results%20obtained,protein%20in%20the%20flour%20alone. |journal=Polish Society of Food Technologists Scientific Publishing}}</ref> ==== Ƙarin nau'ikan ==== {{Authority control}}Hakanan ana iya yin furen daga [[Waken suya|soya]], Arrowroot, [[Gwaza|taro]], cattails, [[Rogo|manioc]], quinoa, da sauran kayan abinci marasa hatsi. == Haɗari == === Rashin ƙonewa ===   Kurar fulawa da aka rataye a iska tana da fashewa — kamar yadda duk wani cakuda wani abu mai laushi da ke kama da foda da iska ke da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=George |date=2002 |title=Introduction to Dust Explosions |url=http://www.chemeng.ed.ac.uk/~emju49/SP2001/webpage/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223145242/http://www.chemeng.ed.ac.uk/~emju49/SP2001/webpage/index.html |archive-date=2004-12-23 |access-date=2006-10-29}}</ref> Wasu fashewar abubuwa masu ban tsoro sun faru a masana'antar fulawa, ciki har da Tradeston Flour Mills, a [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], wanda ya fashe a shekarar 1872 wanda ya kashe mutane goma sha takwas, da kuma fashewa a shekarar 1878 a Washburn "A" Mill da ke Minneapolis wanda ya kashe mutane 22. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Washburn 'A' Mill Explosion |url=http://www.mnhs.org/library/tips/history_topics/73washburn.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731014659/http://www.mnhs.org/library/tips/history_topics/73washburn.html |archive-date=2013-07-31 |access-date=2006-10-29 |website=Minnesota Historical Society Library History Topics}}</ref> === Cututtukan da ke haifar da cututtuka === A Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi ta yi gargaɗin kada a ci kullu ko batter ɗin fulawa da batter. Garin da ba a dafa ba na iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa kamar ''E. coli'' waɗanda wataƙila suna cikin ƙasa lokacin da ake noman hatsi. Ana ba da shawarar a dafa fulawa kamar sauran abinci don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="CDC-2021">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Raw Dough Can Contain Germs That Make You Sick |url=https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/communication/no-raw-dough.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217011323/https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/communication/no-raw-dough.html |archive-date=17 December 2021 |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=CDC}}</ref> Hukumomin abinci na duniya sun bayar da irin wannan shawara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2024 |title=Handling flour and flour products safely |url=https://www.food.gov.uk/safety-hygiene/handling-flour-and-flour-products-safely |website=Food Safety Standards Agency}}</ref> == Zamba == A lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu, zamba ta gari da alkama ta zama ruwan dare gama gari saboda an haɗa ta da ƙurar alli ko gypsum. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Alyssa |date=25 September 2019 |title=A History of Food Fraud |url=https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/food/a-history-of-food-fraud/ |access-date=16 August 2025 |website=Examining Food |publisher=[[Thermo Fisher Scientific]]}}</ref> == Kayayyakin == [[Gurasa|Gurasar]], [[Pasta]], crackers, kekes da yawa, da sauran abinci da yawa ana yin su ta amfani da gari. Ana kuma amfani da garin alkama don yin roux a matsayin tushe don kauri da sauces.Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi azaman sinadarin a cikin mannewar papier-mâché . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Make Paper Mache Glue |url=http://www.kidspot.com.au/things-to-do/activities/make-paper-mache-glue |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710151503/http://www.kidspot.com.au/things-to-do/activities/make-paper-mache-glue |archive-date=10 July 2017 |access-date=8 July 2017 |website=Kidspot}}</ref> Masara babban sinadari ne da ake amfani da shi wajen ƙara kauri puddings ko kayan zaki da yawa, kuma shine babban sinadari a cikin kuzar da aka shirya. == Dubi kuma == * Gyada (hatsi) * Abincin da aka sarrafa sosai * Panjiri {{Commonscat}}{{Bread}} == Manazarta == {{Authority control}} == Majiyoyi == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Reflist}} *   * [https://flour-art-museum.de/english/index.php Flourworld Museum] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dqo5hem6tv1sc7nebmnuyc95oxbae7x 2 33300 875736 612790 2026-07-04T09:54:40Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 875736 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Preserving Bauchi 26.jpg|thumbs|Preserving_Bauchi_26]] <div style="border:2px solid green; background-color:lightgreen; padding:10px;"> [[File:Animated-Flag-Nigeria.gif|90px]]{{#Babel:ha|en-gb-4|ha-5 |en-4|ha-N}}'''Ibrahim Sani Mustapha''' Sunana Ibrahim Sani Mustapha Ni ɗan Nigeria ne kuma bahaushe maison yin rubuce-rubuce saboda [[hausawa]], Nayi rubuce-rubuce da yawa a kan wannan shafin na [[Hausa Wikipedia]],ni ɗan Kano ne. Ina da sha’awar rubuce-rubuce akan abinda ya shafi yawon buɗe ido, ilimi, kimiyya, kiwon lafiya, da saurans. Ina bada gudunmawa ta a [[Hausa Wikipedia]], [[Wikidata]], [[Wiktionary]], [[Wikivoyage]] da sauransu kuma ina fassara daga Turanci zuwa Hausa. == Hanyar Tuntuba == Za a iya tuntuɓata a shafin tattaunawa [[User talk: Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]]</div> bhxc78geg9t0hdvzw6kx3esrnhqoarc 875737 875736 2026-07-04T09:54:58Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 875737 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Preserving Bauchi 26.jpg|thumb|Preserving_Bauchi_26]] <div style="border:2px solid green; background-color:lightgreen; padding:10px;"> [[File:Animated-Flag-Nigeria.gif|90px]]{{#Babel:ha|en-gb-4|ha-5 |en-4|ha-N}}'''Ibrahim Sani Mustapha''' Sunana Ibrahim Sani Mustapha Ni ɗan Nigeria ne kuma bahaushe maison yin rubuce-rubuce saboda [[hausawa]], Nayi rubuce-rubuce da yawa a kan wannan shafin na [[Hausa Wikipedia]],ni ɗan Kano ne. Ina da sha’awar rubuce-rubuce akan abinda ya shafi yawon buɗe ido, ilimi, kimiyya, kiwon lafiya, da saurans. Ina bada gudunmawa ta a [[Hausa Wikipedia]], [[Wikidata]], [[Wiktionary]], [[Wikivoyage]] da sauransu kuma ina fassara daga Turanci zuwa Hausa. == Hanyar Tuntuba == Za a iya tuntuɓata a shafin tattaunawa [[User talk: Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]]</div> qw914mehhc6ylnfchw92cwqn7sxtvm2 875739 875737 2026-07-04T09:57:18Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 875739 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikimedia Editor 25.jpg|thumb|Wikimedia_Editor_25]] <div style="border:2px solid green; background-color:lightgreen; padding:10px;"> [[File:Animated-Flag-Nigeria.gif|90px]]{{#Babel:ha|en-gb-4|ha-5 |en-4|ha-N}}'''Ibrahim Sani Mustapha''' Sunana Ibrahim Sani Mustapha Ni ɗan Nigeria ne kuma bahaushe maison yin rubuce-rubuce saboda [[hausawa]], Nayi rubuce-rubuce da yawa a kan wannan shafin na [[Hausa Wikipedia]],ni ɗan Kano ne. Ina da sha’awar rubuce-rubuce akan abinda ya shafi yawon buɗe ido, ilimi, kimiyya, kiwon lafiya, da saurans. Ina bada gudunmawa ta a [[Hausa Wikipedia]], [[Wikidata]], [[Wiktionary]], [[Wikivoyage]] da sauransu kuma ina fassara daga Turanci zuwa Hausa. == Hanyar Tuntuba == Za a iya tuntuɓata a shafin tattaunawa [[User talk: Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]]</div> 4hj551i355fym689v5ls37djzho49d4 875740 875739 2026-07-04T09:58:15Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 875740 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikimedia Editor 25.jpg|thumb|Wikimedia_Editor_25]] <div style="border:2px solid green; background-color:lightgreen; padding:10px;"> [[File:Animated-Flag-Nigeria.gif|90px]]{{#Babel:ha|en-gb-4|ha-5 |en-4|ha-N}}'''Ibrahim Sani Mustapha''' Sunana Ibrahim Sani Mustapha Ni ɗan Nigeria ne kuma bahaushe maison yin rubuce-rubuce saboda [[hausawa]], Nayi rubuce-rubuce da yawa a kan wannan shafin na [[Hausa Wikipedia]],ni ɗan Kano ne. Ina da sha’awar rubuce-rubuce akan abinda ya shafi yawon buɗe ido, ilimi, kimiyya, kiwon lafiya, da sauransu. Ina bada gudunmawa ta a [[Hausa Wikipedia]], [[Wikidata]], [[Wiktionary]], [[Wikivoyage]] da sauransu kuma ina fassara daga Turanci zuwa Hausa. == Hanyar Tuntuba == Za a iya tuntuɓata a shafin tattaunawa [[User talk: Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]]</div> pygpamcpnna48h1cgx1komyhtc957nk 0 33371 875593 671700 2026-07-04T05:07:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Super Ligue''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Ligue 1''', ita ce ta farko a fagen [[kwallon kafa a Nijar]] . Akwai ƙungiyoyi 14 da ke fafatawa a gasar, waɗanda ke aiki akan tsarin promotion and Relegation tare da Ligue Nationale. An fara gasar a cikin 1966, tare da Secteur na 6 ya lashe gasar zakarun farko guda biyar.<ref>[[Niger Delta|Niger]] 2010/11" . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 10 January 2022.</ref> An san gasar da suna Ligue 1 tsakanin 2010 da 2018, lokacin da ta canza suna zuwa Super Ligue.<ref>Niger 2018/19" . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved 10 January 2022.</ref> == Tarihi == Ko da yake tun a shekarar 1966 ake fafatawa a gasar, tsarin ya canza a tsawon lokaci, kuma an shafe shekaru da dama ana soke gasar ko kuma ansha rage ta. A cikin 2002, an soke gasar gaba daya. <ref name=":0">[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/nigerchamp.html RSSSF Championships]</ref> Manyan kungiyoyi da dama sun fice a 2004 da 2005 saboda dalilai na kudi da kuma saboda yunwar 2005 da ta addabi kudancin tsakiyar kasar. A shekara ta 2004, alal misali, kungiyoyi uku a zagayen farko an hana su shiga gasar, kuma an soke wasanni fiye da dozin biyu ko kuma aka bayar da su bayan sun aikata laifuka daban-daban. <ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/niger04.html RSSSF 2004 season review] For instance, one match was abandoned and BOTH clubs were assigned 0–3 losses.</ref> Tun a shekarun 1990, kungiyoyin sun fafata ne a matakin rukuni, wadanda suka yi nasara a gasar sun haye zuwa gasar "Super League" da za su fafata a karo na biyu na kakar wasa ta bana, inda wadanda suka yi rashin nasara za su fafata a gasar domin sanin kungiyoyin da za su koma gasar Lig. Kungiyoyin da ke kowane yanki na Nijar (wanda ake kira gasar D2 ta Nijar ) sai su tura zakarun gasar wasan share fage domin tantance kungiyoyin biyu da za su ci gaba. <ref name=":0"/> A tarihi, [[Niamey|Yamai]] ta kasance mafi kyawun gasar lig-lig na yankin, kuma ta samar da mafi yawan ƙungiyoyi a gasar ta kasa. Kungiyoyi biyu ne daga wajen Yamai suka taba lashe gasar. <ref name=":0"/> Gasar Ligue de Niamey tana da karfin gaske wanda, bayan da aka samu sabani kan koma baya a shekara ta 2000, kungiyoyin Yamai biyar sun kafa nasu gasa ("Coupe des Sponsors"), kuma sun buga gasar Ligue de Niamey ne kawai a kakar wasa ta 2002, lokacin da [[Hukumar Kwallon kafar Nijar|'yan Nijar Hukumar kwallon kafa ta]] soke kakar wasanni saboda karancin kudade. <ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/niger01.html RSSSF 2001], [http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/niger02.html RSSSF 2002]</ref> == Kungiyoyi na yanzu (kakar 2021 zuwa 2022) == * Akokana FC * AS Douane * AS Forces Armées * AS Gendarmerie Nationale * AS 'Yan sanda * AS SONIDEP * ASN Nigelec * Espoir FC * JS Tahou * Olympic Yamai * RC Boukoki * [[Sahel Sporting Club|Sahel SC]] * Uran FC * Amurka Gendarmerie Nationale == Ayyukan kulob == {| class="wikitable" !Kulob ! Garin ! Lakabi ! Take na Karshe |- | [[Sahel Sporting Club|Sahel SC]] (ya hada da sashe na 7) | [[Niamey|Yamai]] | 13 | 2009 |- | Olympic FC (ya hada da sashe na 6) | [[Niamey|Yamai]] | 12 | 2011-12 |- | AS FAN | [[Niamey|Yamai]] | 5 | 2016-17 |- | AS GNN (ya hada da AS-FNIS) | [[Niamey|Yamai]] | 4 | 2013-14 |- | AS Niamey | [[Niamey|Yamai]] | 3 | 1982 |- | Zumunta AC | [[Niamey|Yamai]] | 3 | 1993 |- | AS Douane | [[Niamey|Yamai]] | 2 | 2015 |- | AS SONIDEP | [[Niamey|Yamai]] | 2 | 2019 |- | JS du Ténéré | [[Niamey|Yamai]] | 2 | 2001 |- | Espoir FC | [[Zinder]] | 1 | 1984 |- | Jangorzo FC | [[Maradi]] | 1 | 1983 |- | AS 'Yan sanda | [[Niamey|Yamai]] | 1 | 2008 |- | Amurka Gendarmerie Nationale | [[Niamey|Yamai]] | 1 | 2021 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071122000554/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=nig/nationalleague/standings.html League a fifa.com] * [http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/nigerchamp.html Tarihin gasar RSSSF] * [http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/niger08.html Rec Sports Soccer Foundation: Niger 2008: Championnat national de première division] . * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120217014047/http://tournoiuemoa.fr/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=95&Itemid=118 UEMOA Cup, Niger qualifying page, 2008]. [[Category:Nijar]] 3c2h9z36r23xp45q7jr2jyfg1y2zdoq 0 38011 875682 665895 2026-07-04T07:24:34Z Kaddi123 38060 875682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters|OccupationAbdussamad Dasuki]] [[Fayil:Abdussamad Dasuki in the House of Representatives.jpg|thumb|Hitun Abdussamad Dasuki Acikin majalisar ]] '''Abdussamad Dasuki''' (an haife shi 30 Yuni 1978) ɗan siyasan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne, Dan asalin dogondaji a karmar hukumar tambuwal local government,Dan gidan saurata sarki muslimi, Kuma jikan shehu Usman Dan fodiyo, masanin tattalin arziki kuma ɗan kasuwa. Shi ne Kwamishinan Kudi na [[Sokoto (jiha)|Gwamnatin Jihar Sakkwato]] a halin yanzu kuma ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta [[Najeriya]] tsakanin 2015 zuwa 2019, mai wakiltar mazabar Kebbe/Tambuwal ta [[Sokoto (jiha)|Jihar Sakkwato]] . Dan jam'iyyar PDP ne. == Farko Rayuwar da Karatu == An haifi Abdussamad a Jihar Sokoto a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1978 da ne ga iyalan Mai Martaba, Alhaji [[Ibrahim Dasuki]], [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sarkin Musulmi na 18]] . Shi ne na 13 a cikin yara 27. Ya yi karatun firamare a Federal Staff School Sokoto daga 1984 zuwa 1990. A shekarar 1991, ya samu gurbin shiga [[Makarantar Sojan Najeriya|Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya]] da [[Zariya|ke Zariya]], Jihar Kaduna, inda ya kammala karatunsa na Sakandare a shekarar 1996. Ya fara karatunsa na jami'a a makarantar horas da sojoji ta [[Jami'ar Tsaron Nijeriya|Najeriya]] (NDA), dake Kaduna, a shekarar 1997. Ya yi shekara uku a NDA kafin ya samu admission a jami'ar Abuja . Yayi karatun Digiri na farko a fannin Tattalin Arziƙi inda ya kammala a shekarar 2004. Ya samu takaddun shaida da suka hada da Nazarin Kasuwanci a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas a 2008; Shugabanni a Ci gaba a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a 2013. Dasuki mataimaki ne na Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya, Cibiyar Tallace-tallace ta Najeriya, da Cibiyar Masana Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya . == Sana'a da siyasa == A 2006, Dasuki ya fara aiki a [[Dangote Group|rukunin Dangote]], inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Kasuwancin Kamfanoni har zuwa 2010 lokacin da ya shiga siyasa. A matsayinsa na shugaban sashen kasuwanci da siminti na Dangote/Obajana a Abuja, ya lura da ɓangaren matsakaicin tallace-tallace na kusan Naira biliyan 10 a kowane wata. === Majalisar Jahar Sokoto === A shekarar 2011, ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar dokokin jihar Sakkwato, don wakiltar mazaɓar Tambuwal ta Gabas. A lokacin da yake Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Sakkwato, ya jagoranci kwamitoci guda biyu, wato Kwamitin Noma (2011-2013) da kuma Kwamitin Kuɗi da Rabawa (2013-2015). A nan, ya ɗauki nauyin kudirori uku - wadanda aka zartar - kuma ya wakilci Majalisar Dokokin Jiha a lokuta da dama, ciki har da taron 'yan majalisar Commonwealth, da kuma bikin cika shekaru dari a Burtaniya a 2011. A shekarar 2013, kungiyar manoma ta [[Najeriya]] reshen jihar Sokoto ta ba shi lambar yabo saboda irin gudunmawar da ya bayar a lokacin da yake riƙe da muƙamin shugaban kwamitin noma. ==== Shigar da Kudiri ==== # Kudirin dokar sanya haraji kan kayayyaki da ayyukan da ake ci a Otal a jihar Sokoto. # Kudirin dokar da za ta gyara tsarin kafa tsarin mulki da ayyuka na Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Sakkwato da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi ta. # Kudirin dokar da za ta tsara yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan babura a [[Sokoto (jiha)|jihar Sakkwato]] da nufin inganta tsaro da tsaron jama’a. # Wani kudiri kan bukatar gyara wata hanya a kauyen Gudum da ke kan titin Dogon Daji zuwa Sanyinna a karamar hukumar Tambuwal a jihar Sokoto. # Wani al’amari mai matukar muhimmanci ga al’umma kan bukatar kafa kwamitin wayar da kan jama’a domin yin rijistar rumbun adana bayanai na manoma ta kasa a jihar Sakkwato. # An gabatar da kudiri kan bukatar amfani da tashar kara kuzari da ke Shagari a karamar hukumar Shagari ta jihar Sakkwato. # Wani al’amari mai matukar muhimmanci ga jama’a kan bukatar taya Jelani Aliyu murnar samun karramawar da shugaban kasar na wancan lokacin, Goodluck Jonathan ya ba shi. # Kudirin kafa karin makarantar firamare a garin Sanyinna dake karamar hukumar Tambuwal a jihar Sokoto. # Kudiri kan bukatar gwamnatin jihar da sauran hukumomin da abin ya shafa su dauki kwararan matakan kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin damina (2013). # Ƙudurin neman Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshe na Virement Warrant 2014 don kammala wasu manyan ayyuka a jihar Sokoto. # Al'amarin da ke da matukar muhimmanci ga jama'a dangane da matakin da ya saba wa ka'ida na janye bayanan tsaron da aka makala wa kakakin majalisar wakilai, Rt. Hon. Aminu Waziri Tambuwal, a fadar shugaban kasa saboda ficewar sa daga PDP zuwa APC. Dangane da kudirin na karshe, lokacin da tsohon kakakin majalisar Tambuwal ya sauya sheka daga jam’iyya mai mulki ta PDP zuwa jam’iyyar adawa ta APC, gwamnatin tarayya karkashin jam’iyyar PDP ta janye jami’an tsaronsa tare da neman bayyana kujerarsa a sarari. Dangane da hakan, Abdussamad Dasuki ya gabatar da kudiri mai muhimmanci na gaggawa inda ya bukaci majalisar dokokin jihar ta yi Allah wadai da wadannan, kuma tare da wasu ‘yan majalisa biyu sun nemi a dakatar da shari’ar da ake yi wa Tambuwal, inda suka bukaci a kara da su a matsayin wadanda ake tuhuma. tare da bayyana cewa mazabar ba za ta kasance ba tare da wakilci a majalisar wakilai ba. Tambuwal ya samu nasarar ci gaba da rike mukaminsa, kuma bayan ya yanke shawarar tsayawa takarar gwamna, Dasuki ya nemi ya maye gurbinsa. === Majalisar wakilai === A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba 2014 Abdussamad ya fito a matsayin dan takarar mazabar tarayya ta Kebbe/Tambuwal a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar APC wanda ya gudana a filin wasa na Tambuwal a jihar Sokoto, kuma ya samu nasara da kuri’u 70,653 a zaben da aka gudanar a watan Maris na 2015. Bayan nasarar da ya samu, dan takarar PDP da ya sha kaye ya shigar da kara a kansa. Daga karshe an buga takardar koken a watan Satumbar 2015 saboda rashin cancanta. An rantsar da shi a matsayin dan majalisar Jihar sokoto a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2015, kuma a cikin Oktoba 2015, an nada shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar sojojin ruwa. Bukatunsa na doka sun haɗa da ƙarfafa matasa da ci gaban karkara. A watan Fabrairun 2016, yana cikin tawagar da aka dora wa alhakin warware rikicin da ke faruwa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kogi, biyo bayan tsige Shugaban Majalisar ba bisa ka’ida ba tare da dakatar da wasu 14 da wasu mambobi tara suka yi. A watan Maris na 2016 – a matsayinsa na daya daga cikin ‘yan majalisar wakilai mafi karancin shekaru – ya halarci taron Majalisar Matasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (IPU) a Lusaka, Zambia. A watan Mayun 2016, biyo bayan karin farashin man fetur, Abdussamad an kuma sanya shi a cikin wani kwamitin wucin gadi kan yadda ake tafiyar da harkokin man fetur a kasa, wanda aka ba da umarnin kafa hanyoyin kawo karshen yajin aikin da kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya ta fara. NLC). ==== Kudiri ==== # An hada hannu da kudurin dokar “Eh za mu iya” da ke neman yin gyara ga kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar Najeriya na shekarar 1999 domin bunkasa siyasa da shigar da matasa cikin harkokin mulki a Najeriya ta hanyar wajabta wa akalla mukamai guda daya – mataimaka. nadin ministoci da dai sauransu - wanda dan Najeriya kasa da shekaru 35 zai cika. # Kudi don Dokar Gyara Dokar Kifin Cikin Gida (2004) don Bitar Sama Hukunci da sauran Al'amura masu alaƙa. # Kudirin Dokar Gyara Dokar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Najeriya (2003) don Bayar da Jagoran Tabbatar da Matakan Tsaro ta hanyar Bukatu da Shigarwa da Gudanar da Gidan Talabijin na Kusa (CCTV) da sauran Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da su. # Gyaran kudiri kan rikicin ‘yan gudun hijira a shiyyar Arewa maso Gabas, inda ya bayyana bukatar kafa hukumar gwamnati kwatankwacin Hukumar Raya Neja-Delta (NDDC) na yankin Arewa maso Gabas. # An gabatar da wani batu mai muhimmanci ga jama'a na neman kawo karshen yajin aikin likitoci a jihar Sokoto. # Ya gabatar da kudiri a kan asusun gwamnati da babban bankin Najeriya (CBN), inda ya bukaci CBN ya bayyana duk wani buri da ke tattare da asusun ajiyar kasashen waje na tarayya. # Kudirin yazayar kasa a karamar hukumar Dogon-Daji a jihar Sokoto. === Ma'aikatan Kudi, Gwamnatin Jahar Sokoto === A watan Yunin 2019 ne Gwamna Aminu Waziri Tambuwal ya nada Dasuki a cikin mutane 26 da Gwamna [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal]] ya nada a matsayin majalisar zartaswar jihar Sokoto. Daga baya aka bayyana shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Kudi a cikin gwamnati, biyo bayan kwarewarsa a harkokin kamfanoni da na siyasa, kuma a matsayinsa na kwararren masanin tattalin arziki. == Karin bayani == * [[Yakubu Dogara]] * [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal]] == manazarta == <references responsive="0"></references> [[Category:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] h90d5c222p6ljirw9bh2j6sy6gwd67s 0 39545 875680 469094 2026-07-04T07:18:20Z Kaddi123 38060 875680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Musa Sarkin Adar,''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1965)a wani kauye dake karmar hukumar gada local government Mai suna kaffe,a gida saurata wannan gari. wanda aka fi sani da Hon. Musa S/Adar dan majalisar dokokin Najeriya ne wanda aka zaba a matsayin dan [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai]] ta tarayya mai wakiltar mazabar [[Goronyo]] / Gada.<ref name="nass.gov.ng">{{cite web|url=http://www.nass.gov.ng/mp/profile/574|title=National Assembly - Federal Republic of Nigeria|website=www.nass.gov.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishi|first=Musa Abdullahi|date=2019-06-01|title=How 9th House can differ from 8th – Rep Sarkin Adar|url=https://dailytrust.com/how-9th-house-can-differ-from-8th-rep-sarkin-adar|access-date=2020-10-04|website=Daily Trust|language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi, Aikin Gwamnati da Siyasa == Ya halarci Kwalejin Malamai ta Gwamnati, Binji, daga shekara ta (1977), kuma ya sami takardar shedar koyarwa ta Grade 2 a shekara ta (1982) , Daga nan ya wuce babbar [[Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo|jami'ar Uthmanu dan Fodiyo]], inda ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a shekarar 1988. Kafin ya zama dan majalisar wakilai a shekarar( 2007) ya taba yin siyasa tun daga shekarar (1990 zuwa 1992), inda ya kasance jigo a rusasshiyar jam’iyyar Social Democratic Party (SDP) sannan kuma jigo ga Shehu Musa Yaradua mai albarka. Ya tsaya takarar Shugabancin Karamar Hukumar Gada wanda ya sha kaye idan aka yi la’akari da yadda jam’iyyar ta samu karbuwa a Sakkwato a lokacin. Daga nan ya cigaba da rayuwarsa a aikin gwamnati ya kuma samu matsayi har ya zama darakta a ma’aikata sannan ya zama Darakta Sana’o’i da nasiha. Bayan ya yi aikin gwamnati na jihar Sakkwato na kimanin shekaru goma, sannan ya nemi aiki a matakin tarayya daga shekarar( 2001 zuwa 2006), sannan ya zama Manajan Ma’aikata a [[Hukumar Tashar Jirgin ruwa ta Nijeriya|Hukumar Tashoshin Ruwa ta Najeriya]] Apapa, Legas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Speakership: North-West group endorses Gbajabiamila - The Nation Newspaper|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/speakership-north-west-group-endorses-gbajabiamila/amp/|access-date=2022-02-22|website=thenationonlineng.net|date=3 April 2019 }}</ref> == Zaben 2023 == Ya taba zama mamba a kwamitin tantance babban taron jam’iyyar APC na kasa karkashin jagorancin Rt. Hon. Aminu Bello Masari wanda ya samar da Sen. Abdullahi Adamu a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar APC na kasa.hon Musa s/adar ya Fadi zabi a shekara 2023,bayan Fadi zabe daga hanun Bashir garou,da tsarewa kuri'u dubu uku, bayan kwashe shekaru 16 a majalisa taraya., yanxu Musa s/adar shiga kasa tinibu ya nada shi baban director a wata ma'ata a cikin gwanati shi.s/ada yasa mar ma mutane da dama ayuka yin a federal government, Har ila yau, mamba ne a kwamitin tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare wanda ke da alhakin tantance dan takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa da kuma babban daraktan yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Tinubu a tsakanin irin su Nuhu Ribadu, Hon. Abiodun Faleke, Sen. Magnus Abe, Sen. Elisha Abbo, Sen. Bent, Sen. Abu Ibrahim, Kashim-Imam.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dailytrust.com/vp-slot-how-babachirs-panel-recommended-shettima-10-others-to-tinubu | title=VP slot: How Babachir's panel recommended Shettima, 10 others to Tinubu | date=14 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://punchng.com/192-lawmakers-plan-defection-from-apc-babachir-panel/ | title=192 lawmakers plan defection from APC – Babachir panel | date=17 July 2022 }}</ref> == Sana'ar Majalisar Kasa == Yana da kyau a san cewa a zaben shekara ta (2007) Musa ya tsaya takarar majalisar wakilai kuma ya yi nasara aka sake zabe shi a karo na biyu a zaben shekara ta (2011) Ya kuma tsaya takara a shekara ta (2015 da kuma 2019) a karkashin jam’iyyar APC kuma ya yi nasara da gagarumin rinjaye. A zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta (2019) ya yi burin zama mataimakin kakakin majalisar wakilai ta tara amma tsarin shiyya bai samu goyon baya ba saboda an ware kujerar zuwa shiyyar Arewa ta tsakiya wanda ya share hanya ga Hon. Idris Ahmed Wase zai fito. Sannan ya tsaya takarar shugaban masu rinjaye na majalisar inda ya sha kaye a hannun shugaban masu rinjaye na yanzu Hon. Alhassan Ado-Doguwa. A halin yanzu yana daya daga cikin ‘yan majalisar da suka fi dadewa a Najeriya da ke wakiltar al’ummar Gada/Goronyo tarayya na tsawon shekaru 16 a jere. Sannan kuma shi ne Shugaban kungiyar Arewa ta Majalisar Wakilai a yanzu. Hon. Musa S/Adar ya halarci taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane (Habitat III) New York, Amurka a shekara ta (2014) Ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasan jagoranci da tarurruka da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da kwas ɗin jagoranci da aka gudanar a Cleveland, Ohio a cikin shekarar (2016) wanda Gwamnatin Amurka ta ɗauki nauyin aikin majalisa. Shi ne shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan albarkatun man fetur a sama a majalisa ta 9, a baya ya kasance shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin zabe (INEC) a majalisa ta 6 da kuma shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin sufurin kasa a majalisa ta bakwai.Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin sufurin ruwa.Ya gabatar da kudurori da dama a zauren majalisar kuma a kodayaushe yana magana ne domin hadin kan kasa tare da bayar da gudunmawa a cikin al’amuran da za su yi tasiri wajen karfafa matasa da mata ta fuskar ilimi da kuma ci gaban bil’adama baki daya. Kafin zaben shekarar ( 2019) shi ne shugaban kungiyar goyon bayan ‘yan majalisu ta APC. A matsayinsa na shugaban kungiyar goyon bayan majalisar, ya jagorance su zuwa ziyarar shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari, yayin da yake zantawa da manema labarai a fadar shugaban kasa a karshen taron, shugaban kungiyar Musa Sarkin Adar ya ce:<blockquote>“Mun duba abubuwan da ke faruwa a kasar nan da kuma jam’iyyun siyasa daban-daban domin zabe na gabatowa, kuma mu ‘yan jam’iyyar APC a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa muna ganin ya zama dole mu zo mu tattauna da Shugaban kasa da Shugaban Jam’iyyar na kasa don magance matsalolin. da kuma damuwar da membobi a fadin tarayya suka nuna.</blockquote><blockquote>“Daga abubuwan da suka faru a baya a Majalisar da ta gabata da muka samu damar zama mambobi a lokacin, mun san abin da ya faru kuma mun san abin da ya haifar da kasa. Don haka a yanzu kira ne na fito na fito a yi wa shugaban kasa goyon baya da kuma bukatar mu ma a saurare mu ta yadda za a magance matsalolin ci gaban kasar nan.”</blockquote>Dangane da martanin da shugaban kasar ya bayar a taron, ya ce:<blockquote>“Madalla da kyau sosai. Mun bayyana masa ra’ayin shiyya-shiyya ko abin da ake kira ayyukan mazabu; cewa ba kudi ne aka ba mu ba, a’a ayyuka ne na miliyoyin Naira da ya kamata mu rika sanyawa a inda ya kamata a sanya su a mazabunmu daban-daban kuma yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka hada kan kasar nan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-20|title=What we discussed with Buhari - APC lawmakers {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/277141-what-we-discussed-with-buhari-apc-lawmakers.html|access-date=2022-02-22|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Doka == Wasu daga cikin Kudirinsa, Rahotanni da Motsinsa: <ref>{{cite web | url=https://sarkinadar.com/bills-and-motions/ | title=Bills and Motions – Sarkinadar | access-date=2022-12-03 | archive-date=2022-12-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203151234/https://sarkinadar.com/bills-and-motions/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> # Dokar Hukumar Halayen Tarayya (gyara) # Dokar Kare Jami'an Jama'a (gyara), 2015 # Dokar Hukumar Horar da Sana'o'i ta Kasa (Establishment), 2015 # Kudirin Dokar Hukumar Jami’ar Kasa (gyara), 2015 # Dokar Hana Samar da Noma, 2015 # Kudirin Dokokin Cigaban Kogin Basin (gyara) 2015 # Rahoton kwamitin wucin gadi don binciko rikicin da ya dabaibaye bikin kaddamar da majalisar dokokin jihar Bauchi karo na 9 da kuma al’amuran da suka kai ga bacewar wasu shugabannin biyu. # Akwai bukatar a binciki karbo Naira Biliyan 1.17 da Ma’aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya ta yi daga asusun Hukumar Raya Kogin Sokoto Rima. # Bukatar Samar da Kayayyakin Tsaro da Kayayyakin Agaji ga wadanda harin ya rutsa da su a Kololi, Gadonmata da kauyen Kamitau dake mazabar Goronyo/Gada tarayya a jihar Sokoto. # Bukatar Gaggawa Kan Tabarbarewar Tsaro A Jihar Sakkwato. # Bukatar Samar da Kayayyakin agaji ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a karamar hukumar Gada da Goronyo ta jihar Sokoto. Babban muradinsa na majalisa sun haɗa da: * Ci gaban karkara * Ƙarfafa matasa/mata/masu aiki * Agricultural Devt == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Category:Yan jam'iyyar APC]] [[Category:Yan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan majalisan wakilai]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1z4fful00y2xz4hmtekszu8xi2wra3w 0 39579 875533 499971 2026-07-03T23:29:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:600px Flag club Kano Pillars.png|thumb|Tutar Kano pillars]] [[Fayil:Rabiu Ali of Kano Pillars.jpg|thumb|dan Wasan Kano Pilar a fili]] '''Filin wasa na Pillars''' filin wasa ne mai fa'ida da yawa a unguwar Sabon Gari [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]]. Wurin da yake wurin yana mahaɗar titin Abuja da titin filin jirgin sama. A halin yanzu ana amfani da shi galibi don wasannin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin filayen wasa biyu da Kano Pillars FC ke amfani da shi, ɗayan kuma [[filin wasa na Sani Abacha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://africanfootball.com/news/485302/CAF-inspect-Pillars-Sabongari-Stadium |title=CAF Inspects Pillars Sabongari Stadium |accessdate=2015-03-13 |author= |date=2014-11-28 |ref= |archive-date=2015-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101202017/http://africanfootball.com/news/485302/CAF-inspect-Pillars-Sabongari-Stadium |url-status=dead }}</ref> Filin wasan yana da damar 10,000. A cikin 2014 ya zama gidan El-Kanemi Warriors na wucin gadi bayan an ga gidansu na Maiduguri ba shi da lafiya ga wasa. {{Stub}} == Nassoshi == [[Category:Kano (jiha)]] [[Category:Wasa]] [[Category:Filayen wasa]] ohdq2tbkjjq3sir72jpffxuqpkvcfdh 0 40173 875189 395734 2026-07-03T16:58:34Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355416044|Saminu Abdullahi]]" 875189 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saminu Kwari Abdullahi''' listen ⓘ (an haife shi 3 Janairu 2001) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny na Rasha. == Aikin kulob == Abdullahi ya fara buga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Rasha a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2021 a wasan da suka fafata da Tom Tomsk . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2021 |title=Game Report by FNL |url=https://1fnl.ru/champioship/results/841/842/847/5393/ |publisher=[[Russian Football National League]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] rlkikwdwluot4wea5dzsesuwjvglh78 875190 875189 2026-07-03T16:58:46Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355416044|Saminu Abdullahi]]" 875190 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saminu Kwari Abdullahi''' listen ⓘ (an haife shi 3 Janairu 2001) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny na Rasha. == Aikin kulob == Abdullahi ya fara buga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Rasha a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2021 a wasan da suka fafata da Tom Tomsk . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2021 |title=Game Report by FNL |url=https://1fnl.ru/champioship/results/841/842/847/5393/ |publisher=[[Russian Football National League]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Janairun 2024, Dynamo Makhachkala ta sanar da cewa Abdullahi ya bar ƙungiyar bayan an soke kwangilarsa ta hanyar amincewa da juna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Абдуллахи покинул Динамо |url=https://dinamo-mx.ru/blog/2024/01/01/abdullahi-pokinul-dinamo/ |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=dinamo-mx.ru |publisher=FC Dynamo Makhachkala}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2025, Abdullahi ya bar Khimki . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=Самину Абдуллахи покидает футбольный клуб «Химки» |url=https://fckhimki.com/news/sezon-2024-2025/fevral/saminu-abdullakhi-pokidaet-khimki/ |publisher=FC Khimki |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2025, kulob din Juárez na Mexico ya sanar da sayen Abdullahi. Ya zama dan wasan Afirka na farko a kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2025 |title=Saminu Abdullahi se convierte en el primer futbolista africano del FC Juárez |trans-title=Saminu Abdullahi becomes FC Juárez's first African footballer |url=https://fcjuarez.com/noticias-detalle.php?c2k9MjIzNg |access-date=2 February 2025 |publisher=FC Juárez |language=es}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] 8tzna1hbkri0x4thy38uv4x75adcudp 875193 875190 2026-07-03T17:00:24Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355416044|Saminu Abdullahi]]" 875193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saminu Kwari Abdullahi''' listen ⓘ (an haife shi 3 Janairu 2001) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny na Rasha. == Aikin kulob == Abdullahi ya fara buga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Rasha a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2021 a wasan da suka fafata da Tom Tomsk . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2021 |title=Game Report by FNL |url=https://1fnl.ru/champioship/results/841/842/847/5393/ |publisher=[[Russian Football National League]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Janairun 2024, Dynamo Makhachkala ta sanar da cewa Abdullahi ya bar ƙungiyar bayan an soke kwangilarsa ta hanyar amincewa da juna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Абдуллахи покинул Динамо |url=https://dinamo-mx.ru/blog/2024/01/01/abdullahi-pokinul-dinamo/ |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=dinamo-mx.ru |publisher=FC Dynamo Makhachkala}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2025, Abdullahi ya bar Khimki . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=Самину Абдуллахи покидает футбольный клуб «Химки» |url=https://fckhimki.com/news/sezon-2024-2025/fevral/saminu-abdullakhi-pokidaet-khimki/ |publisher=FC Khimki |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2025, kulob din Juárez na Mexico ya sanar da sayen Abdullahi. Ya zama dan wasan Afirka na farko a kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2025 |title=Saminu Abdullahi se convierte en el primer futbolista africano del FC Juárez |trans-title=Saminu Abdullahi becomes FC Juárez's first African footballer |url=https://fcjuarez.com/noticias-detalle.php?c2k9MjIzNg |access-date=2 February 2025 |publisher=FC Juárez |language=es}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 16 May 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofi ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="4" | Spartaks Jūrmala | 2019 | Babban Lig na Latvia | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |- | 2020 | Babban Lig na Latvia | 25 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 27 | 2 |- | 2021 | Babban Lig na Latvia | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 47 ! 2 ! 2 ! 0 ! 49 ! 2 |- | Veles Moscow (rance) | 2021–22 | Gasar Farko ta Rasha | 23 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 25 | 1 |- | Mosko Veles | 2022–23 | Gasar Farko ta Rasha | 14 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 14 | 0 |- | Dynamo Makhachkala | 2023–24 | Gasar Farko ta Rasha | 19 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 2 |- | rowspan="3" | Khimki | 2023–24 | Gasar Farko ta Rasha | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 0 |- | 2024–25 | Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 14 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 16 ! 0 ! 8 ! 0 ! 24 ! 0 |- | Juárez | 2024–25 | Liga MX | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |- | KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny | 2025–26 | Gasar Farko ta Rasha | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 0 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 129 ! 5 ! 13 ! 0 ! 142 ! 5 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|samiru-kwari-abdullahi/619945}} * [https://1fnl.ru/players/5348/ Profile by Russian Football National League] {{FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] qcq9nyxtyu6s92b489hpo1a67mo1m6k 875195 875193 2026-07-03T17:03:22Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 875195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saminu Kwari Abdullahi''' listen ⓘ (an haife shi 3 Janairu 2001) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny na Rasha. == Aikin kulob == Abdullahi ya fara buga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Rasha a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2021 a wasan da suka fafata da Tom Tomsk . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2021 |title=Game Report by FNL |url=https://1fnl.ru/champioship/results/841/842/847/5393/ |publisher=[[Russian Football National League]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Janairun 2024, Dynamo Makhachkala ta sanar da cewa Abdullahi ya bar ƙungiyar bayan an soke kwangilarsa ta hanyar amincewa da juna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Абдуллахи покинул Динамо |url=https://dinamo-mx.ru/blog/2024/01/01/abdullahi-pokinul-dinamo/ |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=dinamo-mx.ru |publisher=FC Dynamo Makhachkala}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2025, Abdullahi ya bar Khimki . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=Самину Абдуллахи покидает футбольный клуб «Химки» |url=https://fckhimki.com/news/sezon-2024-2025/fevral/saminu-abdullakhi-pokidaet-khimki/ |publisher=FC Khimki |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2025, kulob din Juárez na Mexico ya sanar da sayen Abdullahi. Ya zama dan wasan Afirka na farko a kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2025 |title=Saminu Abdullahi se convierte en el primer futbolista africano del FC Juárez |trans-title=Saminu Abdullahi becomes FC Juárez's first African footballer |url=https://fcjuarez.com/noticias-detalle.php?c2k9MjIzNg |access-date=2 February 2025 |publisher=FC Juárez |language=es}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 16 May 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofi ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="4" | Spartaks Jūrmala | 2019 | Babban Lig na Latvia | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |- | 2020 | Babban Lig na Latvia | 25 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 27 | 2 |- | 2021 | Babban Lig na Latvia | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 47 ! 2 ! 2 ! 0 ! 49 ! 2 |- | Veles Moscow (rance) | 2021–22 | Gasar Farko ta Rasha | 23 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 25 | 1 |- | Mosko Veles | 2022–23 | Gasar Farko ta Rasha | 14 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 14 | 0 |- | Dynamo Makhachkala | 2023–24 | Gasar Farko ta Rasha | 19 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 2 |- | rowspan="3" | Khimki | 2023–24 | Gasar Farko ta Rasha | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 0 |- | 2024–25 | Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 14 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 16 ! 0 ! 8 ! 0 ! 24 ! 0 |- | Juárez | 2024–25 | Liga MX | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |- | KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny | 2025–26 | Gasar Farko ta Rasha | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 0 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 129 ! 5 ! 13 ! 0 ! 142 ! 5 |} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|samiru-kwari-abdullahi/619945}} * [https://1fnl.ru/players/5348/ Profile by Russian Football National League] {{FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] == Manazarta == 1slps0dog969o6gxt8geq34r5r8yu26 0 41227 875656 719919 2026-07-04T06:15:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 875656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nigeria Yobe State map.png|thumb|Kisan kiyashi a Buni Yadi, Fabrairu 2014]] A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu, 2014, an kashe yara maza hamsin da tara (59), a Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Buni Yadi a [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe a]] [[Najeriya]]. An kuma ƙona gine-gine ashirin da huɗu na makarantar sakamakon harin. Kawo yanzu dai babu wata ƙungiya da ta ɗauki alhakin kai harin, amma a cewar kafafen yaɗa labarai da jami'an ƙasar ana zargin mayaƙan [[Boko Haram]] ne suka kai harin.<ref name=nyt-article>{{cite news|title=Islamist Militants Blamed for Deadly College Attack in Nigeria|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/26/world/africa/dozens-killed-in-nigeria-school-assault-attributed-to-islamist-militant-group.html?_r=0|access-date=6 March 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=25 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=theguardian-article>{{cite news|title=Boko Haram kills 59 boys at Nigerian boarding school|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/25/boko-haram-kills-children-boarding-school|access-date=6 March 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 February 2014}}</ref> == Bayan fage == Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya makarantar kwana ce da ke Buni Yadi, wani gari a [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]], [[Najeriya]].<ref name=sleeping /> Makarantar haɗin guiwa da sakandare tana da gine-gine ashirin da huɗu a lokacin da aka kai harin.<ref name=kill /> Tun a shekarar 2009 ne mayakan ke rikici da gwamnati a Arewacin Najeriya. Kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga sun ƙara mayar da hankali wajen kai hare-hare kan fararen hula tun a watan Mayun 2013 lokacin da Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Jonathan ya]] bai wa sojoji izinin kawar da ‘yan adawa. Rikicin ya haifar da ƙaruwar rashin zaman lafiya a Najeriya, wadda ke kan gaba wajen samar da man fetur a Afirka. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2014, 'yan bindiga sun yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 300, galibi fararen hula. A karshen watan Fabrairu ne gwamnatin kasar ta rufe iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru a ƙoƙarin ta na hana ‘yan bindiga kai hare-hare a Najeriya sannan su tsere zuwa [[Kamaru]].<ref name=kill /> Ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]], wacce sunanta ke nufin "ilimin yammacin duniya zunubi ne", ta sha kai hare-hare a makarantu a lokuta da dama.<ref name=kill /> An bayyana ƙungiyar a hukumance a matsayin ƙungiyar ta’addanci a [[Najeriya]] da [[Amurka]], kuma an bayar da tukuicin ga duk wanda ya ba da labarin da zai kai ga kama shugabannin ƙungiyar. A jimilce, an danganta mutuwar sama da mutane 1,000 da [[Boko Haram]] tayi sanadiya tun daga watan Mayun 2013.<ref name=sleeping /> Ƙungiyar ta ƙona makarantu sama da 200 kamar yadda alƙalumma suka nuna.<ref name=empty /> [[Abubakar Shekau]], wanda ake zargin shugaban ƙungiyar Boko Haram ne, ya fitar da wata sanarwa ta faifan bidiyo a tsakiyar watan Fabrairun 2014 inda ya yi alƙawarin ci gaba da yaƙin da ƙungiyar ke yi na yaki da kimar kasashen yamma tare da yin barazanar faɗaɗa hare-haren su na ta'adanci.<ref name=sleeping /> Mako guda kafin kai harin, ƴan ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] sun kashe mutane 60 a garin [[Bama]] da ke [[jihar Borno]] mai makwabtaka; kwanaki huɗu kafin wannan harin, mayakan sun kashe mutane 106 a wani ƙauye mafi yawan [[Kirista|mabiya addinin Kirista]], Izghe; sannan makwanni uku kafin nan mayakan sun kashe mutane 78 a wasu hare-hare biyu da aka kai a yankin.<ref name=nyt-article/> == Kai hari == A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2014, ‘yan bindiga sun kutsa cikin Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya a lokacin da daliban ke barci. Sun jefa bama-bamai a cikin dakunan kwanan dalibai yayin da suka kutsa dakunan riƙe da bindigogi. A cewar wani shaidan gani da ido, “daliban na ƙoƙarin hawa taga, sai ‘yan ta’addan suka yanka su kamar tumaki da suka sare makogwaronsu. An kashe wasu da suka gudu.”<ref name=sleeping /> Dukkan gine-gine ashirin da hudu sun ƙone kurmus yayin harin.<ref name=kill>{{cite web|last=Hemba|first=Joe|title=Nigerian Islamists kill 59 pupils in boarding school attack|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-nigeria-violence-idUKBREA1O1IO20140225|publisher=Reuters|access-date=February 26, 2014|date=February 25, 2014|archive-date=October 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031232910/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-nigeria-violence-idUKBREA1O1IO20140225|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kashe yara maza hamsin da tara a harin. Wasu sun mutu sakamakon harbin bindiga ko raunukan wuka, yayin da wasu kuma suka ƙone kurmus.<ref name=kill /> An kai gawarwakin waɗanda suka tsira da ransu zuwa [[Sani Abacha Specialist Hospital|asibitin kwararru na Sani Abacha]] da ke babban birnin jihar [[Damaturu]]. Mai magana da yawun asibitin ya ce da alama mayakan sun ceci dalibai mata da gangan.<ref name=sleeping>{{cite web|title=Sleeping Students 'Killed By Boko Haram'|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1217121/sleeping-students-killed-by-boko-haram|publisher=Sky News|access-date=February 26, 2014|date=February 25, 2014}}</ref> Rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai na cewa, harin ya “bore the hallmarks” na ƙungiyar Boko Haram.<ref name=sleeping /> Jami’an yankin sun kuma danganta harin da kungiyar, amma ba a samu ƙungiyar da ta ɗauki alhakin kai harin ba.<ref name=phones /> == Bayan haka == Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Jonathan ya]] kira harin da aka kai Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da "Kisan banza da rashin hankali... ta ‘yan ta’adda da masu tsattsauran ra’ayi waɗanda a fili suka rasa duk wata dabi’a ta ɗan Adam, suka juya zuwa ga halayar dabba”<ref name=kill /> Ya sha alwashin "kawar da bala'in ta'addanci har abada".<ref name=phones /> Sakatare Janar na [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Ban Ki-moon]] ya yi Allah wadai da harin yana mai cewa "babu wata manufa da za ta iya tabbatar da irin wannan tashin hankali" ya kuma ce ya damu matuƙa da ƙaruwar hare-hare da rashin tausayi.<ref name=empty /> Ƴan uwan waɗanda harin ya rutsa da su sun kewaye ɗakin ajiyar gawa a fusace suna neman a ba su amsa. Sojoji sun mamaye ginin domin dawo da zaman lafiya.<ref name=sleeping /> Kasawar da gwamnati ta yi na hana kai harin Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da makamantansu ya janyo hasarar al’umma a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]].<ref name=kill /> Ɗalibai a faɗin yankin sun ki kwanciya barci a makarantunsu na kwana bayan harin inda suka koma gidajensu.<ref name=empty>{{cite news|title=Schools, university empty after deadly Nigeria attack|agency=AFP|date=February 28, 2014|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/foreign/28-Feb-2014/schools-university-empty-after-deadly-nigeria-attack|access-date=March 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304185341/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/foreign/28-Feb-2014/schools-university-empty-after-deadly-nigeria-attack|archive-date=March 4, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Dalili == ===Gwamnatin jihar Yobe=== A cewar gwamnatin jihar Yobe, sojojin da ke gadin wani shingen binciken ababan hawa da ke kusa da wurin da aka kai harin sun janye daga aiki sa’o’i kaɗan kafin harin.<ref name=sleeping /> Gwamnan jihar [[Ibrahim Gaidam|Ibrahim Gaidam ya]] ɗora alhakin janye sojojin da silar kai harin kuma ya ce sojojin ƙasar sun gaza wajen kare daliban. ===Kakakin rundunar Soji=== Kakakin rundunar sojin ƙasar, ya ce tun da farko an tarwatsa shingen binciken a wani ɓangare na aikin rundunar hadin gwiwa. Ya ce lalata layukan waya, mai yiyuwa maharan su kayi, don hana sojoji jin labarin harin a lokacin da za su mayar da martani.<ref name=phones>{{cite news|title=Nigerian Military: Phones Not Working At Time of School Attack|date=February 26, 2014|work=Voice of America|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/nigerian-military-phones-not-working-at-time-of-school-attack/1860191.html|access-date=March 1, 2014}}</ref> ===Najeriya da Amurka=== Ƙungiyar Boko Haram da ƙasar [[Najeriya]] da [[Amurka]] suka ayyana a matsayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci, ana zargin hakan ce ta saka ƴan ta'adan fara kai harin a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin da ta ke yi na samar da daular Musulunci{{refn|group=note|A kiyaye wannan iƙirarin nasu na samar da daular musulunci. Wannan ba koyarwa Addini musulunci suke yi ba face ta'adanci tsantsa}} a yankin Arewacin Najeriya na Musulmi.<ref>{{cite news|last=Abubakar|first=Aminu|title=43 killed in Nigeria in suspected Boko Haram school attack|url=https://news.yahoo.com/suspected-boko-haram-gunmen-attack-nigeria-school-military-115523625.html|access-date=6 March 2014|newspaper=Yahoo News|date=February 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria children killed and school razed|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/02/nigeria-children-killed-attack-school-2014225144133150291.html|access-date=6 March 2014|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=25 Feb 2014}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Harbin makarantan Jihar Yobe|Harbin makarantar jihar Yobe]] ==Bayanan kula== {{notelist}} <references group="note"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} {{coord|11.2689|N|11.9969|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} [[Category:2014 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya]] [[Category:Boko Haram]] [[Category:Jihar Yobe]] [[Category:Kisan kiyashi a Najeriya]] ll8of8fj2hiiqj4gahot4bpcfy9hmmg 0 42272 875263 868757 2026-07-03T18:32:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Ezzaki "Zaki" Badou''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1959) kocin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Morocco kuma tsohon [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] wanda a halin yanzu yake kula da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijar . == Sana'ar wasa == An haife shi a Sidi Kacem, Zaki ya wakilci AS Salé, [[Wydad AC]], RCD Mallorca da Fath Union Sport a lokacin shekaru 17 na aikin ƙwararru. Tare da Mallorca, wanda ya sanya hannu a kansa a shekarar 1986 bayan da France Football ta naɗa shi a matsayin [[Gwarzon ɗan Wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafar Afirka na Shekara|gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka na shekara]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pierrend |first=José Luis |title=African Player of the Year |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/afr-poy.html |access-date=23 April 2015 |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> ya sami ci gaba zuwa [[La Liga]] a shekarar 1989 yayin da ya lashe Kofin Ricardo Zamora . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Zaki ya buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Morocco]] wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1986 da kuma [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka]] guda huɗu. A gasar da aka yi a Mexico, ya taimaka wa ƙasarsa ta zama ƙungiyar farko ta Afirka da ta kai zagaye na 16 ; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Griñán |first=Virginia |date=25 September 2009 |title=Qué fue de...Ezaki |trans-title=What happened to...Ezaki |url=http://cadenaser.com/ser/2009/09/25/deportes/1253834891_850215.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=[[Cadena SER]] |language=es}}</ref> haka kuma, wanda ya lashe wasanni 76 a jere <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mamrud |first=Roberto |title=Ezzaki Badou "Zaki" – International Appearances |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/maro-zaki-intl.html |access-date=16 August 2019 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> ya fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1984. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Badou Ezaki |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ez/badou-ezaki-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219235454/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ez/badou-ezaki-1.html |archive-date=19 December 2013 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Sports Reference}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka ta zabi Zaki a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan kwallon kafa 200 na Afirka a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. == Aikin koyarwa == Zaki ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1993 yana da shekaru 34, nan take ya zama manaja. A shekarar 2002, bayan ya horar da kungiyoyi da dama, ciki har da tsoffin kungiyoyin FUS da WAC, <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2012 |title=L'entraîneur Badou Zaki signe au Wydad |trans-title=Manager Badou Zaki signs with Wydad |url=http://fr.fifa.com/world-match-centre/nationalleagues/nationalleague=morocco-championnat-national-botola-2000000056/news/newsid/174/760/9/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224061919/http://fr.fifa.com/world-match-centre/nationalleagues/nationalleague=morocco-championnat-national-botola-2000000056/news/newsid/174/760/9/index.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=FIFA |language=fr}}</ref> an nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasar Morocco, inda ya bar mukaminsa bayan shekaru uku <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2005 |title=Démission de Zaki |trans-title=Zaki resigns |url=http://www.bladi.net/demission-de-zaki.html |access-date=12 February 2009 |publisher=Bladi |language=fr}}</ref> sannan ya dawo a watan Mayun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2014 |title=Morocco name former player Badou Zaki as new coach |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27252927 |access-date=2 May 2014 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> Ya sami nasarar kafa kungiyar matasa kuma ya cancanci shiga [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] da aka shirya a Tunisia a shekarar 2004 ba tare da an doke shi ba. 'Yan wasan Zaki sun kai wasan karshe ta hanyar shan kashi a hannun Tunisia da ci 2-1. Ya tafi bisa amincewar juna a watan Fabrairun 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2016 |title=Badou Zaki leaves post as Morocco coach by mutual consent |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35542209 |access-date=11 February 2016 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Daga baya Zaki ya koma bakin aikinsa na kulob, inda ya ci gaba da jagorantar ƙungiyoyi da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2018 |title=Algérie – MC Oran: Badou Zaki nouvel entraîneur |trans-title=Algeria – MC Oran: Badou Zaki new manager |url=https://orangefootballclub.com/fr/articles/algerie-mc-oran-badou-zaki-nouvel-entraineur/ |access-date=11 January 2020 |publisher=Orange |language=fr |archive-date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111221325/https://orangefootballclub.com/fr/articles/algerie-mc-oran-badou-zaki-nouvel-entraineur/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 May 2018 |title=Badou Zaki to Coach Algerian Club Mouloudia Club d'Oran |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/05/246024/badou-zaki-coach-algerian-club-oran |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuli 2017, an nada Zaki a matsayin kocin IR Tanger . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=9 July 2017 |title=Football: Zaki Officially Becomes Head Coach of IR Tangier |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/07/222523/football-zaki-officially-becomes-head-coach-ir-tangier |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=moroccoworldnews |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Maris 2023, aka naɗa shi kocin Sudan, inda Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Saudiyya ke biyansa albashinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2023 |title=إعلان تعيين الزاكي مدربا لـ"صقور الجديان" |url=https://www.hespress.com/إعلان-تعيين-الزاكي-مدربا-لـصقور-الجدي-1137247.html |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية |language=ar}}</ref> A lokacin da yake jagorantar wasansa na farko a Sudan, ya sami nasarar doke Gabon da ci 1-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Football |first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du |title=TotalEnergies AFCON qualifier: Fighting spirit delights coach Ezzaki as Sudan down Gabon {{!}} TotalEnergies African Cup Of Nations Qualifiers |url=https://www.cafonline.com/africa-cup-of-nations/news/totalenergies-afcon-qualifier-fighting-spirit-delights-coach-ezzaki-as-sudan-dow |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=CAFOnline.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Disamba 2023, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Nijar ta sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu kan kwangila a hukumance da kocinta Badou Zaki don jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijar na tsawon shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2023 |title=رسميا بادو الزاكي يتولى تدريب منتخب النيجر |url=https://www.hespress.com/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84-1278153.html |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2023 |title=Badou Zaki: Moroccan legend takes the helm to revive Niger's fortunes |url=https://www.cafonline.com/news/badou-zaki-moroccan-legend-takes-the-helm-to-revive-nigers-fortunes/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Daraja == [[Fayil:Wydad_Casablanca_vs_Wydad_de_Fes,_December_13_2009-3.jpg|thumb|Zaki a shekarar 2009]] === Ɗan wasa === '''Wydad Casablanca''' * Botola Pro : 1977–78, 1985–86 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbink |first=Dinant |last2=Batalha |first2=José |title=Morocco 1985/86 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro86.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> * Kofin Kurzawa na Morocco : 1978, 1979, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Batalha |first=José |title=Morocco 1978/79 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro79.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> 1981 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Batalha |first=José |last2=Du KAC |first2=PFS |last3=Jönsson |first3=Mikael |title=Morocco 1980/81 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro81.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> * Kofin Mohammed na V : 1979 '''RCD Mallorca''' * Copa del Rey ta biyu: 1990-91 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmarés en |url=http://www.marca.com/deporte/futbol/copa–rey/palmares.html |access-date=22 June 2010 |publisher=[[MARCA]] |language=es}} {{Dead link|date=March 2012}}</ref> '''Maroko''' * Gasar Cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta]] zo ta uku: 1980 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Morocco (1980) |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/country/125/1980/Morocco.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=www.national-football-teams.com |language=en}}</ref> === Manaja === '''Wydad Casablanca''' * Botola Pro : 2010 * Kofin Kurzawa na Morocco : 1998 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco 1997/98 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro98.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> * Gasar cin kofin CAF ta zo ta biyu: 1999 * Gasar cin kofin zakarun Larabawa ta Zakarun Turai : 2009 * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF : 2011 '''CR Belouizdad''' * Kofin Aljeriya : 2017 '''Maroko''' * Gasar cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|kofin Afirka ta]] zo ta biyu: 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Nations Cup 2004 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/04a.html |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> === Mutum ɗaya === * Ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na shekara na ƙasar Morocco: 1979, 1981, 1986, 1988 * Mai tsaron raga na shekara na Morocco: 1978, 1979, 1986 * [[Gwarzon ɗan Wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafar Afirka na Shekara|Ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka na shekara]] : 1986 * Ɗan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Larabawa na Shekara: 1986 * Kocin Aljeriya na Shekara: 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Algérie : Badou Zaki sacré meilleur entraîneur pour l'année 2017 |url=https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/60990/algerie-badou-zaki-sacre-meilleur.html}}</ref> * Kofin Ricardo Zamora : 1988–89 <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2015 |title=Zaki Badou, historia del Real Mallorca, invitado al centenario del club |trans-title=Zaki Badou, history of Real Mallorca, invited to club's century |url=http://www.mallorcaesports.es/futbol/item/19268-zaki-badou-historia-del-real-mallorca-invitado-al-centenario-del-club |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217073346/http://www.mallorcaesports.es/futbol/item/19268-zaki-badou-historia-del-real-mallorca-invitado-al-centenario-del-club |archive-date=17 February 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Mallorca Esports |language=es}}</ref> * Mai tsaron raga na shekara a gasar La Liga: 1988, 1989, 1990 * Ƙungiyar Mafarkin Maza ta IFFHS ta Morocco a kowane lokaci <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2022 |title=IFFHS |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1722 |access-date=3 March 2022 |publisher=IFFHS}}</ref> '''Umarni''' * Tsarin Al'arshi : 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |last=MAP |date=2004-02-15 |title=S.M. le Roi Mohammed VI décore les héros de l'équipe nationale de Wissams Royaux |url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2004/S-M--le-Roi-Mohammed-VI-decore-les-heros-de-l-equipe-nationale-de-Wissams-Royaux/37315.html |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Le Matin.ma |language=fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120826160419/http://www.rcdm.es/jugadores-de-ayer-y-de-hoy-ezaki-badou/ Tarihin Real Mallorca] {{In lang|es}} * Ezzaki Badou * {{NFT player|15099}} * {{FIFA player|207356}} (an adana shi) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] i3t37sct8xmv9jhkkzob4v8lyg18zy9 0 43024 875874 553019 2026-07-04T11:46:02Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356833493|Mohamed Magdy]]" 875874 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Magdy Mohamed Morsy''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1996), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na laƙabi '''Afsha''' (Arabic), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Masar wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na kulob din Al Ahly na Premier League na Masar . == Ayyukan kulob din == Afsha ya fara aikinsa a ENPPI da Pyramids, kafin ya shiga Al Ahly a shekarar 2019. A wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta CAF ta 2020, ya zira kwallaye masu nasara ga Al Ahly a nasarar 2-1 a kan abokan hamayyarsu Zamalek.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2020 |title=Magdy's stunner against Zamalek named Caf Champions League Goal of the Tournament |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/magdys-stunner-against-zamalek-named-caf-champions-league-goal-of-the-tournament/4vh4t6ip1ydd1xeod4udzdrjf |website=Goal.com}}</ref> Ya kuma ci kwallo a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan Kaizer Chiefs a wasan karshe na CAF Champions League na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2021 |title=Kaizer Chiefs 0-3 Al Ahly: Red Devils humble Amakhosi to clinch 10th Caf Champions League title |url=https://www.goal.com/en-my/news/kaizer-chiefs-0-3-al-ahly-red-devils-humble-amakhosi-to-clinch-10th-caf-champions-league-title/smek52cur6yj1xp20infah5b0 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] oew0s1g3xk1535e4vekvmsk5xny6oo3 875875 875874 2026-07-04T11:46:38Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356833493|Mohamed Magdy]]" 875875 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Magdy Mohamed Morsy''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1996), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na laƙabi '''Afsha''' (Arabic), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Masar wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na kulob din Al Ahly na Premier League na Masar . == Ayyukan kulob din == Afsha ya fara aikinsa a ENPPI da Pyramids, kafin ya shiga Al Ahly a shekarar 2019. A wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta CAF ta 2020, ya zira kwallaye masu nasara ga Al Ahly a nasarar 2-1 a kan abokan hamayyarsu Zamalek.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2020 |title=Magdy's stunner against Zamalek named Caf Champions League Goal of the Tournament |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/magdys-stunner-against-zamalek-named-caf-champions-league-goal-of-the-tournament/4vh4t6ip1ydd1xeod4udzdrjf |website=Goal.com}}</ref> Ya kuma ci kwallo a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan Kaizer Chiefs a wasan karshe na CAF Champions League na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2021 |title=Kaizer Chiefs 0-3 Al Ahly: Red Devils humble Amakhosi to clinch 10th Caf Champions League title |url=https://www.goal.com/en-my/news/kaizer-chiefs-0-3-al-ahly-red-devils-humble-amakhosi-to-clinch-10th-caf-champions-league-title/smek52cur6yj1xp20infah5b0 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun 2023, Afsha ta zira kwallaye guda daya a nasarar 1-0 a kan Seattle Sounders FC a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022, inda ta tura Al-Ahly zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2023 |title=Afsha gets the Red Devils roaring |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/mohamed-magdy-afsha-al-ahly-seattle-sounders-match-winner-club-world-cup-morocco-2022 |website=FIFA}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|31 October 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Masar ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="5" |ENPPI |2013–14 | rowspan="4" |EPL |13 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |0 |- |2015–16 |4 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7 |0 |- |2016–17 |14 |1 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |2 |- |2017–18 |30 |8 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |8 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !61 !9 !8 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !69 !10 |- |El Raja (an ba da rancen) |2014–15 | rowspan="9" |EPL |17 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |2 |- |Pyramids |2018–19 |23 |5 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |24 |6 |- | rowspan="8" |Al Ahly |2018–19 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |- |2019–20 |29 |5 |4 |1 |9 |3 |1 |0 |43 |9 |- |2020–21 |31 |6 |5 |1 |12 |3 |5 |0 |53 |10 |- |2021–22 |26 |8 |3 |0 |11 |2 |5 |0 |45 |10 |- |2022–23 |29 |3 |5 |2 |9 |0 |4 |1 |47 |6 |- |2023–24 |26 |4 |1 |0 |12 |2 |8 |1 |47 |7 |- |2024–25 |4 |1 |0 |0 |4 |1 |5 |1 |13 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !145 !27 !19 !4 !57 !11 !29 !3 !250 !45 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !246 !43 !29 !6 !57 !11 !29 !3 !361 !63 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] dypviluhr8fhrjntay9555geycyx8nz 875876 875875 2026-07-04T11:47:36Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356833493|Mohamed Magdy]]" 875876 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Magdy Mohamed Morsy''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1996), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na laƙabi '''Afsha''' (Arabic), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Masar wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na kulob din Al Ahly na Premier League na Masar . == Ayyukan kulob din == Afsha ya fara aikinsa a ENPPI da Pyramids, kafin ya shiga Al Ahly a shekarar 2019. A wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta CAF ta 2020, ya zira kwallaye masu nasara ga Al Ahly a nasarar 2-1 a kan abokan hamayyarsu Zamalek.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2020 |title=Magdy's stunner against Zamalek named Caf Champions League Goal of the Tournament |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/magdys-stunner-against-zamalek-named-caf-champions-league-goal-of-the-tournament/4vh4t6ip1ydd1xeod4udzdrjf |website=Goal.com}}</ref> Ya kuma ci kwallo a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan Kaizer Chiefs a wasan karshe na CAF Champions League na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2021 |title=Kaizer Chiefs 0-3 Al Ahly: Red Devils humble Amakhosi to clinch 10th Caf Champions League title |url=https://www.goal.com/en-my/news/kaizer-chiefs-0-3-al-ahly-red-devils-humble-amakhosi-to-clinch-10th-caf-champions-league-title/smek52cur6yj1xp20infah5b0 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun 2023, Afsha ta zira kwallaye guda daya a nasarar 1-0 a kan Seattle Sounders FC a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022, inda ta tura Al-Ahly zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2023 |title=Afsha gets the Red Devils roaring |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/mohamed-magdy-afsha-al-ahly-seattle-sounders-match-winner-club-world-cup-morocco-2022 |website=FIFA}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|31 October 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Masar ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="5" |ENPPI |2013–14 | rowspan="4" |EPL |13 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |0 |- |2015–16 |4 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7 |0 |- |2016–17 |14 |1 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |2 |- |2017–18 |30 |8 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |8 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !61 !9 !8 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !69 !10 |- |El Raja (an ba da rancen) |2014–15 | rowspan="9" |EPL |17 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |2 |- |Pyramids |2018–19 |23 |5 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |24 |6 |- | rowspan="8" |Al Ahly |2018–19 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |- |2019–20 |29 |5 |4 |1 |9 |3 |1 |0 |43 |9 |- |2020–21 |31 |6 |5 |1 |12 |3 |5 |0 |53 |10 |- |2021–22 |26 |8 |3 |0 |11 |2 |5 |0 |45 |10 |- |2022–23 |29 |3 |5 |2 |9 |0 |4 |1 |47 |6 |- |2023–24 |26 |4 |1 |0 |12 |2 |8 |1 |47 |7 |- |2024–25 |4 |1 |0 |0 |4 |1 |5 |1 |13 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !145 !27 !19 !4 !57 !11 !29 !3 !250 !45 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !246 !43 !29 !6 !57 !11 !29 !3 !361 !63 |} === Kasashen Duniya === : Ya zuwa wasan da aka buga a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2025. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="8" |Misira |2018 |1 |0 |- |2019 |3 |0 |- |2020 |2 |1 |- |2021 |11 |3 |- |2022 |2 |0 |- |2023 |0 |0 |- |2024 |2 |0 |- |2025 |2 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !22 !7 |} {{Updated|2 December 2025}} : ''Scores da sakamakon lissafin burin Masar na farko, shafi na ci yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Afsha''. <ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|id=70924|access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Afsha ta zira !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. |17 ga Nuwamba 2020 |Filin wasa na Kégué, [[Lomé]], Togo |{{Fb|TOG}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–1 | rowspan="2" |cancantar gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2021 |- |2. |25 Maris 2021 |Filin wasa na Nyayo, [[Nairobi]], Kenya |{{Fb|KEN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |- |3. |1 ga Satumba 2021 |Filin wasa na 30 Yuni, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Misira |{{Fb|ANG}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- |4. |16 Nuwamba 2021 |Filin wasa na Borg El Arab, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Masar |{{Fb|GAB}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |- |5. |1 ga Disamba 2021 |[[Al Thumama (Doha)|Al Thumama]] Stadium">Filin wasa na Al Thumama, Al Thumuma, Qatar |{{Fb|LBN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Kofin Larabawa na FIFA na 2021 |- |6. |6 ga Satumba 2025 | |{{Fb|TUN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Abokantaka |- |7. |2 ga Disamba 2025 |[[Lusail]]_Stadium" id="mwAaw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lusail Stadium">Filin wasa na Lusail, Lusail da Qatar |{{Fb|KUW}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |Kofin Larabawa na FIFA na 2025 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] lih2ahmw0ffgvgqjgemz7r3z9rr2u6n 875879 875876 2026-07-04T11:49:44Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356833493|Mohamed Magdy]]" 875879 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Magdy Mohamed Morsy''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1996), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na laƙabi '''Afsha''' (Arabic), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Masar wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na kulob din Al Ahly na Premier League na Masar . == Ayyukan kulob din == Afsha ya fara aikinsa a ENPPI da Pyramids, kafin ya shiga Al Ahly a shekarar 2019. A wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta CAF ta 2020, ya zira kwallaye masu nasara ga Al Ahly a nasarar 2-1 a kan abokan hamayyarsu Zamalek.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2020 |title=Magdy's stunner against Zamalek named Caf Champions League Goal of the Tournament |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/magdys-stunner-against-zamalek-named-caf-champions-league-goal-of-the-tournament/4vh4t6ip1ydd1xeod4udzdrjf |website=Goal.com}}</ref> Ya kuma ci kwallo a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan Kaizer Chiefs a wasan karshe na CAF Champions League na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2021 |title=Kaizer Chiefs 0-3 Al Ahly: Red Devils humble Amakhosi to clinch 10th Caf Champions League title |url=https://www.goal.com/en-my/news/kaizer-chiefs-0-3-al-ahly-red-devils-humble-amakhosi-to-clinch-10th-caf-champions-league-title/smek52cur6yj1xp20infah5b0 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun 2023, Afsha ta zira kwallaye guda daya a nasarar 1-0 a kan Seattle Sounders FC a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022, inda ta tura Al-Ahly zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2023 |title=Afsha gets the Red Devils roaring |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/mohamed-magdy-afsha-al-ahly-seattle-sounders-match-winner-club-world-cup-morocco-2022 |website=FIFA}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|31 October 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Masar ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="5" |ENPPI |2013–14 | rowspan="4" |EPL |13 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |0 |- |2015–16 |4 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7 |0 |- |2016–17 |14 |1 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |2 |- |2017–18 |30 |8 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |8 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !61 !9 !8 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !69 !10 |- |El Raja (an ba da rancen) |2014–15 | rowspan="9" |EPL |17 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |2 |- |Pyramids |2018–19 |23 |5 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |24 |6 |- | rowspan="8" |Al Ahly |2018–19 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |- |2019–20 |29 |5 |4 |1 |9 |3 |1 |0 |43 |9 |- |2020–21 |31 |6 |5 |1 |12 |3 |5 |0 |53 |10 |- |2021–22 |26 |8 |3 |0 |11 |2 |5 |0 |45 |10 |- |2022–23 |29 |3 |5 |2 |9 |0 |4 |1 |47 |6 |- |2023–24 |26 |4 |1 |0 |12 |2 |8 |1 |47 |7 |- |2024–25 |4 |1 |0 |0 |4 |1 |5 |1 |13 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !145 !27 !19 !4 !57 !11 !29 !3 !250 !45 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !246 !43 !29 !6 !57 !11 !29 !3 !361 !63 |} === Kasashen Duniya === : Ya zuwa wasan da aka buga a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2025. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="8" |Misira |2018 |1 |0 |- |2019 |3 |0 |- |2020 |2 |1 |- |2021 |11 |3 |- |2022 |2 |0 |- |2023 |0 |0 |- |2024 |2 |0 |- |2025 |2 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !22 !7 |} {{Updated|2 December 2025}} : ''Scores da sakamakon lissafin burin Masar na farko, shafi na ci yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Afsha''. <ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|id=70924|access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Afsha ta zira !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. |17 ga Nuwamba 2020 |Filin wasa na Kégué, [[Lomé]], Togo |{{Fb|TOG}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–1 | rowspan="2" |cancantar gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2021 |- |2. |25 Maris 2021 |Filin wasa na Nyayo, [[Nairobi]], Kenya |{{Fb|KEN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |- |3. |1 ga Satumba 2021 |Filin wasa na 30 Yuni, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Misira |{{Fb|ANG}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- |4. |16 Nuwamba 2021 |Filin wasa na Borg El Arab, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Masar |{{Fb|GAB}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |- |5. |1 ga Disamba 2021 |[[Al Thumama (Doha)|Al Thumama]] Stadium">Filin wasa na Al Thumama, Al Thumuma, Qatar |{{Fb|LBN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Kofin Larabawa na FIFA na 2021 |- |6. |6 ga Satumba 2025 | |{{Fb|TUN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Abokantaka |- |7. |2 ga Disamba 2025 |[[Lusail]]_Stadium" id="mwAaw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lusail Stadium">Filin wasa na Lusail, Lusail da Qatar |{{Fb|KUW}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |Kofin Larabawa na FIFA na 2025 |} '''Al Ahly''' * Gasar Firimiya ta Masar: 2019-20, 2022-23, 2023-242023–24 * Kofin Masar: 2019-20, 2021-22, 2022-232022–23 * Super Cup na Masar: 2019, 2022, 2023, 2023-24, 2024 * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF: 2019-20, 2020-21, 2022-23, 2023-242023–24 * [[CAF Super Cup]]: 2021 (Mayu) , 2021 (Disamba) * Kofin Afirka da Asiya da Pacific na FIFA: 2024 == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{UEFA player}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] htg0iwlewbhxh60cprccfoef97eiu12 875881 875879 2026-07-04T11:50:19Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 875881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohamed Magdy Mohamed Morsy''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1996), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na laƙabi '''Afsha''' (Arabic), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Masar wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na kulob din Al Ahly na Premier League na Masar . == Ayyukan kulob din == Afsha ya fara aikinsa a ENPPI da Pyramids, kafin ya shiga Al Ahly a shekarar 2019. A wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta CAF ta 2020, ya zira kwallaye masu nasara ga Al Ahly a nasarar 2-1 a kan abokan hamayyarsu Zamalek.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2020 |title=Magdy's stunner against Zamalek named Caf Champions League Goal of the Tournament |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/magdys-stunner-against-zamalek-named-caf-champions-league-goal-of-the-tournament/4vh4t6ip1ydd1xeod4udzdrjf |website=Goal.com}}</ref> Ya kuma ci kwallo a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan Kaizer Chiefs a wasan karshe na CAF Champions League na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2021 |title=Kaizer Chiefs 0-3 Al Ahly: Red Devils humble Amakhosi to clinch 10th Caf Champions League title |url=https://www.goal.com/en-my/news/kaizer-chiefs-0-3-al-ahly-red-devils-humble-amakhosi-to-clinch-10th-caf-champions-league-title/smek52cur6yj1xp20infah5b0 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun 2023, Afsha ta zira kwallaye guda daya a nasarar 1-0 a kan Seattle Sounders FC a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022, inda ta tura Al-Ahly zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2023 |title=Afsha gets the Red Devils roaring |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/mohamed-magdy-afsha-al-ahly-seattle-sounders-match-winner-club-world-cup-morocco-2022 |website=FIFA}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|31 October 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Masar ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="5" |ENPPI |2013–14 | rowspan="4" |EPL |13 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |0 |- |2015–16 |4 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7 |0 |- |2016–17 |14 |1 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |2 |- |2017–18 |30 |8 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |8 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !61 !9 !8 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !69 !10 |- |El Raja (an ba da rancen) |2014–15 | rowspan="9" |EPL |17 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |2 |- |Pyramids |2018–19 |23 |5 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |24 |6 |- | rowspan="8" |Al Ahly |2018–19 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |- |2019–20 |29 |5 |4 |1 |9 |3 |1 |0 |43 |9 |- |2020–21 |31 |6 |5 |1 |12 |3 |5 |0 |53 |10 |- |2021–22 |26 |8 |3 |0 |11 |2 |5 |0 |45 |10 |- |2022–23 |29 |3 |5 |2 |9 |0 |4 |1 |47 |6 |- |2023–24 |26 |4 |1 |0 |12 |2 |8 |1 |47 |7 |- |2024–25 |4 |1 |0 |0 |4 |1 |5 |1 |13 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !145 !27 !19 !4 !57 !11 !29 !3 !250 !45 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !246 !43 !29 !6 !57 !11 !29 !3 !361 !63 |} === Kasashen Duniya === : Ya zuwa wasan da aka buga a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2025. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="8" |Misira |2018 |1 |0 |- |2019 |3 |0 |- |2020 |2 |1 |- |2021 |11 |3 |- |2022 |2 |0 |- |2023 |0 |0 |- |2024 |2 |0 |- |2025 |2 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !22 !7 |} {{Updated|2 December 2025}} : ''Scores da sakamakon lissafin burin Masar na farko, shafi na ci yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Afsha''. <ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|id=70924|access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Afsha ta zira !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. |17 ga Nuwamba 2020 |Filin wasa na Kégué, [[Lomé]], Togo |{{Fb|TOG}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–1 | rowspan="2" |cancantar gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2021 |- |2. |25 Maris 2021 |Filin wasa na Nyayo, [[Nairobi]], Kenya |{{Fb|KEN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |- |3. |1 ga Satumba 2021 |Filin wasa na 30 Yuni, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Misira |{{Fb|ANG}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- |4. |16 Nuwamba 2021 |Filin wasa na Borg El Arab, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Masar |{{Fb|GAB}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |- |5. |1 ga Disamba 2021 |[[Al Thumama (Doha)|Al Thumama]] Stadium">Filin wasa na Al Thumama, Al Thumuma, Qatar |{{Fb|LBN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Kofin Larabawa na FIFA na 2021 |- |6. |6 ga Satumba 2025 | |{{Fb|TUN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Abokantaka |- |7. |2 ga Disamba 2025 |[[Lusail]]_Stadium" id="mwAaw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lusail Stadium">Filin wasa na Lusail, Lusail da Qatar |{{Fb|KUW}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |Kofin Larabawa na FIFA na 2025 |} '''Al Ahly''' * Gasar Firimiya ta Masar: 2019-20, 2022-23, 2023-242023–24 * Kofin Masar: 2019-20, 2021-22, 2022-232022–23 * Super Cup na Masar: 2019, 2022, 2023, 2023-24, 2024 * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF: 2019-20, 2020-21, 2022-23, 2023-242023–24 * [[CAF Super Cup]]: 2021 (Mayu) , 2021 (Disamba) * Kofin Afirka da Asiya da Pacific na FIFA: 2024 == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{UEFA player}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] ramocytgt1wroeryo5m7jyzbkibp5im 875884 875881 2026-07-04T11:51:08Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 875884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohamed Magdy Mohamed Morsy''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1996), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na laƙabi '''Afsha''' (Arabic), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Masar wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na kulob din Al Ahly na Premier League na Masar . == Ayyukan kulob din == Afsha ya fara aikinsa a ENPPI da Pyramids, kafin ya shiga Al Ahly a shekarar 2019. A wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta CAF ta 2020, ya zira kwallaye masu nasara ga Al Ahly a nasarar 2-1 a kan abokan hamayyarsu Zamalek.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2020 |title=Magdy's stunner against Zamalek named Caf Champions League Goal of the Tournament |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/magdys-stunner-against-zamalek-named-caf-champions-league-goal-of-the-tournament/4vh4t6ip1ydd1xeod4udzdrjf |website=Goal.com}}</ref> Ya kuma ci kwallo a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan Kaizer Chiefs a wasan karshe na CAF Champions League na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2021 |title=Kaizer Chiefs 0-3 Al Ahly: Red Devils humble Amakhosi to clinch 10th Caf Champions League title |url=https://www.goal.com/en-my/news/kaizer-chiefs-0-3-al-ahly-red-devils-humble-amakhosi-to-clinch-10th-caf-champions-league-title/smek52cur6yj1xp20infah5b0 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun 2023, Afsha ta zira kwallaye guda daya a nasarar 1-0 a kan Seattle Sounders FC a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022, inda ta tura Al-Ahly zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2023 |title=Afsha gets the Red Devils roaring |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/mohamed-magdy-afsha-al-ahly-seattle-sounders-match-winner-club-world-cup-morocco-2022 |website=FIFA}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|31 October 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Masar ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="5" |ENPPI |2013–14 | rowspan="4" |EPL |13 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |0 |- |2015–16 |4 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7 |0 |- |2016–17 |14 |1 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |2 |- |2017–18 |30 |8 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |8 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !61 !9 !8 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !69 !10 |- |El Raja (an ba da rancen) |2014–15 | rowspan="9" |EPL |17 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |2 |- |Pyramids |2018–19 |23 |5 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |24 |6 |- | rowspan="8" |Al Ahly |2018–19 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |- |2019–20 |29 |5 |4 |1 |9 |3 |1 |0 |43 |9 |- |2020–21 |31 |6 |5 |1 |12 |3 |5 |0 |53 |10 |- |2021–22 |26 |8 |3 |0 |11 |2 |5 |0 |45 |10 |- |2022–23 |29 |3 |5 |2 |9 |0 |4 |1 |47 |6 |- |2023–24 |26 |4 |1 |0 |12 |2 |8 |1 |47 |7 |- |2024–25 |4 |1 |0 |0 |4 |1 |5 |1 |13 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !145 !27 !19 !4 !57 !11 !29 !3 !250 !45 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !246 !43 !29 !6 !57 !11 !29 !3 !361 !63 |} === Kasashen Duniya === : Ya zuwa wasan da aka buga a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2025. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="8" |Misira |2018 |1 |0 |- |2019 |3 |0 |- |2020 |2 |1 |- |2021 |11 |3 |- |2022 |2 |0 |- |2023 |0 |0 |- |2024 |2 |0 |- |2025 |2 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !22 !7 |} {{Updated|2 December 2025}} : ''Scores da sakamakon lissafin burin Masar na farko, shafi na ci yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Afsha''. <ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|id=70924|access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Afsha ta zira !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. |17 ga Nuwamba 2020 |Filin wasa na Kégué, [[Lomé]], Togo |{{Fb|TOG}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–1 | rowspan="2" |cancantar gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2021 |- |2. |25 Maris 2021 |Filin wasa na Nyayo, [[Nairobi]], Kenya |{{Fb|KEN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |- |3. |1 ga Satumba 2021 |Filin wasa na 30 Yuni, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Misira |{{Fb|ANG}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- |4. |16 Nuwamba 2021 |Filin wasa na Borg El Arab, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Masar |{{Fb|GAB}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |- |5. |1 ga Disamba 2021 |[[Al Thumama (Doha)|Al Thumama]] Stadium">Filin wasa na Al Thumama, Al Thumuma, Qatar |{{Fb|LBN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Kofin Larabawa na FIFA na 2021 |- |6. |6 ga Satumba 2025 | |{{Fb|TUN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Abokantaka |- |7. |2 ga Disamba 2025 |[[Lusail]]_Stadium" id="mwAaw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lusail Stadium">Filin wasa na Lusail, Lusail da Qatar |{{Fb|KUW}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |Kofin Larabawa na FIFA na 2025 |} '''Al Ahly''' * Gasar Firimiya ta Masar: 2019-20, 2022-23, 2023-242023–24 * Kofin Masar: 2019-20, 2021-22, 2022-232022–23 * Super Cup na Masar: 2019, 2022, 2023, 2023-24, 2024 * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF: 2019-20, 2020-21, 2022-23, 2023-242023–24 * [[CAF Super Cup]]: 2021 (Mayu) , 2021 (Disamba) * Kofin Afirka da Asiya da Pacific na FIFA: 2024 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{UEFA player}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] qudlqergp8fka1z4idpp6s6ffbudjg3 0 44070 875040 741262 2026-07-03T14:50:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Farfesa '''Emmanuel Iornumbe Kucha''' (an haife shi 8 ga watan Agustan 1950) ya kasance daga ƙaramar hukumar [[Guma (Nijeriya)|Guma]] ta [[Benue (jiha)|jihar Benue]] shi ne mataimakin shugaban jami'ar noma ta Makurɗi . Kucha, farfesa aInjiniya shine farfesa na [[Injiniyoyi|injiniya]] na farko kuma ɗan asalin yankin na farko da ya zama mataimakin shugaban cibiyar. A baya dai matasan yankin sun yi ta kiraye-kirayen naɗa wani ɗan ƙasa a matsayin mataimakin shugaban cibiyar. == Fage == Farfesa Kucha ya yi digirinsa na uku a fannin injiniyan injiniya a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Michigan da ke [[Michigan]], Amurka.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/uam-gets-vc/</ref> Ya lashe lambar yabo ta “Design of Inproved wood/Agricultural Waste Stove” da kuma “Fitaccen Aikin Bincike” a bikin baje kolin bincike da ci gaban Jami’o’in Najeriya da Hukumar Jami’o’i ta ƙasa ta bayar, a Abuja, Disamba, 2005. Yana da littattafai sama da 20.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kyg.nigeriagovernance.org/persons_in_offices/view |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2015-03-20 |archive-date=2023-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103152729/http://kyg.nigeriagovernance.org/persons_in_offices/view |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] pybylzoglxpx947ok26pustu859osab 0 44101 875118 869695 2026-07-03T16:18:32Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354626696|Hauwa Allahbura]]" 875118 wikitext text/x-wiki Hauwa Allahbura 'yar kasuwa ce ta Najeriya, mai gudanar da kasuwanci, mai samar da kafofin watsa labarai, kuma mai ba da shawara ga aikinta a fadin makamashi, teku, sadarwa ta dabarun, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. Ita ce ta kafa Lahbura24 Limited, kamfanin makamashi da ayyukan dabarun da ke da hannu a hayar jiragen ruwa da man fetur da sabis na gas. Har ila yau, ita ce co-kafa kuma mafi yawan masu hannun jari na Cut24 Productions, kamfanin watsa labarai da samar da fina-finai na Najeriya. Allahbura a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Sadarwar Kamfanoni a Vinicius Group, inda ta kula da dabarun dijital da shirye-shiryen sadarwa na kamfanoni. An kuma san ta da kafa Pull-up Naija, kamfen ɗin sadaukar da kai na jama'a da nufin ƙarfafa matasa su shiga cikin tsarin zaben Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Hauwa Allahbura a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, a cikin dangin jami'an kwastam. Saboda yanayin aikin mahaifinta, ta halarci makarantun firamare a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya, gami da Crescent International School, Legas; Crescent International Makarantar, Kano; da Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Faransa, [[Badagry]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan sanda, Minna, [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]], kuma daga baya [[Federal Government College, Ilorin|Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . Ta sami digiri a Tarihi da Nazarin Kasa da Kasa daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]], [[Keffi]] . Ta kuma yi karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London, Kwalejin Fina-Fim ta New York, da Jami'ar Jihar Montana, kuma ta sami difloma a cikin Masarautar Tattaunawa daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . == Ayyuka == === Kafofin watsa labarai da nishaɗi === Allahbura ta fara aikinta a masana'antar nishaɗin Najeriya a matsayin mai gabatar da talabijin da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. An zaba ta don shiga jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na M-Net ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'', inda ta taka rawar Maro . Daga baya ta bayyana kuma ta samar da fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa na Najeriya, ciki har da ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), The Eve (2018), ''[[Code Wilo]]'' (2019), ''Las Gidi Vice'', Battle Ground, da ''Okiripoto'' (2020). Ta kafa Cut24 Productions tare da mai shirya fina-finai [[Femi Odugbemi]] kuma daga baya ta zama babban jami'in kamfanin. A halin yanzu tana da mafi yawan hannun jari a kamfanin. === Sadarwar kamfanoni da kasuwancin kasuwanci === Allahbura daga baya ya sauya zuwa sadarwa ta kamfanoni, ci gaban dabarun, da kuma matsayin gudanar da kasuwanci a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Sadarwar Kamfanoni a Vinicius Group, inda ta jagoranci hanyoyin sadarwa na kamfanoni da dabarun dabarun dijital. Daga baya ta kafa Lahbura24 Limited, wani kamfani na Najeriya da ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan dabarun, sabis na makamashi, sabis na dijital, da kwangila da ke da alaƙa da gwamnati. === Makamashi da bangaren teku === Allahbura yana da hannu a bangaren mai da iskar gas na Najeriya ta hanyar Lahbura Energy, wani bangare da ke mai da hankali kan kayan aikin teku, hayar jiragen ruwa, da ayyukan da suka shafi makamashi. Ayyukanta a cikin bangaren sun haɗa da sha'awa a cikin sabis na tallafi na waje, kayan aikin ruwa, da ayyukan jiragen ruwa da ke da alaƙa da masana'antar makamashi. == Shirye-shiryen jama'a da shawarwari == === Manzanni 24 === Allahbura shine wanda ya kafa 24 Angels Initiative, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan tallafin kasuwanci, shiga matasa, da shirye-shiryen ci gaban al'umma a Najeriya. Ta hanyar shirin, ta goyi bayan kananan kamfanoni da 'yan kasuwa. === Tashin Naija === A karkashin shirin 24 Angels, ta kaddamar da Pull-up Naija, kamfen ɗin sadaukar da kai na jama'a wanda aka tsara don ƙarfafa matasa su shiga cikin tsarin zaben Najeriya da kuma inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da masu jefa kuri'a tsakanin matasa 'yan Najeriya. Har ila yau, shirin 24 Angels yana kula da Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya (NSI), bayanan jama'a da dandalin jin dadin jama'a wanda ke mai da hankali kan shugabanci, tsaro, tattalin arziki, amincewar masu saka hannun jari, da alamun kwanciyar hankali a Najeriya. == Tarihin iyali == Allahbura 'yar marigayi Ilyasu Yakubu Allahbura ce, mataimakin mai kula da kwastomomi da ya yi ritaya. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi |- |2014 |''Rovieno'' | |- |2015 |''Binciken Ruwa'' | |- |2016 |''[[Gidi Blues]]'' |Nkem Nochiri |- |2017 |''3 Jama'a ce'' |Oma |- |2018 |''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' |Uwa |- |2018 |''Las Gidi Vice'' |Jemila |- |2019 |''[[Code Wilo]]'' | |- |2020 |''Okiripoto'' | |} == Ƙungiyoyin == * Lahbura24 Limited * Lahbura Makamashi * Cut24 Productions * Manzanni 24 == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7dqa4hyn9gnrp7i3bkcxynjvqfs6489 875120 875118 2026-07-03T16:19:35Z Hamza DK 12444 875120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hauwa Allahbura 'yar kasuwa ce ta Najeriya, mai gudanar da kasuwanci, mai samar da kafofin watsa labarai, kuma mai ba da shawara ga aikinta a fadin makamashi, teku, sadarwa ta dabarun, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. Ita ce ta kafa Lahbura24 Limited, kamfanin makamashi da ayyukan dabarun da ke da hannu a hayar jiragen ruwa da man fetur da sabis na gas. Har ila yau, ita ce co-kafa kuma mafi yawan masu hannun jari na Cut24 Productions, kamfanin watsa labarai da samar da fina-finai na Najeriya. Allahbura a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Sadarwar Kamfanoni a Vinicius Group, inda ta kula da dabarun dijital da shirye-shiryen sadarwa na kamfanoni. An kuma san ta da kafa Pull-up Naija, kamfen ɗin sadaukar da kai na jama'a da nufin ƙarfafa matasa su shiga cikin tsarin zaben Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Hauwa Allahbura a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, a cikin dangin jami'an kwastam. Saboda yanayin aikin mahaifinta, ta halarci makarantun firamare a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya, gami da Crescent International School, Legas; Crescent International Makarantar, Kano; da Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Faransa, [[Badagry]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan sanda, Minna, [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]], kuma daga baya [[Federal Government College, Ilorin|Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . Ta sami digiri a Tarihi da Nazarin Kasa da Kasa daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]], [[Keffi]] . Ta kuma yi karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London, Kwalejin Fina-Fim ta New York, da Jami'ar Jihar Montana, kuma ta sami difloma a cikin Masarautar Tattaunawa daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . == Ayyuka == === Kafofin watsa labarai da nishaɗi === Allahbura ta fara aikinta a masana'antar nishaɗin Najeriya a matsayin mai gabatar da talabijin da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. An zaba ta don shiga jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na M-Net ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'', inda ta taka rawar Maro . Daga baya ta bayyana kuma ta samar da fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa na Najeriya, ciki har da ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), The Eve (2018), ''[[Code Wilo]]'' (2019), ''Las Gidi Vice'', Battle Ground, da ''Okiripoto'' (2020). Ta kafa Cut24 Productions tare da mai shirya fina-finai [[Femi Odugbemi]] kuma daga baya ta zama babban jami'in kamfanin. A halin yanzu tana da mafi yawan hannun jari a kamfanin. === Sadarwar kamfanoni da kasuwancin kasuwanci === Allahbura daga baya ya sauya zuwa sadarwa ta kamfanoni, ci gaban dabarun, da kuma matsayin gudanar da kasuwanci a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Sadarwar Kamfanoni a Vinicius Group, inda ta jagoranci hanyoyin sadarwa na kamfanoni da dabarun dabarun dijital. Daga baya ta kafa Lahbura24 Limited, wani kamfani na Najeriya da ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan dabarun, sabis na makamashi, sabis na dijital, da kwangila da ke da alaƙa da gwamnati. === Makamashi da bangaren teku === Allahbura yana da hannu a bangaren mai da iskar gas na Najeriya ta hanyar Lahbura Energy, wani bangare da ke mai da hankali kan kayan aikin teku, hayar jiragen ruwa, da ayyukan da suka shafi makamashi. Ayyukanta a cikin bangaren sun haɗa da sha'awa a cikin sabis na tallafi na waje, kayan aikin ruwa, da ayyukan jiragen ruwa da ke da alaƙa da masana'antar makamashi. == Shirye-shiryen jama'a da shawarwari == === Manzanni 24 === Allahbura shine wanda ya kafa 24 Angels Initiative, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan tallafin kasuwanci, shiga matasa, da shirye-shiryen ci gaban al'umma a Najeriya. Ta hanyar shirin, ta goyi bayan kananan kamfanoni da 'yan kasuwa. === Tashin Naija === A karkashin shirin 24 Angels, ta kaddamar da Pull-up Naija, kamfen ɗin sadaukar da kai na jama'a wanda aka tsara don ƙarfafa matasa su shiga cikin tsarin zaben Najeriya da kuma inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da masu jefa kuri'a tsakanin matasa 'yan Najeriya. Har ila yau, shirin 24 Angels yana kula da Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya (NSI), bayanan jama'a da dandalin jin dadin jama'a wanda ke mai da hankali kan shugabanci, tsaro, tattalin arziki, amincewar masu saka hannun jari, da alamun kwanciyar hankali a Najeriya. == Tarihin iyali == Allahbura 'yar marigayi Ilyasu Yakubu Allahbura ce, mataimakin mai kula da kwastomomi da ya yi ritaya. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi |- |2014 |''Rovieno'' | |- |2015 |''Binciken Ruwa'' | |- |2016 |''[[Gidi Blues]]'' |Nkem Nochiri |- |2017 |''3 Jama'a ce'' |Oma |- |2018 |''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' |Uwa |- |2018 |''Las Gidi Vice'' |Jemila |- |2019 |''[[Code Wilo]]'' | |- |2020 |''Okiripoto'' | |} == Ƙungiyoyin == * Lahbura24 Limited * Lahbura Makamashi * Cut24 Productions * Manzanni 24 == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dfvgw9tabqr5lm74drrme5yrlnjprhd 0 45537 875105 743804 2026-07-03T15:59:27Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361624057|Depú]]" 875105 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Janairu 2000), wacce aka fi sani da '''Depú''', ƙwararriyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce]] 'yar ƙasar Angola wadda ke buga wasa a matsayin ' yar wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Young Africans [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|ta ƙasar Tanzania]] . == Aikin kulob == A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2023, Depú ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Kwantiragin tare da Gil Vicente a Portugal. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Depú chega para o ataque Gilista |trans-title=Depú arrives to Gil attack |url=https://gilvicentefc.pt/2023/01/31/depu-chega-para-o-ataque-gilista/ |access-date=13 February 2023 |publisher=Gil Vicente |language=pt}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] 5t22eh2ncga4uedaoy5octy97kbwhgb 875106 875105 2026-07-03T15:59:41Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361624057|Depú]]" 875106 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Janairu 2000), wacce aka fi sani da '''Depú''', ƙwararriyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce]] 'yar ƙasar Angola wadda ke buga wasa a matsayin ' yar wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Young Africans [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|ta ƙasar Tanzania]] . == Aikin kulob == A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2023, Depú ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Kwantiragin tare da Gil Vicente a Portugal. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Depú chega para o ataque Gilista |trans-title=Depú arrives to Gil attack |url=https://gilvicentefc.pt/2023/01/31/depu-chega-para-o-ataque-gilista/ |access-date=13 February 2023 |publisher=Gil Vicente |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2024, Depú ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Vojvodina ta Serbian SuperLiga . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title=Angolac Depu novi napadač Vojvodine |trans-title=Angolan Depú, new Vojvodina forward |url=https://www.fkvojvodina.rs/angolac-depu-novi-napadac-vojvodine/?script=lat |publisher=FK Vojvodina official website |language=sr}}</ref> Tare da ƙungiyar, ya kai wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin Serbian ta 2024–25, wanda aka sha kashi a hannun [[Red Star Belgrade]] . A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2025, Depú ya koma kulob din Radomiak Radom na Poland a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku, kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref name="Echo">{{Cite web |last=Kwiatkowski |first=Maciej |date=30 June 2025 |title=Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio, Depu, został zawodnikiem Radomiaka Radom. To czwarty letni transfer zielonych |url=https://echodnia.eu/radomskie/laurindo-dilson-maria-aurelio-depu-zostal-zawodnikiem-radomiaka-radom-to-czwarty-letni-transfer-zielonych/ar/c2p2-27737347 |access-date=2 July 2025 |language=pl}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Janairu 2026, Depú ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|Premier League na Tanzania]] mai suna Young Africans, inda ya sake haduwa da Pedro Gonçalves, wanda ya horar da shi a tawagar Angola . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mussungo |first=Joaquim |date=15 January 2026 |title=OFICIAL: Depú reforça Young Africans e reencontra Pedro Gonçalves na Tanzânia |trans-title=OFFICIAL: Depú reinforces Young Africans and encounters Pedro Gonçalves in Tanzânia |url=https://correiokianda.info/oficial-depu-reforca-young-africans-e-reencontra-pedro-goncalves-na-tanzania/ |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=Correio da Kianda |language=pt}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] 1g7c6h053xitfr1niroaw04mdt3u1d2 875107 875106 2026-07-03T16:00:04Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361624057|Depú]]" 875107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Janairu 2000), wacce aka fi sani da '''Depú''', ƙwararriyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce]] 'yar ƙasar Angola wadda ke buga wasa a matsayin ' yar wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Young Africans [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|ta ƙasar Tanzania]] . == Aikin kulob == A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2023, Depú ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Kwantiragin tare da Gil Vicente a Portugal. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Depú chega para o ataque Gilista |trans-title=Depú arrives to Gil attack |url=https://gilvicentefc.pt/2023/01/31/depu-chega-para-o-ataque-gilista/ |access-date=13 February 2023 |publisher=Gil Vicente |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2024, Depú ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Vojvodina ta Serbian SuperLiga . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title=Angolac Depu novi napadač Vojvodine |trans-title=Angolan Depú, new Vojvodina forward |url=https://www.fkvojvodina.rs/angolac-depu-novi-napadac-vojvodine/?script=lat |publisher=FK Vojvodina official website |language=sr}}</ref> Tare da ƙungiyar, ya kai wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin Serbian ta 2024–25, wanda aka sha kashi a hannun [[Red Star Belgrade]] . A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2025, Depú ya koma kulob din Radomiak Radom na Poland a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku, kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref name="Echo">{{Cite web |last=Kwiatkowski |first=Maciej |date=30 June 2025 |title=Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio, Depu, został zawodnikiem Radomiaka Radom. To czwarty letni transfer zielonych |url=https://echodnia.eu/radomskie/laurindo-dilson-maria-aurelio-depu-zostal-zawodnikiem-radomiaka-radom-to-czwarty-letni-transfer-zielonych/ar/c2p2-27737347 |access-date=2 July 2025 |language=pl}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Janairu 2026, Depú ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|Premier League na Tanzania]] mai suna Young Africans, inda ya sake haduwa da Pedro Gonçalves, wanda ya horar da shi a tawagar Angola . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mussungo |first=Joaquim |date=15 January 2026 |title=OFICIAL: Depú reforça Young Africans e reencontra Pedro Gonçalves na Tanzânia |trans-title=OFFICIAL: Depú reinforces Young Africans and encounters Pedro Gonçalves in Tanzânia |url=https://correiokianda.info/oficial-depu-reforca-young-africans-e-reencontra-pedro-goncalves-na-tanzania/ |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=Correio da Kianda |language=pt}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 28 November 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin ƙasa {{Efn|Includes [[Taça de Angola]], [[Serbian Cup]], [[Polish Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | Kwalejin Lobito | 2019–20 | Girabola | 10 | 1 | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 13 | 1 |- | Recreativo da Caála | 2020–21 | Girabola | 20 | 10 | 1 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 21 | 11 |- | Sagrada Esperança | 2021–22 | Girabola | 18 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 5 {{Efn|Appearances in [[CAF Champions League]]}} | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 23 | 19 |- | Petro de Luanda | 2022–23 | Girabola | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 5 | 2 |- | rowspan="4" | Gil Vicente | 2022–23 | Gasar Primeira Liga | 5 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 5 | 0 |- | 2023–24 | Gasar Primeira Liga | 16 | 3 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 0 | 0 | 16 | 3 |- | 2024–25 | Gasar Primeira Liga | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 3 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 24 ! 3 ! 0 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | — ! 0 ! 0 ! 24 ! 3 |- | Lamuni ( Vojvodina ) | 2024–25 | SuperLiga ta Serbia | 21 | 0 | 4 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 25 | 1 |- | Radomik Radom | 2025–26 | Ekstraklasa | 9 | 1 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 10 | 1 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 107 ! 36 ! 9 ! 2 ! 5 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 121 ! 38 |} ; Bayanan kula {{Notelist}}{{Updated|match played 9 June 2026}}<ref>{{NFT player|pid=84726}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="5" | Angola | 2021 | 1 | 0 |- | 2023 | 2 | 2 |- | 2024 | 10 | 5 |- | 2025 | 6 | 8 |- | 2026 | 2 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 21 ! 16 |} : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen Angola, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Depú ta ci.'' [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] e9a3jqttj2bx228c2s4pdhfl3shaaq9 875109 875107 2026-07-03T16:00:27Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361624057|Depú]]" 875109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Janairu 2000), wacce aka fi sani da '''Depú''', ƙwararriyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce]] 'yar ƙasar Angola wadda ke buga wasa a matsayin ' yar wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Young Africans [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|ta ƙasar Tanzania]] . == Aikin kulob == A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2023, Depú ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Kwantiragin tare da Gil Vicente a Portugal. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Depú chega para o ataque Gilista |trans-title=Depú arrives to Gil attack |url=https://gilvicentefc.pt/2023/01/31/depu-chega-para-o-ataque-gilista/ |access-date=13 February 2023 |publisher=Gil Vicente |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2024, Depú ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Vojvodina ta Serbian SuperLiga . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title=Angolac Depu novi napadač Vojvodine |trans-title=Angolan Depú, new Vojvodina forward |url=https://www.fkvojvodina.rs/angolac-depu-novi-napadac-vojvodine/?script=lat |publisher=FK Vojvodina official website |language=sr}}</ref> Tare da ƙungiyar, ya kai wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin Serbian ta 2024–25, wanda aka sha kashi a hannun [[Red Star Belgrade]] . A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2025, Depú ya koma kulob din Radomiak Radom na Poland a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku, kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref name="Echo">{{Cite web |last=Kwiatkowski |first=Maciej |date=30 June 2025 |title=Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio, Depu, został zawodnikiem Radomiaka Radom. To czwarty letni transfer zielonych |url=https://echodnia.eu/radomskie/laurindo-dilson-maria-aurelio-depu-zostal-zawodnikiem-radomiaka-radom-to-czwarty-letni-transfer-zielonych/ar/c2p2-27737347 |access-date=2 July 2025 |language=pl}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Janairu 2026, Depú ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|Premier League na Tanzania]] mai suna Young Africans, inda ya sake haduwa da Pedro Gonçalves, wanda ya horar da shi a tawagar Angola . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mussungo |first=Joaquim |date=15 January 2026 |title=OFICIAL: Depú reforça Young Africans e reencontra Pedro Gonçalves na Tanzânia |trans-title=OFFICIAL: Depú reinforces Young Africans and encounters Pedro Gonçalves in Tanzânia |url=https://correiokianda.info/oficial-depu-reforca-young-africans-e-reencontra-pedro-goncalves-na-tanzania/ |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=Correio da Kianda |language=pt}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 28 November 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin ƙasa {{Efn|Includes [[Taça de Angola]], [[Serbian Cup]], [[Polish Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | Kwalejin Lobito | 2019–20 | Girabola | 10 | 1 | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 13 | 1 |- | Recreativo da Caála | 2020–21 | Girabola | 20 | 10 | 1 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 21 | 11 |- | Sagrada Esperança | 2021–22 | Girabola | 18 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 5 {{Efn|Appearances in [[CAF Champions League]]}} | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 23 | 19 |- | Petro de Luanda | 2022–23 | Girabola | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 5 | 2 |- | rowspan="4" | Gil Vicente | 2022–23 | Gasar Primeira Liga | 5 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 5 | 0 |- | 2023–24 | Gasar Primeira Liga | 16 | 3 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 0 | 0 | 16 | 3 |- | 2024–25 | Gasar Primeira Liga | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 3 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 24 ! 3 ! 0 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | — ! 0 ! 0 ! 24 ! 3 |- | Lamuni ( Vojvodina ) | 2024–25 | SuperLiga ta Serbia | 21 | 0 | 4 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 25 | 1 |- | Radomik Radom | 2025–26 | Ekstraklasa | 9 | 1 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 10 | 1 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 107 ! 36 ! 9 ! 2 ! 5 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 121 ! 38 |} ; Bayanan kula {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 9 June 2026}}<ref>{{NFT player|pid=84726}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="5" | Angola | 2021 | 1 | 0 |- | 2023 | 2 | 2 |- | 2024 | 10 | 5 |- | 2025 | 6 | 8 |- | 2026 | 2 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 21 ! 16 |} : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen Angola, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Depú ta ci.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+List of international goals scored by Depú ! scope="col" |No. ! scope="col" |Date ! scope="col" |Venue ! scope="col" |Opponent ! scope="col" |Score ! scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" |Competition |- | align="center" |1 | rowspan="2" |16 January 2023 | rowspan="2" |Miloud Hadefi Stadium, [[Oran]], Algeria | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|MLI}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–3 | rowspan="2" |2022 African Nations Championship |- | align="center" |2 | align="center" |2–1 |- | align="center" |3 | rowspan="2" |1 July 2024 | rowspan="2" |Isaac Wolfson Stadium, [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]], South Africa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|SEY}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |4 | align="center" |2–2 |- | align="center" |5 |3 July 2024 |Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]], South Africa |{{Fb|LES}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |3–1 |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |6 |5 July 2024 |Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Gqeberha, South Africa |{{Fb|COM}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |7 |7 July 2024 |Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Gqeberha, South Africa |{{Fb|NAM}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |5–0 |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |8 |5 June 2025 |Free State Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa |{{Fb|NAM}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |9 | rowspan="3" |8 June 2025 | rowspan="3" |Dr. Petrus Molemela Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa | rowspan="3" |{{Fb|LES}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |4–0 | rowspan="3" |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |10 | align="center" |3–0 |- | align="center" |11 | align="center" |4–0 |- | align="center" |12 | rowspan="2" |13 June 2025 | rowspan="2" |Free State Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|MAD}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |4–1 | rowspan="2" |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |13 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |14 | rowspan="2" |15 June 2025 | rowspan="2" |Free State Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|RSA}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |15 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |16 |9 June 2026 |Larbi Zaouli Stadium, [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], Morocco |{{Fb|CTA}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–0 |Friendly |} == Daraja == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] egxh42sd63ses565gen13es0lzed6pr 875110 875109 2026-07-03T16:01:10Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361624057|Depú]]" 875110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Janairu 2000), wacce aka fi sani da '''Depú''', ƙwararriyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce]] 'yar ƙasar Angola wadda ke buga wasa a matsayin ' yar wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Young Africans [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|ta ƙasar Tanzania]] . == Aikin kulob == A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2023, Depú ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Kwantiragin tare da Gil Vicente a Portugal. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Depú chega para o ataque Gilista |trans-title=Depú arrives to Gil attack |url=https://gilvicentefc.pt/2023/01/31/depu-chega-para-o-ataque-gilista/ |access-date=13 February 2023 |publisher=Gil Vicente |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2024, Depú ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Vojvodina ta Serbian SuperLiga . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title=Angolac Depu novi napadač Vojvodine |trans-title=Angolan Depú, new Vojvodina forward |url=https://www.fkvojvodina.rs/angolac-depu-novi-napadac-vojvodine/?script=lat |publisher=FK Vojvodina official website |language=sr}}</ref> Tare da ƙungiyar, ya kai wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin Serbian ta 2024–25, wanda aka sha kashi a hannun [[Red Star Belgrade]] . A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2025, Depú ya koma kulob din Radomiak Radom na Poland a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku, kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref name="Echo">{{Cite web |last=Kwiatkowski |first=Maciej |date=30 June 2025 |title=Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio, Depu, został zawodnikiem Radomiaka Radom. To czwarty letni transfer zielonych |url=https://echodnia.eu/radomskie/laurindo-dilson-maria-aurelio-depu-zostal-zawodnikiem-radomiaka-radom-to-czwarty-letni-transfer-zielonych/ar/c2p2-27737347 |access-date=2 July 2025 |language=pl}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Janairu 2026, Depú ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|Premier League na Tanzania]] mai suna Young Africans, inda ya sake haduwa da Pedro Gonçalves, wanda ya horar da shi a tawagar Angola . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mussungo |first=Joaquim |date=15 January 2026 |title=OFICIAL: Depú reforça Young Africans e reencontra Pedro Gonçalves na Tanzânia |trans-title=OFFICIAL: Depú reinforces Young Africans and encounters Pedro Gonçalves in Tanzânia |url=https://correiokianda.info/oficial-depu-reforca-young-africans-e-reencontra-pedro-goncalves-na-tanzania/ |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=Correio da Kianda |language=pt}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 28 November 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin ƙasa {{Efn|Includes [[Taça de Angola]], [[Serbian Cup]], [[Polish Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | Kwalejin Lobito | 2019–20 | Girabola | 10 | 1 | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 13 | 1 |- | Recreativo da Caála | 2020–21 | Girabola | 20 | 10 | 1 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 21 | 11 |- | Sagrada Esperança | 2021–22 | Girabola | 18 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 5 {{Efn|Appearances in [[CAF Champions League]]}} | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 23 | 19 |- | Petro de Luanda | 2022–23 | Girabola | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 5 | 2 |- | rowspan="4" | Gil Vicente | 2022–23 | Gasar Primeira Liga | 5 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 5 | 0 |- | 2023–24 | Gasar Primeira Liga | 16 | 3 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 0 | 0 | 16 | 3 |- | 2024–25 | Gasar Primeira Liga | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 3 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 24 ! 3 ! 0 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | — ! 0 ! 0 ! 24 ! 3 |- | Lamuni ( Vojvodina ) | 2024–25 | SuperLiga ta Serbia | 21 | 0 | 4 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 25 | 1 |- | Radomik Radom | 2025–26 | Ekstraklasa | 9 | 1 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 10 | 1 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 107 ! 36 ! 9 ! 2 ! 5 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 121 ! 38 |} ; Bayanan kula {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 9 June 2026}}<ref>{{NFT player|pid=84726}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="5" | Angola | 2021 | 1 | 0 |- | 2023 | 2 | 2 |- | 2024 | 10 | 5 |- | 2025 | 6 | 8 |- | 2026 | 2 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 21 ! 16 |} : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen Angola, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Depú ta ci.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+List of international goals scored by Depú ! scope="col" |No. ! scope="col" |Date ! scope="col" |Venue ! scope="col" |Opponent ! scope="col" |Score ! scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" |Competition |- | align="center" |1 | rowspan="2" |16 January 2023 | rowspan="2" |Miloud Hadefi Stadium, [[Oran]], Algeria | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|MLI}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–3 | rowspan="2" |2022 African Nations Championship |- | align="center" |2 | align="center" |2–1 |- | align="center" |3 | rowspan="2" |1 July 2024 | rowspan="2" |Isaac Wolfson Stadium, [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]], South Africa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|SEY}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |4 | align="center" |2–2 |- | align="center" |5 |3 July 2024 |Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]], South Africa |{{Fb|LES}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |3–1 |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |6 |5 July 2024 |Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Gqeberha, South Africa |{{Fb|COM}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |7 |7 July 2024 |Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Gqeberha, South Africa |{{Fb|NAM}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |5–0 |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |8 |5 June 2025 |Free State Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa |{{Fb|NAM}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |9 | rowspan="3" |8 June 2025 | rowspan="3" |Dr. Petrus Molemela Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa | rowspan="3" |{{Fb|LES}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |4–0 | rowspan="3" |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |10 | align="center" |3–0 |- | align="center" |11 | align="center" |4–0 |- | align="center" |12 | rowspan="2" |13 June 2025 | rowspan="2" |Free State Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|MAD}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |4–1 | rowspan="2" |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |13 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |14 | rowspan="2" |15 June 2025 | rowspan="2" |Free State Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|RSA}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |15 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |16 |9 June 2026 |Larbi Zaouli Stadium, [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], Morocco |{{Fb|CTA}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–0 |Friendly |} == Daraja == '''Sagrada Esperança''' * Supertaça de Angola : 2021-22 <ref name="90m">{{Cite web |title=Depú |url=http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=51065 |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}</ref> '''Angola''' * Kofin COSAFA : 2024, 2025 <ref name="90m">{{Cite web |title=Depú |url=http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=51065 |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=51065 "Depú"]. ''90minut.pl'' (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)]]</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Babban wanda ya ci Kofin COSAFA : 2024, 2025 <ref name="90m">{{Cite web |title=Depú |url=http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=51065 |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=51065 "Depú"]. ''90minut.pl'' (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)]]</ref> * Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a gasar COSAFA : 2025 <ref name="Echo">{{Cite web |last=Kwiatkowski |first=Maciej |date=30 June 2025 |title=Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio, Depu, został zawodnikiem Radomiaka Radom. To czwarty letni transfer zielonych |url=https://echodnia.eu/radomskie/laurindo-dilson-maria-aurelio-depu-zostal-zawodnikiem-radomiaka-radom-to-czwarty-letni-transfer-zielonych/ar/c2p2-27737347 |access-date=2 July 2025 |language=pl}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKwiatkowski2025">Kwiatkowski, Maciej (30 June 2025). [https://echodnia.eu/radomskie/laurindo-dilson-maria-aurelio-depu-zostal-zawodnikiem-radomiaka-radom-to-czwarty-letni-transfer-zielonych/ar/c2p2-27737347 "Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio, Depu, został zawodnikiem Radomiaka Radom. To czwarty letni transfer zielonych"] (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)]]</ref> '''Bayanan tarihi''' * Wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar COSAFA Cup a tarihi: kwallaye 13 == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] lik7403tn2rmbws21j4h01fizzzyb0s 875111 875110 2026-07-03T16:03:22Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 875111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Janairu 2000), wacce aka fi sani da '''Depú''', ƙwararriyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce]] 'yar ƙasar Angola wadda ke buga wasa a matsayin ' yar wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Young Africans [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|ta ƙasar Tanzania]] . == Aikin kulob == A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2023, Depú ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Kwantiragin tare da Gil Vicente a Portugal. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Depú chega para o ataque Gilista |trans-title=Depú arrives to Gil attack |url=https://gilvicentefc.pt/2023/01/31/depu-chega-para-o-ataque-gilista/ |access-date=13 February 2023 |publisher=Gil Vicente |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2024, Depú ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Vojvodina ta Serbian SuperLiga . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title=Angolac Depu novi napadač Vojvodine |trans-title=Angolan Depú, new Vojvodina forward |url=https://www.fkvojvodina.rs/angolac-depu-novi-napadac-vojvodine/?script=lat |publisher=FK Vojvodina official website |language=sr}}</ref> Tare da ƙungiyar, ya kai wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin Serbian ta 2024–25, wanda aka sha kashi a hannun [[Red Star Belgrade]] . A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2025, Depú ya koma kulob din Radomiak Radom na Poland a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku, kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref name="Echo">{{Cite web |last=Kwiatkowski |first=Maciej |date=30 June 2025 |title=Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio, Depu, został zawodnikiem Radomiaka Radom. To czwarty letni transfer zielonych |url=https://echodnia.eu/radomskie/laurindo-dilson-maria-aurelio-depu-zostal-zawodnikiem-radomiaka-radom-to-czwarty-letni-transfer-zielonych/ar/c2p2-27737347 |access-date=2 July 2025 |language=pl}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Janairu 2026, Depú ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Gasar Firimiya ta ƙasar Tanzania|Premier League na Tanzania]] mai suna Young Africans, inda ya sake haduwa da Pedro Gonçalves, wanda ya horar da shi a tawagar Angola . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mussungo |first=Joaquim |date=15 January 2026 |title=OFICIAL: Depú reforça Young Africans e reencontra Pedro Gonçalves na Tanzânia |trans-title=OFFICIAL: Depú reinforces Young Africans and encounters Pedro Gonçalves in Tanzânia |url=https://correiokianda.info/oficial-depu-reforca-young-africans-e-reencontra-pedro-goncalves-na-tanzania/ |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=Correio da Kianda |language=pt}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 28 November 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin ƙasa {{Efn|Includes [[Taça de Angola]], [[Serbian Cup]], [[Polish Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | Kwalejin Lobito | 2019–20 | Girabola | 10 | 1 | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 13 | 1 |- | Recreativo da Caála | 2020–21 | Girabola | 20 | 10 | 1 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 21 | 11 |- | Sagrada Esperança | 2021–22 | Girabola | 18 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 5 {{Efn|Appearances in [[CAF Champions League]]}} | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 23 | 19 |- | Petro de Luanda | 2022–23 | Girabola | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 5 | 2 |- | rowspan="4" | Gil Vicente | 2022–23 | Gasar Primeira Liga | 5 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 5 | 0 |- | 2023–24 | Gasar Primeira Liga | 16 | 3 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 0 | 0 | 16 | 3 |- | 2024–25 | Gasar Primeira Liga | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 3 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 24 ! 3 ! 0 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | — ! 0 ! 0 ! 24 ! 3 |- | Lamuni ( Vojvodina ) | 2024–25 | SuperLiga ta Serbia | 21 | 0 | 4 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 25 | 1 |- | Radomik Radom | 2025–26 | Ekstraklasa | 9 | 1 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 10 | 1 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 107 ! 36 ! 9 ! 2 ! 5 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 121 ! 38 |} ; Bayanan kula {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 9 June 2026}}<ref>{{NFT player|pid=84726}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="5" | Angola | 2021 | 1 | 0 |- | 2023 | 2 | 2 |- | 2024 | 10 | 5 |- | 2025 | 6 | 8 |- | 2026 | 2 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 21 ! 16 |} : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen Angola, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Depú ta ci.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+List of international goals scored by Depú ! scope="col" |No. ! scope="col" |Date ! scope="col" |Venue ! scope="col" |Opponent ! scope="col" |Score ! scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" |Competition |- | align="center" |1 | rowspan="2" |16 January 2023 | rowspan="2" |Miloud Hadefi Stadium, [[Oran]], Algeria | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|MLI}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–3 | rowspan="2" |2022 African Nations Championship |- | align="center" |2 | align="center" |2–1 |- | align="center" |3 | rowspan="2" |1 July 2024 | rowspan="2" |Isaac Wolfson Stadium, [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]], South Africa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|SEY}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |4 | align="center" |2–2 |- | align="center" |5 |3 July 2024 |Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]], South Africa |{{Fb|LES}} | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |3–1 |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |6 |5 July 2024 |Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Gqeberha, South Africa |{{Fb|COM}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |7 |7 July 2024 |Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Gqeberha, South Africa |{{Fb|NAM}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |5–0 |2024 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |8 |5 June 2025 |Free State Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa |{{Fb|NAM}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |9 | rowspan="3" |8 June 2025 | rowspan="3" |Dr. Petrus Molemela Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa | rowspan="3" |{{Fb|LES}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |4–0 | rowspan="3" |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |10 | align="center" |3–0 |- | align="center" |11 | align="center" |4–0 |- | align="center" |12 | rowspan="2" |13 June 2025 | rowspan="2" |Free State Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|MAD}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |4–1 | rowspan="2" |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |13 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |14 | rowspan="2" |15 June 2025 | rowspan="2" |Free State Stadium, [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|RSA}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" |2025 COSAFA Cup |- | align="center" |15 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |16 |9 June 2026 |Larbi Zaouli Stadium, [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], Morocco |{{Fb|CTA}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–0 |Friendly |} == Daraja == '''Sagrada Esperança''' * Supertaça de Angola : 2021-22 <ref name="90m">{{Cite web |title=Depú |url=http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=51065 |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}</ref> '''Angola''' * Kofin COSAFA : 2024, 2025 <ref name="90m">{{Cite web |title=Depú |url=http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=51065 |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=51065 "Depú"]. ''90minut.pl'' (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)]]</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Babban wanda ya ci Kofin COSAFA : 2024, 2025 <ref name="90m">{{Cite web |title=Depú |url=http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=51065 |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=51065 "Depú"]. ''90minut.pl'' (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)]]</ref> * Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a gasar COSAFA : 2025 <ref name="Echo">{{Cite web |last=Kwiatkowski |first=Maciej |date=30 June 2025 |title=Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio, Depu, został zawodnikiem Radomiaka Radom. To czwarty letni transfer zielonych |url=https://echodnia.eu/radomskie/laurindo-dilson-maria-aurelio-depu-zostal-zawodnikiem-radomiaka-radom-to-czwarty-letni-transfer-zielonych/ar/c2p2-27737347 |access-date=2 July 2025 |language=pl}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKwiatkowski2025">Kwiatkowski, Maciej (30 June 2025). [https://echodnia.eu/radomskie/laurindo-dilson-maria-aurelio-depu-zostal-zawodnikiem-radomiaka-radom-to-czwarty-letni-transfer-zielonych/ar/c2p2-27737347 "Laurindo Dilson Maria Aurélio, Depu, został zawodnikiem Radomiaka Radom. To czwarty letni transfer zielonych"] (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)]]</ref> '''Bayanan tarihi''' * Wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar COSAFA Cup a tarihi: kwallaye 13 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] m9at6ferfx26heq4bo5woahblygiiy9 0 46647 875675 736261 2026-07-04T07:04:49Z Kaddi123 38060 875675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox generic}} '''Manir Muhammad Dan Iya''' ''Sardaunan Kware'' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda kuma ya kasance mataimakin gwamnan jihar Sokoto a dandalin [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam'iyyar]] PDP. Ya fito ne daga Ƙaramar Hukumar [[Kware]], [[Sokoto (jiha)|Jihar Sakkwato]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://sokotostate.gov.ng/the-government/executives/deputy-gov-office/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-04-08 |archive-date=2022-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528133807/https://sokotostate.gov.ng/the-government/executives/deputy-gov-office/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.pinterest.com/pin/362750944982661237/</ref> kuma musulmi ne ta hanyar addini. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Ɗan Iya, ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Magajin Gari Model, [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]], daga shekarar 1977 zuwa 1983, sannan ya wuce Makarantar Sakandiren Kimiyya ta Farfaru, tsakanin shekarar 1983 zuwa 1989.<ref name=":0" /> Dan Iya wanda ya kammala karatunsa na BSc a fannin tattalin arziƙi a [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo]] da ke [[Sokoto (birni)|Sakkwato]], ya kuma samu takardun shaida daban-daban daga manyan makarantu daban-daban na ciki da wajen jihar, waɗanda suka haɗa da babbar Diploma a fannin Accounting da Kuɗi daga Kwalejin Gudanarwa ta Sakkwato, ƙwararre. Diploma a Public Account and Audit daga Abdu Gusau Polytechnic Sokoto, Diploma in Computer Studies a [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo University]] Sokoto, Diploma in Arabic from UDUS, Certificate in Local Government Administration a College of Administration Sokoto, and both Junior. da Manyan Takaddun shaida a Larabci daga UDUS.<ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == A tsawon shekaru goma yana aiki a [[Nigerian Civil Service|ma'aikatar Najeriya]], Ɗan Iya yayi aiki da hukumar ma'aikata ta jihar Sokoto indkuma a ya samu muƙamin ƙaramar hukumar Kware daga shekarar 1992 zuwa shekarar 2002. Ya kuma riƙe muƙamai daban-daban a sashin Account na ƙaramar hukumar kafin ya ajiye aiki a matsayin Babban Akanta a cikin shekarar 2002. Ya shiga siyasa a cikin shekarar 2003 kuma ya kasance shugaban ƙaramar hukumar Kware. A shekarar 2004, an kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban zartarwa na ƙaramar hukumar Kware, muƙamin da ya riƙe har zuwa shekara ta 2007. Daga baya ya zama Shugaban Kamfanin Manmodiya Nigeria Limited, kuma ya kasance mai ba tsohon [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria|Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai]], Barista [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal]] shawara na musamman daga shekara ta 2011 zuwa 2015. An naɗa shi a matsayin mashawarcin shari’a na jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), jihar Sokoto. A cikin shekarar 2015, Gwamna [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal]] ya naɗa Ɗan Iya a matsayin mamba a majalisar zartarwa ta jihar Sokoto kuma kwamishinan ma'aikatar ƙananan hukumomi da ci gaban al'umma,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/daniya-emerges-sokotos-deputy-governor.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |archive-date=2019-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110064534/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/daniya-emerges-sokotos-deputy-governor.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma mai kula da ma'aikatar kula da harkokin ƙananan hukumomi, daga shekarar 2019.Shine tsohon Dan takara sana mai wikilta sokoto state ta tsakiya (sokoto state central zone)a 2023, Yanzu shine Dan jami'iyar ADC sokoto state,Manir Dan iya mutun ne garin jini ga Al'umma jahar sokoto,Yana da kyauta da son jama'a.manir Dan yafito da gidan saura sarki kware,Kuma Yan daga sarki muslimi. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Sakkwato]] [[Category:Daliban jami'ar Usmanu danfodiyo]] 1rh6ie7k07ulbrepi8rj3x89pp2pyxa 0 47667 875611 249061 2026-07-04T05:35:03Z Nura Bello 24854 875611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Effurun''' wani birni ne, kuma hedkwatar [[Uvwie|karamar hukumar Uvwie]] a [[Delta (jiha)|jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Cibiya ce ta Birane, mai yawan jama'a tare da ci gaban ababen more rayuwa daban-daban. Ta yi iyaka da birni [[Warri]], kuma tana aiki azaman hanyar shiga birnin [[Warri]]. ==Iyaka== Ta yi iyaka da Agbarho a gabas, Udu a kudu, [[Ughelli ta Kudu|Ughelli ta kudu]] kudu maso gabas, [[Okpe]] a arewa da [[Warri]] a yamma. Saboda kusancinta da [[Warri]], saurin karuwar jama'a da hanyoyin sadarwa da dama da suka haɗa garuruwan da kewayenta, ta kafa wata kungiya da jama'a daga wasu sassan jihar da [[Najeriya]] gaba daya ke kiranta da Warri, duk da cewa dukkan garuruwa a cikin "warri conurbation". " suna ƙarƙashin hukumomin gargajiya da na siyasa daban-daban. Effurun na ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin harkokin tattalin arziki da kasuwanci a [[Delta (jiha)|jihar Delta]]. Birnin da kansa ɗan asalin Uvwie ne, ƙungiyar Urhobo .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} ==Addini== Mazauna cikin garin galibinsu [[Kirista|kiristoci]] ne na ɗariƙu daban-daban, wasu kuma suna yin gauraye da addinin gargajiya na Afirka musamman addinin Igbe da ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin Urhobo kamar yawancin Kudancin Najeriya. Garin tare da [[Warri]] da kewaye an san su a duk faɗin ƙasar saboda [[Pidgin na Najeriya|turancin Ingilishi na Pidgin]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} == Manyan cibiyoyi == * [[Petroleum Training Institute|Cibiyar Koyar da Man Fetur]] (PTI) a Effurun, [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/polytechnic/Petroleum-Training-Institute.php | title=Petroleum Training Institute pti&#124; School Fees, Courses & Admission info }}</ref> * Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun (FUPRE) a Ugbomro, Effurun, [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=2017-03-04 |title=Agonies of FUPRE, Africa's 1st petroleum varsity @ 10 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/03/agonies-of-fupre-africas-1st-petroleum-varsity-10/ |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Coord|5.5500|N|5.7833|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:NG}} [[Category:Gari a Jihar Delta]] qpxeyfgyjvuhm205sjxq2gz1i1t5qnv 0 47970 875420 311151 2026-07-03T20:21:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fasahar Afirka''' ta bayyana zane-zane na zamani da na tarihi, siffofi, shigarwa, da sauran al'adu na gani daga ƴan asalin Afirka ko ƴan asalin Afirka da [[Afirka|nahiyar Afirka]]. Ma'anar na iya haɗawa da fasahar Afirka, kamar: Afirkawan-Amurka, [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] ko fasaha a cikin al'ummomin [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] waɗanda al'adun Afirka suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Duk da wannan bambancin kuma, akwai jigogi na fasaha da ke tattare da juna yayin la'akari da dukkan al'adun gani daga nahiyar Afirka.<ref>[[Suzanne Blier]]: "Africa, Art, and History: An Introduction", ''A History of Art in Africa'', pp. 15–19</ref> [[Tukwane|Ginin tukwane]], aikin ƙarfe, zane-zane, gine-gine, zane-zanen masana'antu da zane-zanensa sune mahimman siffofin zane-zane a duk faɗin Afirka kuma ana iya haɗa su a cikin nazarin fasahar Afirka. Kalmar "Fasahar Afirka" yawanci ba ta haɗa da fasahar yankunan [[Arewacin Afirka]] a bakin tekun [[Bahar Rum]], saboda irin waɗannan yankuna sun kasance wani ɓangare na al'adu daban-daban. Fiye da shekaru dubu, fasahar irin waɗannan yankuna sun zama wani ɓangare na [[Abzinawa|Berber]] ko fasahar Islama, kodayake suna da halaye da yawa na gida. Fasahar Habasha, tare da kuma doguwar al'adar Kirista, ta bambanta da na mafi yawan Afirka, inda addinin gargajiya na Afirka (tare da Islama a arewa) ya kasance mai rinjaye har zuwa karni na 20.<ref>Breunig, Peter (2014), [https://books.google.com/books?id=BBn1BQAAQBAJ ''Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context''], Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-937248-46-2}}.</ref> Fasahar Afirka ta haɗa da fasahar [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] da tsohuwar, fasahar Islama ta [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], fasahar Kirista ta Gabashin Afirka, da kayan gargajiya na waɗannan da sauran yankuna. Yawancin siffofin Afirka sun kasance a tarihi a cikin itace da sauran kayan halitta waɗanda ba su tsira daga baya fiye da ƴan ƙarni da suka gabata ba, kodayake ana iya samun tukwane da adadi na ƙarfe a wasu yankuna. Wasu daga cikin kayan ado na farko, kamar su beads na harsashi da shaidar fenti, an gano su a Afirka, tun daga Zamanin Tsakiya.<ref name="Mitchell 2013 p. 375">Mitchell, Peter and Lane, Paul (2013) ''The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology''. </ref><ref name="Henshilwood et al. 2011">{{Cite journal|quote=etal|url-status=219–222}}</ref><ref name="McBrearty Brooks 2000"> {{Cite journal|url-status=453–563}}</ref> [[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|Masks]] abubuwa ne masu mahimmanci a cikin fasahar mutane da yawa, tare da kuma siffofin mutane, kuma galibi suna da Stylized sosai. Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban, sau da yawa suna bambanta a cikin wannan mahallin asalin kuma dangane da amfani da abu, amma yanayin yanki mai yawa a bayyane yake; zane-zane ya fi yawa a tsakanin "ƙungiyoyin manoma da suka zauna a yankunan da [[Kogin Congo|kogin]] [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da Kongo suka zubar" a Yammacin Afirka.<ref name="Honour & Fleming, 557">Honour & Fleming, 557</ref> Hotuna kai tsaye na alloli ba su da yawa, amma masks musamman ana yin su ko kuma ana yin su ne don bukukuwan al'ada. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 an sami karuwar fasahar Afirka a cikin tarin Yamma, mafi kyawun sassan da aka nuna a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin mulkin mallaka. Fasahar Afirka tana da muhimmiyar tasiri a kan fasahar zamani ta Turai, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar sha'awar su ga zane-zane.<ref name="African Influences in Modern Art">Murrell, Denise. </ref> Wannan godiya ce ga siffofin Afirka da aka danganta da ainihin manufar "fasahar Afirka", kamar yadda masu zane-zane da masana tarihi na Turai da Amurka suka gani.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=7–15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 3774788|title = Is There Such a Thing as African Art?|last1 = Mark|first1 = Peter|journal = Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University|year = 1999|volume = 58|issue = 1/2|pages = 7–15|doi = 10.2307/3774788}}</ref> Al'adun Yammacin Afirka sun haɓaka gyaran tagulla don zane-zane, kamar sanannun Benin Bronzes, don yin ado da manyan gidaje da kuma shugabannin sarauta masu kyau daga kusa da garin [[Mutanen Edo|Bini]] na [[Masarautar Benin|Benin]] City, Jihar Edo, da kuma a cikin terracotta ko ƙarfe, daga ƙarni na 12th. [[Ma'aunin gwal na Akan|Nauyin]] zinare na Akan wani nau'i ne na ƙananan siffofin ƙarfe da aka samar a cikin shekara ta 1400-1900; wasu a bayyane suke wakiltar [[karin magana]], suna ba da gudummawa ga wani labari mai ban sha'awa a cikin siffofin Afirka; kuma sarauta sun haɗa da abubuwa masu ban sha'awar zinariya.<ref>Honour & Fleming, 556–561</ref> Ana kuma amfani da adadi da yawa na Yammacin Afirka a cikin al'adun addini kuma galibi ana rufe su da kayan da aka sanya a kansu don hadayu na bikin. Mutanen da ke magana da Mande na wannan yankin suna yin ɓangarori daga itace tare da fadi, shimfidar wurare da makamai da kafafu masu kama da cylinders. A [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]], duk da haka, manyan halaye masu banbanci sun haɗa da fuskoki masu kama da zuciya waɗanda aka lankwasa zuwa ciki kuma suna nuna alamun da'irori da dots.<ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{cite news |last=Yong |first=Ed |author-link=Ed Yong |title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity - New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/ |date=15 March 2018 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=15 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.the153club.org/giraffe.html|title="New" Giraffe Engravings Found|publisher=The 153 Club|access-date=2007-05-31| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070612211620/http://www.the153club.org/giraffe.html| archive-date= 12 June 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke tattare da jigogi == * A cikin fasahar Yammacin Afirka, akwai mayar da hankali kan kasancewa mai bayyanawa da na musamman yayin da har yanzu fasahar waɗanda suka zo kafin ke rinjayar su. Fasahar mutanen Dan misali ne na wannan, kuma ya bazu zuwa al'ummomin Yammacin Afirka a waje da nahiyar. * Ƙaddamarwa akan adadi na ɗan adam: Adadin ɗan adam koyaushe shine babban batun ga yawancin fasahar Afirka, kuma wannan jaddadawa har ma ya rinjayi wasu al'adun Turai.<ref name="African Influences in Modern Art">Murrell, Denise. </ref> Misali, a cikin karni na goma sha biyar, Portugal ta yi ciniki tare da al'adun Sapi kusa da [[Ivory Coast]] a Yammacin Afirka, wanda ya kirkiro kayan gishiri na hauren hauren hawan hawan hauren halayen hawan halayen halayen halayyar hawan hawar hawan halayyar. Siffar mutum na iya nuna alamar masu rai ko matattu, na iya ambaton shugabannin, masu rawa, ko sana'o'i daban-daban kamar masu bugawa ko mafarauta, ko ma yana iya zama wakilcin mutum na allah ko kuma yana da wasu ayyuka na rantsuwa. Wani batu na yau da kullun shine inter-morphosis na mutane da dabba. * Bayanan gani: Ayyukan zane-zane na Afirka suna son abubuwan gani a kan wakilcin halitta. Wannan shi ne saboda yawancin zane-zane na Afirka suna da ka'idojin salo.<ref>[[Suzanne Blier]], "Africa, Art, and History: An Introduction", ''A History of Art in Africa'', p. 16</ref> == Yankin da ake ciki == Nazarin fasahar Afirka har zuwa kwanan nan ya mayar da hankali kan fasahar gargajiya na wasu sanannun kungiyoyi a nahiyar, tare da mai da hankali kan zane-zane na gargajiya, abin rufe fuska da sauran al'adun gani daga Afirka ta Yamma, Afirka ta Tsakiya, da kuma Kudancin Afirka tare da mai mai da hankali ga ƙarni na 19 da 20.<ref>[https://high.org/highlights/art-of-central-africa/ Art of central africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128071657/https://high.org/highlights/art-of-central-africa/ |date=2023-01-28 }} Retrieved 28 April 2022</ref> Kwanan nan, duk da haka, an sami motsi tsakanin masana tarihi na fasaha na Afirka da sauran malaman don haɗawa da al'adun gani na wasu yankuna da lokutan lokaci. Manufar ita ce ta hanyar hada dukkan al'adun Afirka da al'adunsu na gani a tsawon lokaci a cikin ''fasahar Afirka'', za a sami kyakkyawar fahimta game da kyawawan abubuwan gani na nahiyar a duk tsawon lokaci. A ƙarshe, zane-zane na mutanen Afirka, a [[Brazil]], [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] da kudu maso gabashin Amurka, suma sun fara shiga cikin nazarin fasahar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Afirka]]. == Kayan aiki == [[File:African_Sudan_Art_Basket-Tray.jpg|thumb|Kwando-kwandon Sudanese, tabar na fiber na tsire-tsire na halitta, launi a launuka daban-daban]] Ana samar da fasahar Afirka ta amfani da kayan aiki iri-iri kuma tana ɗaukar siffofi daban-daban.<ref>[https://high.org/highlights/art-of-central-africa/ Art of central africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128071657/https://high.org/highlights/art-of-central-africa/ |date=2023-01-28 }} Retrieved 28 April 2022</ref> Saboda itace abu ne na yau da kullun, siffofin katako sun zama mafi yawan fasahar Afirka. Gishiri sanannen nau'in fasaha ne kuma ana amfani dashi don nuna matsayi, alaƙa da rukuni, ko kuma kyawawan abubuwa. Ana yin kayan ado na Afirka daga irin waɗannan kayan da suka bambanta kamar dutsen ido na Tiger, haematite, sisal, kwalba na kwakwa, beads da itacen ebony. Abubuwan da aka zana na iya zama katako, yumbu ko sassaƙa daga dutse kamar sanannun siffofin Shona, kuma kayan ado ko kayan kwalliya sun fito ne daga yankuna da yawa. Ana yin nau'ikan tufafi daban-daban ciki har da chitenge, zane-zane da zane-zane. Mosaics da aka yi da fuka-fukan malam buɗe ido ko yashi mai launi sun shahara a yammacin Afirka. Ana iya gano siffofin Afirka na farko kamar yadda aka yi da terracotta da tagulla. == Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka == Addinan gargajiya na Afirka sun kasance da tasiri sosai a kan siffofin fasahar Afirka a duk faɗin nahiyar. Fasahar Afirka sau da yawa ta samo asali ne daga jigogi na alamomin addini, aiki da amfani, kuma an halicci abubuwa da yawa na fasaha don ruhaniya maimakon dalilai masu ban sha'awa. Yawancin al'adun Afirka suna jaddada muhimmancin kakanninmu a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin masu rai, alloli, da babban mahalicci, kuma ana ganin fasaha a matsayin hanyar tuntuɓar waɗannan ruhohin kakanninmu. Hakanan ana iya amfani da fasaha don nuna alloli, kuma ana darajarsa don manufar aiki. Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa isowar [[Kiristanci]] da Islama sun yi tasiri sosai ga fasahar nahiyar Afirka, kuma an haɗa al'adun duka biyu cikin imani da zane-zane na addinin gargajiya na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=37–50}}</ref> == Tarihi == <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:532px;max-width:532px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:288px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Africa_Nok_Male_Figure_Kimbell.jpg|alt=|288x288px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Nok male figure; 500 BC-500 AD; terracotta; 49.5 × 22.2 × 16.8 cm (19.4 × 8.7 × 6.6 in); from northern [[Nigeria]]; [[Kimbell Art Museum]] ([[Fort Worth]], [[Texas]], USA)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:288px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Benin_plaque_in_the_Ethnological_Museum,_Berlin_-_026.JPG|alt=|289x289px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Benin [[Benin bronzes|plaque]]; 16th-17th century; bronze; from the [[Kingdom of Benin]]; [[Ethnological Museum of Berlin]] (Germany)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:288px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Arte_yoruba,_nigeria,_testa_da_ife,_12-15mo_secolo.JPG|alt=|288x288px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">[[Bronze Head from Ife|Head from Ife]] (Nigeria); 14th-15th century AD; bronze; height: 36 cm (14<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄8 a cikin); Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya (London)</div></div></div></div></div> [[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] Asalin fasahar Afirka ya kasance tun kafin tarihin da aka rubuta. Tsohon beads da aka sani a yankin an yi su ne daga harsashi na ''Nassarius'' kuma an sa su azaman kayan ado na mutum shekaru 72,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Mitchell 2013 p. 375">Mitchell, Peter and Lane, Paul (2013) ''The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology''. </ref> A Afirka, shaidar yin fenti ta hanyar tsari mai rikitarwa ta wanzu daga kimanin shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata da kuma amfani da Sinadaran pigments daga kimanin shekaru 320,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="Henshilwood et al. 2011"/><ref name="McBrearty Brooks 2000"/> Hotunan dutse na Afirka a cikin [[Sahara]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] suna adana zane-zane masu shekaru 6,000. Tare da Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, zane-zanen al'adu na yamma, zane-zane da kayan tarihi na Masar na dā, da kuma sana'o'in kudancin asali suma sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga fasahar Afirka. Sau da yawa yana nuna yawan yanayin da ke kewaye da shi, zane-zane sau da yawa fassarar dabbobi ne, rayuwar shuka, ko ƙirar halitta da siffofi. Masarautar Nubian ta Kush a [[Sudan]] ta zamani tana cikin kusanci kuma sau da yawa tana da ƙiyayya da Masar, kuma ta samar da siffofi masu ban mamaki galibi waɗanda suka samo asali ne daga salon da ba su kai ga arewa ba. A Yammacin Afirka, siffofin da aka fi sani sun fito ne daga [[Al'adar Nok|al'adun Nok]] wanda ya bunƙasa tsakanin 1,500 BC da 500 AD a [[Najeriya]] ta zamani, tare da siffofin yumɓu yawanci tare da jiki mai tsawo da siffofin kusurwa. == Tarihin fasahohin Afrika daga kabilu == Tarihin fasahar Afirka yana da sarƙaƙiya kuma iri-iri, yana nuna al'adu daban-daban da suka wanzu a nahiyar tsawon ƙarnuka. Ga taƙaitaccen bayani na wasu manyan al'adun fasaha na Afirka: * Al'adar [[Nok]] (500 BC - 200 AD): Al'adun Nok, wanda yake a Najeriya a yanzu, an san shi da zane-zanen terracotta na mutum, dabbobi, da abin rufe fuska. Waɗannan sassaƙaƙƙen an yi su sosai kuma suna da fasalin fuska da ƙima da ƙima.<ref name="FB 1969">Fagg, Bernard. 1969. Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture. World Archaeology 1(1): 41–50.</ref> <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px"> Afrikaabteilung in Ethnological Museum Berlin 02.JPG|Kam sarki a tsakanin; ƙarni na 12th–15: terracotta; a gidan tarihi na ''Ethnological Museum of Berlin'' ([[Jamus]]); an gano shi a [[Ife]] (Najeriya) Yoruba-bronze-head.jpg|Sulken Obalufon II; tsakanin 1300 an gano shi a [[Ife]]; yana gidan tarihi na ''Ife Museum of Antiquities'' ([[Ife]], Najeriya)<ref>{{cite book|title=32,000 YEARS OF ART|date=2007|publisher=Phaidob|isbn=978-0-7148-7729-7|page=302|language=en}}</ref> Arte yoruba, nigeria, testa da ife, 12-15mo secolo.JPG|Kan Tagulla na Ife; a ƙarni na 12th–15th; brass; gidan tarihi na Birtaniya ([[London]]) Nigeria, yoruba, corpicapo della società geledè, 1900-15 ca.jpg|Sulken Gelede; tsakanin 1900–1915; ''Detroit Institute of Arts'' (Amirka) Pair of door panels and lintel Yoruba BM.jpg|bangon kofa biyu da lintel; tsakanin 1910–1914; daga ''Olowe of Ise''; (gidan tarihi na Birtaniya, London) </gallery><gallery widths="170px" heights="170px"> Carved door, probably by Sakiwa, Nupe peoples, Nigeria, c. 1920-1940, wood, iron staples - Hood Museum of Art - DSC09183.JPG|Sassaƙƙiyar ƙofa; tsakanin 1920–1940; daga [[Nupe|Mutanen Nupe]]; a gidan tarihi na ''Hood Museum of Art'' (Hanover, New Hampshire), [[New Hampshire]], USA) Headdress, early 1900s, Guinea Coast, Nigeria, Ejagham people, wood, antelope skin, basketry, cane, metal - Cleveland Museum of Art - DSC08739.JPG|Adon kai; farkon shekarun 1900; ice, fatar barewa, da ƙarfe daga mutanen Ejagham; gidan tarihi na ''Cleveland Museum of Art'' (USA) Headdress, early 1900s, Guinea Coast, Nigeria, Idoma people, wood, hair - Cleveland Museum of Art - DSC08726.JPG|Adon kai; farkon shekarun 1900; ice, gashi; Mutanen Idoma; ''Cleveland Museum of Art'' Kalabari masks BM.jpg|''Otobo''; daga mutanen[Kalabari; gidan tarihi na Birtaniya (London) </gallery> * Fasahar [[Masar|Masarawa]] ta dā (3100 BC - 30 BC): Fasahar tsohuwar Masar ta shahara don gine-ginen gine-ginenta, ƙaƙƙarfan zane-zane, da zane-zane da sassaƙaƙƙen gaske. Fasahae Masar tana nuna aƙidar addini, tatsuniyoyi, da al'adun zamantakewa na lokacin. * Fasahar Ife (ƙarni na 12-15): Fasahar Ife, tun daga yanzu Nijeriya, tana da siffofi na zahiri da na dabi’a na mutane, wanda galibi ana nuna su a tsarin sarauta ko na sarauta. An yi waɗannan sassaƙaƙe da jan ƙarfe, tagulla, ko terracotta kuma suna da daraja sosai don ƙwarewar fasaha. * Fasahar [[Benin]] (ƙarni na 13 - 19): Sana'ar Benin, tun daga Najeriya a yanzu, an santa da tsattsauran ra'ayi na tagulla na mutane, dabbobi, da kayan ado. Waɗannan sassake-zanen galibi suna nuna abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwar kotu da kuma bukukuwan addini. * Fasahar [[Yarabawa]] (ƙarni na 15 - 20): Fasahar Yarabawa, daga yanzu Nigeria da Benin, ana siffanta ta da amfani da alamar alama da tauhidi don wakiltar tunanin ruhaniya da falsafa. Wannan fasaha ta haɗa da abin rufe fuska, sassaka-tsalle, da yadi, galibi suna nuna alamu masu launi da ƙira. * Fasahar [[Ashanti]] (ƙarni na 17 - 19): fasahar Ashanti, daga kasar [[Ghana]] a yanzu, an santa da kayan adon zinare da kayan kwalliya, da kuma sassakaken katako da kayan masaku. Sana'ar Ashanti galibi tana fasalta zane-zane na geometric da abubuwan alama, suna nuna dabi'u da imani na mutanen Ashanti. * Fasahar Kuba (ƙarni na 19-20): fasahar Kuba, daga ƙasar da ake kira [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango]] a yanzu, ana siffanta shi da tsattsauran ra'ayi da sarkakkun zane, galibi ana yin su ta amfani da rigar raffia ko kwalliya. Fasahar Kuba ta haɗa da abin rufe fuska, yadi, da kwanduna, kuma tana da ƙima sosai don ƙwarewar fasaha da kyawunta. * Aikin Dogon (ƙarni na 13 - yanzu): Aikin Dogon, daga abin da yake a yanzu Mali, yana da siffofi na katako na mutane, dabbobi, da siffofi na geometric. Wadannan sassake-zanen suna wakiltar tatsuniyoyi da akidar kabilar Dogon, wadanda ke da tsarin addini da al'adu masu sarkakiya. * Senufo art (ƙarni na 17 - yanzu): Senufo art, daga abin da yake a yanzu Ivory Coast, an san shi da zane-zane na katako da abin rufe fuska, wanda sau da yawa yakan kwatanta dabbobi da mutane a cikin salo da siffofi. Ana daraja fasahar Senufo don ikon bayyanawa da kuma ikon sa na isar da ma'anoni masu sarkakiya. * Baule art (ƙarni na 18 - yanzu): Baule art, daga abin da yake a yanzu Ivory Coast, an siffanta ta da katako sculptures na mutum Figures, sau da yawa nuna a cikin salo da kuma manufa hanya. Fasahar Baule sau da yawa tana wakiltar ra'ayoyin addini da al'adu, kuma ana daraja ta sosai don ƙwarewar fasaha da kyawunta. * Aikin Luba (ƙarni na 19 - yanzu): fasahar Luba, daga kasar Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango a yanzu, an san ta da sassakaki na katako da abin rufe fuska, wanda galibi ke nuna kimar dan Adam cikin yanayin dabi'a da bayyananniyar salo. Fasahar Luba galibi tana wakiltar ra'ayoyi na siyasa da na addini, kuma tana da kima sosai saboda muhimmancinta na ruhaniya da kyakkyawa. * Makonde art (karni na 20 - yanzu): Makonde art, daga abin da yake [[Tanzaniya]] da [[Mozambik]] a yanzu, ana siffanta shi da zane-zane na katako na siffofi na mutum da kuma siffofin da ba a iya gani ba, sau da yawa ana yin su ta hanyar amfani da fasaha mai zurfi da cikakkun bayanai. Fasahar Makonde tana nuna al'adun al'adu da sauye-sauyen zamantakewar al'ummar Makonde, kuma ana daraja ta saboda mahimmancin fasaha da tarihi. == Manazarta == 38bwnmg7y1jh4fposhre88wljja3393 0 48479 875720 552120 2026-07-04T08:24:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} 'Gidan Tarihin Noma na ƙasar Masar gidan kayan tarihi ne na noma a Alkahira, Masar. == Tarihi da bayanin martaba == An zaɓi Fadar Gimbiya Fatima, 'yar Khedive Ismail, don a gyara ta don gina gidan kayan tarihi, kuma an fara gina gidan kayan gargajiyan a cikin watan Nuwamba shekarar alif 1930.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2019}}A lokacin shirin gidan darektan gidan tarihi na Royal Agricultural Museum na Hungary ya jagoranci aikin. <ref name="cdavies">Clare Davies. "Archive Map: Egypt" (PDF). Speak Memory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.{{Cite web}}</ref> Wani ɗan ƙasar Hungary, Ivan Nagy, shi ne darekta na farko na gidan kayan gargajiyar wanda aka buɗe a cikin shekarar 1938. <ref name="cdavies" /> Ita ce gidan kayan gargajiya na farko na aikin gona a duniya (bayan gidan kayan tarihi na Hungary).<ref>"Where does the British Museum's keeper of Ancient Egypt get his kicks when in Cairo?" . TheGuardian.com . 21 October 2015.</ref> Gidan kayan gargajiyar yana kunshe da gidajen tarihi daban-daban: gidan kayan gargajiya na noma na tsohuwar Masar; gidan kayan gargajiya na kimiyya model; gidan kayan gargajiya na albarkatun shuka; Gidan kayan gargajiya na Syria; gidan kayan gargajiya na Girka, Roman, Coptic, da na Musulunci; da gidan kayan gargajiya na auduga. Baya ga gine-ginen gidan kayan gargajiyar akwai kuma lambuna masu bishiyu da tsire-tsire da ba kasafai ba.<ref>"1,451 artifacts registered at Agricultural Museum" . 25 June 2017.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130228040944/http://www.agrimuseum.gov.eg/main2.html Gidan yanar gizon hukuma] 8zchu68ek7h5loktrv5qkpo2ca1e5wa 0 48480 875319 645214 2026-07-03T18:57:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Палац_Біжу_у_Цитаделі_в_Каїрі.jpg|thumb| Fadar Al-Gawhara.]] [[File:Jawhara Palace 20190604 134111.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Jawhara Palace]] '''Fadar Al-Gawhara''' ({{Lang-ar|قصر الجوهرة}} ''Qasr al-Gawhara'' ), wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Fadar Bijou''', wata fada ce kuma gidan kayan tarihi a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]]. Fadar tana kudu da Masallacin Muhammad Ali a cikin Kagaran Alkahira. [[Muhammad Ali Pasha]] ne ya ba da izini a shekarar 1814. Masu sana'ar hannu da aka yi kwangilar su daga kasashe daban-daban ne suka tsara tare da gina fadar, wadanda suka hada da Girkawa, Turkawa, Bulgaria da Albaniya. <ref name="Johnston">Johnston, Shirley. Egyptian Palaces and Villas . New York: Abrams. <nowiki>ISBN 0-8109-5538-5</nowiki> . Photographs by Sherif Sonbol{{Cite book}} Photographs by [[Sherif Sonbol]]</ref> {{Rp|17}}Masu sana'a sun gina abubuwa iri-iri a matsayin wani ɓangare na ginin fadar: "bariki, makarantu, arsenal, masana'antar foda da bindiga da kuma mint." <ref name="Johnston" /> {{Rp|17}}An gina fadar a matsayin rumfar bene mai hawa biyu a cikin salon ''kushk'' na Turkiyya. Tana da tagogi irin na Yamma waɗanda galibi ana ɗaure su da oval oeil-de-boeuf. An yi amfani da injiniyan Faransa da injiniya Pascal Coste don ƙara wuraren zama na ma'aikatan fadar da ma'aikata. A gefe guda na fadar akwai ''haush'' ( tsakar gida) sannan a daya bangaren kuma, akwai ra'ayoyin dala da kogin [[Nil|Nilu]]. A shekara ta 1822, gobara ta lalata gine-ginen katako na fadar a cikin gobarar da ta dauki tsawon kwanaki 2. Daga baya, Muhammad Ali ya sa aka faɗaɗa tsarin tare da yin ƙarin bayani game da gina "babban marmara marmaro, ginshiƙan ginshiƙan dutse da wuraren zama, gadaje na gadaje na fure da raye-rayen lemu, har ma da ma'auni mai ɗauke da [[zaki]], damisa biyu da [[giwa]], Kyautar Ubangiji Hastings na Burtaniya." {{Rp|17}} Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin shekarar 1824, wuta ta sake lalata fadar bayan fashewar foda. Muhammad Ali ya shigo da manyan tukwane na marmara daga ƙasar Italiya don gina katafaren gida, matattakalar hawa da koridor. {{Rp|18}} A shekara ta 1825, matafiyiyar Ingila Anne Catherine Elwood ta bayyana irin yalwar gidan sarauta, musamman ma babban ɗakinta wanda zai iya "ba da rawa, yana da zurfi don tattaunawa, da ɗakunan gefe don kiɗa, karatu, wasanni da shakatawa." {{Rp|18}} ''Divan'' ko zauren taron Muhammad Ali na hukuma, inda pasha ya karɓi baƙi, yana ɗauke da chandelier mai nauyin kilo 1000 wanda Louis-Philippe na Faransa ya aika masa. {{Rp|19}}Wasu daga cikin zane-zanen da aka yi a dakin taro na Pasha na fadar sun nuna tarbar jakadun kasashen waje. Har ila yau fadar tana kunshe da sarautar [[Muhammad Ali Pasha]] wanda ya kasance kyauta daga Sarkin Italiya.<ref>"Kasr El-Gawhara or Jewel Palace" . www.egyptianmuseums.net . Retrieved 2018-03-14.</ref> [[File:Палац Біжу сходи нагору.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.egyptianmuseums.net/html/kasr_el-gawhara_or_jewel_palac.html Kasr El-Gawhara ko Jewel Palace]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401034637/http://www.egyptianmuseums.net/html/kasr_el-gawhara_or_jewel_palac.html |date=2023-04-01 }} 27fbyihthg3xs94ie9ghnrsmjjg6y83 0 48520 875731 552111 2026-07-04T09:03:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875731 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidan kayan tarihi''' na Noma gidan tarihi ne a yankin [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]]. == Tarihi == An zaɓi Fadar Gimbiya Fatima, 'yar Khedive Ismail, don a gyara ta da gina gidan kayan tarihi, sannan kuma an fara gina gidan kayan gargajiyan a cikin watan Nuwamba 1930.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2019}}A lokacin shirin gidan darektan gidan tarihi na Royal Agricultural Museum na Hungary ya jagoranci aikin. <ref name="cdavies">Clare Davies. "Archive Map: Egypt" (PDF). Speak Memory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.{{Cite web}}</ref> Wani ɗan ƙasar Hungary, Ivan Nagy, shi ne darekta na farko na gidan kayan gargajiyar wanda aka buɗe a cikin shekarar 1938. <ref name="cdavies" /> Ita ce gidan kayan gargajiya ta farko na aikin gona a duniya (bayan gidan kayan tarihi na Hungary).<ref>"Where does the British Museum's keeper of Ancient Egypt get his kicks when in Cairo?" . TheGuardian.com . 21 October 2015.</ref> Gidan kayan gargajiyar yana kunshe da gidajen tarihi daban-daban: gidan kayan gargajiya na noma na tsohuwar Masar; gidan kayan gargajiya na kimiyya model; gidan kayan gargajiya na albarkatun shuka; Gidan kayan gargajiya na Syria; gidan kayan gargajiya na Girka, Roman, Coptic, da na Musulunci; da gidan kayan gargajiya na auduga. Baya ga gine-ginen gidan kayan gargajiyar akwai kuma lambuna masu bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire da ba kasafai ba.<ref>"1,451 artifacts registered at Agricultural Museum" . 25 June 2017.</ref> == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130228040944/http://www.agrimuseum.gov.eg/main2.html Gidan yanar gizon hukuma] ettn7dcw87wx3xnpace8w7nnjkbyacy 0 48522 875732 255036 2026-07-04T09:03:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan kayan tarihi''' na Noma gidan tarihi ne a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]]. == Tarihi == An zaɓi Fadar Gimbiya Fatima, 'yar Khedive Ismail, don a gyara ta da gina gidan kayan tarihi, kuma an fara gina gidan kayan gargajiyan a cikin watan Nuwamba 1930.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2019}}A lokacin shirin gidan darektan gidan tarihi na Royal Agricultural Museum na Hungary ya jagoranci aikin. <ref name="cdavies">Clare Davies. "Archive Map: Egypt" (PDF). Speak Memory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.{{Cite web}}</ref> Wani ɗan ƙasar Hungary, Ivan Nagy, shi ne darekta na farko na gidan kayan gargajiyar wanda aka buɗe a cikin shekarar 1938. <ref name="cdavies" /> Ita ce gidan kayan gargajiya ta farko na aikin gona a duniya (bayan gidan kayan tarihi na Hungary).<ref>"Where does the British Museum's keeper of Ancient Egypt get his kicks when in Cairo?" . TheGuardian.com . 21 October 2015.</ref> Gidan kayan gargajiyar yana kunshe da gidajen tarihi daban-daban: gidan kayan gargajiya na noma na tsohuwar Masar; gidan kayan gargajiya na kimiyya model; gidan kayan gargajiya na albarkatun shuka; Gidan kayan gargajiya na Syria; gidan kayan gargajiya na Girka, Roman, Coptic, da na Musulunci; da gidan kayan gargajiya na auduga. Baya ga gine-ginen gidan kayan gargajiyar akwai kuma lambuna masu bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire da ba kasafai ba.<ref>"1,451 artifacts registered at Agricultural Museum" . 25 June 2017.</ref> == Manazarta == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130228040944/http://www.agrimuseum.gov.eg/main2.html Gidan yanar gizon hukuma] 4eczhmo3taew3vv0z9bvm0knr9slnz6 0 48910 875045 258068 2026-07-03T15:12:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Energie Centrafricaine wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Enerca''' shine babban kamfanin samar da [[makamashi]] na [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]]. An kafa kamfanin ne a shekarar 1963 kuma shi ne kamfani na farko a kasar da ke gudanar da ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki, watsawa da rarraba wutar lantarki.<ref>OECD; Bank, African Development; Africa, United Nations Economic Commission for (2009-12-04). African Economic Outlook 2009 Country Notes: Volumes 1 and 2: Country Notes: Volumes 1 and 2 . OECD Publishing. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-64-07618-1</nowiki> </ref> Kamfanin mallakin gwamnati ne a karkashin ma’aikatar bunkasa makamashi da albarkatun ruwa. <ref name=":0">"Water and Electricity Upgrading Project | Projektmeldung | Zentralafrikanische Republik | Wasser und Umwelt" . www.gtai.de (in German). Retrieved 2020-05-24.{{Cite web}}</ref> Enerca yana aiki da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu a Boali da tashar wutar lantarkin diesel a Bangui. Babban cibiyar amfani da wutar lantarki shine babban birnin kasar [[Bangui]]. Layukan isar da wutar lantarki masu ƙarfi sun haɗu da yankin ruwan kogin Mbali na Boali zuwa babban birnin ƙasar. A wajen babban birnin kasar, ana amfani da injinan dizal wajen samar da wuta.<ref>"CAR - Emergency Power Response Project" (PDF). World Bank . 29 January 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</ref> Kamfanin dai ya kasance yana neman saka hannun jarin kasashen waje daga bankin duniya da hukumomin raya kasashe daban-daban na Turai domin inganta ababen more rayuwa na tsufa.<ref>"CAR: World Bank allocates $54 million for 25 MW solar project in Bangui" . Afrik 21 . 2019-04-23. Retrieved 2020-05-24.</ref> == Ayyuka == Jimillar karfin da aka girka na kamfanin ya kai kusan MW 28 wanda megawatt 18 kawai ke aiki.<ref>"REEEP - Central African Republic (2012)" . REEEP . Retrieved 2020-05-24.</ref> Saboda rashin kulawa, tsadar aiki, hasara mai yawa da kuma rashin tara lissafin kuɗi, ENERCA ta yi ƙoƙari don tara jari don kula da abubuwan more rayuwa. Adadin lissafin yana tsaye a 60% kuma farashin dawo da samarwa yana kan 55%. Kamfanin yana da shigar kasuwa kashi 18% a Bangui da kashi 4% a duk fadin kasar. Kamar yadda na shekarar 2016, kamfanin yana da kusan abokan ciniki 30,000 masu aiki. Rashin ingancin sabis ya tilasta masu amfani da ko dai yin amfani da na'urorin janareta na diesel ko tsarin hasken rana don bukatunsu na wutar lantarki. == Duba kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020541/http://www.centralafricaphonebook.com/biz-white-pages/enerca-energie-centrafricaine-22.html Shafin Enerca a cikin Annuaires Afrique, littafin wayar Afirka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061115155551/http://www.esi-africa.com/archive/esi_4_2003/30_1.php Binciken ESI na Ƙarfin Ruwa na CAR] f4ncgdfwyl14wv20l6l87aqqezke7y3 0 53443 875447 550024 2026-07-03T20:40:21Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875447 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar tayi fina finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine kwai * Umarni uwa * Dan marayan Zaki * Halisa * Hurumi * Da sauran su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] 9drrhdzse0d5lvpdb6zxxg9w977p58t 875448 875447 2026-07-03T20:40:42Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875448 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar tayi fina finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine kwai * Umarni uwa * Dan marayan Zaki * Halisa * Hurumi * Da sauran su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] b6u6raeccslxpk401yh5e9qs71l28y9 875449 875448 2026-07-03T20:41:06Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875449 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar tayi fina finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine kwai * Umarni uwa * Dan marayan Zaki * Halisa * Hurumi * Da sauran su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] 1cvrwmg50fvxe1xjwjfo6yyikg7k0xa 875450 875449 2026-07-03T20:41:36Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar tayi fina finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine kwai * Umarni uwa * Dan marayan Zaki * Halisa * Hurumi * Da sauran su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] l3ydlug7m86qtiufd1xx1q9hqroztxy 875451 875450 2026-07-03T20:42:07Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875451 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar tayi fina finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine kwai * Umarni uwa * Dan marayan Zaki * Halisa * Hurumi * Da sauran_su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] hphrtdrclvea8dvdoka8ek5mvjh2rmt 875452 875451 2026-07-03T20:42:29Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar tayi fina finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine kwai * Umarni uwa * Dan marayan Zaki * Halisa * Huru_mi * Da sauran_su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] llpiymjdckcpgdpe4bw540pmmcmqdc2 875453 875452 2026-07-03T20:42:47Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar tayi fina finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine kwai * Umarni uwa * Dan marayan Zaki * Hali_sa * Huru_mi * Da sauran_su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] gh47wkcmua55drpguv8lxvvsm5mlauz 875454 875453 2026-07-03T20:43:15Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875454 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar tayi fina finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine kwai * Umarni uwa * Dan marayan_Zaki * Hali_sa * Huru_mi * Da sauran_su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] jy64nek6x8m9mhqetva6qmn7ht72heb 875455 875454 2026-07-03T20:43:32Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875455 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar tayi fina finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine kwai * Umarni uwa * Dan_marayan_Zaki * Hali_sa * Huru_mi * Da sauran_su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] rpm3khnmzwamznq48lypk09fypkebuz 875456 875455 2026-07-03T20:44:07Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875456 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar tayi fina finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine kwai * Umarni_uwa * Dan_marayan_Zaki * Hali_sa * Huru_mi * Da sauran_su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] 5pjmau5b63id1gnb2n8eyezdp902253 875457 875456 2026-07-03T20:44:33Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar tayi fina finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine kwai * Umarnin_uwa * Dan_marayan_Zaki * Hali_sa * Huru_mi * Da sauran_su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] 6md6l9uxt5i39cste80ulgjdl0g3iqx 875458 875457 2026-07-03T20:45:20Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875458 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar tayi fina finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine kawai * Umarnin_uwa * Dan_marayan_Zaki * Hali_sa * Huru_mi * Da sauran_su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] fdii2ayuc0rlvmmjzduk0p4flgqy9bj 875459 875458 2026-07-03T20:45:47Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875459 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar tayi fina_finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine kawai * Umarnin_uwa * Dan_marayan_Zaki * Hali_sa * Huru_mi * Da sauran_su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] 5v1bjbd7lvo9pv8lw4zf1cy2yl7uxxc 875460 875459 2026-07-03T20:46:15Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875460 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar ta yi fina_finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine kawai * Umarnin_uwa * Dan_marayan_Zaki * Hali_sa * Huru_mi * Da sauran_su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] q6mffcjo42p2trpga8nm0ws0hjlre55 875461 875460 2026-07-03T20:46:42Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875461 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar_ta yi fina_finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine kawai * Umarnin_uwa * Dan_marayan_Zaki * Hali_sa * Huru_mi * Da sauran_su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] 3mvx6846gdgmg60dtra3alnymxl49ui 875462 875461 2026-07-03T20:47:30Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875462 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitaccen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar_ta yi fina_finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine_kawai * Umarnin_uwa * Dan_marayan_Zaki * Hali_sa * Huru_mi * Da sauran_su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] tw5mw8teqyh5jykmxylydo9fmxasee0 875463 875462 2026-07-03T20:48:00Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875463 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitac_cen Tarihin ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar_ta yi fina_finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine_kawai * Umarnin_uwa * Dan_marayan_Zaki * Hali_sa * Huru_mi * Da sauran_su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] gm01l9hbfyh2utlkh08dww0pkuwlx2u 875464 875463 2026-07-03T20:48:23Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875464 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar_ta yi fina_finai da dama a Masana antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine_kawai * Umarnin_uwa * Dan_marayan_Zaki * Hali_sa * Huru_mi * Da sauran_su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] na542p4gnsl95dcaju8h0qubx5e0d4p 875465 875464 2026-07-03T20:49:02Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875465 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ladidi Fagge''' tsohuwar jaruma ce a masana antar fim ta kasar Hausa wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tana taka rawa a matakin iyaye, anfi sawo ya a fim a matsayin uwar mji . == Takaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Ladidi fagge an haifeta a garin Fagge, a kwanakin baya Anji rade radin cewa jarumar ta rasu bayan tayi jinya, daga baya aka tabbatar da Bata mutu ba inda har akai hira da ita , tace tati fama da rashin lafiyan sosai , jarumar_ta yi fina_finai da dama a Masana_antar kanniwud da yawa irin.<ref>https://kannywoodsceneblog.wordpress.com/tag/ladidi-fagge/</ref> * Carbine_kawai * Umarnin_uwa * Dan_marayan_Zaki * Hali_sa * Huru_mi * Da sauran_su<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/cewar-jarumar-kannywood-ladidi-fagge-ban-san-ana-ya%C9%97a-mugun-labari-game-da-ni-a-soshiyal-midiya-ba/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] il8qh1yl2umqgpd2tofqqrs7dko8g5w 0 53565 875266 623947 2026-07-03T18:32:50Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875266 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasance tsohon jarumi ne a masana antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin jihar Jos, kasar Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan sallah dashi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin mota.sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane daga jihar filato]] 4ju31ya8kpowq0q717krnfmhd4n1rd9 875268 875266 2026-07-03T18:33:14Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875268 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasance tsohon jarumi ne a masana antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin jihar Jos, kasar Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan sallah dashi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin mota.sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane daga jihar filato]] p8rxjcytlyllnp2fp1929m70vg0ft0f 875269 875268 2026-07-03T18:33:37Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875269 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasance tsohon jarumi ne a masana antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin jihar Jos, kasar Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan sallah dashi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin mota.sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane daga jihar filato]] io7n4zccqiouvuxuoucebpuvgccgq15 875270 875269 2026-07-03T18:34:08Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875270 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasance tsohon jarumi ne a masana antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin jihar Jos, kasar Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan sallah dashi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin mota.sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane daga jihar filato]] bmwugszu33d9hjxn8pq1b20jl5vo9a9 875271 875270 2026-07-03T18:34:26Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875271 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasance tsohon jarumi ne a masana antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin jihar Jos, kasar Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan sallah dashi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin mota.sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane daga jihar filato]] 5obeel6co5pfx3iib6dyzeaqjxln8c0 875273 875271 2026-07-03T18:34:45Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875273 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasance tsohon jarumi ne a masana antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin jihar Jos, kasar Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan sallah dashi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin mota.sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar filato]] 6xo1juxbkr35hh7m1qzb7lsmjdvsfas 875275 875273 2026-07-03T18:35:02Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875275 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasance tsohon jarumi ne a masana antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin jihar Jos, kasar Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan sallah dashi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin mota.sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] 46gn8rzvvboj90ofzxfxtbwqyney2jl 875278 875275 2026-07-03T18:35:54Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875278 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasance tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin jihar Jos, kasar Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan sallah dashi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin mota.sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] 4eufuotpt4huxalhq0ea3lqygmjlzt0 875282 875278 2026-07-03T18:36:20Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasance tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin jihar Jos, kasar Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan_sallah dashi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin mota.sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] dyt8q0wy45qtjsv47igy8jaaufazgbo 875284 875282 2026-07-03T18:38:02Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasance tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin jihar Jos, kasar Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan_sallah dashi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin mota.sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] skl6jqoe2g1msefswu09raic68l3j45 875285 875284 2026-07-03T18:38:25Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875285 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasance tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin jihar Jos, kasar Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan_sallah dashi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin mota.sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] h445q1ubin0h97ghilvckyp07hc0jpu 875287 875285 2026-07-03T18:38:52Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875287 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasance tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan_sallah dashi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin mota.sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] f0hsb8jjidzmi9zvyhz8ilfl8bjt581 875289 875287 2026-07-03T18:39:23Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875289 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan_sallah dashi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin mota.sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] 9rpgqezr6bcr8b62o4f6p01zpuqtpvt 875290 875289 2026-07-03T18:39:48Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875290 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan_sallah dashi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin mota.sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] eh4jcw9zq9hntmm2wabqsrh6yurbiz7 875291 875290 2026-07-03T18:40:16Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875291 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan_sallah dashi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin_mota.sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] katw21wwermw27ongezu80zlbaq12vg 875293 875291 2026-07-03T18:42:00Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875293 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadiyyar hadarin_mota.Sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] nehe65k358pkz4375ung8m4e3x09rya 875294 875293 2026-07-03T18:42:38Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875294 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] 1g585qomwewvk07tqhnud73445grydt 875296 875294 2026-07-03T18:43:31Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875296 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] 6ph8ht6fai5jqcimh5rnhtxdup0uf6y 875297 875296 2026-07-03T18:44:01Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875297 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] 4lstj2elcmfmjgwf9al300vxcr514z2 875298 875297 2026-07-03T18:44:34Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875298 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zuwa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] 2tkne28lsr25lq9xf5k8nx20j0e2ynr 875299 875298 2026-07-03T18:44:50Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875299 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] ihjn6iltfu1i046rctsag65iel36xu6 875300 875299 2026-07-03T18:45:41Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] r3o02lkbmpd38u16jlnom4teagno4ci 875302 875300 2026-07-03T18:47:24Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875302 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da margayi [[Ahmad S Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] fmjg5h6egdywx48qa26w6xsxjqj8hms 875303 875302 2026-07-03T18:48:15Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875303 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da margayi [[Ahmad_S Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] 0omtnswpv9qedduscp1r5fh222bd8y9 875304 875303 2026-07-03T18:48:55Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875304 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da margayi [[Ahmad_S_Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] 0gfwqf85ghg18g0kwrfbj6ryzm7shbf 875305 875304 2026-07-03T18:49:28Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875305 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], Aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da mar_gayi [[Ahmad_S_Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] mevptkzg6e400cpit49sul9ixcuow4c 875306 875305 2026-07-03T18:49:57Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875306 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da mar_gayi [[Ahmad_S_Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] lc622sowi352fznpfmtjkb1l6j54hnx 875307 875306 2026-07-03T18:51:23Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875307 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar_su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da mar_gayi [[Ahmad_S_Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] sscnten22qt8m8b275dh3g0yj2ij9zr 875308 875307 2026-07-03T18:51:51Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875308 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon_jarumi ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar_su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da mar_gayi [[Ahmad_S_Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] 0656brxcprgb3tns34cu8ij6kyro72a 875309 875308 2026-07-03T18:52:25Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875309 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon_jarumi_ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], aboki ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar_su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da mar_gayi [[Ahmad_S_Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] 9r59216v341kbxk9zvat1qdy12rnp3h 875310 875309 2026-07-03T18:52:48Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon_jarumi_ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], aboki_ga jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar_su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da mar_gayi [[Ahmad_S_Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] d7zqoa81xkyvjx363ech5d73v58ktuq 875311 875310 2026-07-03T18:53:09Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875311 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon_jarumi_ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], aboki_ga_jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar_su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da mar_gayi [[Ahmad_S_Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar daya ga watan Janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] hgl4cszy5xs0xxhxeytzqi9ngawar56 875312 875311 2026-07-03T18:53:49Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875312 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon_jarumi_ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], aboki_ga_jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar_su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da mar_gayi [[Ahmad_S_Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar daya ga watan_janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin azare<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] 8zkwqfzz4jyzac05auowrzwmy2tli7h 875313 875312 2026-07-03T18:54:28Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875313 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon_jarumi_ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], aboki_ga_jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar_su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da mar_gayi [[Ahmad_S_Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar daya ga watan_janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin aza_re<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] c7yr6hjbr3u98zzbb0u5y4hobexlkg8 875314 875313 2026-07-03T18:54:57Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875314 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon_jarumi_ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], aboki_ga_jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar_su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da mar_gayi [[Ahmad_S_Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar_daya ga watan_janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin aza_re<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] jy6eoobpcn67ot31b9osvz1eb4gc36g 875316 875314 2026-07-03T18:55:54Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875316 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon_jarumi_ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], aboki_ga_jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya rasu akan hanyar_su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da mar_gayi [[Ahmad_S_Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar_daya ga watan_janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin_aza_re<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] m03rt4eeqqi1yozqm4i99e9aj8e3f15 875317 875316 2026-07-03T18:56:29Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875317 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon_jarumi_ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], aboki_ga_jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya_rasu akan hanyar_su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da mar_gayi [[Ahmad_S_Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar_daya ga watan_janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin_aza_re<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] qk7oz4jbg4aef7v0nv0e4p89f1o1i6r 875318 875317 2026-07-03T18:57:09Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875318 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Jos''' ya kasan_ce tsohon_jarumi_ne a masana_antar_fim ta [[Hausa]] wa to [[Kannywood]], aboki_ga_jarumi Ahmad<ref>https://www.hausaloaded.com/2020/05/waiwaye-jerin-sunayen-wasu-jaruman.html</ref>, Dan asalin_jihar Jos, kasar_Nigeria hamza ya_rasu akan_ hanyar_su ta zu wa Maiduguri wasan_sallah da shi da mar_gayi [[Ahmad_S_Nuhu]], sun_rasu sanadi_yyar hadarin_mota.Sun_rasu a ranar_daya ga watan_janairun_shekara ta 2007, sun_rasu akan titin_bauchi kan titin_aza_re<ref>https://africanmoviestar.com/2009/accidental-deaths-in-kannywood/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin_ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723183524/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/f190a8bb7fc35f5f951021238d07de0d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_filato]] 5mttog3q3n7zlbvzdwj1wkm692dplcx 0 54067 875097 870255 2026-07-03T15:50:35Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350975218|Jeta Amata]]" 875097 wikitext text/x-wiki Jeta Amata Listenⓘ 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya, an haife ta ne a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, 1974, ga sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya Zack Amata . Ya fito ne daga dangin tsoffin masu shirya fina-finai ciki har da Ifoghale Amata, Zack Amata da Fred Amata . [1] Yayinda yake girma a masana'antar fina-finai, biyo bayan sha'awar iyalinsa ga fim, Jeta ya samar kuma ya ba da umarnin fim dinsa na farko Glamour Boyz yana da shekaru 21, ba tare da ya zama abin mamaki ba lokacin da ya fara tashi a duniyar fim da nishaɗi.[2] == Ilimi == Amata ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar jihar Benuwai|Jami'ar Jihar Benue]] da ke [[Makurdi]], [[Najeriya]] . == Ayyuka == Ayyukansa sun fara zuwa duniya lokacin da ya samar da fim din shirin ga [[BBC|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya]] (BBC) a cikin 2003, ta amfani da fim dinsa Game of Life a matsayin fim don shirin. Ya rike gabatarwa 53 da nasarori 10 don kyaututtuka na fim a Afirka, [[Turai]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai masu cin nasara da suka fito daga Yammacin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2018 |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Jeta Amata &#124; ★Stars★™★ ₳₽₽★ |url=https://www.stars.ng/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-jeta-amata/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111503/https://www.stars.ng/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-jeta-amata/ |archive-date=2018-06-22}}</ref> Michel Joseph Martelly, Shugaban kasar [[Haiti]], ya sanya Jeta Amata Jakadan Goodwill a Haiti. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeta Amata |url=https://www.colorado.edu/cwa/jeta-amata |access-date=21 November 2025 |website=Conference on World Affairs – University of Colorado Boulder}}</ref> Amata ya yi aiki tare da wanda ya lashe kyautar Kwalejin Kim Basinger, wanda aka zaba a kyautar Kwaleji Mickey Rourke, da kuma manyan tauraron kiɗa [[Akon]] da Wyclef Jean a fim din 2012 Black November . == Taƙaitaccen ayyukan == === 2004–11 === An fara gajeren fim din Amata The Alexa Affair a bikin fina-finai na Berlin na shekara ta 2004. Fim din Amata The Amazing Grace, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeta Amata {{!}} Director, Writer, Producer |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1922660/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ya lashe kyautar fina-finai mafi kyau a Yammacin Afirka a 2006 Screen Nations Awards UK, yana da girmamawa na kasancewa fim din Najeriya na farko da za a nuna a bikin fina-fukkuna na Cannes. Ba da daɗewa ba, za a san Jeta don fina-finai kamar ''Inale'' da Mary Slessor . === 2012-ya zuwa yanzu === Black November ya fara ne a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a lokacin Babban Taron a shekarar 2012 kuma an nuna shi a Cibiyar Kennedy da kuma Library of Congress a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Fim din ya yi wahayi zuwa ga daukar nauyin ƙuduri na jam'iyyun biyu a kan Neja Delta na Najeriya membobin 112th United States Congress, H.CON. RES.121. Amata yana da nuna shirye-shiryensa ''A cikin Delta'', game da halin da ake ciki na Neja Delta, wanda aka nuna a jami'o'i tara a Amurka ciki har da NYU, Jami'ar George Washington, UCLA da [[Cornell]]. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1996 |''[[Glamour Boys (film)|Yara masu ban sha'awa]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |1997 |''Babu Abinci ga Alloli'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2001 |''Mutanda'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |a |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Black Mamba'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |''Hawaye na mace'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" |2003 |''Ƙaunar da ba ta da iyaka'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |Love Entangle (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Kate Henshaw, Segun Arinze |- |Hadari Mai Hadari (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" |2004 |''Sarauniya'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Nkiru Sylvanus, Stella Damasus |- |''Sarauniya 2'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |Al'amarin Alexa (gajere) |Darakta, marubuci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo | |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |''Ruwan Canji'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Stella Damasus |- |''Rikicin Ƙarshe'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |''Wasan Ƙarshe'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Dakore Akande, Rita Dominic, Ini Edo, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2006 |''[[The Amazing Grace|Alheri Mai Kyau]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Joke Silva |- |2007 |''Wasan Rayuwa'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2008 |Mary Slessor (jerin talabijin) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2009 |''Sarauniya Amina'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2010 |''[[Inale]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Caroline Chikezie, Ini Edo |- |2012 |''[[Black November|Black Nuwamba]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2013 |''Sarkin Amurka'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2016 |''Hanyar Feto'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Viva Bianca, Akon, Margaret Avery, Zack Amata |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Verona International African Film Festival, Mafi Kyawun Fim, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Verona International African Film Festival, Kyautar Masu sauraro, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Monaco, Fim mafi Nishaɗi, ''Inale'', 2011 * Bikin Nollywood na Copenhagen, Fim mafi kyau, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Black na Amurka (ABFF), Darakta Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Baƙar fata na Amurka (ABFF), Hoton Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Black na Amurka (ABFF), Mafi kyawun Fim, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya, Fim mafi kyau, ''Inale'', 2011 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Fim mafi kyau na Najeriya (wanda aka zaba), ''Inale'', 2011 * NFVSB Awards Najeriya, Fim mafi kyau, ''Inale'', 2010 * Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja, Kyautar Masu sauraro, Mary Slessor, 2009 * Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja, Mafi Kyawun Short, Mary Slessor, 2009 * SIMA AWARDS, Darakta Mafi Kyawu, The Amazing Grace, 2008 * Kyautar Kasashen Fim, Mafi Kyawun Fim na Yammacin Afirka, The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Najeriya NMA, Darakta Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Najeriya NMA, Hoton Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Najeriya NMA, Mafi kyawun Cinematography, The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Darakta Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2006 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Mafi kyawun Cinematography, The Amazing Grace, 2006 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Hoton Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2006 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Mafi Kyawun Fim (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2006 == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 2001 a wani sauraro a Calabar ya sadu da [[Mbong Amata]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mbong Amata |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2297741/ |access-date=2017-12-20 |website=IMDb}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka, lokacin da take da shekaru 18, sun fara soyayya. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 2008 kuma an haifi 'yarsu Veno daga baya a wannan shekarar. A shekara ta 2013 sun rabu kuma a shekara ta 2014 sun sake aure. Amata a halin yanzu yana cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Vanessa Teemsma, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin samarwa a fina-finai, gami da Black November . Amata da Teemsma sun yi maraba da ɗa a cikin 2019, mai suna Kessiena Donald Amata, sunan tsakiya ya kasance bayan mahaifin Teemsma. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * Category:Fim din da Jeta Amata ta shirya == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.theguardian.com TheGuardian.com]/film/2012/feb/01/jeta-amata-nollywood-s-gift-to-hollywood" id="mwAWY" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Jeta Amata: Kyautar Nollywood ga Hollywood daga TheGuardian.com * [http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/international/2013/03/22/african-voices-jeta-amata-filmmaker-a.cnn.html Muryoyin Afirka: Jeta Amata-Mai yin fim] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Furodusa]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gl85bw8ann4b5b27hidiehci3nueuv8 875098 875097 2026-07-03T15:52:22Z Hamza DK 12444 875098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Jeta Amata Listenⓘ 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya, an haife ta ne a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, 1974, ga sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya Zack Amata . Ya fito ne daga dangin tsoffin masu shirya fina-finai ciki har da Ifoghale Amata, Zack Amata da Fred Amata . [1] Yayinda yake girma a masana'antar fina-finai, biyo bayan sha'awar iyalinsa ga fim, Jeta ya samar kuma ya ba da umarnin fim dinsa na farko Glamour Boyz yana da shekaru 21, ba tare da ya zama abin mamaki ba lokacin da ya fara tashi a duniyar fim da nishaɗi.[2] == Ilimi == Amata ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar jihar Benuwai|Jami'ar Jihar Benue]] da ke [[Makurdi]], [[Najeriya]] . == Ayyuka == Ayyukansa sun fara zuwa duniya lokacin da ya samar da fim din shirin ga [[BBC|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya]] (BBC) a cikin 2003, ta amfani da fim dinsa Game of Life a matsayin fim don shirin. Ya rike gabatarwa 53 da nasarori 10 don kyaututtuka na fim a Afirka, [[Turai]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai masu cin nasara da suka fito daga Yammacin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2018 |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Jeta Amata &#124; ★Stars★™★ ₳₽₽★ |url=https://www.stars.ng/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-jeta-amata/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111503/https://www.stars.ng/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-jeta-amata/ |archive-date=2018-06-22}}</ref> Michel Joseph Martelly, Shugaban kasar [[Haiti]], ya sanya Jeta Amata Jakadan Goodwill a Haiti. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeta Amata |url=https://www.colorado.edu/cwa/jeta-amata |access-date=21 November 2025 |website=Conference on World Affairs – University of Colorado Boulder}}</ref> Amata ya yi aiki tare da wanda ya lashe kyautar Kwalejin Kim Basinger, wanda aka zaba a kyautar Kwaleji Mickey Rourke, da kuma manyan tauraron kiɗa [[Akon]] da Wyclef Jean a fim din 2012 Black November . == Taƙaitaccen ayyukan == === 2004–11 === An fara gajeren fim din Amata The Alexa Affair a bikin fina-finai na Berlin na shekara ta 2004. Fim din Amata The Amazing Grace, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeta Amata {{!}} Director, Writer, Producer |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1922660/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ya lashe kyautar fina-finai mafi kyau a Yammacin Afirka a 2006 Screen Nations Awards UK, yana da girmamawa na kasancewa fim din Najeriya na farko da za a nuna a bikin fina-fukkuna na Cannes. Ba da daɗewa ba, za a san Jeta don fina-finai kamar ''Inale'' da Mary Slessor . === 2012-ya zuwa yanzu === Black November ya fara ne a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a lokacin Babban Taron a shekarar 2012 kuma an nuna shi a Cibiyar Kennedy da kuma Library of Congress a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Fim din ya yi wahayi zuwa ga daukar nauyin ƙuduri na jam'iyyun biyu a kan Neja Delta na Najeriya membobin 112th United States Congress, H.CON. RES.121. Amata yana da nuna shirye-shiryensa ''A cikin Delta'', game da halin da ake ciki na Neja Delta, wanda aka nuna a jami'o'i tara a Amurka ciki har da NYU, Jami'ar George Washington, UCLA da [[Cornell]]. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1996 |''[[Glamour Boys (film)|Yara masu ban sha'awa]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |1997 |''Babu Abinci ga Alloli'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2001 |''Mutanda'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |a |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Black Mamba'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |''Hawaye na mace'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" |2003 |''Ƙaunar da ba ta da iyaka'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |Love Entangle (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Kate Henshaw, Segun Arinze |- |Hadari Mai Hadari (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" |2004 |''Sarauniya'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Nkiru Sylvanus, Stella Damasus |- |''Sarauniya 2'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |Al'amarin Alexa (gajere) |Darakta, marubuci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo | |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |''Ruwan Canji'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Stella Damasus |- |''Rikicin Ƙarshe'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |''Wasan Ƙarshe'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Dakore Akande, Rita Dominic, Ini Edo, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2006 |''[[The Amazing Grace|Alheri Mai Kyau]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Joke Silva |- |2007 |''Wasan Rayuwa'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2008 |Mary Slessor (jerin talabijin) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2009 |''Sarauniya Amina'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2010 |''[[Inale]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Caroline Chikezie, Ini Edo |- |2012 |''[[Black November|Black Nuwamba]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2013 |''Sarkin Amurka'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2016 |''Hanyar Feto'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Viva Bianca, Akon, Margaret Avery, Zack Amata |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Verona International African Film Festival, Mafi Kyawun Fim, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Verona International African Film Festival, Kyautar Masu sauraro, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Monaco, Fim mafi Nishaɗi, ''Inale'', 2011 * Bikin Nollywood na Copenhagen, Fim mafi kyau, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Black na Amurka (ABFF), Darakta Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Baƙar fata na Amurka (ABFF), Hoton Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Black na Amurka (ABFF), Mafi kyawun Fim, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya, Fim mafi kyau, ''Inale'', 2011 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Fim mafi kyau na Najeriya (wanda aka zaba), ''Inale'', 2011 * NFVSB Awards Najeriya, Fim mafi kyau, ''Inale'', 2010 * Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja, Kyautar Masu sauraro, Mary Slessor, 2009 * Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja, Mafi Kyawun Short, Mary Slessor, 2009 * SIMA AWARDS, Darakta Mafi Kyawu, The Amazing Grace, 2008 * Kyautar Kasashen Fim, Mafi Kyawun Fim na Yammacin Afirka, The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Najeriya NMA, Darakta Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Najeriya NMA, Hoton Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Najeriya NMA, Mafi kyawun Cinematography, The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Darakta Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2006 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Mafi kyawun Cinematography, The Amazing Grace, 2006 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Hoton Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2006 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Mafi Kyawun Fim (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2006 == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 2001 a wani sauraro a Calabar ya sadu da [[Mbong Amata]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mbong Amata |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2297741/ |access-date=2017-12-20 |website=IMDb}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka, lokacin da take da shekaru 18, sun fara soyayya. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 2008 kuma an haifi 'yarsu Veno daga baya a wannan shekarar. A shekara ta 2013 sun rabu kuma a shekara ta 2014 sun sake aure. Amata a halin yanzu yana cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Vanessa Teemsma, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin samarwa a fina-finai, gami da Black November . Amata da Teemsma sun yi maraba da ɗa a cikin 2019, mai suna Kessiena Donald Amata, sunan tsakiya ya kasance bayan mahaifin Teemsma. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * Category:Fim din da Jeta Amata ta shirya == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.theguardian.com TheGuardian.com]/film/2012/feb/01/jeta-amata-nollywood-s-gift-to-hollywood" id="mwAWY" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Jeta Amata: Kyautar Nollywood ga Hollywood daga TheGuardian.com * [http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/international/2013/03/22/african-voices-jeta-amata-filmmaker-a.cnn.html Muryoyin Afirka: Jeta Amata-Mai yin fim] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Furodusa]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cenxv6l5lp6hg1hz0yo3ewycil6zvah 875099 875098 2026-07-03T15:54:32Z Hamza DK 12444 875099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Jeta Amata Listenⓘ na fim ne Najeriya, an haife ta ne a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, 1974, ga sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya Zack Amata . Ya fito ne daga dangin tsoffin masu shirya fina-finai ciki har da Ifoghale Amata, Zack Amata da Fred Amata . [1] Yayinda yake girma a masana'antar fina-finai, biyo bayan sha'awar iyalinsa ga fim, Jeta ya samar kuma ya ba da umarnin fim dinsa na farko Glamour Boyz yana da shekaru 21, ba tare da ya zama abin mamaki ba lokacin da ya fara tashi a duniyar fim da nishaɗi.[2] == Ilimi == Amata ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar jihar Benuwai|Jami'ar Jihar Benue]] da ke [[Makurdi]], [[Najeriya]] . == Ayyuka == Ayyukansa sun fara zuwa duniya lokacin da ya samar da fim din shirin ga [[BBC|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya]] (BBC) a cikin 2003, ta amfani da fim dinsa Game of Life a matsayin fim don shirin. Ya rike gabatarwa 53 da nasarori 10 don kyaututtuka na fim a Afirka, [[Turai]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai masu cin nasara da suka fito daga Yammacin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2018 |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Jeta Amata &#124; ★Stars★™★ ₳₽₽★ |url=https://www.stars.ng/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-jeta-amata/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111503/https://www.stars.ng/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-jeta-amata/ |archive-date=2018-06-22}}</ref> Michel Joseph Martelly, Shugaban kasar [[Haiti]], ya sanya Jeta Amata Jakadan Goodwill a Haiti. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeta Amata |url=https://www.colorado.edu/cwa/jeta-amata |access-date=21 November 2025 |website=Conference on World Affairs – University of Colorado Boulder}}</ref> Amata ya yi aiki tare da wanda ya lashe kyautar Kwalejin Kim Basinger, wanda aka zaba a kyautar Kwaleji Mickey Rourke, da kuma manyan tauraron kiɗa [[Akon]] da Wyclef Jean a fim din 2012 Black November . == Taƙaitaccen ayyukan == === 2004–11 === An fara gajeren fim din Amata The Alexa Affair a bikin fina-finai na Berlin na shekara ta 2004. Fim din Amata The Amazing Grace, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeta Amata {{!}} Director, Writer, Producer |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1922660/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ya lashe kyautar fina-finai mafi kyau a Yammacin Afirka a 2006 Screen Nations Awards UK, yana da girmamawa na kasancewa fim din Najeriya na farko da za a nuna a bikin fina-fukkuna na Cannes. Ba da daɗewa ba, za a san Jeta don fina-finai kamar ''Inale'' da Mary Slessor . === 2012-ya zuwa yanzu === Black November ya fara ne a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a lokacin Babban Taron a shekarar 2012 kuma an nuna shi a Cibiyar Kennedy da kuma Library of Congress a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Fim din ya yi wahayi zuwa ga daukar nauyin ƙuduri na jam'iyyun biyu a kan Neja Delta na Najeriya membobin 112th United States Congress, H.CON. RES.121. Amata yana da nuna shirye-shiryensa ''A cikin Delta'', game da halin da ake ciki na Neja Delta, wanda aka nuna a jami'o'i tara a Amurka ciki har da NYU, Jami'ar George Washington, UCLA da [[Cornell]]. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1996 |''[[Glamour Boys (film)|Yara masu ban sha'awa]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |1997 |''Babu Abinci ga Alloli'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2001 |''Mutanda'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |a |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Black Mamba'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |''Hawaye na mace'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" |2003 |''Ƙaunar da ba ta da iyaka'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |Love Entangle (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Kate Henshaw, Segun Arinze |- |Hadari Mai Hadari (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" |2004 |''Sarauniya'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Nkiru Sylvanus, Stella Damasus |- |''Sarauniya 2'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |Al'amarin Alexa (gajere) |Darakta, marubuci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo | |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |''Ruwan Canji'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Stella Damasus |- |''Rikicin Ƙarshe'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |''Wasan Ƙarshe'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Dakore Akande, Rita Dominic, Ini Edo, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2006 |''[[The Amazing Grace|Alheri Mai Kyau]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Joke Silva |- |2007 |''Wasan Rayuwa'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2008 |Mary Slessor (jerin talabijin) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2009 |''Sarauniya Amina'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2010 |''[[Inale]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Caroline Chikezie, Ini Edo |- |2012 |''[[Black November|Black Nuwamba]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2013 |''Sarkin Amurka'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2016 |''Hanyar Feto'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Viva Bianca, Akon, Margaret Avery, Zack Amata |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Verona International African Film Festival, Mafi Kyawun Fim, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Verona International African Film Festival, Kyautar Masu sauraro, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Monaco, Fim mafi Nishaɗi, ''Inale'', 2011 * Bikin Nollywood na Copenhagen, Fim mafi kyau, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Black na Amurka (ABFF), Darakta Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Baƙar fata na Amurka (ABFF), Hoton Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Black na Amurka (ABFF), Mafi kyawun Fim, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya, Fim mafi kyau, ''Inale'', 2011 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Fim mafi kyau na Najeriya (wanda aka zaba), ''Inale'', 2011 * NFVSB Awards Najeriya, Fim mafi kyau, ''Inale'', 2010 * Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja, Kyautar Masu sauraro, Mary Slessor, 2009 * Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja, Mafi Kyawun Short, Mary Slessor, 2009 * SIMA AWARDS, Darakta Mafi Kyawu, The Amazing Grace, 2008 * Kyautar Kasashen Fim, Mafi Kyawun Fim na Yammacin Afirka, The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Najeriya NMA, Darakta Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Najeriya NMA, Hoton Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Najeriya NMA, Mafi kyawun Cinematography, The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Darakta Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2006 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Mafi kyawun Cinematography, The Amazing Grace, 2006 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Hoton Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2006 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Mafi Kyawun Fim (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2006 == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 2001 a wani sauraro a Calabar ya sadu da [[Mbong Amata]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mbong Amata |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2297741/ |access-date=2017-12-20 |website=IMDb}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka, lokacin da take da shekaru 18, sun fara soyayya. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 2008 kuma an haifi 'yarsu Veno daga baya a wannan shekarar. A shekara ta 2013 sun rabu kuma a shekara ta 2014 sun sake aure. Amata a halin yanzu yana cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Vanessa Teemsma, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin samarwa a fina-finai, gami da Black November . Amata da Teemsma sun yi maraba da ɗa a cikin 2019, mai suna Kessiena Donald Amata, sunan tsakiya ya kasance bayan mahaifin Teemsma. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * Category:Fim din da Jeta Amata ta shirya == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.theguardian.com TheGuardian.com]/film/2012/feb/01/jeta-amata-nollywood-s-gift-to-hollywood" id="mwAWY" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Jeta Amata: Kyautar Nollywood ga Hollywood daga TheGuardian.com * [http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/international/2013/03/22/african-voices-jeta-amata-filmmaker-a.cnn.html Muryoyin Afirka: Jeta Amata-Mai yin fim] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Furodusa]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e0k6j5x0b3iwlfds11w5k3qggryqy0r 875100 875099 2026-07-03T15:55:28Z Hamza DK 12444 875100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Jeta Amata Listenⓘ dan fim ne Najeriya, an haife ta ne a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, 1974, ga sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya Zack Amata . Ya fito ne daga dangin tsoffin masu shirya fina-finai ciki har da Ifoghale Amata, Zack Amata da Fred Amata . [1] Yayinda yake girma a masana'antar fina-finai, biyo bayan sha'awar iyalinsa ga fim, Jeta ya samar kuma ya ba da umarnin fim dinsa na farko Glamour Boyz yana da shekaru 21, ba tare da ya zama abin mamaki ba lokacin da ya fara tashi a duniyar fim da nishaɗi.[2] == Ilimi == Amata ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar jihar Benuwai|Jami'ar Jihar Benue]] da ke [[Makurdi]], [[Najeriya]] . == Ayyuka == Ayyukansa sun fara zuwa duniya lokacin da ya samar da fim din shirin ga [[BBC|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya]] (BBC) a cikin 2003, ta amfani da fim dinsa Game of Life a matsayin fim don shirin. Ya rike gabatarwa 53 da nasarori 10 don kyaututtuka na fim a Afirka, [[Turai]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai masu cin nasara da suka fito daga Yammacin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2018 |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Jeta Amata &#124; ★Stars★™★ ₳₽₽★ |url=https://www.stars.ng/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-jeta-amata/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111503/https://www.stars.ng/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-jeta-amata/ |archive-date=2018-06-22}}</ref> Michel Joseph Martelly, Shugaban kasar [[Haiti]], ya sanya Jeta Amata Jakadan Goodwill a Haiti. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeta Amata |url=https://www.colorado.edu/cwa/jeta-amata |access-date=21 November 2025 |website=Conference on World Affairs – University of Colorado Boulder}}</ref> Amata ya yi aiki tare da wanda ya lashe kyautar Kwalejin Kim Basinger, wanda aka zaba a kyautar Kwaleji Mickey Rourke, da kuma manyan tauraron kiɗa [[Akon]] da Wyclef Jean a fim din 2012 Black November . == Taƙaitaccen ayyukan == === 2004–11 === An fara gajeren fim din Amata The Alexa Affair a bikin fina-finai na Berlin na shekara ta 2004. Fim din Amata The Amazing Grace, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeta Amata {{!}} Director, Writer, Producer |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1922660/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ya lashe kyautar fina-finai mafi kyau a Yammacin Afirka a 2006 Screen Nations Awards UK, yana da girmamawa na kasancewa fim din Najeriya na farko da za a nuna a bikin fina-fukkuna na Cannes. Ba da daɗewa ba, za a san Jeta don fina-finai kamar ''Inale'' da Mary Slessor . === 2012-ya zuwa yanzu === Black November ya fara ne a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a lokacin Babban Taron a shekarar 2012 kuma an nuna shi a Cibiyar Kennedy da kuma Library of Congress a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Fim din ya yi wahayi zuwa ga daukar nauyin ƙuduri na jam'iyyun biyu a kan Neja Delta na Najeriya membobin 112th United States Congress, H.CON. RES.121. Amata yana da nuna shirye-shiryensa ''A cikin Delta'', game da halin da ake ciki na Neja Delta, wanda aka nuna a jami'o'i tara a Amurka ciki har da NYU, Jami'ar George Washington, UCLA da [[Cornell]]. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1996 |''[[Glamour Boys (film)|Yara masu ban sha'awa]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |1997 |''Babu Abinci ga Alloli'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2001 |''Mutanda'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |a |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Black Mamba'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |''Hawaye na mace'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" |2003 |''Ƙaunar da ba ta da iyaka'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |Love Entangle (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Kate Henshaw, Segun Arinze |- |Hadari Mai Hadari (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" |2004 |''Sarauniya'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Nkiru Sylvanus, Stella Damasus |- |''Sarauniya 2'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |Al'amarin Alexa (gajere) |Darakta, marubuci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo | |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |''Ruwan Canji'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Stella Damasus |- |''Rikicin Ƙarshe'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |''Wasan Ƙarshe'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Dakore Akande, Rita Dominic, Ini Edo, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2006 |''[[The Amazing Grace|Alheri Mai Kyau]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Joke Silva |- |2007 |''Wasan Rayuwa'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2008 |Mary Slessor (jerin talabijin) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2009 |''Sarauniya Amina'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2010 |''[[Inale]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Caroline Chikezie, Ini Edo |- |2012 |''[[Black November|Black Nuwamba]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2013 |''Sarkin Amurka'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2016 |''Hanyar Feto'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Viva Bianca, Akon, Margaret Avery, Zack Amata |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Verona International African Film Festival, Mafi Kyawun Fim, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Verona International African Film Festival, Kyautar Masu sauraro, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Monaco, Fim mafi Nishaɗi, ''Inale'', 2011 * Bikin Nollywood na Copenhagen, Fim mafi kyau, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Black na Amurka (ABFF), Darakta Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Baƙar fata na Amurka (ABFF), Hoton Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Black na Amurka (ABFF), Mafi kyawun Fim, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya, Fim mafi kyau, ''Inale'', 2011 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Fim mafi kyau na Najeriya (wanda aka zaba), ''Inale'', 2011 * NFVSB Awards Najeriya, Fim mafi kyau, ''Inale'', 2010 * Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja, Kyautar Masu sauraro, Mary Slessor, 2009 * Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja, Mafi Kyawun Short, Mary Slessor, 2009 * SIMA AWARDS, Darakta Mafi Kyawu, The Amazing Grace, 2008 * Kyautar Kasashen Fim, Mafi Kyawun Fim na Yammacin Afirka, The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Najeriya NMA, Darakta Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Najeriya NMA, Hoton Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Najeriya NMA, Mafi kyawun Cinematography, The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Darakta Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2006 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Mafi kyawun Cinematography, The Amazing Grace, 2006 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Hoton Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2006 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Mafi Kyawun Fim (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2006 == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 2001 a wani sauraro a Calabar ya sadu da [[Mbong Amata]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mbong Amata |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2297741/ |access-date=2017-12-20 |website=IMDb}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka, lokacin da take da shekaru 18, sun fara soyayya. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 2008 kuma an haifi 'yarsu Veno daga baya a wannan shekarar. A shekara ta 2013 sun rabu kuma a shekara ta 2014 sun sake aure. Amata a halin yanzu yana cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Vanessa Teemsma, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin samarwa a fina-finai, gami da Black November . Amata da Teemsma sun yi maraba da ɗa a cikin 2019, mai suna Kessiena Donald Amata, sunan tsakiya ya kasance bayan mahaifin Teemsma. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * Category:Fim din da Jeta Amata ta shirya == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.theguardian.com TheGuardian.com]/film/2012/feb/01/jeta-amata-nollywood-s-gift-to-hollywood" id="mwAWY" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Jeta Amata: Kyautar Nollywood ga Hollywood daga TheGuardian.com * [http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/international/2013/03/22/african-voices-jeta-amata-filmmaker-a.cnn.html Muryoyin Afirka: Jeta Amata-Mai yin fim] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Furodusa]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mhttw227k8yfqwt3bw3nhlvnozpyrje 875103 875100 2026-07-03T15:56:13Z Hamza DK 12444 875103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Jeta Amata Listenⓘ dan fim ne na Najeriya, an haife shi ne a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, 1974, ga sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya Zack Amata . Ya fito ne daga dangin tsoffin masu shirya fina-finai ciki har da Ifoghale Amata, Zack Amata da Fred Amata . [1] Yayinda yake girma a masana'antar fina-finai, biyo bayan sha'awar iyalinsa ga fim, Jeta ya samar kuma ya ba da umarnin fim dinsa na farko Glamour Boyz yana da shekaru 21, ba tare da ya zama abin mamaki ba lokacin da ya fara tashi a duniyar fim da nishaɗi.[2] == Ilimi == Amata ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar jihar Benuwai|Jami'ar Jihar Benue]] da ke [[Makurdi]], [[Najeriya]] . == Ayyuka == Ayyukansa sun fara zuwa duniya lokacin da ya samar da fim din shirin ga [[BBC|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya]] (BBC) a cikin 2003, ta amfani da fim dinsa Game of Life a matsayin fim don shirin. Ya rike gabatarwa 53 da nasarori 10 don kyaututtuka na fim a Afirka, [[Turai]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai masu cin nasara da suka fito daga Yammacin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2018 |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Jeta Amata &#124; ★Stars★™★ ₳₽₽★ |url=https://www.stars.ng/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-jeta-amata/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111503/https://www.stars.ng/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-jeta-amata/ |archive-date=2018-06-22}}</ref> Michel Joseph Martelly, Shugaban kasar [[Haiti]], ya sanya Jeta Amata Jakadan Goodwill a Haiti. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeta Amata |url=https://www.colorado.edu/cwa/jeta-amata |access-date=21 November 2025 |website=Conference on World Affairs – University of Colorado Boulder}}</ref> Amata ya yi aiki tare da wanda ya lashe kyautar Kwalejin Kim Basinger, wanda aka zaba a kyautar Kwaleji Mickey Rourke, da kuma manyan tauraron kiɗa [[Akon]] da Wyclef Jean a fim din 2012 Black November . == Taƙaitaccen ayyukan == === 2004–11 === An fara gajeren fim din Amata The Alexa Affair a bikin fina-finai na Berlin na shekara ta 2004. Fim din Amata The Amazing Grace, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeta Amata {{!}} Director, Writer, Producer |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1922660/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ya lashe kyautar fina-finai mafi kyau a Yammacin Afirka a 2006 Screen Nations Awards UK, yana da girmamawa na kasancewa fim din Najeriya na farko da za a nuna a bikin fina-fukkuna na Cannes. Ba da daɗewa ba, za a san Jeta don fina-finai kamar ''Inale'' da Mary Slessor . === 2012-ya zuwa yanzu === Black November ya fara ne a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a lokacin Babban Taron a shekarar 2012 kuma an nuna shi a Cibiyar Kennedy da kuma Library of Congress a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Fim din ya yi wahayi zuwa ga daukar nauyin ƙuduri na jam'iyyun biyu a kan Neja Delta na Najeriya membobin 112th United States Congress, H.CON. RES.121. Amata yana da nuna shirye-shiryensa ''A cikin Delta'', game da halin da ake ciki na Neja Delta, wanda aka nuna a jami'o'i tara a Amurka ciki har da NYU, Jami'ar George Washington, UCLA da [[Cornell]]. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1996 |''[[Glamour Boys (film)|Yara masu ban sha'awa]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |1997 |''Babu Abinci ga Alloli'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2001 |''Mutanda'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |a |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Black Mamba'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |''Hawaye na mace'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" |2003 |''Ƙaunar da ba ta da iyaka'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |Love Entangle (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Kate Henshaw, Segun Arinze |- |Hadari Mai Hadari (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" |2004 |''Sarauniya'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Nkiru Sylvanus, Stella Damasus |- |''Sarauniya 2'' (bidiyo) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |Al'amarin Alexa (gajere) |Darakta, marubuci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo | |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |''Ruwan Canji'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Stella Damasus |- |''Rikicin Ƙarshe'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |''Wasan Ƙarshe'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Dakore Akande, Rita Dominic, Ini Edo, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2006 |''[[The Amazing Grace|Alheri Mai Kyau]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Joke Silva |- |2007 |''Wasan Rayuwa'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2008 |Mary Slessor (jerin talabijin) |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2009 |''Sarauniya Amina'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2010 |''[[Inale]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Caroline Chikezie, Ini Edo |- |2012 |''[[Black November|Black Nuwamba]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Mbong Amata, Enyinna Nwigwe |- |2013 |''Sarkin Amurka'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa | |- |2016 |''Hanyar Feto'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |mai gabatarwa: Viva Bianca, Akon, Margaret Avery, Zack Amata |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Verona International African Film Festival, Mafi Kyawun Fim, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Verona International African Film Festival, Kyautar Masu sauraro, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Monaco, Fim mafi Nishaɗi, ''Inale'', 2011 * Bikin Nollywood na Copenhagen, Fim mafi kyau, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Black na Amurka (ABFF), Darakta Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Baƙar fata na Amurka (ABFF), Hoton Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Bikin Fim na Black na Amurka (ABFF), Mafi kyawun Fim, ''Black Nuwamba'', 2011 * Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya, Fim mafi kyau, ''Inale'', 2011 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Fim mafi kyau na Najeriya (wanda aka zaba), ''Inale'', 2011 * NFVSB Awards Najeriya, Fim mafi kyau, ''Inale'', 2010 * Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja, Kyautar Masu sauraro, Mary Slessor, 2009 * Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Abuja, Mafi Kyawun Short, Mary Slessor, 2009 * SIMA AWARDS, Darakta Mafi Kyawu, The Amazing Grace, 2008 * Kyautar Kasashen Fim, Mafi Kyawun Fim na Yammacin Afirka, The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Najeriya NMA, Darakta Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Najeriya NMA, Hoton Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Najeriya NMA, Mafi kyawun Cinematography, The Amazing Grace, 2007 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Darakta Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2006 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Mafi kyawun Cinematography, The Amazing Grace, 2006 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Hoton Mafi Kyawu (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2006 * Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Afirka AAMA, Mafi Kyawun Fim (wanda aka zaba), The Amazing Grace, 2006 == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 2001 a wani sauraro a Calabar ya sadu da [[Mbong Amata]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mbong Amata |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2297741/ |access-date=2017-12-20 |website=IMDb}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka, lokacin da take da shekaru 18, sun fara soyayya. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 2008 kuma an haifi 'yarsu Veno daga baya a wannan shekarar. A shekara ta 2013 sun rabu kuma a shekara ta 2014 sun sake aure. Amata a halin yanzu yana cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Vanessa Teemsma, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin samarwa a fina-finai, gami da Black November . Amata da Teemsma sun yi maraba da ɗa a cikin 2019, mai suna Kessiena Donald Amata, sunan tsakiya ya kasance bayan mahaifin Teemsma. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * Category:Fim din da Jeta Amata ta shirya == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.theguardian.com TheGuardian.com]/film/2012/feb/01/jeta-amata-nollywood-s-gift-to-hollywood" id="mwAWY" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Jeta Amata: Kyautar Nollywood ga Hollywood daga TheGuardian.com * [http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/international/2013/03/22/african-voices-jeta-amata-filmmaker-a.cnn.html Muryoyin Afirka: Jeta Amata-Mai yin fim] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Furodusa]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kexnb8nuov1sit5x1mh5xjmc6je4kc8 0 54076 875213 815547 2026-07-03T17:21:35Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347098202|James Amuta]]" 875213 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''James Amuta''' (an haife shi 12 ga Afrilu) shi ne Mai shirya fim-finai na Najeriya, darektan, mai daukar hoto na sama kuma mai tallatawa wanda aka haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . An fi saninsa da fim dinsa na Nightfall in Lagos wanda aka zaba don fim mafi kyau a shekarar 2018 ta hanyar [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2018: Femi Adebayo, James Amuta others make nomination list |url=https://gistmaster82.rssing.com/chan-13405013/article169.html |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=gistmaster82.rssing.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-094447979.html |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=www.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref>. Amuta ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa na fim din Netflix na asali mai suna Oloture, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-094447979.html |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=www.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma a matsayin mai samar da fim din da ya ci nasara a kasuwanci Your Excellency . Shi ne marubuci kuma darektan ''BiCuriosity'' wanda [[Vail Film Festival|Cibiyar Fim ta Colorado]] ta sanya shi a matsayin dan wasan karshe. Amuta ya rubuta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a kan Collision Course wanda aka zaba a matsayin [[Africa International Film Festival|AFRIFF]] 2021 Closing Film, kuma an zabi shi don kyaututtuka huɗu a 2021 Africa Movie Academy Award, inda ya lashe kyaututtaka biyu, gami da Kyautar Nasarar a Screenplay. Amuta ta hada kai da Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman, fim din Netflix na Wole Soyinka's Death and the Kings Horseman . [1][2] Amuta kuma mawaki ne kuma yana da littafin da aka buga Enigma: Beyond the Poet . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Ranar dare a Legas'' |Darakta / Mai gabatarwa | |- |''Wurukum Roundabout'' | rowspan="2" |Mai daukar hoto | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''[[The Bling Lagosians|Bling Lagosians]]'' | |- |''[[Your Excellency (fim)|Mai Girma]]'' | rowspan="2" |Mai gabatarwa |<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2019-12-09 |title=Funke Akindele-Bello, Mo Abudu & Akin Lewis dazzle as Ebonylife Films Premieres "Your Excellency" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/12/premiere-your-excellency/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2020 |[[Òlóturé|''Rashin ƙanshi'']] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/cna-lifestyle/new-african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-stereotypes-189011 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Hanyar haɗuwa'' |Marubuci / Mai gabatarwa | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''Nasara ko Rashin'' |Mai gabatarwa / Daraktan | |- |''Mutumin Allah'' | rowspan="2" |Mai gabatarwa | |- |''Elesin Oba, Mai Hawan Sarki'' | |- |2023 |''Amfanin gona baƙi'' |Marubuci / Darakta / Mai gabatarwa / Mai ɗaukar fina-finai | |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |''Lokacin da Dabbobin suka Fito'' |Babban furodusa / Daraktan | rowspan="2" |Gajeren fim |- |''Ba tare da Biya ba'' |Daraktan |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon |- |2018 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Ranar dare a Legas''|{{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-09-04|title=#AMVCA2018: Ali Nuhu wins, dedicates award to cast|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/282426-amvca2018-ali-nuhu-wins-dedicates-award-to-cast.html|access-date=2021-08-11|language=en-GB|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> |- |2021 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Fim |''Hanyar haɗuwa''|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-09-04|title=#AMVCA2018: Ali Nuhu wins, dedicates award to cast|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/282426-amvca2018-ali-nuhu-wins-dedicates-award-to-cast.html|access-date=2021-08-11|language=en-GB|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Fim mafi kyau |''Mutumin Allah''|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya |''Mutumin Allah''|{{Won}} |- |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2022 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka |''Hanyar haɗuwa''| {{Won}} <ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2022 |title=AMVCA 2022 winners: Full list of Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award winners |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-61452928}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] aa4skagbflmmfqd1tt13c7n4wwk2ju8 875215 875213 2026-07-03T17:22:26Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 875215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Amuta''' (an haife shi 12 ga Afrilu) shi ne Mai shirya fim-finai na Najeriya, darektan, mai daukar hoto na sama kuma mai tallatawa wanda aka haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . An fi saninsa da fim dinsa na Nightfall in Lagos wanda aka zaba don fim mafi kyau a shekarar 2018 ta hanyar [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2018: Femi Adebayo, James Amuta others make nomination list |url=https://gistmaster82.rssing.com/chan-13405013/article169.html |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=gistmaster82.rssing.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-094447979.html |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=www.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref>. Amuta ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa na fim din Netflix na asali mai suna Oloture, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-094447979.html |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=www.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma a matsayin mai samar da fim din da ya ci nasara a kasuwanci Your Excellency . Shi ne marubuci kuma darektan ''BiCuriosity'' wanda [[Vail Film Festival|Cibiyar Fim ta Colorado]] ta sanya shi a matsayin dan wasan karshe. Amuta ya rubuta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a kan Collision Course wanda aka zaba a matsayin [[Africa International Film Festival|AFRIFF]] 2021 Closing Film, kuma an zabi shi don kyaututtuka huɗu a 2021 Africa Movie Academy Award, inda ya lashe kyaututtaka biyu, gami da Kyautar Nasarar a Screenplay. Amuta ta hada kai da Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman, fim din Netflix na Wole Soyinka's Death and the Kings Horseman . [1][2] Amuta kuma mawaki ne kuma yana da littafin da aka buga Enigma: Beyond the Poet . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Ranar dare a Legas'' |Darakta / Mai gabatarwa | |- |''Wurukum Roundabout'' | rowspan="2" |Mai daukar hoto | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''[[The Bling Lagosians|Bling Lagosians]]'' | |- |''[[Your Excellency (fim)|Mai Girma]]'' | rowspan="2" |Mai gabatarwa |<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2019-12-09 |title=Funke Akindele-Bello, Mo Abudu & Akin Lewis dazzle as Ebonylife Films Premieres "Your Excellency" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/12/premiere-your-excellency/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2020 |[[Òlóturé|''Rashin ƙanshi'']] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/cna-lifestyle/new-african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-stereotypes-189011 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Hanyar haɗuwa'' |Marubuci / Mai gabatarwa | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''Nasara ko Rashin'' |Mai gabatarwa / Daraktan | |- |''Mutumin Allah'' | rowspan="2" |Mai gabatarwa | |- |''Elesin Oba, Mai Hawan Sarki'' | |- |2023 |''Amfanin gona baƙi'' |Marubuci / Darakta / Mai gabatarwa / Mai ɗaukar fina-finai | |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |''Lokacin da Dabbobin suka Fito'' |Babban furodusa / Daraktan | rowspan="2" |Gajeren fim |- |''Ba tare da Biya ba'' |Daraktan |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon |- |2018 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Ranar dare a Legas''|{{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-09-04|title=#AMVCA2018: Ali Nuhu wins, dedicates award to cast|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/282426-amvca2018-ali-nuhu-wins-dedicates-award-to-cast.html|access-date=2021-08-11|language=en-GB|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> |- |2021 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Fim |''Hanyar haɗuwa''|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-09-04|title=#AMVCA2018: Ali Nuhu wins, dedicates award to cast|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/282426-amvca2018-ali-nuhu-wins-dedicates-award-to-cast.html|access-date=2021-08-11|language=en-GB|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Fim mafi kyau |''Mutumin Allah''|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya |''Mutumin Allah''|{{Won}} |- |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2022 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka |''Hanyar haɗuwa''| {{Won}} <ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2022 |title=AMVCA 2022 winners: Full list of Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award winners |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-61452928}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 805gf7epkozv2yp5dwumk3qqiqnlkrx 875231 875215 2026-07-03T18:07:40Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 875231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Amuta''' (an haife shi 12 ga Afrilu) shi ne Mai shirya fim-finai na Najeriya, darektan, mai daukar hoto na sama kuma mai tallatawa wanda aka haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . An fi saninsa da fim dinsa na Nightfall in Lagos wanda aka zaba don fim mafi kyau a shekarar 2018 ta hanyar [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]]. == Ayyuka == <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-094447979.html |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=www.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref>. Amuta ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa na fim din Netflix na asali mai suna Oloture, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-094447979.html |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=www.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma a matsayin mai samar da fim din da ya ci nasara a kasuwanci Your Excellency . Shi ne marubuci kuma darektan ''BiCuriosity'' wanda [[Vail Film Festival|Cibiyar Fim ta Colorado]] ta sanya shi a matsayin dan wasan karshe. Amuta ya rubuta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a kan Collision Course wanda aka zaba a matsayin [[Africa International Film Festival|AFRIFF]] 2021 Closing Film, kuma an zabi shi don kyaututtuka huɗu a 2021 Africa Movie Academy Award, inda ya lashe kyaututtaka biyu, gami da Kyautar Nasarar a Screenplay. Amuta ta hada kai da Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman, fim din Netflix na Wole Soyinka's Death and the Kings Horseman . [1][2] Amuta kuma mawaki ne kuma yana da littafin da aka buga Enigma: Beyond the Poet . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Ranar dare a Legas'' |Darakta / Mai gabatarwa | |- |''Wurukum Roundabout'' | rowspan="2" |Mai daukar hoto | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''[[The Bling Lagosians|Bling Lagosians]]'' | |- |''[[Your Excellency (fim)|Mai Girma]]'' | rowspan="2" |Mai gabatarwa |<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2019-12-09 |title=Funke Akindele-Bello, Mo Abudu & Akin Lewis dazzle as Ebonylife Films Premieres "Your Excellency" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/12/premiere-your-excellency/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2020 |[[Òlóturé|''Rashin ƙanshi'']] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/cna-lifestyle/new-african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-stereotypes-189011 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Hanyar haɗuwa'' |Marubuci / Mai gabatarwa | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''Nasara ko Rashin'' |Mai gabatarwa / Daraktan | |- |''Mutumin Allah'' | rowspan="2" |Mai gabatarwa | |- |''Elesin Oba, Mai Hawan Sarki'' | |- |2023 |''Amfanin gona baƙi'' |Marubuci / Darakta / Mai gabatarwa / Mai ɗaukar fina-finai | |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |''Lokacin da Dabbobin suka Fito'' |Babban furodusa / Daraktan | rowspan="2" |Gajeren fim |- |''Ba tare da Biya ba'' |Daraktan |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon |- |2018 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Ranar dare a Legas''|{{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-09-04|title=#AMVCA2018: Ali Nuhu wins, dedicates award to cast|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/282426-amvca2018-ali-nuhu-wins-dedicates-award-to-cast.html|access-date=2021-08-11|language=en-GB|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> |- |2021 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Fim |''Hanyar haɗuwa''|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-09-04|title=#AMVCA2018: Ali Nuhu wins, dedicates award to cast|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/282426-amvca2018-ali-nuhu-wins-dedicates-award-to-cast.html|access-date=2021-08-11|language=en-GB|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Fim mafi kyau |''Mutumin Allah''|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya |''Mutumin Allah''|{{Won}} |- |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2022 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka |''Hanyar haɗuwa''| {{Won}} <ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2022 |title=AMVCA 2022 winners: Full list of Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award winners |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-61452928}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] i8jzj47r36380ktjs1dmvwgdq88bb0o 0 54082 875112 345425 2026-07-03T16:05:45Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346728186|Peace Anyiam-Osigwe]]" 875112 wikitext text/x-wiki   Peace Anyiam-Osigwe Listenⓘ [[Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]] (a baya Peace Anyiam - Fiberesima; 30 Maris 1969 - 9 Janairu 2023) ya kasance mai shirya fina-finai da kuma mai kula da nishaɗi na Najeriya wanda ake kira "sarauniya ta fina-fukkunan [[Nollywood]]". Ita ce ta kafa bikin fim din da aka yaba a duniya, Africa Movie Academy Awards . ''[[The Guardian (Najeriya)|The Guardian]]'' ta rubuta cewa ta fara nuna fina-finai na Nollywood a bukukuwan fina-fukkuna na kasa da kasa. Ta ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa na farko na jin daɗin hip-hop, [[P-Square]] . <ref name="guardian" /> A shekara ta 2012, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Order of the Federal Republic saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga masana'antar nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo |first=Adeola |date=10 September 2012 |title=149 Nigerians to Receive Federal Government Award – Mike Adenuga, Teco Benson, Tony Elumelu, Sarah Sosan among Recipients |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2012/09/149-nigerians-to-receive-federal-government-award-mike-adenuga-teco-benson-tony-elumelu-sarah-sosan-among-recipients/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Full list of Nigerians shortlisted for National Honours |url=http://www.channelstv.com/2012/09/10/full-list-of-nigerians-shortlisted-for-national-honours/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |agency=[[Channels TV]]}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance abokiyar TED.<ref name="ted">{{Cite web |last=Herro |first=Alana |date=22 October 2010 |title=Fellows Friday with Peace Anyiam-Osigwe |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-peace-anyiam-osigwe/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=ted.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Anyiam-Osigwe a ranar 30 ga watan Maris.[1] Ta fito ne daga sanannen dangin Osigwe Anyiam-Osigwe a Nkwerre, Jihar Imo . Ita ce kawai yarinya a cikin iyali na yara takwas.[2] Tana da digiri a fannin shari'a da kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Oxford Brookes . == Ayyuka == === Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka === Anyiam-Osigwe ta kafa [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]], ƙungiyar da ke kula da [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|bikin fim]] ɗin tun shekara ta 2005. An yi la'akari da bikin bayar da kyautar a matsayin daya daga cikin kyaututtuka da aka fi sani da 'yan Afirka a cikin fim. A karo na 10, ta sauka a matsayin Shugaba na AMAAs. A shekara ta 2015, ta fara shirin AfricaOne don tunawa da 'yan Afirka a masana'antar nishaɗi. A cikin 2020, ta fito a matsayin Shugaban kasa na Ƙungiyar Masu Fim (AMP). Wannan ya sanya ta ta bakwai da ta rike wannan mukamin wanda ya gaji Mista Ralph Nwadike. Anyiam Osigwe shi ne mai gabatar da aikin fina-finai 100 da nufin inganta ingancin fina-fakkaatan da aka samar a Najeriya. A matsayinta na Shugaban kasa, ta yi aiki a kan gina karfin masu samar da fina-finai a kasar ta hanyar tarurruka da horo. === Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce === Anyiam-Osigwe marubucin rubuce-rubuce ne. Tana da littattafai uku da ta samu.<ref name="ted">{{Cite web |last=Herro |first=Alana |date=22 October 2010 |title=Fellows Friday with Peace Anyiam-Osigwe |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-peace-anyiam-osigwe/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=ted.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHerro2010">Herro, Alana (22 October 2010). [https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-peace-anyiam-osigwe/ "Fellows Friday with Peace Anyiam-Osigwe"]. ''ted.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> A wata hira da Alana Herro, ta bayyana waka a matsayin daya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a bayyana ra'ayinta da fahimtar abubuwan da ke kewaye da ita.<ref name="ted" /> Kafin ta shiga jami'a, ta wallafa mujallar, Clicks, musamman da aka rubuta don karɓar baƙar fata a Ingila. Ayyukanta suna mayar da hankali ne akan abubuwan da suka shafi bayar da shawarwari.<ref name="ted" /> === Daraktan talabijin da fim === Ayyukan Anyiam-Osigwe a talabijin ya fara ne da shirin tattaunawar ta, Piece off my mind, wanda ke mai da hankali kan martani na mutane ga batutuwan zamantakewa waɗanda ba a gani akai-akai a cikin manyan kafofin watsa labarai.<ref name="ted">{{Cite web |last=Herro |first=Alana |date=22 October 2010 |title=Fellows Friday with Peace Anyiam-Osigwe |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-peace-anyiam-osigwe/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=ted.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHerro2010">Herro, Alana (22 October 2010). [https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-peace-anyiam-osigwe/ "Fellows Friday with Peace Anyiam-Osigwe"]. ''ted.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Shirin jawabin ta ya ta'allaka ne akan batutuwan da suka shafi bayar da shawarwari ga mutane waɗanda al'umma yawanci ba da kulawa ko watsi da su.<ref name="ted" /> Ta ambaci tsarin rarrabe-rukuncen Afirka, fataucin yara da daidaito na mata a matsayin wuraren da take sha'awa a fim da talabijin.<ref name="ted" /> A farkon matakin duo na kiɗa, aikin [[P-Square]], Anyiam-Osigwe ne ke da alhakin sarrafa su.<ref name="ted" /> A shekara ta 2016, ta bayyana cewa tana wakiltar [[Somkele Iyamah]] . == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Ɗan'uwanta, Michael, wanda aka kashe a shekarar 2014 shi ne babban mai kula da Gidauniyar Osigwe Anyiam-Osigwe, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke ba da gudummawa ga al'ummar Najeriya. Ya kuma kasance darektan, Cibiyar Nazarin Jagora da Ci Gaban Afirka da kuma babban wakilin Malawi a Najeriya. Mahaifiyarta, Dorothy Chinyere Anyiam-Osigwe ta sami lambar yabo ta Order of the Niger daga shugaban kasar na lokacin, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] saboda ayyukanta na jin kai a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief (Mrs.) Dorothy Chinyere Anyiam-Osigwe (OON) |url=https://www.anyiam-osigwe.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135&Itemid=494 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923172147/https://www.anyiam-osigwe.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135&Itemid=494 |archive-date=23 September 2016 |access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref> Ta rabu da mijinta. Anyiam-Osigwe ya kasance a cikin coma tun daga 7 ga Janairun 2023, kuma ya mutu a asibitin St. Nicholas a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a ranar 9 ga Janairu, yana da shekaru 53. == Kyaututtuka == A cikin 2019, an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Firayim Ministan Fim na Afirka a bikin Fim na Afrika, TAFF . == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Furodusa]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cmsrd65z9bvltavkpsn6663n4dt2k8t 875113 875112 2026-07-03T16:06:28Z Hamza DK 12444 875113 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Peace Anyiam-Osigwe Listenⓘ [[Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]] (a baya Peace Anyiam - Fiberesima; 30 Maris 1969 - 9 Janairu 2023) ya kasance mai shirya fina-finai da kuma mai kula da nishaɗi na Najeriya wanda ake kira "sarauniya ta fina-fukkunan [[Nollywood]]". Ita ce ta kafa bikin fim din da aka yaba a duniya, Africa Movie Academy Awards . ''[[The Guardian (Najeriya)|The Guardian]]'' ta rubuta cewa ta fara nuna fina-finai na Nollywood a bukukuwan fina-fukkuna na kasa da kasa. Ta ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa na farko na jin daɗin hip-hop, [[P-Square]] . <ref name="guardian" /> A shekara ta 2012, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Order of the Federal Republic saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga masana'antar nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo |first=Adeola |date=10 September 2012 |title=149 Nigerians to Receive Federal Government Award – Mike Adenuga, Teco Benson, Tony Elumelu, Sarah Sosan among Recipients |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2012/09/149-nigerians-to-receive-federal-government-award-mike-adenuga-teco-benson-tony-elumelu-sarah-sosan-among-recipients/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Full list of Nigerians shortlisted for National Honours |url=http://www.channelstv.com/2012/09/10/full-list-of-nigerians-shortlisted-for-national-honours/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |agency=[[Channels TV]]}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance abokiyar TED.<ref name="ted">{{Cite web |last=Herro |first=Alana |date=22 October 2010 |title=Fellows Friday with Peace Anyiam-Osigwe |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-peace-anyiam-osigwe/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=ted.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Anyiam-Osigwe a ranar 30 ga watan Maris.[1] Ta fito ne daga sanannen dangin Osigwe Anyiam-Osigwe a Nkwerre, Jihar Imo . Ita ce kawai yarinya a cikin iyali na yara takwas.[2] Tana da digiri a fannin shari'a da kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Oxford Brookes . == Ayyuka == === Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka === Anyiam-Osigwe ta kafa [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]], ƙungiyar da ke kula da [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|bikin fim]] ɗin tun shekara ta 2005. An yi la'akari da bikin bayar da kyautar a matsayin daya daga cikin kyaututtuka da aka fi sani da 'yan Afirka a cikin fim. A karo na 10, ta sauka a matsayin Shugaba na AMAAs. A shekara ta 2015, ta fara shirin AfricaOne don tunawa da 'yan Afirka a masana'antar nishaɗi. A cikin 2020, ta fito a matsayin Shugaban kasa na Ƙungiyar Masu Fim (AMP). Wannan ya sanya ta ta bakwai da ta rike wannan mukamin wanda ya gaji Mista Ralph Nwadike. Anyiam Osigwe shi ne mai gabatar da aikin fina-finai 100 da nufin inganta ingancin fina-fakkaatan da aka samar a Najeriya. A matsayinta na Shugaban kasa, ta yi aiki a kan gina karfin masu samar da fina-finai a kasar ta hanyar tarurruka da horo. === Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce === Anyiam-Osigwe marubucin rubuce-rubuce ne. Tana da littattafai uku da ta samu.<ref name="ted">{{Cite web |last=Herro |first=Alana |date=22 October 2010 |title=Fellows Friday with Peace Anyiam-Osigwe |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-peace-anyiam-osigwe/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=ted.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHerro2010">Herro, Alana (22 October 2010). [https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-peace-anyiam-osigwe/ "Fellows Friday with Peace Anyiam-Osigwe"]. ''ted.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> A wata hira da Alana Herro, ta bayyana waka a matsayin daya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a bayyana ra'ayinta da fahimtar abubuwan da ke kewaye da ita.<ref name="ted" /> Kafin ta shiga jami'a, ta wallafa mujallar, Clicks, musamman da aka rubuta don karɓar baƙar fata a Ingila. Ayyukanta suna mayar da hankali ne akan abubuwan da suka shafi bayar da shawarwari.<ref name="ted" /> === Daraktan talabijin da fim === Ayyukan Anyiam-Osigwe a talabijin ya fara ne da shirin tattaunawar ta, Piece off my mind, wanda ke mai da hankali kan martani na mutane ga batutuwan zamantakewa waɗanda ba a gani akai-akai a cikin manyan kafofin watsa labarai.<ref name="ted">{{Cite web |last=Herro |first=Alana |date=22 October 2010 |title=Fellows Friday with Peace Anyiam-Osigwe |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-peace-anyiam-osigwe/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=ted.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHerro2010">Herro, Alana (22 October 2010). [https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-peace-anyiam-osigwe/ "Fellows Friday with Peace Anyiam-Osigwe"]. ''ted.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Shirin jawabin ta ya ta'allaka ne akan batutuwan da suka shafi bayar da shawarwari ga mutane waɗanda al'umma yawanci ba da kulawa ko watsi da su.<ref name="ted" /> Ta ambaci tsarin rarrabe-rukuncen Afirka, fataucin yara da daidaito na mata a matsayin wuraren da take sha'awa a fim da talabijin.<ref name="ted" /> A farkon matakin duo na kiɗa, aikin [[P-Square]], Anyiam-Osigwe ne ke da alhakin sarrafa su.<ref name="ted" /> A shekara ta 2016, ta bayyana cewa tana wakiltar [[Somkele Iyamah]] . == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Ɗan'uwanta, Michael, wanda aka kashe a shekarar 2014 shi ne babban mai kula da Gidauniyar Osigwe Anyiam-Osigwe, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke ba da gudummawa ga al'ummar Najeriya. Ya kuma kasance darektan, Cibiyar Nazarin Jagora da Ci Gaban Afirka da kuma babban wakilin Malawi a Najeriya. Mahaifiyarta, Dorothy Chinyere Anyiam-Osigwe ta sami lambar yabo ta Order of the Niger daga shugaban kasar na lokacin, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] saboda ayyukanta na jin kai a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief (Mrs.) Dorothy Chinyere Anyiam-Osigwe (OON) |url=https://www.anyiam-osigwe.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135&Itemid=494 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923172147/https://www.anyiam-osigwe.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135&Itemid=494 |archive-date=23 September 2016 |access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref> Ta rabu da mijinta. Anyiam-Osigwe ya kasance a cikin coma tun daga 7 ga Janairun 2023, kuma ya mutu a asibitin St. Nicholas a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a ranar 9 ga Janairu, yana da shekaru 53. == Kyaututtuka == A cikin 2019, an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Firayim Ministan Fim na Afirka a bikin Fim na Afrika, TAFF . == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Furodusa]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g2sswkom2i3lw5ehuoidye7u8c5l5az 875115 875113 2026-07-03T16:08:42Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Kyaututtuka */ 875115 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Peace Anyiam-Osigwe Listenⓘ [[Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]] (a baya Peace Anyiam - Fiberesima; 30 Maris 1969 - 9 Janairu 2023) ya kasance mai shirya fina-finai da kuma mai kula da nishaɗi na Najeriya wanda ake kira "sarauniya ta fina-fukkunan [[Nollywood]]". Ita ce ta kafa bikin fim din da aka yaba a duniya, Africa Movie Academy Awards . ''[[The Guardian (Najeriya)|The Guardian]]'' ta rubuta cewa ta fara nuna fina-finai na Nollywood a bukukuwan fina-fukkuna na kasa da kasa. Ta ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa na farko na jin daɗin hip-hop, [[P-Square]] . <ref name="guardian" /> A shekara ta 2012, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Order of the Federal Republic saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga masana'antar nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo |first=Adeola |date=10 September 2012 |title=149 Nigerians to Receive Federal Government Award – Mike Adenuga, Teco Benson, Tony Elumelu, Sarah Sosan among Recipients |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2012/09/149-nigerians-to-receive-federal-government-award-mike-adenuga-teco-benson-tony-elumelu-sarah-sosan-among-recipients/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Full list of Nigerians shortlisted for National Honours |url=http://www.channelstv.com/2012/09/10/full-list-of-nigerians-shortlisted-for-national-honours/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |agency=[[Channels TV]]}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance abokiyar TED.<ref name="ted">{{Cite web |last=Herro |first=Alana |date=22 October 2010 |title=Fellows Friday with Peace Anyiam-Osigwe |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-peace-anyiam-osigwe/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=ted.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Anyiam-Osigwe a ranar 30 ga watan Maris.[1] Ta fito ne daga sanannen dangin Osigwe Anyiam-Osigwe a Nkwerre, Jihar Imo . Ita ce kawai yarinya a cikin iyali na yara takwas.[2] Tana da digiri a fannin shari'a da kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Oxford Brookes . == Ayyuka == === Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka === Anyiam-Osigwe ta kafa [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]], ƙungiyar da ke kula da [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|bikin fim]] ɗin tun shekara ta 2005. An yi la'akari da bikin bayar da kyautar a matsayin daya daga cikin kyaututtuka da aka fi sani da 'yan Afirka a cikin fim. A karo na 10, ta sauka a matsayin Shugaba na AMAAs. A shekara ta 2015, ta fara shirin AfricaOne don tunawa da 'yan Afirka a masana'antar nishaɗi. A cikin 2020, ta fito a matsayin Shugaban kasa na Ƙungiyar Masu Fim (AMP). Wannan ya sanya ta ta bakwai da ta rike wannan mukamin wanda ya gaji Mista Ralph Nwadike. Anyiam Osigwe shi ne mai gabatar da aikin fina-finai 100 da nufin inganta ingancin fina-fakkaatan da aka samar a Najeriya. A matsayinta na Shugaban kasa, ta yi aiki a kan gina karfin masu samar da fina-finai a kasar ta hanyar tarurruka da horo. === Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce === Anyiam-Osigwe marubucin rubuce-rubuce ne. Tana da littattafai uku da ta samu.<ref name="ted">{{Cite web |last=Herro |first=Alana |date=22 October 2010 |title=Fellows Friday with Peace Anyiam-Osigwe |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-peace-anyiam-osigwe/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=ted.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHerro2010">Herro, Alana (22 October 2010). [https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-peace-anyiam-osigwe/ "Fellows Friday with Peace Anyiam-Osigwe"]. ''ted.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> A wata hira da Alana Herro, ta bayyana waka a matsayin daya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a bayyana ra'ayinta da fahimtar abubuwan da ke kewaye da ita.<ref name="ted" /> Kafin ta shiga jami'a, ta wallafa mujallar, Clicks, musamman da aka rubuta don karɓar baƙar fata a Ingila. Ayyukanta suna mayar da hankali ne akan abubuwan da suka shafi bayar da shawarwari.<ref name="ted" /> === Daraktan talabijin da fim === Ayyukan Anyiam-Osigwe a talabijin ya fara ne da shirin tattaunawar ta, Piece off my mind, wanda ke mai da hankali kan martani na mutane ga batutuwan zamantakewa waɗanda ba a gani akai-akai a cikin manyan kafofin watsa labarai.<ref name="ted">{{Cite web |last=Herro |first=Alana |date=22 October 2010 |title=Fellows Friday with Peace Anyiam-Osigwe |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-peace-anyiam-osigwe/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=ted.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHerro2010">Herro, Alana (22 October 2010). [https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-peace-anyiam-osigwe/ "Fellows Friday with Peace Anyiam-Osigwe"]. ''ted.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Shirin jawabin ta ya ta'allaka ne akan batutuwan da suka shafi bayar da shawarwari ga mutane waɗanda al'umma yawanci ba da kulawa ko watsi da su.<ref name="ted" /> Ta ambaci tsarin rarrabe-rukuncen Afirka, fataucin yara da daidaito na mata a matsayin wuraren da take sha'awa a fim da talabijin.<ref name="ted" /> A farkon matakin duo na kiɗa, aikin [[P-Square]], Anyiam-Osigwe ne ke da alhakin sarrafa su.<ref name="ted" /> A shekara ta 2016, ta bayyana cewa tana wakiltar [[Somkele Iyamah]] . == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Ɗan'uwanta, Michael, wanda aka kashe a shekarar 2014 shi ne babban mai kula da Gidauniyar Osigwe Anyiam-Osigwe, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke ba da gudummawa ga al'ummar Najeriya. Ya kuma kasance darektan, Cibiyar Nazarin Jagora da Ci Gaban Afirka da kuma babban wakilin Malawi a Najeriya. Mahaifiyarta, Dorothy Chinyere Anyiam-Osigwe ta sami lambar yabo ta Order of the Niger daga shugaban kasar na lokacin, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] saboda ayyukanta na jin kai a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief (Mrs.) Dorothy Chinyere Anyiam-Osigwe (OON) |url=https://www.anyiam-osigwe.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135&Itemid=494 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923172147/https://www.anyiam-osigwe.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135&Itemid=494 |archive-date=23 September 2016 |access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref> Ta rabu da mijinta. Anyiam-Osigwe ya kasance a cikin coma tun daga 7 ga Janairun 2023, kuma ya mutu a asibitin St. Nicholas a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a ranar 9 ga Janairu, yana da shekaru 53. == Kyaututtuka == A shekarar 2019, an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Firayim Ministan Fim na Afirka a bikin Fim na Afrika, TAFF . == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Furodusa]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5juttxxoahgjffyox6wd9wwghq0sqk3 0 54124 875088 869229 2026-07-03T15:41:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eric Enomamien Aghimien''' darakta ne na Najeriya, [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]], marubucin allo, kuma edita. Fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''[[A Mile from Home]]'' ya lashe kyaututtuka a [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|kyaututtukan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards na 2014]] da kuma [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10|kyaututtukan Africa Movie Academy na]] == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], [[Edo|jihar Edo]] kuma shi ne na huɗu cikin yara bakwai. Yana da shekaru takwas a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana barkwanci yana sayar wa abokan karatunsa wasu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=nollysilverscreen.com/}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da [[Makarantar Fasaha Auchi|Auchi Polytechnic]], jihar Edo, Najeriya. Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta da iyawar fasaha ta kirkire-kirkire, ciki har da; waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awarsa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai ban da Ya sami takardar shaidar difloma ta ƙasa a fannin fasahar dakin gwaje-gwaje ta kimiyya a shekarar 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayin da yake samun takardar shaidar difloma, ya kasance memba na wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai suna Da TED. Bayan kammala karatun difloma ta ƙasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aikin nishaɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da harkar fim. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara harkar fim a shekara ta 2007 a wata cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng,com}}</ref> Eric yana son yin karatun yin fim a ƙasashen waje amma bai sami isasshen kuɗi don ya kammala ba. Ya ci gaba da koyo ta hanyar neman koyaswa ta yanar gizo. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a shekara ta 2008 wanda ke taimaka wa hazikan da za su zo su gano, haɓaka da kuma nuna baiwarsu. A shekarar 2011, ya yi wani gajeren fim na gwaji mai suna Heckto wanda aka zaba domin Best Use of Special Effects da Best Actor a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko mai suna ''A Mile from Home'', wani wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya sami ra'ayoyi masu kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021024949/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer,Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] ==Manazarta 447j5qjrlzorkg7xvyp2mnis2ybyuwt 0 54143 875801 787909 2026-07-04T10:43:23Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362303289|Kayode Kasum]]" 875801 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992) daraktan fina-finai ne kuma [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]] a Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin da suka fi samun riba kuma suka yi fice a Nollywood, inda fina-finansa goma sha biyu suka kasance cikin manyan [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|fina-finai 100 na Najeriya da suka fi samun riba]] a watan Nuwamba 2025. A shekarar 2024 an nada shi a matsayin daraktan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar gida. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sdq45ktwudb1y8xf51x0dbrb4mvgdqb 875802 875801 2026-07-04T10:43:50Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362303289|Kayode Kasum]]" 875802 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992) daraktan fina-finai ne kuma [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]] a Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin da suka fi samun riba kuma suka yi fice a Nollywood, inda fina-finansa goma sha biyu suka kasance cikin manyan [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|fina-finai 100 na Najeriya da suka fi samun riba]] a watan Nuwamba 2025. A shekarar 2024 an nada shi a matsayin daraktan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar gida. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] q5g2rhfk30l26d9hlqc0wxwl64rmkz6 875803 875802 2026-07-04T10:44:16Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362303289|Kayode Kasum]]" 875803 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992) daraktan fina-finai ne kuma [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]] a Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin da suka fi samun riba kuma suka yi fice a Nollywood, inda fina-finansa goma sha biyu suka kasance cikin manyan [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|fina-finai 100 na Najeriya da suka fi samun riba]] a watan Nuwamba 2025. A shekarar 2024 an nada shi a matsayin daraktan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar gida. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatunsa na sakandare sannan daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rxezvy4v4ypnc5k13xzvp9na9h3rg82 875805 875803 2026-07-04T10:44:33Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362303289|Kayode Kasum]]" 875805 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992) daraktan fina-finai ne kuma [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]] a Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin da suka fi samun riba kuma suka yi fice a Nollywood, inda fina-finansa goma sha biyu suka kasance cikin manyan [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|fina-finai 100 na Najeriya da suka fi samun riba]] a watan Nuwamba 2025. A shekarar 2024 an nada shi a matsayin daraktan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar gida. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatunsa na sakandare sannan daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sana'a == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2qn5f6rlrmdcy4phlf7e629kfd0pze8 875806 875805 2026-07-04T10:45:53Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362303289|Kayode Kasum]]" 875806 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992) daraktan fina-finai ne kuma [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]] a Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin da suka fi samun riba kuma suka yi fice a Nollywood, inda fina-finansa goma sha biyu suka kasance cikin manyan [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|fina-finai 100 na Najeriya da suka fi samun riba]] a watan Nuwamba 2025. A shekarar 2024 an nada shi a matsayin daraktan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar gida. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatunsa na sakandare sannan daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sana'a == Kasum ya fara aikinsa a harkar fim a matsayin mai tsara zane-zane a [[Wale Adenuga Production|Wale Adenuga Productions]] . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a wani kamfanin talla. Fim ɗinsa na farko, ''Dognapped'', an fitar da shi a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Duk da haka, ya sami karbuwa saboda fim ɗinsa na farko, ''[[Oga Bolaji|Dognapped]]'', wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, ciki har da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' da [[Toyin Abraham]] 's ''[[Fate of Alakada]]'' ''.'' Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da mintuna 10,860 na shirin telenovela na [[M-Net]] 's ''Unbroken'' da ''[[Riona]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor "Aaron Sunday" Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela "Unbroken". {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}</ref> Shahararrun fina-finansa a matsayin darakta sun haɗa da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' (2019), ''[[This Lady Called Life]]'' (2020), ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]'' (2020), ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Money]]'', ''[[Castle and Castle]]'' Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da kuma fim ɗinsa na farko mai ban tsoro a fannin tunani, [[Ile Owo|''Ile Owo (House of Money)'']] (2022). Shi ne kuma [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|daraktan fina-finai na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi a Najeriya]], inda kuɗin shigarsa ya wuce ₦767 miliyan. [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] s5u1lmmfkve7qn3kej21ob1pfmev4ah 875808 875806 2026-07-04T10:46:11Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362303289|Kayode Kasum]]" 875808 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992) daraktan fina-finai ne kuma [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]] a Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin da suka fi samun riba kuma suka yi fice a Nollywood, inda fina-finansa goma sha biyu suka kasance cikin manyan [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|fina-finai 100 na Najeriya da suka fi samun riba]] a watan Nuwamba 2025. A shekarar 2024 an nada shi a matsayin daraktan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar gida. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatunsa na sakandare sannan daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sana'a == Kasum ya fara aikinsa a harkar fim a matsayin mai tsara zane-zane a [[Wale Adenuga Production|Wale Adenuga Productions]] . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a wani kamfanin talla. Fim ɗinsa na farko, ''Dognapped'', an fitar da shi a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Duk da haka, ya sami karbuwa saboda fim ɗinsa na farko, ''[[Oga Bolaji|Dognapped]]'', wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, ciki har da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' da [[Toyin Abraham]] 's ''[[Fate of Alakada]]'' ''.'' Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da mintuna 10,860 na shirin telenovela na [[M-Net]] 's ''Unbroken'' da ''[[Riona]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor "Aaron Sunday" Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela "Unbroken". {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}</ref> Shahararrun fina-finansa a matsayin darakta sun haɗa da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' (2019), ''[[This Lady Called Life]]'' (2020), ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]'' (2020), ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Money]]'', ''[[Castle and Castle]]'' Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da kuma fim ɗinsa na farko mai ban tsoro a fannin tunani, [[Ile Owo|''Ile Owo (House of Money)'']] (2022). Shi ne kuma [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|daraktan fina-finai na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi a Najeriya]], inda kuɗin shigarsa ya wuce ₦767 miliyan. An zaɓe shi don kyautar The Future Awards Africa 2019 don yin fina-finai kuma an saka shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Nollywood na 2020. A shekarar 2023, an karrama shi da bayar da umarni ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya|Something Like Gold]]'', [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Far From Home'']] . [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0dttw907gv82ucf8n4syzy8xdg3pwqn 875810 875808 2026-07-04T10:47:41Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362303289|Kayode Kasum]]" 875810 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992) daraktan fina-finai ne kuma [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]] a Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin da suka fi samun riba kuma suka yi fice a Nollywood, inda fina-finansa goma sha biyu suka kasance cikin manyan [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|fina-finai 100 na Najeriya da suka fi samun riba]] a watan Nuwamba 2025. A shekarar 2024 an nada shi a matsayin daraktan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar gida. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatunsa na sakandare sannan daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sana'a == Kasum ya fara aikinsa a harkar fim a matsayin mai tsara zane-zane a [[Wale Adenuga Production|Wale Adenuga Productions]] . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a wani kamfanin talla. Fim ɗinsa na farko, ''Dognapped'', an fitar da shi a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Duk da haka, ya sami karbuwa saboda fim ɗinsa na farko, ''[[Oga Bolaji|Dognapped]]'', wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, ciki har da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' da [[Toyin Abraham]] 's ''[[Fate of Alakada]]'' ''.'' Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da mintuna 10,860 na shirin telenovela na [[M-Net]] 's ''Unbroken'' da ''[[Riona]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor "Aaron Sunday" Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela "Unbroken". {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}</ref> Shahararrun fina-finansa a matsayin darakta sun haɗa da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' (2019), ''[[This Lady Called Life]]'' (2020), ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]'' (2020), ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Money]]'', ''[[Castle and Castle]]'' Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da kuma fim ɗinsa na farko mai ban tsoro a fannin tunani, [[Ile Owo|''Ile Owo (House of Money)'']] (2022). Shi ne kuma [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|daraktan fina-finai na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi a Najeriya]], inda kuɗin shigarsa ya wuce ₦767 miliyan. An zaɓe shi don kyautar The Future Awards Africa 2019 don yin fina-finai kuma an saka shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Nollywood na 2020. A shekarar 2023, an karrama shi da bayar da umarni ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya|Something Like Gold]]'', [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Far From Home'']] . == Fim ɗin fim == * ''An yi wa Jarabawa'' (2017) * ''[[This Lady Called Life|Wannan Matar da ake kira Rai]]'' (2020) * ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'' (2018) * ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: Duk Yards 30]]'' (2020) * ''[[Quam's Money|Kuɗin Quams]]'' (2020) * ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Ruwan Sugar]]'' (2019) * ''[[Fate of Alakada|Kaddarar Alakada]]'' (2020) * ''[[The Therapist|Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali]]'' (2021) * ''[[Ponzi]]'' (2021) * ''Soyayya Rawaya Ce'' (2020) * ''Fuska Mai Daɗi'' (2020) * ''Kashe Jade'' * ''Matakai'' * ''Ba a karya ba'' (2019-2020) * ''[[Dwindle (fim)|Dwindle]]'' (2021) * ''[[Soole]]'' (2021) * [[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya|''Wani Abu Kamar Zinare'']] (2023) * ''[[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|Labarin An Nwa Boi]]'' (2023) * [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Nesa da Gida'']] <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2022-11-08 |title=RMD, Funke Akindele Bello, Mike Afolarin & Genoveva Umeh star in Netflix's Young Adult Series "Far From Home" {{!}} Exclusive Photos + Teaser |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/11/netflix-nigerian-young-adult-show-far-from-home/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> (2022) * [[One Too Many (fim na 2022)|''Ɗaya Ya Yi Da Yawa'']] (2022) * ''Egun'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dark Secrets and Dire Consequences: “Egun” Set to Grace the Big Screen |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/dark-secrets-and-dire-consequences-egun-set-to-grace-the-big-screen/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> * ''Gonar Jarirai'' (2025) [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mdnc38qqo0b5a9utp9q2gwqpzqbp72g 875811 875810 2026-07-04T10:48:18Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 875811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992) daraktan fina-finai ne kuma [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]] a Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin da suka fi samun riba kuma suka yi fice a Nollywood, inda fina-finansa goma sha biyu suka kasance cikin manyan [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|fina-finai 100 na Najeriya da suka fi samun riba]] a watan Nuwamba 2025. A shekarar 2024 an nada shi a matsayin daraktan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar gida. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatunsa na sakandare sannan daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sana'a == Kasum ya fara aikinsa a harkar fim a matsayin mai tsara zane-zane a [[Wale Adenuga Production|Wale Adenuga Productions]] . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a wani kamfanin talla. Fim ɗinsa na farko, ''Dognapped'', an fitar da shi a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Duk da haka, ya sami karbuwa saboda fim ɗinsa na farko, ''[[Oga Bolaji|Dognapped]]'', wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, ciki har da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' da [[Toyin Abraham]] 's ''[[Fate of Alakada]]'' ''.'' Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da mintuna 10,860 na shirin telenovela na [[M-Net]] 's ''Unbroken'' da ''[[Riona]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor "Aaron Sunday" Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela "Unbroken". {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}</ref> Shahararrun fina-finansa a matsayin darakta sun haɗa da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' (2019), ''[[This Lady Called Life]]'' (2020), ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]'' (2020), ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Money]]'', ''[[Castle and Castle]]'' Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da kuma fim ɗinsa na farko mai ban tsoro a fannin tunani, [[Ile Owo|''Ile Owo (House of Money)'']] (2022). Shi ne kuma [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|daraktan fina-finai na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi a Najeriya]], inda kuɗin shigarsa ya wuce ₦767 miliyan. An zaɓe shi don kyautar The Future Awards Africa 2019 don yin fina-finai kuma an saka shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Nollywood na 2020. A shekarar 2023, an karrama shi da bayar da umarni ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya|Something Like Gold]]'', [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Far From Home'']] . == Fim ɗin fim == * ''An yi wa Jarabawa'' (2017) * ''[[This Lady Called Life|Wannan Matar da ake kira Rai]]'' (2020) * ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'' (2018) * ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: Duk Yards 30]]'' (2020) * ''[[Quam's Money|Kuɗin Quams]]'' (2020) * ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Ruwan Sugar]]'' (2019) * ''[[Fate of Alakada|Kaddarar Alakada]]'' (2020) * ''[[The Therapist|Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali]]'' (2021) * ''[[Ponzi]]'' (2021) * ''Soyayya Rawaya Ce'' (2020) * ''Fuska Mai Daɗi'' (2020) * ''Kashe Jade'' * ''Matakai'' * ''Ba a karya ba'' (2019-2020) * ''[[Dwindle (fim)|Dwindle]]'' (2021) * ''[[Soole]]'' (2021) * [[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya|''Wani Abu Kamar Zinare'']] (2023) * ''[[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|Labarin An Nwa Boi]]'' (2023) * [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Nesa da Gida'']] <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2022-11-08 |title=RMD, Funke Akindele Bello, Mike Afolarin & Genoveva Umeh star in Netflix's Young Adult Series "Far From Home" {{!}} Exclusive Photos + Teaser |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/11/netflix-nigerian-young-adult-show-far-from-home/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> (2022) * [[One Too Many (fim na 2022)|''Ɗaya Ya Yi Da Yawa'']] (2022) * ''Egun'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dark Secrets and Dire Consequences: “Egun” Set to Grace the Big Screen |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/dark-secrets-and-dire-consequences-egun-set-to-grace-the-big-screen/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> * ''Gonar Jarirai'' (2025) [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3d4my57asfv2tg313ambtj8ayt250l0 875813 875811 2026-07-04T10:48:41Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 875813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Kayode Kasum''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1992) daraktan fina-finai ne kuma [[mai tsara fim|furodusa]] a Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin da suka fi samun riba kuma suka yi fice a Nollywood, inda fina-finansa goma sha biyu suka kasance cikin manyan [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|fina-finai 100 na Najeriya da suka fi samun riba]] a watan Nuwamba 2025. A shekarar 2024 an nada shi a matsayin daraktan Nollywood na uku mafi girma ta hanyar darajar gida. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Top 15 Nollywood film directors by domestic gross value |url=https://theradar.ng/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=theradar.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Kasum a Jihar Legas a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1992. Ya halarci Kwalejin Model ta Jihar Legas, Kankon, [[Badagry]], don karatunsa na sakandare sannan daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=kunleben |date=2021-03-20 |title=Kayode Kasum Biography: Age, Movies, Net Worth & Photos |url=https://www.360dopes.com/kayode-kasum-biography-age-movies-net-worth-photos/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=360dopes |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayode Kasum - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/names/kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sana'a == Kasum ya fara aikinsa a harkar fim a matsayin mai tsara zane-zane a [[Wale Adenuga Production|Wale Adenuga Productions]] . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a wani kamfanin talla. Fim ɗinsa na farko, ''Dognapped'', an fitar da shi a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=2017-01-21 |title=The Film Blog: We are curious about Kayode Kasum's 'Dognapped' » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-blog-curious-kayode-kasums-dognapped/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Duk da haka, ya sami karbuwa saboda fim ɗinsa na farko, ''[[Oga Bolaji|Dognapped]]'', wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2018, kuma ya yi wasu shirye-shiryen Nollywood, ciki har da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' da [[Toyin Abraham]] 's ''[[Fate of Alakada]]'' ''.'' Kasum ya ba da umarni sama da mintuna 10,860 na shirin telenovela na [[M-Net]] 's ''Unbroken'' da ''[[Riona]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Versatile Nollywood actor "Aaron Sunday" Stars on Mnet's New Telenovela "Unbroken". {{!}} DatJoblessBoi |url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=datjoblessboi.com}}</ref> Shahararrun fina-finansa a matsayin darakta sun haɗa da ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]'' (2019), ''[[This Lady Called Life]]'' (2020), ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]'' (2020), ''[[Quam's Money|Quams Money]]'', ''[[Castle and Castle]]'' Season 2, ''[[Soole]]'' (2021), da kuma fim ɗinsa na farko mai ban tsoro a fannin tunani, [[Ile Owo|''Ile Owo (House of Money)'']] (2022). Shi ne kuma [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|daraktan fina-finai na huɗu mafi samun kuɗi a Najeriya]], inda kuɗin shigarsa ya wuce ₦767 miliyan. An zaɓe shi don kyautar The Future Awards Africa 2019 don yin fina-finai kuma an saka shi cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Nollywood na 2020. A shekarar 2023, an karrama shi da bayar da umarni ''[[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya|Something Like Gold]]'', [[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|''Afamefuna'']] da [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Far From Home'']] . == Fim ɗin fim == * ''An yi wa Jarabawa'' (2017) * ''[[This Lady Called Life|Wannan Matar da ake kira Rai]]'' (2020) * ''[[Oga Bolaji]]'' (2018) * ''[[kambili: The Whole 30 Yards|Kambili: Duk Yards 30]]'' (2020) * ''[[Quam's Money|Kuɗin Quams]]'' (2020) * ''[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Ruwan Sugar]]'' (2019) * ''[[Fate of Alakada|Kaddarar Alakada]]'' (2020) * ''[[The Therapist|Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali]]'' (2021) * ''[[Ponzi]]'' (2021) * ''Soyayya Rawaya Ce'' (2020) * ''Fuska Mai Daɗi'' (2020) * ''Kashe Jade'' * ''Matakai'' * ''Ba a karya ba'' (2019-2020) * ''[[Dwindle (fim)|Dwindle]]'' (2021) * ''[[Soole]]'' (2021) * [[Wani abu Kamar Zinariya|''Wani Abu Kamar Zinare'']] (2023) * ''[[Áfáméfúnà: Labarin Nwa Boi|Labarin An Nwa Boi]]'' (2023) * [[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Nesa da Gida'']] <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2022-11-08 |title=RMD, Funke Akindele Bello, Mike Afolarin & Genoveva Umeh star in Netflix's Young Adult Series "Far From Home" {{!}} Exclusive Photos + Teaser |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/11/netflix-nigerian-young-adult-show-far-from-home/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> (2022) * [[One Too Many (fim na 2022)|''Ɗaya Ya Yi Da Yawa'']] (2022) * ''Egun'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dark Secrets and Dire Consequences: “Egun” Set to Grace the Big Screen |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/dark-secrets-and-dire-consequences-egun-set-to-grace-the-big-screen/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> * ''Gonar Jarirai'' (2025) [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta hd4r8l4rzaefpcuxxjxes0pqxg0dc8w 0 54158 875229 856812 2026-07-03T18:01:43Z Umar Bello Kaura 45977 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342218247|Ndave David Njoku]]" 875229 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Njoku''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi '''Ndave David Njoku''') ɗan fim ne na Najeriya, manajan samarwa tare da masana'antar [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=friendite talks with Ndave David |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Ndave ya fito ne daga Ukelefi a yankin karamar hukumar Nkanu ta Gabas ta [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]] amma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Abraka, [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne ɗa na ƙarshe daga cikin iyali na yara bakwai kuma ya girma ba tare da uba ba saboda mutuwarsa ba tare da lokaci ba lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 14 kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011548/https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ndave ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Abraka . Ya kammala digiri na farko a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] (DELSU). <ref>{{Cite web |title=talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Gwajin Ndave na farko ya kasance a shekara ta 2004 a karkashin kulawar Mr. Perfect, wanda ya faranta masa rai kuma ya gaya masa cewa ba shi da makoma a cikin fim din. Kashegari ya koma filin sauraro kuma ya ɗauki wani yanki daga rubutun su. Ya yi amfani da rubutun don gyara labarin a cikin kansa kuma ya rubuta rubutun shafi 4. Ya ɗauki rubutun zuwa Cocin Katolika na St. Paul, [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] kuma ya tafiye tafiye tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo. Daga can mutane sun fara ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin duniyar fim. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sune yin bincike da wasa wasanni. Daraktocin da Ndave ya fi so sune Mista Ifeanyi Ikenyi (Mista Hollywood) da Mista Chris Nkem Okafor a.k.a. ChrisNX. Mafi kyawun mai shirya fina-finai na kasashen waje shine Steven Spielberg . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Sarauniya [[Collete Nwadike]] Exquisite Face of Universe . == Ayyuka == Fim dinsa na farko shi ne Smack Down, inda ya yi aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na A-list kamar [[Van Vicker]], Chiwetalu Agu da [[Uche Jombo]] . Daga nan ya samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai taken The War Lord kuma 2008, Ndave ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa tare da Oshilim Gabriel da Oshilam Anthony, fim, Wicked Conscience, tare da Chiwetalu Agu, John Paul, [[Uche Elendu]], da Emmanuel Ahummadu a.k.a. Labista. Fim din ya yi mummunar sakamako kuma ya shiga hutu na shekaru hudu. A cikin 2012, Ndave ya fara daga karami a matsayin manajan wuri a [[Awka]], [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]. Bayan shekara guda ya haɗu da manajan wuri da matsayin manajan samarwa. Sa'an nan kuma ya sake shiga cikin samarwa kuma ya yi fina-finai masu zuwa: * Bottle da ya fashe * JohnPaul da Rebecca * Ƙananan Calabash * Yarinyar Plantain * Ghetto Kunshin * Ya Kuɗi na Jinin * Rashin tausayi na Nene * Hawaye na Nene ''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie &#124; FriendITEgossip |url=http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918052209/http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-09-18 |access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>'' In 2015, Ndave David Njoku co-produced the first ever blockbuster cinema movie in the Eastern region, ''The Last Kidnap''. The movie was produced by Kas-Vid International and directed by Ifeanyi Ikpeonyi a.k.a. Mr. Hollywood.This year 2016 gave Ndave the opportunity to shoot his first short cinema film titled ''The Inhaler'' by CD Initiative Films. He also co-produced another blockbuster, ''Polygamous Family'' starring [[Pete Edochie]], Remi Ohajianya, Imet Goodluck .a.k.a. Tallest man. The film was produced by OG Best International.Completed a new movie starring [[Nkem Owoh]], Tana Adelena Egbo, and others, for Amaco Investment and just concluded a movie project for Dekross Productions, he has also work with [[Kingsley Onyenma]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> He has worked with different Movies Actors, Actresses, Models and other Entertainment Industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEET NDAVE DAVID NJOKU, NOLLYWOOD FILMMAKER ...Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=永旺快投网-优惠大厅 |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] fhaotr9olo415cmjcjc6720u5zdgafv 875232 875229 2026-07-03T18:08:29Z Umar Bello Kaura 45977 875232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''David Njoku''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi '''Ndave David Njoku''') ɗan fim ne na Najeriya,kuma manajan samarwa tare da masana'antar [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=friendite talks with Ndave David |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Rayuwasa ta farko == Ndave ya fito ne daga Ukelefi a yankin karamar hukumar Nkanu ta Gabas ta [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]] amma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Abraka, [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne ɗa na ƙarshe daga cikin iyali na yara bakwai kuma ya girma ba tare da uba ba saboda mutuwarsa ba tare da lokaci ba lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 14 kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011548/https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ndave ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Abraka . Ya kammala digiri na farko a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] (DELSU). <ref>{{Cite web |title=talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Rayuwarsa ta farko == Gwajin Ndave na farko ya kasance a shekara ta 2004 a karkashin kulawar Mr. Perfect, wanda ya faranta masa rai kuma ya gaya masa cewa ba shi da makoma a cikin fim din. Kashegari ya koma filin sauraro kuma ya ɗauki wani yanki daga rubutun su. Ya yi amfani da rubutun don gyara labarin a cikin kansa kuma ya rubuta rubutun shafi 4. Ya ɗauki rubutun zuwa Cocin Katolika na St. Paul, [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] kuma ya tafiye tafiye tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo. Daga can mutane sun fara ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin duniyar fim. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sune yin bincike da wasa wasanni. Daraktocin da Ndave ya fi so sune Mista Ifeanyi Ikenyi (Mista Hollywood) da Mista Chris Nkem Okafor a.k.a. ChrisNX. Mafi kyawun mai shirya fina-finai na kasashen waje shine Steven Spielberg . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Sarauniya [[Collete Nwadike]] Exquisite Face of Universe . == Ayyuka == Fim dinsa na farko shi ne Smack Down, inda ya yi aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na A-list kamar [[Van Vicker]], Chiwetalu Agu da [[Uche Jombo]] . Daga nan ya samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai taken The War Lord kuma 2008, Ndave ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa tare da Oshilim Gabriel da Oshilam Anthony, fim, Wicked Conscience, tare da Chiwetalu Agu, John Paul, [[Uche Elendu]], da Emmanuel Ahummadu a.k.a. Labista. Fim din ya yi mummunar sakamako kuma ya shiga hutu na shekaru hudu. A cikin 2012, Ndave ya fara daga karami a matsayin manajan wuri a [[Awka]], [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]. Bayan shekara guda ya haɗu da manajan wuri da matsayin manajan samarwa. Sa'an nan kuma ya sake shiga cikin samarwa kuma ya yi fina-finai masu zuwa: * Bottle da ya fashe * JohnPaul da Rebecca * Ƙananan Calabash * Yarinyar Plantain * Ghetto Kunshin * Ya Kuɗi na Jinin * Rashin tausayi na Nene * Hawaye na Nene ''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie &#124; FriendITEgossip |url=http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918052209/http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-09-18 |access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>'' In 2015, Ndave David Njoku co-produced the first ever blockbuster cinema movie in the Eastern region, ''The Last Kidnap''. The movie was produced by Kas-Vid International and directed by Ifeanyi Ikpeonyi a.k.a. Mr. Hollywood.This year 2016 gave Ndave the opportunity to shoot his first short cinema film titled ''The Inhaler'' by CD Initiative Films. He also co-produced another blockbuster, ''Polygamous Family'' starring [[Pete Edochie]], Remi Ohajianya, Imet Goodluck .a.k.a. Tallest man. The film was produced by OG Best International.Completed a new movie starring [[Nkem Owoh]], Tana Adelena Egbo, and others, for Amaco Investment and just concluded a movie project for Dekross Productions, he has also work with [[Kingsley Onyenma]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> He has worked with different Movies Actors, Actresses, Models and other Entertainment Industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEET NDAVE DAVID NJOKU, NOLLYWOOD FILMMAKER ...Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=永旺快投网-优惠大厅 |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] 0da6842rmu9vrffk24yknpaoij5aqde 875233 875232 2026-07-03T18:10:17Z Umar Bello Kaura 45977 875233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''David Njoku''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi '''Ndave David Njoku''') ɗan fim ne na Najeriya, manajan samarwa tare da masana'antar [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=friendite talks with Ndave David |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Rayuwasa ta farko == Ndave ya fito ne daga Ukelefi a yankin karamar hukumar Nkanu ta Gabas ta [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]] amma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Abraka, [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne ɗa na ƙarshe daga cikin iyali na yara bakwai kuma ya girma ba tare da uba ba saboda mutuwarsa ba tare da lokaci ba lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 14 kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011548/https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ndave ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Abraka . Ya kammala digiri na farko a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] (DELSU). <ref>{{Cite web |title=talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Rayuwarsa ta farko == Gwajin Ndave na farko ya kasance a shekara ta 2004 a karkashin kulawar Mr. Perfect, wanda ya faranta masa rai kuma ya gaya masa cewa ba shi da makoma a cikin fim din. Kashegari ya koma filin sauraro kuma ya ɗauki wani yanki daga rubutun su. Ya yi amfani da rubutun don gyara labarin a cikin kansa kuma ya rubuta rubutun shafi 4. Ya ɗauki rubutun zuwa Cocin Katolika na St. Paul, [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] kuma ya tafiye tafiye tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo. Daga can mutane sun fara ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin duniyar fim. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sune yin bincike da wasa wasanni. Daraktocin da Ndave ya fi so sune Mista Ifeanyi Ikenyi (Mista Hollywood) da Mista Chris Nkem Okafor a.k.a. ChrisNX. Mafi kyawun mai shirya fina-finai na kasashen waje shine Steven Spielberg . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Sarauniya [[Collete Nwadike]] Exquisite Face of Universe . == Ayyuka == Fim dinsa na farko shi ne Smack Down, inda ya yi aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na A-list kamar [[Van Vicker]], Chiwetalu Agu da [[Uche Jombo]] . Daga nan ya samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai taken The War Lord kuma 2008, Ndave ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa tare da Oshilim Gabriel da Oshilam Anthony, fim, Wicked Conscience, tare da Chiwetalu Agu, John Paul, [[Uche Elendu]], da Emmanuel Ahummadu a.k.a. Labista. Fim din ya yi mummunar sakamako kuma ya shiga hutu na shekaru hudu. A cikin 2012, Ndave ya fara daga karami a matsayin manajan wuri a [[Awka]], [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]. Bayan shekara guda ya haɗu da manajan wuri da matsayin manajan samarwa. Sa'an nan kuma ya sake shiga cikin samarwa kuma ya yi fina-finai masu zuwa: * Bottle da ya fashe * JohnPaul da Rebecca * Ƙananan Calabash * Yarinyar Plantain * Ghetto Kunshin * Ya Kuɗi na Jinin * Rashin tausayi na Nene * Hawaye na Nene ''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie &#124; FriendITEgossip |url=http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918052209/http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-09-18 |access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>'' In 2015, Ndave David Njoku co-produced the first ever blockbuster cinema movie in the Eastern region, ''The Last Kidnap''. The movie was produced by Kas-Vid International and directed by Ifeanyi Ikpeonyi a.k.a. Mr. Hollywood.This year 2016 gave Ndave the opportunity to shoot his first short cinema film titled ''The Inhaler'' by CD Initiative Films. He also co-produced another blockbuster, ''Polygamous Family'' starring [[Pete Edochie]], Remi Ohajianya, Imet Goodluck .a.k.a. Tallest man. The film was produced by OG Best International.Completed a new movie starring [[Nkem Owoh]], Tana Adelena Egbo, and others, for Amaco Investment and just concluded a movie project for Dekross Productions, he has also work with [[Kingsley Onyenma]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> He has worked with different Movies Actors, Actresses, Models and other Entertainment Industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEET NDAVE DAVID NJOKU, NOLLYWOOD FILMMAKER ...Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=永旺快投网-优惠大厅 |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] lmrdw1sry2khmhxdskupqfk2ktk3705 875521 875233 2026-07-03T22:17:21Z Umar Bello Kaura 45977 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342218247|Ndave David Njoku]]" 875521 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''David Njoku''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi '''Ndave David Njoku''') ɗan fim ne na Najeriya, manajan samarwa tare da masana'antar [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=friendite talks with Ndave David |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Ndave ya fito ne daga Ukelefi a yankin karamar hukumar Nkanu ta Gabas ta [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]] amma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Abraka, [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne ɗa na ƙarshe daga cikin iyali na yara bakwai kuma ya girma ba tare da uba ba saboda mutuwarsa ba tare da lokaci ba lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 14 kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011548/https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ndave ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Abraka . Ya kammala digiri na farko a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] (DELSU). <ref>{{Cite web |title=talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Gwajin Ndave na farko ya kasance a shekara ta 2004 a karkashin kulawar Mr. Perfect, wanda ya faranta masa rai kuma ya gaya masa cewa ba shi da makoma a cikin fim din. Kashegari ya koma filin sauraro kuma ya ɗauki wani yanki daga rubutun su. Ya yi amfani da rubutun don gyara labarin a cikin kansa kuma ya rubuta rubutun shafi 4. Ya ɗauki rubutun zuwa Cocin Katolika na St. Paul, [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] kuma ya tafiye tafiye tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo. Daga can mutane sun fara ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin duniyar fim. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sune yin bincike da wasa wasanni. Daraktocin da Ndave ya fi so sune Mista Ifeanyi Ikenyi (Mista Hollywood) da Mista Chris Nkem Okafor a.k.a. ChrisNX. Mafi kyawun mai shirya fina-finai na kasashen waje shine Steven Spielberg . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Sarauniya [[Collete Nwadike]] Exquisite Face of Universe . == Ayyuka == Fim dinsa na farko shi ne Smack Down, inda ya yi aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na A-list kamar [[Van Vicker]], Chiwetalu Agu da [[Uche Jombo]] . Daga nan ya samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai taken The War Lord kuma 2008, Ndave ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa tare da Oshilim Gabriel da Oshilam Anthony, fim, Wicked Conscience, tare da Chiwetalu Agu, John Paul, [[Uche Elendu]], da Emmanuel Ahummadu a.k.a. Labista. Fim din ya yi mummunar sakamako kuma ya shiga hutu na shekaru hudu. A cikin 2012, Ndave ya fara daga karami a matsayin manajan wuri a [[Awka]], [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]. Bayan shekara guda ya haɗu da manajan wuri da matsayin manajan samarwa. Sa'an nan kuma ya sake shiga cikin samarwa kuma ya yi fina-finai masu zuwa: * Bottle da ya fashe * JohnPaul da Rebecca * Ƙananan Calabash * Yarinyar Plantain * Ghetto Kunshin * Ya Kuɗi na Jinin * Rashin tausayi na Nene * Hawaye na Nene ''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie &#124; FriendITEgossip |url=http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918052209/http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-09-18 |access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>'' In 2015, Ndave David Njoku co-produced the first ever blockbuster cinema movie in the Eastern region, ''The Last Kidnap''. The movie was produced by Kas-Vid International and directed by Ifeanyi Ikpeonyi a.k.a. Mr. Hollywood.This year 2016 gave Ndave the opportunity to shoot his first short cinema film titled ''The Inhaler'' by CD Initiative Films. He also co-produced another blockbuster, ''Polygamous Family'' starring [[Pete Edochie]], Remi Ohajianya, Imet Goodluck .a.k.a. Tallest man. The film was produced by OG Best International.Completed a new movie starring [[Nkem Owoh]], Tana Adelena Egbo, and others, for Amaco Investment and just concluded a movie project for Dekross Productions, he has also work with [[Kingsley Onyenma]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> He has worked with different Movies Actors, Actresses, Models and other Entertainment Industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEET NDAVE DAVID NJOKU, NOLLYWOOD FILMMAKER ...Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=永旺快投网-优惠大厅 |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> == Haɗin waje == * Gidan yanar gizon hukuma na [https://www.ndavedavid.com/ Ndave David Njoku]. * [[Facebook]].com/ndaved/" id="mwARg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ndave David Njoku a Facebook * [[Twitter]].com/ndavedavid/" id="mwARs" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ndave David Njoku a Twitter * [[Instagram]].com/ndavedavid/" href="<nowiki>https://instagram.com/ndavedavid/</nowiki>" id="mwAR4" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ndave David Njoku a Instagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] m3vy5an5f65pv3vfjzmoi99srdsvmyx 875523 875521 2026-07-03T22:22:17Z Umar Bello Kaura 45977 875523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''David Njoku''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi '''Ndave David Njoku''') ɗan fim ne na Najeriya, manajan samarwa tare da masana'antar [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=friendite talks with Ndave David |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Ndave ya fito ne daga Ukelefi a yankin karamar hukumar Nkanu ta Gabas ta [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]] amma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Abraka, [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne ɗa na ƙarshe daga cikin iyali na yara bakwai kuma ya girma ba tare da uba ba saboda mutuwarsa ba tare da lokaci ba lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 14 kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011548/https://gossip.friendite.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ndave ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Abraka . Ya kammala digiri na farko a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] (DELSU). <ref>{{Cite web |title=talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Gwajin Ndave na farko ya kasance a shekara ta 2004 a karkashin kulawar Mr. Perfect, wanda ya faranta masa rai kuma ya gaya masa cewa ba shi da makoma a cikin fim din. Kashegari ya koma filin sauraro kuma ya ɗauki wani yanki daga rubutun su. Ya yi amfani da rubutun don gyara labarin a cikin kansa kuma ya rubuta rubutun shafi 4. Ya ɗauki rubutun zuwa Cocin Katolika na St. Paul, [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] kuma ya tafiye tafiye tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo. Daga can mutane sun fara ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin duniyar fim. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sune yin bincike da wasa wasanni. Daraktocin da Ndave ya fi so sune Mista Ifeanyi Ikenyi (Mista Hollywood) da Mista Chris Nkem Okafor a.k.a. ChrisNX. Mafi kyawun mai shirya fina-finai na kasashen waje shine Steven Spielberg . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Sarauniya [[Collete Nwadike]] Exquisite Face of Universe . == Ayyuka == Fim dinsa na farko shi ne Smack Down, inda ya yi aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na A-list kamar [[Van Vicker]], Chiwetalu Agu da [[Uche Jombo]] . Daga nan ya samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai taken The War Lord kuma 2008, Ndave ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa tare da Oshilim Gabriel da Oshilam Anthony, fim, Wicked Conscience, tare da Chiwetalu Agu, John Paul, [[Uche Elendu]], da Emmanuel Ahummadu a.k.a. Labista. Fim din ya yi mummunar sakamako kuma ya shiga hutu na shekaru hudu. A cikin 2012, Ndave ya fara daga karami a matsayin manajan wuri a [[Awka]], [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]. Bayan shekara guda ya haɗu da manajan wuri da matsayin manajan samarwa. Sa'an nan kuma ya sake shiga cikin samarwa kuma ya yi fina-finai masu zuwa: * Bottle da ya fashe * JohnPaul da Rebecca * Ƙananan Calabash * Yarinyar Plantain * Ghetto Kunshin * Ya Kuɗi na Jinin * Rashin tausayi na Nene * Hawaye na Nene ''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie &#124; FriendITEgossip |url=http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918052209/http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-09-18 |access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>'' In 2015, Ndave David Njoku co-produced the first ever blockbuster cinema movie in the Eastern region, ''The Last Kidnap''. The movie was produced by Kas-Vid International and directed by Ifeanyi Ikpeonyi a.k.a. Mr. Hollywood.This year 2016 gave Ndave the opportunity to shoot his first short cinema film titled ''The Inhaler'' by CD Initiative Films. He also co-produced another blockbuster, ''Polygamous Family'' starring [[Pete Edochie]], Remi Ohajianya, Imet Goodluck .a.k.a. Tallest man. The film was produced by OG Best International.Completed a new movie starring [[Nkem Owoh]], Tana Adelena Egbo, and others, for Amaco Investment and just concluded a movie project for Dekross Productions, he has also work with [[Kingsley Onyenma]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> He has worked with different Movies Actors, Actresses, Models and other Entertainment Industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEET NDAVE DAVID NJOKU, NOLLYWOOD FILMMAKER ...Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=永旺快投网-优惠大厅 |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> == Haɗin waje == * Gidan yanar gizon hukuma na [https://www.ndavedavid.com/ Ndave David Njoku]. * [[Facebook]].com/ndaved/" id="mwARg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ndave David Njoku a Facebook * [[Twitter]].com/ndavedavid/" id="mwARs" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ndave David Njoku a Twitter * [[Instagram]].com/ndavedavid/" href="<nowiki>https://instagram.com/ndavedavid/</nowiki>" id="mwAR4" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ndave David Njoku a Instagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] 35roj1nsddzdchyh1sdds03bphc9npj 0 54315 875781 873390 2026-07-04T10:30:34Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347071205|Baba Dee]]" 875781 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dare Fasasi''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Baba Dee''', darektan fina-finai ne na Sweden-Nijeriya, kuma mai zane-zane na rawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Radio |first=Sveriges |title=First Nollywood film produced by Swedish director - Radio Sweden |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6157793 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=sverigesradio.se |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mawaƙin mawaƙa na Najeriya, Sound Sultan, tare da wanda ya kafa lakabin rikodin mai suna Naija Ninja Entertainment Production Company. Ayyukan kiɗa na Baba Dee ya fara ne tare da sakin kundi na farko a shekarar 1997. == Ilimi da aiki == Baba Dee ta sami digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin jagorantar mataki da fim. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Directors {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/#dare-fasasi |access-date=2021-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Shirinsa na farko a kiɗa shine Lekki Splash Talent Hunt inda ya yi gasa da wasu masu fafatawa tara kuma ya lashe a shekarar 1995.<ref name="thenet.ng" /> Nasarar da ya samu ta haɗa da kwangilar rikodi wanda ya kawo shi cikin masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya, bayan haka ya sami wani kwangilar yin rikodi tare da Astro Entertainment a Sweden, wanda ya zagaya Turai tare da wasu masu fasaha. A cikin wata hira ta 2014, ya bayyana cewa ba ya amfani da jima'i wajen inganta kiɗansa. Baba Dee ya jagoranci fim dinsa na farko, Head Gone, a shekarar 2014.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fasasi, Dare {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim din, wanda aka hada shi da dan uwansa, Sound Sultan, ya hada da mawaƙin Najeriya [[2Baba|Tuface]], [[Alibaba Akpobome]], [[Basketmouth]], [[Eniola Badmus]], [[Akpororo]], da sauransu. Head Gone kuma an fara shi ne a Sweden da [[Berlin]] a cikin 2014, kuma an ruwaito shi ne fim na farko na Nollywood da wani darektan Sweden ya yi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radio |first=Sveriges |title=First Nollywood film produced by Swedish director - Radio Sweden |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6157793 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=sverigesradio.se |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Baba Dee ya bayyana niyyarsa na yin takara don zama memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas, Oriade Amuwo Odofin mazabar 2, a Babban Zabe na Najeriya na 2015. Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin kungiyar haƙƙin mallaka ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=eventnewsafrica |last2=eventnewsafrica |date=2015-08-28 |title=Police IG assures COSON of full support in the war against copyright theft |url=https://www.eventnews.tv/press-release/coson-copyright-theft/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Eventnews Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Baba Dee shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mawaƙin Najeriya kuma mai kida, Sound Sultan, wanda ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Yulin 2021. A wani girmamawa ga marigayi ɗan'uwansa a watan Yulin 2021, ya yi ƙoƙari ya sulhunta 'yan uwan tagwaye [[Mr. P (mawaƙi)|Peter Okoye]] da Paul Okoye, ƙungiyar kiɗa ta tsohuwar [[P-Square]] wacce ke rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee Begs P-Square To Reunite, Ends Tubaba And Blackface’s ‘Beef’ |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2021/07/25/baba-dee-begs-p-square-to-reunite-ends-tubaba-and-blackfaces-beef/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> Yana da ɗa mai suna Tunde Vahlberg Fasasi . == Hotunan fina-finai == * Head Gone (2014) - Darakta <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fasasi, Dare {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ "Fasasi, Dare | African Film Festival, Inc"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == '''Kundin studio''' * Tsaya 4 Hanyar (2018) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Apple Music |language=en-CA}}</ref> * ''Boom Box'' (2014) * Mai amfani da yawa (2007) * ''Mafi Bukatar'' (1997) '''Singles & EPs''' * Ayyukan "Daggarin". Jaycii (2019) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Apple Music |language=en-CA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 "Baba Dee on Apple Music"]. ''Apple Music''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> * "Duk Game da Kai" (2017) <ref name=":0" /> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2007 |Headies |Mafi kyawun Reggae / Dancehall Album |''Sauye-sauye''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Winners of HHWA |url=http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227045424/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref> |- |2013 |Headies |Mafi kyawun Reggae / Dancehall Single |"Ka sauka"|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2013 |title=Olamide, Phyno win big at The Headies 2013 |url=http://entertainment.ng.msn.com/local-entertainment/olamide-phyno-win-big-at-the-headies-2013-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222225944/http://entertainment.ng.msn.com/local-entertainment/olamide-phyno-win-big-at-the-headies-2013-1 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=10 February 2014 |publisher=MSN Entertainment Nigeria}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6ywseu5k3z0er8s73xo5kb9m3oj5kht 875785 875781 2026-07-04T10:32:10Z Amadee619 37975 875785 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dare Fasasi''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Baba Dee''', darektan fina-finai ne na Sweden-Nijeriya, kuma mai zane-zane na rawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Radio |first=Sveriges |title=First Nollywood film produced by Swedish director - Radio Sweden |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6157793 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=sverigesradio.se |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mawaƙin mawaƙa na Najeriya, Sound Sultan, tare da wanda ya kafa lakabin rikodin mai suna Naija Ninja Entertainment Production Company. Ayyukan kiɗa na Baba Dee ya fara ne tare da sakin kundi na farko a shekarar 1997. == Ilimi da aiki == Baba Dee ta sami digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin jagorantar mataki da fim. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Directors {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/#dare-fasasi |access-date=2021-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Shirinsa na farko a kiɗa shine Lekki Splash Talent Hunt inda ya yi gasa da wasu masu fafatawa tara kuma ya lashe a shekarar 1995.<ref name="thenet.ng" /> Nasarar da ya samu ta haɗa da kwangilar rikodi wanda ya kawo shi cikin masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya, bayan haka ya sami wani kwangilar yin rikodi tare da Astro Entertainment a Sweden, wanda ya zagaya Turai tare da wasu masu fasaha. A cikin wata hira ta 2014, ya bayyana cewa ba ya amfani da jima'i wajen inganta kiɗansa. Baba Dee ya jagoranci fim dinsa na farko, Head Gone, a shekarar 2014.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fasasi, Dare {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim din, wanda aka hada shi da dan uwansa, Sound Sultan, ya hada da mawaƙin Najeriya [[2Baba|Tuface]], [[Alibaba Akpobome]], [[Basketmouth]], [[Eniola Badmus]], [[Akpororo]], da sauransu. Head Gone kuma an fara shi ne a Sweden da [[Berlin]] a cikin 2014, kuma an ruwaito shi ne fim na farko na Nollywood da wani darektan Sweden ya yi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radio |first=Sveriges |title=First Nollywood film produced by Swedish director - Radio Sweden |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6157793 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=sverigesradio.se |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Baba Dee ya bayyana niyyarsa na yin takara don zama memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas, Oriade Amuwo Odofin mazabar 2, a Babban Zabe na Najeriya na 2015. Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin kungiyar haƙƙin mallaka ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=eventnewsafrica |last2=eventnewsafrica |date=2015-08-28 |title=Police IG assures COSON of full support in the war against copyright theft |url=https://www.eventnews.tv/press-release/coson-copyright-theft/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Eventnews Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Baba Dee shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mawaƙin Najeriya kuma mai kida, Sound Sultan, wanda ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Yulin 2021. A wani girmamawa ga marigayi ɗan'uwansa a watan Yulin 2021, ya yi ƙoƙari ya sulhunta 'yan uwan tagwaye [[Mr. P (mawaƙi)|Peter Okoye]] da Paul Okoye, ƙungiyar kiɗa ta tsohuwar [[P-Square]] wacce ke rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee Begs P-Square To Reunite, Ends Tubaba And Blackface’s ‘Beef’ |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2021/07/25/baba-dee-begs-p-square-to-reunite-ends-tubaba-and-blackfaces-beef/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> Yana da ɗa mai suna Tunde Vahlberg Fasasi . == Hotunan fina-finai == * Head Gone (2014) - Darakta <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fasasi, Dare {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ "Fasasi, Dare | African Film Festival, Inc"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == '''Kundin studio''' * Tsaya 4 Hanyar (2018) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Apple Music |language=en-CA}}</ref> * ''Boom Box'' (2014) * Mai amfani da yawa (2007) * ''Mafi Bukatar'' (1997) '''Singles & EPs''' * Ayyukan "Daggarin". Jaycii (2019) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Apple Music |language=en-CA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 "Baba Dee on Apple Music"]. ''Apple Music''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> * "Duk Game da Kai" (2017) <ref name=":0" /> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2007 |Headies |Mafi kyawun Reggae / Dancehall Album |''Sauye-sauye''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Winners of HHWA |url=http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227045424/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref> |- |2013 |Headies |Mafi kyawun Reggae / Dancehall Single |"Ka sauka"|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2013 |title=Olamide, Phyno win big at The Headies 2013 |url=http://entertainment.ng.msn.com/local-entertainment/olamide-phyno-win-big-at-the-headies-2013-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222225944/http://entertainment.ng.msn.com/local-entertainment/olamide-phyno-win-big-at-the-headies-2013-1 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=10 February 2014 |publisher=MSN Entertainment Nigeria}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mvcnhuo42jenxozy4w23z1cfbe1ll22 875787 875785 2026-07-04T10:32:39Z Amadee619 37975 875787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dare Fasasi''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Baba Dee''', darektan fina-finai ne na Sweden-Nijeriya, kuma mai zane-zane na rawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Radio |first=Sveriges |title=First Nollywood film produced by Swedish director - Radio Sweden |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6157793 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=sverigesradio.se |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mawaƙin mawaƙa na Najeriya, Sound Sultan, tare da wanda ya kafa lakabin rikodin mai suna Naija Ninja Entertainment Production Company. Ayyukan kiɗa na Baba Dee ya fara ne tare da sakin kundi na farko a shekarar 1997. == Ilimi da aiki == Baba Dee ta sami digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin jagorantar mataki da fim. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Directors {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/#dare-fasasi |access-date=2021-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Shirinsa na farko a kiɗa shine Lekki Splash Talent Hunt inda ya yi gasa da wasu masu fafatawa tara kuma ya lashe a shekarar 1995.<ref name="thenet.ng" /> Nasarar da ya samu ta haɗa da kwangilar rikodi wanda ya kawo shi cikin masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya, bayan haka ya sami wani kwangilar yin rikodi tare da Astro Entertainment a Sweden, wanda ya zagaya Turai tare da wasu masu fasaha. A cikin wata hira ta 2014, ya bayyana cewa ba ya amfani da jima'i wajen inganta kiɗansa. Baba Dee ya jagoranci fim dinsa na farko, Head Gone, a shekarar 2014.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fasasi, Dare {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim din, wanda aka hada shi da dan uwansa, Sound Sultan, ya hada da mawaƙin Najeriya [[2Baba|Tuface]], [[Alibaba Akpobome]], [[Basketmouth]], [[Eniola Badmus]], [[Akpororo]], da sauransu. Head Gone kuma an fara shi ne a Sweden da [[Berlin]] a cikin 2014, kuma an ruwaito shi ne fim na farko na Nollywood da wani darektan Sweden ya yi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radio |first=Sveriges |title=First Nollywood film produced by Swedish director - Radio Sweden |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6157793 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=sverigesradio.se |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Baba Dee ya bayyana niyyarsa na yin takara don zama memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas, Oriade Amuwo Odofin mazabar 2, a Babban Zabe na Najeriya na 2015. Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin kungiyar haƙƙin mallaka ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=eventnewsafrica |last2=eventnewsafrica |date=2015-08-28 |title=Police IG assures COSON of full support in the war against copyright theft |url=https://www.eventnews.tv/press-release/coson-copyright-theft/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Eventnews Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Baba Dee shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mawaƙin Najeriya kuma mai kida, Sound Sultan, wanda ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Yulin 2021. A wani girmamawa ga marigayi ɗan'uwansa a watan Yulin 2021, ya yi ƙoƙari ya sulhunta 'yan uwan tagwaye [[Mr. P (mawaƙi)|Peter Okoye]] da Paul Okoye, ƙungiyar kiɗa ta tsohuwar [[P-Square]] wacce ke rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee Begs P-Square To Reunite, Ends Tubaba And Blackface’s ‘Beef’ |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2021/07/25/baba-dee-begs-p-square-to-reunite-ends-tubaba-and-blackfaces-beef/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> Yana da ɗa mai suna Tunde Vahlberg Fasasi . == Hotunan fina-finai == * Head Gone (2014) - Darakta <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fasasi, Dare {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ "Fasasi, Dare | African Film Festival, Inc"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == '''Kundin studio''' * Tsaya 4 Hanyar (2018) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Apple Music |language=en-CA}}</ref> * ''Boom Box'' (2014) * Mai amfani da yawa (2007) * ''Mafi Bukatar'' (1997) '''Singles & EPs''' * Ayyukan "Daggarin". Jaycii (2019) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Apple Music |language=en-CA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 "Baba Dee on Apple Music"]. ''Apple Music''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> * "Duk Game da Kai" (2017) <ref name=":0" /> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2007 |Headies |Mafi kyawun Reggae / Dancehall Album |''Sauye-sauye''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Winners of HHWA |url=http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227045424/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref> |- |2013 |Headies |Mafi kyawun Reggae / Dancehall Single |"Ka sauka"|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2013 |title=Olamide, Phyno win big at The Headies 2013 |url=http://entertainment.ng.msn.com/local-entertainment/olamide-phyno-win-big-at-the-headies-2013-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222225944/http://entertainment.ng.msn.com/local-entertainment/olamide-phyno-win-big-at-the-headies-2013-1 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=10 February 2014 |publisher=MSN Entertainment Nigeria}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 83hnthrj1sr91bl25hirimc23qfyz8o 0 54332 875761 837721 2026-07-04T10:20:44Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356879416|Tarila Thompson]]" 875761 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tarila Emmanuel Thompson''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1968) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|ta Najeriya]], darakta, mai shirya fina-finai, marubuciya kuma mawaƙiya. Thompson ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1992 kuma ana yaba masa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa masana'antar fina-finai masu magana da Turanci a [[Najeriya]] da aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thomson as one of the pioneers of Nollywood in Nigeria |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20170225/282033326970800 |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5b81a811zy74uuxkesl1u5kcvjzgp6q 875763 875761 2026-07-04T10:21:15Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356879416|Tarila Thompson]]" 875763 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tarila Emmanuel Thompson''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1968) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|ta Najeriya]], darakta, mai shirya fina-finai, marubuciya kuma mawaƙiya. Thompson ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1992 kuma ana yaba masa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa masana'antar fina-finai masu magana da Turanci a [[Najeriya]] da aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thomson as one of the pioneers of Nollywood in Nigeria |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20170225/282033326970800 |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya shahara da fina-finan ''Love without Language'' (1993), ''Die Another Day'' (2004), ''Passion and Pain'' (2004) da ''Church Business'' (2006). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson works |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Bayan ya huta daga yin fim, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson's break from filming |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/91-directors-producers-report/9243-bayelsa-new-haven-for-filmmakers-nollywood-director-tarila-thompson |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya dawo a shekarar 2012 don ɗaukar sabon fim ɗinsa mai suna ''In the Creek'', fim ɗin da aka yiwa lakabi da mafi tsadar fitar da kaya daga Afirka. Fim ɗin yana magana ne game da wahalar da mutanen Niger-Delta ke sha a Najeriya. A matsayinsa na mawaƙi, shi ne mamallakin El-Montage Records, wani [[Record label|kamfanin rikodin kiɗa]] . [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k51tol87e94sr4ixu2jyq4znw9aq9wt 875764 875763 2026-07-04T10:21:27Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356879416|Tarila Thompson]]" 875764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tarila Emmanuel Thompson''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1968) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|ta Najeriya]], darakta, mai shirya fina-finai, marubuciya kuma mawaƙiya. Thompson ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1992 kuma ana yaba masa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa masana'antar fina-finai masu magana da Turanci a [[Najeriya]] da aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thomson as one of the pioneers of Nollywood in Nigeria |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20170225/282033326970800 |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya shahara da fina-finan ''Love without Language'' (1993), ''Die Another Day'' (2004), ''Passion and Pain'' (2004) da ''Church Business'' (2006). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson works |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Bayan ya huta daga yin fim, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson's break from filming |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/91-directors-producers-report/9243-bayelsa-new-haven-for-filmmakers-nollywood-director-tarila-thompson |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya dawo a shekarar 2012 don ɗaukar sabon fim ɗinsa mai suna ''In the Creek'', fim ɗin da aka yiwa lakabi da mafi tsadar fitar da kaya daga Afirka. Fim ɗin yana magana ne game da wahalar da mutanen Niger-Delta ke sha a Najeriya. A matsayinsa na mawaƙi, shi ne mamallakin El-Montage Records, wani [[Record label|kamfanin rikodin kiɗa]] . == Rayuwar kai da ilimi == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nsic4wlajdzbi3jakktl37y8hzfj4b7 875765 875764 2026-07-04T10:21:56Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356879416|Tarila Thompson]]" 875765 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tarila Emmanuel Thompson''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1968) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|ta Najeriya]], darakta, mai shirya fina-finai, marubuciya kuma mawaƙiya. Thompson ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1992 kuma ana yaba masa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa masana'antar fina-finai masu magana da Turanci a [[Najeriya]] da aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thomson as one of the pioneers of Nollywood in Nigeria |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20170225/282033326970800 |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya shahara da fina-finan ''Love without Language'' (1993), ''Die Another Day'' (2004), ''Passion and Pain'' (2004) da ''Church Business'' (2006). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson works |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Bayan ya huta daga yin fim, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson's break from filming |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/91-directors-producers-report/9243-bayelsa-new-haven-for-filmmakers-nollywood-director-tarila-thompson |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya dawo a shekarar 2012 don ɗaukar sabon fim ɗinsa mai suna ''In the Creek'', fim ɗin da aka yiwa lakabi da mafi tsadar fitar da kaya daga Afirka. Fim ɗin yana magana ne game da wahalar da mutanen Niger-Delta ke sha a Najeriya. A matsayinsa na mawaƙi, shi ne mamallakin El-Montage Records, wani [[Record label|kamfanin rikodin kiɗa]] . == Rayuwar kai da ilimi == An haifi Thompson a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] . Ya fito daga [[Bayelsa|jihar Bayelsa]], jiha a [[Neja Delta|yankin Niger-Delta]] . Thompson ya sami digirin farko daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Port-Harcourt. Yana auren Funto Diseye Thompson kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku. [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] skiap6hk7lptf50zk4dnyxyig0ayi0y 875766 875765 2026-07-04T10:22:26Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356879416|Tarila Thompson]]" 875766 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tarila Emmanuel Thompson''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1968) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|ta Najeriya]], darakta, mai shirya fina-finai, marubuciya kuma mawaƙiya. Thompson ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1992 kuma ana yaba masa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa masana'antar fina-finai masu magana da Turanci a [[Najeriya]] da aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thomson as one of the pioneers of Nollywood in Nigeria |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20170225/282033326970800 |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya shahara da fina-finan ''Love without Language'' (1993), ''Die Another Day'' (2004), ''Passion and Pain'' (2004) da ''Church Business'' (2006). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson works |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Bayan ya huta daga yin fim, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson's break from filming |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/91-directors-producers-report/9243-bayelsa-new-haven-for-filmmakers-nollywood-director-tarila-thompson |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya dawo a shekarar 2012 don ɗaukar sabon fim ɗinsa mai suna ''In the Creek'', fim ɗin da aka yiwa lakabi da mafi tsadar fitar da kaya daga Afirka. Fim ɗin yana magana ne game da wahalar da mutanen Niger-Delta ke sha a Najeriya. A matsayinsa na mawaƙi, shi ne mamallakin El-Montage Records, wani [[Record label|kamfanin rikodin kiɗa]] . == Rayuwar kai da ilimi == An haifi Thompson a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] . Ya fito daga [[Bayelsa|jihar Bayelsa]], jiha a [[Neja Delta|yankin Niger-Delta]] . Thompson ya sami digirin farko daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Port-Harcourt. Yana auren Funto Diseye Thompson kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku. == Sana'a == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rwq51vt5ts5ftax0b1alsrlrn1owy6o 875768 875766 2026-07-04T10:22:58Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356879416|Tarila Thompson]]" 875768 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tarila Emmanuel Thompson''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1968) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|ta Najeriya]], darakta, mai shirya fina-finai, marubuciya kuma mawaƙiya. Thompson ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1992 kuma ana yaba masa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa masana'antar fina-finai masu magana da Turanci a [[Najeriya]] da aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thomson as one of the pioneers of Nollywood in Nigeria |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20170225/282033326970800 |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya shahara da fina-finan ''Love without Language'' (1993), ''Die Another Day'' (2004), ''Passion and Pain'' (2004) da ''Church Business'' (2006). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson works |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Bayan ya huta daga yin fim, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson's break from filming |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/91-directors-producers-report/9243-bayelsa-new-haven-for-filmmakers-nollywood-director-tarila-thompson |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya dawo a shekarar 2012 don ɗaukar sabon fim ɗinsa mai suna ''In the Creek'', fim ɗin da aka yiwa lakabi da mafi tsadar fitar da kaya daga Afirka. Fim ɗin yana magana ne game da wahalar da mutanen Niger-Delta ke sha a Najeriya. A matsayinsa na mawaƙi, shi ne mamallakin El-Montage Records, wani [[Record label|kamfanin rikodin kiɗa]] . == Rayuwar kai da ilimi == An haifi Thompson a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] . Ya fito daga [[Bayelsa|jihar Bayelsa]], jiha a [[Neja Delta|yankin Niger-Delta]] . Thompson ya sami digirin farko daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Port-Harcourt. Yana auren Funto Diseye Thompson kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku. == Sana'a == * ''Rayuwa Cikin Duhu'' (1999) * ''Ikon Soyayya'' (2002) * ''Soyayya a cikin Bauta (2002)'' * ''Jin Daɗi da Ciwo'' (2003) * ''Kasuwancin Coci'' (2003) * ''Mutu Wata Rana'' (2004) * ''Daren Budurwa (2004)'' * ''Aikin da ba a zata ba (2005)'' * ''Tawagar Ashirin da Uku (2005)'' * ''Sama da Kambi'' (2006) * ''Manyan Matan Abuja (2006)'' * ''Up Creek'' (za a fitar da shi nan ba da jimawa ba). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila films |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dtypp2x0lex6brhwtbalggk5fbag3rv 875769 875768 2026-07-04T10:23:20Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356879416|Tarila Thompson]]" 875769 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tarila Emmanuel Thompson''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1968) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|ta Najeriya]], darakta, mai shirya fina-finai, marubuciya kuma mawaƙiya. Thompson ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1992 kuma ana yaba masa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa masana'antar fina-finai masu magana da Turanci a [[Najeriya]] da aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thomson as one of the pioneers of Nollywood in Nigeria |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20170225/282033326970800 |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya shahara da fina-finan ''Love without Language'' (1993), ''Die Another Day'' (2004), ''Passion and Pain'' (2004) da ''Church Business'' (2006). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson works |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Bayan ya huta daga yin fim, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson's break from filming |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/91-directors-producers-report/9243-bayelsa-new-haven-for-filmmakers-nollywood-director-tarila-thompson |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya dawo a shekarar 2012 don ɗaukar sabon fim ɗinsa mai suna ''In the Creek'', fim ɗin da aka yiwa lakabi da mafi tsadar fitar da kaya daga Afirka. Fim ɗin yana magana ne game da wahalar da mutanen Niger-Delta ke sha a Najeriya. A matsayinsa na mawaƙi, shi ne mamallakin El-Montage Records, wani [[Record label|kamfanin rikodin kiɗa]] . == Rayuwar kai da ilimi == An haifi Thompson a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] . Ya fito daga [[Bayelsa|jihar Bayelsa]], jiha a [[Neja Delta|yankin Niger-Delta]] . Thompson ya sami digirin farko daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Port-Harcourt. Yana auren Funto Diseye Thompson kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku. == Sana'a == * ''Rayuwa Cikin Duhu'' (1999) * ''Ikon Soyayya'' (2002) * ''Soyayya a cikin Bauta (2002)'' * ''Jin Daɗi da Ciwo'' (2003) * ''Kasuwancin Coci'' (2003) * ''Mutu Wata Rana'' (2004) * ''Daren Budurwa (2004)'' * ''Aikin da ba a zata ba (2005)'' * ''Tawagar Ashirin da Uku (2005)'' * ''Sama da Kambi'' (2006) * ''Manyan Matar Abuja (2006)'' * ''Up Creek'' (za a fitar da shi nan ba da jimawa ba). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila films |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3zu8o7wu6y8i2svl19mggxtc9ufhif9 875770 875769 2026-07-04T10:23:40Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356879416|Tarila Thompson]]" 875770 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tarila Emmanuel Thompson''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1968) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|ta Najeriya]], darakta, mai shirya fina-finai, marubuciya kuma mawaƙiya. Thompson ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1992 kuma ana yaba masa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa masana'antar fina-finai masu magana da Turanci a [[Najeriya]] da aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thomson as one of the pioneers of Nollywood in Nigeria |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20170225/282033326970800 |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya shahara da fina-finan ''Love without Language'' (1993), ''Die Another Day'' (2004), ''Passion and Pain'' (2004) da ''Church Business'' (2006). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson works |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Bayan ya huta daga yin fim, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson's break from filming |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/91-directors-producers-report/9243-bayelsa-new-haven-for-filmmakers-nollywood-director-tarila-thompson |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya dawo a shekarar 2012 don ɗaukar sabon fim ɗinsa mai suna ''In the Creek'', fim ɗin da aka yiwa lakabi da mafi tsadar fitar da kaya daga Afirka. Fim ɗin yana magana ne game da wahalar da mutanen Niger-Delta ke sha a Najeriya. A matsayinsa na mawaƙi, shi ne mamallakin El-Montage Records, wani [[Record label|kamfanin rikodin kiɗa]] . == Rayuwar kai da ilimi == An haifi Thompson a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] . Ya fito daga [[Bayelsa|jihar Bayelsa]], jiha a [[Neja Delta|yankin Niger-Delta]] . Thompson ya sami digirin farko daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Port-Harcourt. Yana auren Funto Diseye Thompson kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku. == Sana'a == Zuwa yanzu, Thompson yana da fina-finai da dama, a gida da kuma a ƙasashen waje, ciki har da * ''Rayuwa Cikin Duhu'' (1999) * ''Ikon Soyayya'' (2002) * ''Soyayya a cikin Bauta (2002)'' * ''Jin Daɗi da Ciwo'' (2003) * ''Kasuwancin Coci'' (2003) * ''Mutu Wata Rana'' (2004) * ''Daren Budurwa (2004)'' * ''Aikin da ba a zata ba (2005)'' * ''Tawagar Ashirin da Uku (2005)'' * ''Sama da Kambi'' (2006) * ''Manyan Matar Abuja (2006)'' * ''Up Creek'' (za a fitar da shi nan ba da jimawa ba). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila films |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1wqcnflapxbtoxm3vmfdp2pyapmsmzb 875771 875770 2026-07-04T10:24:43Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 875771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tarila Emmanuel Thompson''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1968) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|ta Najeriya]], darakta, mai shirya fina-finai, marubuciya kuma mawaƙiya. Thompson ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1992 kuma ana yaba masa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa masana'antar fina-finai masu magana da Turanci a [[Najeriya]] da aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thomson as one of the pioneers of Nollywood in Nigeria |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20170225/282033326970800 |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya shahara da fina-finan ''Love without Language'' (1993), ''Die Another Day'' (2004), ''Passion and Pain'' (2004) da ''Church Business'' (2006). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson works |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Bayan ya huta daga yin fim, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson's break from filming |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/91-directors-producers-report/9243-bayelsa-new-haven-for-filmmakers-nollywood-director-tarila-thompson |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya dawo a shekarar 2012 don ɗaukar sabon fim ɗinsa mai suna ''In the Creek'', fim ɗin da aka yiwa lakabi da mafi tsadar fitar da kaya daga Afirka. Fim ɗin yana magana ne game da wahalar da mutanen Niger-Delta ke sha a Najeriya. A matsayinsa na mawaƙi, shi ne mamallakin El-Montage Records, wani [[Record label|kamfanin rikodin kiɗa]] . == Rayuwar kai da ilimi == An haifi Thompson a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] . Ya fito daga [[Bayelsa|jihar Bayelsa]], jiha a [[Neja Delta|yankin Niger-Delta]] . Thompson ya sami digirin farko daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Port-Harcourt. Yana auren Funto Diseye Thompson kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku. == Sana'a == Zuwa yanzu, Thompson yana da fina-finai da dama, a gida da kuma a ƙasashen waje, ciki har da * ''Rayuwa Cikin Duhu'' (1999) * ''Ikon Soyayya'' (2002) * ''Soyayya a cikin Bauta (2002)'' * ''Jin Daɗi da Ciwo'' (2003) * ''Kasuwancin Coci'' (2003) * ''Mutu Wata Rana'' (2004) * ''Daren Budurwa (2004)'' * ''Aikin da ba a zata ba (2005)'' * ''Tawagar Ashirin da Uku (2005)'' * ''Sama da Kambi'' (2006) * ''Manyan Matar Abuja (2006)'' * ''Up Creek'' (za a fitar da shi nan ba da jimawa ba). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila films |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] t8efwxhhqqw4kj2u04ao923zk9hld9m 875799 875771 2026-07-04T10:36:12Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 875799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tarila Emmanuel Thompson''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1968) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|ta Najeriya]], darakta, mai shirya fina-finai, marubuciya kuma mawaƙiya. Thompson ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1992 kuma ana yaba masa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kafa masana'antar fina-finai masu magana da Turanci a [[Najeriya]] da aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thomson as one of the pioneers of Nollywood in Nigeria |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20170225/282033326970800 |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya shahara da fina-finan ''Love without Language'' (1993), ''Die Another Day'' (2004), ''Passion and Pain'' (2004) da ''Church Business'' (2006). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson works |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Bayan ya huta daga yin fim, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson's break from filming |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/91-directors-producers-report/9243-bayelsa-new-haven-for-filmmakers-nollywood-director-tarila-thompson |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Thompson ya dawo a shekarar 2012 don ɗaukar sabon fim ɗinsa mai suna ''In the Creek'', fim ɗin da aka yiwa lakabi da mafi tsadar fitar da kaya daga Afirka. Fim ɗin yana magana ne game da wahalar da mutanen Niger-Delta ke sha a Najeriya. A matsayinsa na mawaƙi, shi ne mamallakin El-Montage Records, wani [[Record label|kamfanin rikodin kiɗa]] . == Rayuwar kai da ilimi == An haifi Thompson a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] . Ya fito daga [[Bayelsa|jihar Bayelsa]], jiha a [[Neja Delta|yankin Niger-Delta]] . Thompson ya sami digirin farko daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Port-Harcourt. Yana auren Funto Diseye Thompson kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku. == Sana'a == Zuwa yanzu, Thompson yana da fina-finai da dama, a gida da kuma a ƙasashen waje, ciki har da * ''Rayuwa Cikin Duhu'' (1999) * ''Ikon Soyayya'' (2002) * ''Soyayya a cikin Bauta (2002)'' * ''Jin Daɗi da Ciwo'' (2003) * ''Kasuwancin Coci'' (2003) * ''Mutu Wata Rana'' (2004) * ''Daren Budurwa (2004)'' * ''Aikin da ba a zata ba (2005)'' * ''Tawagar Ashirin da Uku (2005)'' * ''Sama da Kambi'' (2006) * ''Manyan Matar Abuja (2006)'' * ''Up Creek'' (za a fitar da shi nan ba da jimawa ba). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila films |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta swi1cx12o04su0hw09zawn66rypmyo1 0 55110 875320 838400 2026-07-03T18:59:21Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana'antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana'antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana'antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Daga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kano]] [[Category:Mata]] hypq1uj1op16cpvc8uu26oacldfrx6k 875321 875320 2026-07-03T19:00:19Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana'antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana'antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana'antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Daga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kano]] [[Category:Mata]] 4lsph48gas90kcpvwavuwl04hun9187 875322 875321 2026-07-03T19:01:04Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana'antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana'antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana'antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Daga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kano]] [[Category:Mata]] ez2t3jte4pxxokg8xh9vftmr0y668yp 875323 875322 2026-07-03T19:01:30Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana'antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana'antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana'antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Daga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar kano]] [[Category:Mata]] oxdth89pgmbmte95wlml3lemm8nzrwk 875324 875323 2026-07-03T19:01:53Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana'antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana'antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana'antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Daga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 96n54rzexmagzn96dhqqtmh5kei73oj 875326 875324 2026-07-03T19:02:26Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana'antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana'antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana'antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Daga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] lghtwcpj2w34no1rg5fpo5inmrz866h 875328 875326 2026-07-03T19:02:54Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana'antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana'antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana'antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Daga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] ah5zehmgtqea41h4vbt50q5578kagbt 875329 875328 2026-07-03T19:03:23Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana'antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana'antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana'antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Daga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] kr5dzyh65arvbg6kcu0pdm1fnk9526c 875330 875329 2026-07-03T19:03:49Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana'antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana'antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana'antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Daga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] b0zbup6k52mcrpv8xs3yucw2gigiv3e 875331 875330 2026-07-03T19:04:23Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana'antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana'antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana'antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] gnei9blxl6jaq4gubvzkyvwpvdpai7f 875333 875331 2026-07-03T19:04:51Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana'antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana'antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana'antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 5xsdhgsl1098zvcugtaoc8n76kwqnks 875334 875333 2026-07-03T19:05:16Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana'antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana'antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] er7qk6sf4gdx7elb3rxp7470uizuavo 875336 875334 2026-07-03T19:05:39Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana'antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana'antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] gpz7ts753byi6si1fjnk8227tpb57fy 875337 875336 2026-07-03T19:06:14Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana'antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 082czgbs7g287gy2yn2xovwct6pzp0w 875338 875337 2026-07-03T19:06:39Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] mm89aj5cnbj0c6yh47qiocnl2eg9cb2 875339 875338 2026-07-03T19:06:59Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] iixkgvjakkhgkd2m349czgf1e55yppi 875340 875339 2026-07-03T19:07:25Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar an damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] bn3pxiasj32hwjsrb691ry9g2ol9s52 875341 875340 2026-07-03T19:08:22Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa tana taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] hfkvn5olkg0i4kvhkrafrgj28ziepjv 875343 875341 2026-07-03T19:09:42Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa ta na taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] tgsezqtuhcr4srsg0f77d2jc3578xqp 875345 875343 2026-07-03T19:10:17Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana damawa da ita. Tana Bada gudummawa ta na taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] bs2y25dqmck4ri3nyye2u92hp7o13qq 875346 875345 2026-07-03T19:11:05Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana damawa da ita. Tana Ba da gudummawa ta na taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] oq1jvyfmakycztv60bm9fluaqkq2hen 875348 875346 2026-07-03T19:12:10Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudummawa ta na taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 1ebz3n4b44zqall8dpnuw3rqoaoc4x5 875350 875348 2026-07-03T19:13:21Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka rawa a matsayin uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 68jws3km06kddv1k8o56zzbrf5l28yz 875353 875350 2026-07-03T19:14:08Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] lstevcmdv3r9eytjbj02ecnybxvyk8c 875356 875353 2026-07-03T19:15:00Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] bwyajfvo2u8b6t2hnaiqe09te6kbcf3 875358 875356 2026-07-03T19:15:33Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai_dogon zango Mai suna "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 87whx5dils3wfgxzd7oqfyqe77hab5w 875361 875358 2026-07-03T19:16:01Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna ne data fito a fim Mai_dogon zango Mai su na "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 2akfpo6engnlr3nxvbepvicfa21ta2a 875363 875361 2026-07-03T19:16:50Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fito a fim Mai_dogon zango Mai su na "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 09yfqu5giglow2wekunm7dnt9vxb0jj 875364 875363 2026-07-03T19:17:34Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim Mai_dogon zango Mai su na "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 3c6wqte5muyivuztgg17i5yzrls2jqb 875365 875364 2026-07-03T19:18:10Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zango Mai su na "KISHIYA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 5z22p6kil18ouye1iuk83b3jj9vrepf 875367 875365 2026-07-03T19:19:11Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zango Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] em2h8i5o2x55eq895wpyh4tyi9bpzcj 875370 875367 2026-07-03T19:19:58Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda suke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] evd48pz62k1n25pfl4dqbs0bjsvc62h 875373 875370 2026-07-03T19:20:50Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su ke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 177377fhripk4586xakfdrxf06q778o 875375 875373 2026-07-03T19:21:39Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da jarumi [[Lawan Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] kkevxp7k0e3gpnemfbz24bfcatv4qfr 875378 875375 2026-07-03T19:22:34Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] qmctphcs59t4uu60x3a61j1le5c8fi1 875383 875378 2026-07-03T19:23:47Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] odg7o59bz4tagxbhuymvyh0je986hxk 875385 875383 2026-07-03T19:24:28Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_Ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] h0g87fn1054r797reenbno496t3v9ri 875386 875385 2026-07-03T19:25:07Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 7rxa4dyeun7uxjnd14fpnz4nnatnt8h 875387 875386 2026-07-03T19:25:58Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 3v18sq5vz25w31tuivq3jl18jasm13w 875388 875387 2026-07-03T19:26:40Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] ax4x1md9wf64xwcdfqn18u9088q9fft 875389 875388 2026-07-03T19:29:23Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] d7hy45ssh1xdq0gp5s1ge427ki6bacj 875390 875389 2026-07-03T19:30:16Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] rqw2qw36an2lg9jfrg2sudjs5sc862t 875391 875390 2026-07-03T19:30:46Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife ta a Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] jesvxlq44vugnv8yzsn5m9ys3uz2m9w 875392 875391 2026-07-03T19:31:54Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 4lsgwqpywh4is9nu358jgdxskrv0c94 875393 875392 2026-07-03T19:33:00Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar Kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] mvk8dsuvjcdi5h63in1oy2673wagrvf 875394 875393 2026-07-03T19:34:12Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 181a8vcko6is1fhjkm6yvlfss3k3en9 875395 875394 2026-07-03T19:35:16Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a Gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] hm1hc03pdlahjsslvd285ccijbzu1mm 875396 875395 2026-07-03T19:36:01Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] hcx4gylcdgku5j18pbxeirijwb3iqil 875397 875396 2026-07-03T19:36:36Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] obkp28plt4ciogf3ezhe578a6z1o2e5 875402 875397 2026-07-03T20:07:21Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun_yayar mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 22urqwvuw3jyc11ua8hss9mudjfuzw9 875403 875402 2026-07-03T20:07:53Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 8dv0m0amww00ijmqx4xyb9dcsn13nh2 875404 875403 2026-07-03T20:08:31Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 6zyl5mrp83al3qzinmxv3wxpx385rqp 875405 875404 2026-07-03T20:09:14Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 4sb37bs5unn4s44w27nq9r9bwwctze2 875406 875405 2026-07-03T20:09:42Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 5wu7r56z3fht1r22buv35wwn4ppaydf 875407 875406 2026-07-03T20:10:12Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun Boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] ei0onvn1j4v7rdj6mt7izegh4ointnc 875408 875407 2026-07-03T20:10:46Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] l9qu3grumt5470gvzq4skhmukdk0c5z 875409 875408 2026-07-03T20:11:29Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] a6jj8wr7cqostyomz3ir38p30gmy566 875410 875409 2026-07-03T20:12:25Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna daga baya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] nlmj2vwvwr3oof376zil0zl5al11w13 875411 875410 2026-07-03T20:13:03Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna daga ba ya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] g8r570jr3psffi2cr17csyzo3pcjvet 875412 875411 2026-07-03T20:13:38Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] ivuyyl6kxh23gwi4ienjcq3iz4k2kub 875413 875412 2026-07-03T20:14:11Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] kzs42q4jka78uwtk7rc0hbv6wjlnwd9 875414 875413 2026-07-03T20:17:58Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasarawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] g4sir9aixavzhkm7glwoutzl6vux4ks 875415 875414 2026-07-03T20:18:32Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasarawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] pyp5i8s2tw9t620znwtq5lga75umu65 875416 875415 2026-07-03T20:19:52Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebeji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] gzlbl5ulx43ewg2hagnpkvsm6ssx1s4 875417 875416 2026-07-03T20:20:25Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] r3q4psex9jupm8xl64h575645sqx1ic 875418 875417 2026-07-03T20:21:00Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] r5ew7a5nc6w20tyib2i9mvs62w1c3qd 875419 875418 2026-07-03T20:21:32Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fito a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 9iys8i633ay29x6a8ric7ck5g3ah2bu 875421 875419 2026-07-03T20:21:59Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana'antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] l4txfeutc4b97qn0j2zjhfsaiuvdyrf 875422 875421 2026-07-03T20:22:36Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] kpe4sj4t5kapwx8ily5qx7kxdg8h7bs 875423 875422 2026-07-03T20:23:15Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim inda tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] g3h4v04cyue575mtlolfuqegkre39g0 875424 875423 2026-07-03T20:23:41Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da tayi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] t4g4yapa6nunf1byflv2f5bk78q53ae 875425 875424 2026-07-03T20:24:12Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] b0fqwf18qki3cdnji08p7l9iluz38tz 875427 875425 2026-07-03T20:24:55Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 5vwskoggba236i5n81grpykla2pp090 875428 875427 2026-07-03T20:25:42Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _yawa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] g9g9qgp0kl5c0tdw4vmttbszrydciut 875429 875428 2026-07-03T20:26:11Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana'antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] nwkzm3vahxgylbuik3cebpse5ksxd3z 875430 875429 2026-07-03T20:26:56Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayenta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] gvq1updpo6401to50cm0behkdlrfthb 875431 875430 2026-07-03T20:27:26Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] egi8xr30zrspqi0373d37wfijjxhrq6 875432 875431 2026-07-03T20:28:27Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun_rasu gaba daya. Da tayi aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] p84zhesaizs2xmlvcu4htpn3n4xuoh7 875433 875432 2026-07-03T20:29:39Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun_rasu gaba daya. Da tayi_aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 9rf9gtjpu8i96fclok59c9ez9c44je8 875434 875433 2026-07-03T20:30:17Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun_rasu gaba_daya. Da tayi_aure ta haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] jotijueslbry9m0cslumimume409f9v 875435 875434 2026-07-03T20:31:14Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun_rasu gaba_daya. Da tayi_aure ta_haifi Yara shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] gwg212pf2lf154y6pwac55f01xnp16h 875436 875435 2026-07-03T20:31:44Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun_rasu gaba_daya. Da tayi_aure ta_haifi Yara_shida daga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] qjy4nxl443273n14kiee8vxx9bllqii 875437 875436 2026-07-03T20:32:21Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun_rasu gaba_daya. Da tayi_aure ta_haifi Yara_shida da ga baya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] qmzdo3krrg42xumt9bq88d4xx2ydujn 875438 875437 2026-07-03T20:32:55Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun_rasu gaba_daya. Da tayi_aure ta_haifi Yara_shida da ga ba ya biyu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] ngylvj4vxgauiyhtemj99p0vtpaiujt 875439 875438 2026-07-03T20:33:29Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun_rasu gaba_daya. Da tayi_aure ta_haifi Yara_shida da ga ba ya bi yu suka rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 5qrzfh82dm9s0t6ospz2pret25w0dzl 875440 875439 2026-07-03T20:34:14Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun_rasu gaba_daya. Da tayi_aure ta_haifi Yara_shida da ga ba ya bi yu suka_rasu yanzun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 7x5en9cf2zliff9okar2w0ly95i9drs 875441 875440 2026-07-03T20:34:51Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun_rasu gaba_daya. Da tayi_aure ta_haifi Yara_shida da ga ba ya bi yu suka_rasu yan_zun tana da Yara hudu Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 420y6gecsjumiz2g390g57op0ra9dlh 875442 875441 2026-07-03T20:35:28Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun_rasu gaba_daya. Da tayi_aure ta_haifi Yara_shida da ga ba ya bi yu suka_rasu yan_zun tana da Yara hu du Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] h28xb1sidzebnb4c27imp35b9hzg7m2 875443 875442 2026-07-03T20:35:54Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun_rasu gaba_daya. Da tayi_aure ta_haifi Yara_shida da ga ba ya bi yu suka_rasu yan_zun tana da Yara hu du_Kenan da jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] 1ppdfgf49kop8fdzh3g3p9n2lwch298 875444 875443 2026-07-03T20:36:39Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun_rasu gaba_daya. Da tayi_aure ta_haifi Yara_shida da ga ba ya bi yu suka_rasu yan_zun tana da Yara hu du_Kenan da_jikoki da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] pn1nedbjmtlnx34so4w2zkwhrl46nbp 875445 875444 2026-07-03T20:37:09Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun_rasu gaba_daya. Da tayi_aure ta_haifi Yara_shida da ga ba ya bi yu suka_rasu yan_zun tana da Yara hu du_Kenan da_jikoki_da dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] cmez17yixorcvu0be5b7v7p81jcihp3 875446 875445 2026-07-03T20:37:37Z Zainab Aisar 45233 875446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zulai_Bebeji''' jaruma_ce a masana_antar_fim ta Hausa wa to [[Kannywood]] ta jima a masana_antar ana dama_wa da ita. Tana Ba da gudum_mawa ta na taka ra wa a matsayin_uwa a masana_antar ta kara yin suna_ne data fi to a fim_Mai_dogon zan_go Mai su na "KISHI_YA TACE" Wanda su_ke da_jarumi [[Lawan_Ahmad]] , [[Maryam Malika]], [[Samha_M_Inuwa]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=q6jUwsT-yxo</ref> == Taƙaitac_cen Tarihin_ta == Cikak_ken sunan_ta shine Zulaihat_Abdullahi_Aliyu_Bebeji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |title=Kwafin_ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731201538/https://www.asuadailypost.com.ng/2023/02/takaitaccen-tarihin-hajiya-zulai-bebeji.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haife_ta Karamar_hukumar [[Bebe_ji]] dake [[Jihar_kano]]. Ta girma_a_gawuna Karamar_hukumar [[Nasa_rawa (Kano)|Nasa_rawa]] a hannun_yayar_mahaifiyar ta Mai_suna hajiya_lariya da mijin_ta mlm.ladan, Ta fara karatun_boko Dana islama_ne a_gawuna da ga ba ya tai_aure bayan tayi_aure ta cigaba_da_karatu . Da ga Nan ta fi to a masana_antar_fim in da ta yi shekaru_da _ya wa a<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-dont-have-any-mentor-in-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> masana_antar . Iyayen_ta sun_rasu gaba_daya. Da tayi_aure ta_haifi Yara_shida da ga ba ya bi yu suka_rasu yan_zun tana da Yara hu du_Kenan da_jikoki_da_dama<ref>https://fimmagazine.com/sukar-da-aka-ri%C6%99a-yi-wa-yan-zaman-shahada-ce-aka-kwaso-aka-ya%C9%93a-wa-yan-kannywood-zulai-bebeji/</ref> == Mana_zarta == [[Category:Rayayyun_mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan_kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane da ga jihar_jano]] [[Category:Mata]] d00wcgj8jiy80focpsk9r3yn7t5syib 0 57700 875529 609349 2026-07-03T23:09:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Filin jirgin sama na Touat-Cheikh Sidi Mohamed Belkebir'''(filin jirgin sama ne na jama'a wanda yake 6 nm(11)&nbsp;km) kudu maso gabas da Adrar,babban birnin lardin Adrar( ''wilaya'' )a [[Aljeriya|kasar Aljeriya]] . == Kayayyakin aiki == Filin jirgin saman yana zaune a tsayin {{Convert|280|m|0}}sama da matakin teku. Yana da titin jirgin sama guda ɗaya wanda aka keɓance 04/22 tare da saman kwalta mai auna {{Convert|3000|x|45|m|0}} . == Jiragen sama da wuraren zuwa == {{Airport-dest-list|[[Air Algérie]]|[[Houari Boumediene Airport|Algiers]], [[Bordj Mokhtar Airport|Bordj Badji Mokhtar]], [[Mohamed Boudiaf International Airport|Constantine]], [[In Salah Airport|In Salah]], [[Oran Es Sénia Airport|Oran]], [[Ain Beida Airport|Ouargla]], [[Aguenar - Hadj Bey Akhamok Airport|Tamanrasset]]|[[Tassili Airlines]]|[[Houari Boumediene Airport|Algiers]], [[Oran Es Sénia Airport|Oran]]}} == Kididdiga == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width:600px" |+Tafiya ta shekarar kalanda. Ƙididdiga na ACI na hukuma ! style="width:50px" | ! style="width:20px" | Wuce-<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> injiniyoyi ! style="width:20px" | Canji daga shekarar da ta gabata ! style="width:20px" | Opera jirgin sama-<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> tions ! style="width:20px" | Canji daga shekarar da ta gabata ! style="width:20px" | Kaya<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (metric ton) ! style="width:20px" | Canji daga shekarar da ta gabata |- ! 2005 | 46,853 |</img> 8.23% | 2,502 |</img> 45.21% | 28 |</img> 46.15% |- ! 2006 | 40,439 |</img> 13.69% | 2,593 |</img> 3.68% | 44 |</img> 57.14% |- ! 2007 | 46,817 |</img> 15.77% | 3,582 |</img> 38.09% | 62 |</img> 40.91% |- ! 2008 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |- ! 2009 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |- ! 2010 | 10,483 | NA | 328 | NA | 14 | NA |- ! 2011 | 41,418 |</img> 295.10% | 1,102 |</img> 235.98% | 64 |</img> 357.14% |- ! 2012 | 53,797 |</img> 29.89% | 1,320 |</img> 19.78% | 101 |</img> 57.81% |- ! 2013 | 92,197 |</img> 71.38% | 2,048 |</img> 55.15% | 70 |</img> 30.69% |- | colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | ''Source: Majalisar Filin Jiragen Sama na kasa da kasa.'' ''Rahoton zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama na Duniya<br /><br /><br /><br />''<nowiki></br></nowiki> ''(Shekaru 2005, <ref name="2005 WATR">[http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/_2005%20WATR.pdf Airport Council International]'s 2005 World Airport Traffic Report</ref> 2006, <ref name="2006 WATR">[http://www.domodedovo.ru/img/uploaded/rating/WorldAirportTrafficReport2006_Revised.pdf Airport Council International]'s 2006 World Airport Traffic Report</ref> 2007, <ref name="2007 WATR">[http://www.abcal.org/images/stories/docs2010/aci_watr2007.pdf Airport Council International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031145/http://www.abcal.org/images/stories/docs2010/aci_watr2007.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}'s 2007 World Airport Traffic Report</ref> 2009, 2011, <ref name="2011 WATR">[http://leea.recherche.enac.fr/Bdd/AirTraffic2011.pdf Airport Council International]'s 2011 World Airport Traffic Report</ref> 2012, <ref name="2012 WATR">[http://leea.recherche.enac.fr/Bdd/AirTraffic2012.pdf Airport Council International]'s 2012 World Airport Traffic Report</ref> da 2013 <ref name="2013 WATR">[http://leea.recherche.enac.fr/Bdd/WorldwideAirTraffic2013.pdf Airport Council International]'s 2013 World Airport Traffic Report</ref>'' |} == Nassoshi == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.google.com/maps/@27.8370946,-0.1887092,4475m/data=!3m1!1e3 Google Maps - Adrar] * [http://www.egsa-alger.dz/ Etablissement de Gestion de Services Aéroportuaires d'Alger (EGSA Alger)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702042046/http://www.egsa-alger.dz/ |date=2017-07-02 }} * Current weather for DAUA * Accident history for AZR * [http://aerobaticsweb.org/cgi-bin/search_apt?DAUA Rikodin filin jirgin sama na Touat Cheikh Sidi Mohamed Belkebir filin jirgin sama]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918160508/http://aerobaticsweb.org/cgi-bin/search_apt?DAUA |date=2018-09-18 }} a Landings.com. [[Category:CS1 Faransanci-language sources (fr)]] aj8unen6c6rjdljaw7o28tug040pn2a 0 61127 875221 322954 2026-07-03T17:28:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Etso Clara Ugbodaga-Ngu'''', wanda aka fi sani da Ugbodaga-Ngu, wani fitaccen mawakin [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne. An haife ta a shekarar 1921 a [[Kano (birni)|garin Kano]] [[Kano (jiha)|da ke jihar Kano a]] [[Najeriya]], ta bar tarihi da al'adu da siyasar Najeriya. Sana'arta ta ƙunshi launuka masu haske da bayyana ƙarfi da manufa. Musamman ma, salon sa na geometric ya samo asali ne daga ayyukan farko kamar "Matan Kasuwanci" (1961). Elbert G. Mathews, jakadan Amurka a Najeriya a shekarun 1960 ne ya saye zanen nata mai suna "Dancers" tare da sanin muhimmancinsa. Ugbodaga-Ngu ta gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban tun daga koyarwa zuwa koyarwa a jami'o'i da gudanar da ayyukanta. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da shawara ta jiha a lokacin FESTAC a 1975 sannan ta zama malama a jami'ar Benin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Sule Ameh |date=2023-07-26 |title=Clara Etso Ugbodaga-Ngu’s Many Roles in Nigeria’s Modernist Art Scene |url=https://post.moma.org/clara-etso-ugbodaga-ngus-many-roles-in-nigerias-modernist-art-scene/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bonhams : Clara Etso Ugbodaga-Ngu (Nigerian, 1921-1996) Dancers |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auction/27381/lot/18/clara-etso-ugbodaga-ngu-nigerian-1921-1996-dancers/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.bonhams.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=times |first=art |date=2022-02-24 |title=Rare work by the African artist Clara Etso Ugodaga-Ngu comes to Bonhams |url=https://arttimes.co.za/rare-work-by-the-african-artist-clara-etso-ugodaga-ngu-comes-to-bonhams/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=South African Art Times: |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006044316/https://arttimes.co.za/rare-work-by-the-african-artist-clara-etso-ugodaga-ngu-comes-to-bonhams/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Artwork by Clara Etso Ugbodaga-Ngu, Dancers, Made of oil on board in 2023 {{!}} Dancer, Snapshots, Sale artwork |url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/artwork-by-clara-etso-ugbodagangu-dancers-made-of-oil-on-board-in-2023--710442909994292412/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Pinterest |language=en}}</ref> == Magana == [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]] tr8kxrtj0lq63pli3plbmxiwg0iib21 0 62365 875070 785241 2026-07-03T15:30:19Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347088232|Emmanuel Ikubese]]" 875070 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ikubese (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai kuma tsohon samfurin da ya lashe kyautar SilverBird na Mr. Najeriya a shekarar 2014.[1][2][3] A shekara ta 2015, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards kuma a shekara ta 2016 ya lashe lambar girmamawa ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . [4][5][6] Ikubese, a cikin 2017 an nada shi Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Millennium Development Goals . [7][8] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ikubese ya fito ne daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a Najeriya, yankin da kabilun 'yan tsiraru a Najeriya da kuma [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] suka mamaye. Ikubuese ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar farko da takardar shaidarsa ta makarantar sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka daga cibiyoyin ilmantarwa na gida a cikin jihar Delta. A kokarin samun digiri na jami'a, ya yi hijira zuwa [[Kenya]] inda ya nemi Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a [[Nairobi]] don nazarin Harkokin Kasashen Duniya kuma daga ƙarshe ya karɓa kuma ya sami B.Sc. digiri a kan kammala karatun sa. == Ayyuka == Ikubese ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararre a harabar jami'arsa kuma daga ƙarshe ya lashe kambin Mista Najeriya kuma ya kammala a matsayin mai tseren farko a gasar Mr. World . Ikubuese bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin abin koyi, ya shiga cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya wanda aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] kuma ya sami karbuwa mai mahimmanci bayan ya sami rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen MTV TV mai taken [[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] inda ya taka rawar wani hali mai suna Femi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Ikubese talks about his character Femi in MTV Shuga 4 |url=https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222202219/https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ikubese ya fara zama darektan a shekarar 2019 tare da jerin shirye-shiryen TV mai taken ''Kyaddala'' wanda shine kalmar Uganda wanda ke nufin "ainihinsa" lokacin da aka fassara shi zuwa harshen Ingilishi. == Kyaututtuka == Ikubese ya lashe lambar yabo ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . Ikubese ya lashe kyautar Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards . == Rayuwa ta mutum == A cikin 2019, Ikubese ta yi alkawari da mai kyawawan halaye na Najeriya Anita Adetoye . Ikubese a cikin wata hira da jaridar Punch ta lissafa wasan kwando, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da dafa abinci a matsayin abubuwan sha'awa. == Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin == * ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] (2012-2019) a matsayin Femi'' * ''Fifty (2015) a matsayin Sammy'' * ''[[Ojukokoro]] (2016) a matsayin mai lissafi'' * ''Gudun (2017) '' * My Flatmates (2017-) a matsayin Sammy * ''Lagos Landing (2018) a matsayin Emeka'' * ''Shagayas da Clarks (2018 TV Series) a matsayin Lanre Shagayas'' * ''Kyaddala (2019 TV Series) a matsayin Jeff'' * ''Ayyuka (2020) '' * ''Aure da Campbell (2021) a matsayin Efosa Uwaifo'' * ''A Simple Lie (fim na 2021) a matsayin Azeem'' * ''Ganawa da Iyayen Funmi (2024) a matsayin Jimoh'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Daraktocin fim a harshen yarbanci]] 6ezppn3cbn5f413ttxz0d1xjrgajdal 875073 875070 2026-07-03T15:31:40Z Hamza DK 12444 875073 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ikubese (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai kuma tsohon samfurin da ya lashe kyautar SilverBird na Mr. Najeriya a shekarar 2014.[1][2][3] A shekara ta 2015, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards kuma a shekara ta 2016 ya lashe lambar girmamawa ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . [4][5][6] Ikubese, a cikin 2017 an nada shi Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Millennium Development Goals . [7][8] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ikubese ya fito ne daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a Najeriya, yankin da kabilun 'yan tsiraru a Najeriya da kuma [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] suka mamaye. Ikubuese ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar farko da takardar shaidarsa ta makarantar sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka daga cibiyoyin ilmantarwa na gida a cikin jihar Delta. A kokarin samun digiri na jami'a, ya yi hijira zuwa [[Kenya]] inda ya nemi Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a [[Nairobi]] don nazarin Harkokin Kasashen Duniya kuma daga ƙarshe ya karɓa kuma ya sami B.Sc. digiri a kan kammala karatun sa. == Ayyuka == Ikubese ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararre a harabar jami'arsa kuma daga ƙarshe ya lashe kambin Mista Najeriya kuma ya kammala a matsayin mai tseren farko a gasar Mr. World . Ikubuese bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin abin koyi, ya shiga cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya wanda aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] kuma ya sami karbuwa mai mahimmanci bayan ya sami rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen MTV TV mai taken [[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] inda ya taka rawar wani hali mai suna Femi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Ikubese talks about his character Femi in MTV Shuga 4 |url=https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222202219/https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ikubese ya fara zama darektan a shekarar 2019 tare da jerin shirye-shiryen TV mai taken ''Kyaddala'' wanda shine kalmar Uganda wanda ke nufin "ainihinsa" lokacin da aka fassara shi zuwa harshen Ingilishi. == Kyaututtuka == Ikubese ya lashe lambar yabo ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . Ikubese ya lashe kyautar Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards . == Rayuwa ta mutum == A cikin 2019, Ikubese ta yi alkawari da mai kyawawan halaye na Najeriya Anita Adetoye . Ikubese a cikin wata hira da jaridar Punch ta lissafa wasan kwando, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da dafa abinci a matsayin abubuwan sha'awa. == Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin == * ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] (2012-2019) a matsayin Femi'' * ''Fifty (2015) a matsayin Sammy'' * ''[[Ojukokoro]] (2016) a matsayin mai lissafi'' * ''Gudun (2017) '' * My Flatmates (2017-) a matsayin Sammy * ''Lagos Landing (2018) a matsayin Emeka'' * ''Shagayas da Clarks (2018 TV Series) a matsayin Lanre Shagayas'' * ''Kyaddala (2019 TV Series) a matsayin Jeff'' * ''Ayyuka (2020) '' * ''Aure da Campbell (2021) a matsayin Efosa Uwaifo'' * ''A Simple Lie (fim na 2021) a matsayin Azeem'' * ''Ganawa da Iyayen Funmi (2024) a matsayin Jimoh'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Daraktocin fim a harshen yarbanci]] rwmhr85mxixls6o06auz3j9qt5p1erd 875075 875073 2026-07-03T15:32:52Z Hamza DK 12444 875075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ikubese (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai kuma tsohon samfurin da ya lashe kyautar SilverBird na Mr. Najeriya a shekarar 2014.[1][2][3] A shekara ta 2015, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards kuma a shekara ta 2016 ya lashe lambar girmamawa ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . [4][5][6] Ikubese, a cikin 2017 an nada shi Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Millennium Development Goals . [7][8] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ikubese ya fito ne daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a Najeriya, yankin da kabilun 'yan tsiraru a Najeriya da kuma [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] suka mamaye. Ikubuese ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar farko da takardar shaidarsa ta makarantar sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka daga cibiyoyin ilmantarwa na gida a cikin jihar Delta. A kokarin samun digiri na jami'a, ya yi hijira zuwa [[Kenya]] inda ya nemi Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a [[Nairobi]] don nazarin Harkokin Kasashen Duniya kuma daga ƙarshe ya karɓa kuma ya sami B.Sc. digiri a kan kammala karatun sa. == Ayyuka == Ikubese ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararre a harabar jami'arsa kuma daga ƙarshe ya lashe kambin Mista Najeriya kuma ya kammala a matsayin mai tseren farko a gasar Mr. World . Ikubuese bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin abin koyi, ya shiga cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya wanda aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] kuma ya sami karbuwa mai mahimmanci bayan ya sami rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen MTV TV mai taken [[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] inda ya taka rawar wani hali mai suna Femi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Ikubese talks about his character Femi in MTV Shuga 4 |url=https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222202219/https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ikubese ya fara zama darektan a shekarar 2019 tare da jerin shirye-shiryen TV mai taken ''Kyaddala'' wanda shine kalmar Uganda wanda ke nufin "ainihinsa" lokacin da aka fassara shi zuwa harshen Ingilishi. == Kyaututtuka == Ikubese ya lashe lambar yabo ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . Ikubese ya lashe kyautar Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards . == Rayuwa ta mutum == A cikin 2019, Ikubese ta yi alkawari da mai kyawawan halaye na Najeriya Anita Adetoye . Ikubese a cikin wata hira da jaridar Punch ta lissafa wasan kwando, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da dafa abinci a matsayin abubuwan sha'awa. == Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin == * ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] (2012-2019) a matsayin Femi'' * ''Fifty (2015) a matsayin Sammy'' * ''[[Ojukokoro]] (2016) a matsayin mai lissafi'' * ''Gudun (2017) '' * My Flatmates (2017-) a matsayin Sammy * ''Lagos Landing (2018) a matsayin Emeka'' * ''Shagayas da Clarks (2018 TV Series) a matsayin Lanre Shagayas'' * ''Kyaddala (2019 TV Series) a matsayin Jeff'' * ''Ayyuka (2020) '' * ''Aure da Campbell (2021) a matsayin Efosa Uwaifo'' * ''A Simple Lie (fim na 2021) a matsayin Azeem'' * ''Ganawa da Iyayen Funmi (2024) a matsayin Jimoh'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Daraktocin fim a harshen yarbanci]] qdit79aja4yld9w3s73adngsdj8r6v8 875077 875075 2026-07-03T15:33:39Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Rayuwa ta mutum */ 875077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ikubese (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai kuma tsohon samfurin da ya lashe kyautar SilverBird na Mr. Najeriya a shekarar 2014.[1][2][3] A shekara ta 2015, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards kuma a shekara ta 2016 ya lashe lambar girmamawa ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . [4][5][6] Ikubese, a cikin 2017 an nada shi Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Millennium Development Goals . [7][8] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ikubese ya fito ne daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a Najeriya, yankin da kabilun 'yan tsiraru a Najeriya da kuma [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] suka mamaye. Ikubuese ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar farko da takardar shaidarsa ta makarantar sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka daga cibiyoyin ilmantarwa na gida a cikin jihar Delta. A kokarin samun digiri na jami'a, ya yi hijira zuwa [[Kenya]] inda ya nemi Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a [[Nairobi]] don nazarin Harkokin Kasashen Duniya kuma daga ƙarshe ya karɓa kuma ya sami B.Sc. digiri a kan kammala karatun sa. == Ayyuka == Ikubese ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararre a harabar jami'arsa kuma daga ƙarshe ya lashe kambin Mista Najeriya kuma ya kammala a matsayin mai tseren farko a gasar Mr. World . Ikubuese bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin abin koyi, ya shiga cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya wanda aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] kuma ya sami karbuwa mai mahimmanci bayan ya sami rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen MTV TV mai taken [[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] inda ya taka rawar wani hali mai suna Femi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Ikubese talks about his character Femi in MTV Shuga 4 |url=https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222202219/https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ikubese ya fara zama darektan a shekarar 2019 tare da jerin shirye-shiryen TV mai taken ''Kyaddala'' wanda shine kalmar Uganda wanda ke nufin "ainihinsa" lokacin da aka fassara shi zuwa harshen Ingilishi. == Kyaututtuka == Ikubese ya lashe lambar yabo ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . Ikubese ya lashe kyautar Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards . == Rayuwa ta mutum == A 2019, Ikubese ta yi alkawari da mai kyawawan halaye na Najeriya Anita Adetoye . Ikubese a cikin wata hira da jaridar Punch ta lissafa wasan kwando, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da dafa abinci a matsayin abubuwan sha'awa. == Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin == * ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] (2012-2019) a matsayin Femi'' * ''Fifty (2015) a matsayin Sammy'' * ''[[Ojukokoro]] (2016) a matsayin mai lissafi'' * ''Gudun (2017) '' * My Flatmates (2017-) a matsayin Sammy * ''Lagos Landing (2018) a matsayin Emeka'' * ''Shagayas da Clarks (2018 TV Series) a matsayin Lanre Shagayas'' * ''Kyaddala (2019 TV Series) a matsayin Jeff'' * ''Ayyuka (2020) '' * ''Aure da Campbell (2021) a matsayin Efosa Uwaifo'' * ''A Simple Lie (fim na 2021) a matsayin Azeem'' * ''Ganawa da Iyayen Funmi (2024) a matsayin Jimoh'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Daraktocin fim a harshen yarbanci]] m10gavwl9zm3ngudxxzpkkamdkn8nuf 875078 875077 2026-07-03T15:34:07Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Rayuwa ta mutum */ 875078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ikubese (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai kuma tsohon samfurin da ya lashe kyautar SilverBird na Mr. Najeriya a shekarar 2014.[1][2][3] A shekara ta 2015, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards kuma a shekara ta 2016 ya lashe lambar girmamawa ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . [4][5][6] Ikubese, a cikin 2017 an nada shi Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Millennium Development Goals . [7][8] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ikubese ya fito ne daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a Najeriya, yankin da kabilun 'yan tsiraru a Najeriya da kuma [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] suka mamaye. Ikubuese ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar farko da takardar shaidarsa ta makarantar sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka daga cibiyoyin ilmantarwa na gida a cikin jihar Delta. A kokarin samun digiri na jami'a, ya yi hijira zuwa [[Kenya]] inda ya nemi Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a [[Nairobi]] don nazarin Harkokin Kasashen Duniya kuma daga ƙarshe ya karɓa kuma ya sami B.Sc. digiri a kan kammala karatun sa. == Ayyuka == Ikubese ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararre a harabar jami'arsa kuma daga ƙarshe ya lashe kambin Mista Najeriya kuma ya kammala a matsayin mai tseren farko a gasar Mr. World . Ikubuese bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin abin koyi, ya shiga cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya wanda aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] kuma ya sami karbuwa mai mahimmanci bayan ya sami rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen MTV TV mai taken [[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] inda ya taka rawar wani hali mai suna Femi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Ikubese talks about his character Femi in MTV Shuga 4 |url=https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222202219/https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ikubese ya fara zama darektan a shekarar 2019 tare da jerin shirye-shiryen TV mai taken ''Kyaddala'' wanda shine kalmar Uganda wanda ke nufin "ainihinsa" lokacin da aka fassara shi zuwa harshen Ingilishi. == Kyaututtuka == Ikubese ya lashe lambar yabo ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . Ikubese ya lashe kyautar Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards . == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekarar 2019, Ikubese ta yi alkawari da mai kyawawan halaye na Najeriya Anita Adetoye . Ikubese a cikin wata hira da jaridar Punch ta lissafa wasan kwando, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da dafa abinci a matsayin abubuwan sha'awa. == Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin == * ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] (2012-2019) a matsayin Femi'' * ''Fifty (2015) a matsayin Sammy'' * ''[[Ojukokoro]] (2016) a matsayin mai lissafi'' * ''Gudun (2017) '' * My Flatmates (2017-) a matsayin Sammy * ''Lagos Landing (2018) a matsayin Emeka'' * ''Shagayas da Clarks (2018 TV Series) a matsayin Lanre Shagayas'' * ''Kyaddala (2019 TV Series) a matsayin Jeff'' * ''Ayyuka (2020) '' * ''Aure da Campbell (2021) a matsayin Efosa Uwaifo'' * ''A Simple Lie (fim na 2021) a matsayin Azeem'' * ''Ganawa da Iyayen Funmi (2024) a matsayin Jimoh'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Daraktocin fim a harshen yarbanci]] d0kgt7g9enezb36e1fhpvk4k51ykj2t 875081 875078 2026-07-03T15:35:47Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin */ 875081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ikubese (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai kuma tsohon samfurin da ya lashe kyautar SilverBird na Mr. Najeriya a shekarar 2014.[1][2][3] A shekara ta 2015, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards kuma a shekara ta 2016 ya lashe lambar girmamawa ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . [4][5][6] Ikubese, a cikin 2017 an nada shi Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Millennium Development Goals . [7][8] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ikubese ya fito ne daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a Najeriya, yankin da kabilun 'yan tsiraru a Najeriya da kuma [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] suka mamaye. Ikubuese ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar farko da takardar shaidarsa ta makarantar sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka daga cibiyoyin ilmantarwa na gida a cikin jihar Delta. A kokarin samun digiri na jami'a, ya yi hijira zuwa [[Kenya]] inda ya nemi Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a [[Nairobi]] don nazarin Harkokin Kasashen Duniya kuma daga ƙarshe ya karɓa kuma ya sami B.Sc. digiri a kan kammala karatun sa. == Ayyuka == Ikubese ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararre a harabar jami'arsa kuma daga ƙarshe ya lashe kambin Mista Najeriya kuma ya kammala a matsayin mai tseren farko a gasar Mr. World . Ikubuese bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin abin koyi, ya shiga cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya wanda aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] kuma ya sami karbuwa mai mahimmanci bayan ya sami rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen MTV TV mai taken [[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] inda ya taka rawar wani hali mai suna Femi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Ikubese talks about his character Femi in MTV Shuga 4 |url=https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222202219/https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ikubese ya fara zama darektan a shekarar 2019 tare da jerin shirye-shiryen TV mai taken ''Kyaddala'' wanda shine kalmar Uganda wanda ke nufin "ainihinsa" lokacin da aka fassara shi zuwa harshen Ingilishi. == Kyaututtuka == Ikubese ya lashe lambar yabo ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . Ikubese ya lashe kyautar Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards . == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekarar 2019, Ikubese ta yi alkawari da mai kyawawan halaye na Najeriya Anita Adetoye . Ikubese a cikin wata hira da jaridar Punch ta lissafa wasan kwando, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da dafa abinci a matsayin abubuwan sha'awa. == Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin == * ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] (2012-2019) a matsayin Femi'' * ''Fifty (2015) a matsayin Sammy'' * ''[[Ojukokoro]] (2016) a matsayin mai lissafi'' * ''Run (2017) '' * My Flatmates (2017-) a matsayin Sammy * ''Lagos Landing (2018) a matsayin Emeka'' * ''Shagayas da Clarks (2018 TV Series) a matsayin Lanre Shagayas'' * ''Kyaddala (2019 TV Series) a matsayin Jeff'' * ''Ayyuka (2020) '' * ''Aure da Campbell (2021) a matsayin Efosa Uwaifo'' * ''A Simple Lie (fim na 2021) a matsayin Azeem'' * ''Ganawa da Iyayen Funmi (2024) a matsayin Jimoh'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Daraktocin fim a harshen yarbanci]] 31mas0yal1gabquol5y5m0xshfkcggo 875083 875081 2026-07-03T15:37:18Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin */ 875083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ikubese (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai kuma tsohon samfurin da ya lashe kyautar SilverBird na Mr. Najeriya a shekarar 2014.[1][2][3] A shekara ta 2015, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards kuma a shekara ta 2016 ya lashe lambar girmamawa ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . [4][5][6] Ikubese, a cikin 2017 an nada shi Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Millennium Development Goals . [7][8] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ikubese ya fito ne daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a Najeriya, yankin da kabilun 'yan tsiraru a Najeriya da kuma [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] suka mamaye. Ikubuese ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar farko da takardar shaidarsa ta makarantar sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka daga cibiyoyin ilmantarwa na gida a cikin jihar Delta. A kokarin samun digiri na jami'a, ya yi hijira zuwa [[Kenya]] inda ya nemi Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a [[Nairobi]] don nazarin Harkokin Kasashen Duniya kuma daga ƙarshe ya karɓa kuma ya sami B.Sc. digiri a kan kammala karatun sa. == Ayyuka == Ikubese ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararre a harabar jami'arsa kuma daga ƙarshe ya lashe kambin Mista Najeriya kuma ya kammala a matsayin mai tseren farko a gasar Mr. World . Ikubuese bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin abin koyi, ya shiga cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya wanda aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] kuma ya sami karbuwa mai mahimmanci bayan ya sami rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen MTV TV mai taken [[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] inda ya taka rawar wani hali mai suna Femi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Ikubese talks about his character Femi in MTV Shuga 4 |url=https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222202219/https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ikubese ya fara zama darektan a shekarar 2019 tare da jerin shirye-shiryen TV mai taken ''Kyaddala'' wanda shine kalmar Uganda wanda ke nufin "ainihinsa" lokacin da aka fassara shi zuwa harshen Ingilishi. == Kyaututtuka == Ikubese ya lashe lambar yabo ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . Ikubese ya lashe kyautar Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards . == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekarar 2019, Ikubese ta yi alkawari da mai kyawawan halaye na Najeriya Anita Adetoye . Ikubese a cikin wata hira da jaridar Punch ta lissafa wasan kwando, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da dafa abinci a matsayin abubuwan sha'awa. == Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin == * ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] (2012-2019) a matsayin Femi'' * ''Fifty (2015) a matsayin Sammy'' * ''[[Ojukokoro]] (2016) a matsayin mai lissafi'' * ''Run (2017) '' * My Flatmates (2017-) a matsayin Sammy * ''Lagos Landing (2018) a matsayin Emeka'' * ''Shagayas da Clarks (2018 TV Series) a matsayin Lanre Shagayas'' * ''Kyaddala (2019 TV Series) a matsayin Jeff'' * ''Deeds (2020) '' * ''Aure da Campbell (2021) a matsayin Efosa Uwaifo'' * ''A Simple Lie (fim na 2021) a matsayin Azeem'' * ''Ganawa da Iyayen Funmi (2024) a matsayin Jimoh'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Daraktocin fim a harshen yarbanci]] ncr3d32jsvduos7z0gxtu3j9mi9j0i8 875084 875083 2026-07-03T15:38:11Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin */ 875084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ikubese (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai kuma tsohon samfurin da ya lashe kyautar SilverBird na Mr. Najeriya a shekarar 2014.[1][2][3] A shekara ta 2015, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards kuma a shekara ta 2016 ya lashe lambar girmamawa ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . [4][5][6] Ikubese, a cikin 2017 an nada shi Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Millennium Development Goals . [7][8] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ikubese ya fito ne daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a Najeriya, yankin da kabilun 'yan tsiraru a Najeriya da kuma [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] suka mamaye. Ikubuese ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar farko da takardar shaidarsa ta makarantar sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka daga cibiyoyin ilmantarwa na gida a cikin jihar Delta. A kokarin samun digiri na jami'a, ya yi hijira zuwa [[Kenya]] inda ya nemi Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a [[Nairobi]] don nazarin Harkokin Kasashen Duniya kuma daga ƙarshe ya karɓa kuma ya sami B.Sc. digiri a kan kammala karatun sa. == Ayyuka == Ikubese ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararre a harabar jami'arsa kuma daga ƙarshe ya lashe kambin Mista Najeriya kuma ya kammala a matsayin mai tseren farko a gasar Mr. World . Ikubuese bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin abin koyi, ya shiga cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya wanda aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] kuma ya sami karbuwa mai mahimmanci bayan ya sami rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen MTV TV mai taken [[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] inda ya taka rawar wani hali mai suna Femi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Ikubese talks about his character Femi in MTV Shuga 4 |url=https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222202219/https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ikubese ya fara zama darektan a shekarar 2019 tare da jerin shirye-shiryen TV mai taken ''Kyaddala'' wanda shine kalmar Uganda wanda ke nufin "ainihinsa" lokacin da aka fassara shi zuwa harshen Ingilishi. == Kyaututtuka == Ikubese ya lashe lambar yabo ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . Ikubese ya lashe kyautar Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards . == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekarar 2019, Ikubese ta yi alkawari da mai kyawawan halaye na Najeriya Anita Adetoye . Ikubese a cikin wata hira da jaridar Punch ta lissafa wasan kwando, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da dafa abinci a matsayin abubuwan sha'awa. == Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin == * ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] (2012-2019) a matsayin Femi'' * ''Fifty (2015) a matsayin Sammy'' * ''[[Ojukokoro]] (2016) a matsayin mai lissafi'' * ''Run (2017) '' * My Flatmates (2017-) a matsayin Sammy * ''Lagos Landing (2018) a matsayin Emeka'' * ''Shagayas da Clarks (2018 TV Series) a matsayin Lanre Shagayas'' * ''Kyaddala (2019 TV Series) a matsayin Jeff'' * ''Deeds (2020) '' * ''Marrying a Campbell (2021) a matsayin Efosa Uwaifo'' * ''A Simple Lie (fim na 2021) a matsayin Azeem'' * ''Ganawa da Iyayen Funmi (2024) a matsayin Jimoh'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Daraktocin fim a harshen yarbanci]] acyubqb1pwyu9vfhor332f3zzv3lsoj 875086 875084 2026-07-03T15:39:36Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin */ 875086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ikubese (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai kuma tsohon samfurin da ya lashe kyautar SilverBird na Mr. Najeriya a shekarar 2014.[1][2][3] A shekara ta 2015, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards kuma a shekara ta 2016 ya lashe lambar girmamawa ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . [4][5][6] Ikubese, a cikin 2017 an nada shi Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Millennium Development Goals . [7][8] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ikubese ya fito ne daga [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a Najeriya, yankin da kabilun 'yan tsiraru a Najeriya da kuma [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] suka mamaye. Ikubuese ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar farko da takardar shaidarsa ta makarantar sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka daga cibiyoyin ilmantarwa na gida a cikin jihar Delta. A kokarin samun digiri na jami'a, ya yi hijira zuwa [[Kenya]] inda ya nemi Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a [[Nairobi]] don nazarin Harkokin Kasashen Duniya kuma daga ƙarshe ya karɓa kuma ya sami B.Sc. digiri a kan kammala karatun sa. == Ayyuka == Ikubese ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararre a harabar jami'arsa kuma daga ƙarshe ya lashe kambin Mista Najeriya kuma ya kammala a matsayin mai tseren farko a gasar Mr. World . Ikubuese bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin abin koyi, ya shiga cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya wanda aka fi sani da [[Nollywood]] kuma ya sami karbuwa mai mahimmanci bayan ya sami rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen MTV TV mai taken [[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] inda ya taka rawar wani hali mai suna Femi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Ikubese talks about his character Femi in MTV Shuga 4 |url=https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222202219/https://www.mtvshuga.com/naija/backstage/emmanuel-ikubese-talks-about-his-character-femi-in-mtv-shuga-4/ |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ikubese ya fara zama darektan a shekarar 2019 tare da jerin shirye-shiryen TV mai taken ''Kyaddala'' wanda shine kalmar Uganda wanda ke nufin "ainihinsa" lokacin da aka fassara shi zuwa harshen Ingilishi. == Kyaututtuka == Ikubese ya lashe lambar yabo ta City People Movie Award for Most Promising Actor of the Year (Turanci) a City People Entertainment Awards . Ikubese ya lashe kyautar Peace Personality of the Year a Peace Achievers Awards . == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekarar 2019, Ikubese ta yi alkawari da mai kyawawan halaye na Najeriya Anita Adetoye . Ikubese a cikin wata hira da jaridar Punch ta lissafa wasan kwando, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da dafa abinci a matsayin abubuwan sha'awa. == Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin == * ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]] (2012-2019) a matsayin Femi'' * ''Fifty (2015) a matsayin Sammy'' * ''[[Ojukokoro]] (2016) a matsayin mai lissafi'' * ''Run (2017) '' * My Flatmates (2017-) a matsayin Sammy * ''Lagos Landing (2018) a matsayin Emeka'' * ''Shagayas da Clarks (2018 TV Series) a matsayin Lanre Shagayas'' * ''Kyaddala (2019 TV Series) a matsayin Jeff'' * ''Deeds (2020) '' * ''Marrying a Campbell (2021) a matsayin Efosa Uwaifo'' * ''A Simple Lie (fim na 2021) a matsayin Azeem'' * ''Meeting Funmi's Parents (2024) a matsayin Jimoh'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Daraktocin fim a harshen yarbanci]] ahumpn2mqwedht3mxgjwyyysi8ghnbx 0 62426 875507 870334 2026-07-03T22:08:10Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Sanarwa */ 875507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abba T. Makama''' marubuci ne na Najeriya, daraktan, mai zane-zane da kuma furodusa. An san shi da jagorantar ''[[Green White Green]]'' da The Lost Okoroshi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan kirkirar Osiris Film and Entertainment . Fim ɗinsa yana mai da hankali kan ba da labarun Najeriya ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma yana nuna yadda duniya ke da alaƙa da kama ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin ƙasa ba. Ayyukansa sun fi dacewa da mafarkai da ƙa'idar Jung game da rashin sani. Ayyukansa kuma suna bincika jigon aji, ruhaniya, al'ada da kuma a cikin nau'ikan kamar wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, mockumentary, satire da gaskiyar sihiri. Abba mamba ne na kafa kungiyar Surreal16. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Danish Dogme 95, Surreal16 an haife shi ne daga sha'awar juna ta masu shirya fina-fakkaatu uku na Najeriya (Makama, [[C.J. Obasi|C.J Obasi]] da Micheal Omonua). Sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da yawan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai na bikin aure. Kungiyar ta tashi don rarraba fitarwa da ƙarfafa sabon nau'in fim. Kungiyar ta rubuta wata takarda da ke dauke da dokoki da jagororin da ke jagorantar yin fina-finai. An sanar da dokoki a lokacin wani kwamitin a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Afirka na 2017 bayan nuna fim din su na farko Visions . A cikin 2021 Abba da ƙungiyar sun kafa bikin fina-finai na S16, dandamali don sabon motsi na fina-finai na Afirka wanda ke magana da ƙamus na Duniya na fim. Juju Stories fim ne mai sassa uku wanda ke bincika Labaran Juju (sihiri) da suka samo asali daga al'adun Najeriya da tarihin birane. Abba ya jagoranci sashi na biyu da ake kira "YAM". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abba Makama a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau a matsayin ɗa na uku na Samu'ila da Julie Makama . Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Fredonia, kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar New York. == Sanarwa == A 2015, fim dinsa na 2014 game da Nollywood an fara shi a kan Aljazeerah kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' a bikin fina-finai na Black Star a Philadelphia, Amurka. ''Green White Green'' da The Lost Okoroshi an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . Duk da yake tsohon ya lashe fim din Najeriya mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2016, an nuna shi a bikin fina'a na BFI na London na 2019 da kuma Berlin Critics Week a cikin 2020. Juju Stories ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno na Switzerland 2021 inda ya lashe kyautar Boccalino d'Oro don fim mafi kyau. Juju Stories kuma ya lashe kyautar daraktan mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2021. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' (gajeren fim) (2013) * ''Nollywood: Wani abu daga Babu'' (2015) * ''[[Green White Green]]'' (2016) * ''Ra'ayoyi: Shaitan'' (2017) * ''[[The Lost Okoroshi|Okoroshi da ya ɓace]]'' (2019) * [[Labarun Juju|''Labaran Juju: Yam'']] (2021) == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] drhfgn7u0v41heg35p1nshbt89fndhz 875508 875507 2026-07-03T22:08:54Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Sanarwa */ 875508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abba T. Makama''' marubuci ne na Najeriya, daraktan, mai zane-zane da kuma furodusa. An san shi da jagorantar ''[[Green White Green]]'' da The Lost Okoroshi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan kirkirar Osiris Film and Entertainment . Fim ɗinsa yana mai da hankali kan ba da labarun Najeriya ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma yana nuna yadda duniya ke da alaƙa da kama ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin ƙasa ba. Ayyukansa sun fi dacewa da mafarkai da ƙa'idar Jung game da rashin sani. Ayyukansa kuma suna bincika jigon aji, ruhaniya, al'ada da kuma a cikin nau'ikan kamar wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, mockumentary, satire da gaskiyar sihiri. Abba mamba ne na kafa kungiyar Surreal16. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Danish Dogme 95, Surreal16 an haife shi ne daga sha'awar juna ta masu shirya fina-fakkaatu uku na Najeriya (Makama, [[C.J. Obasi|C.J Obasi]] da Micheal Omonua). Sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da yawan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai na bikin aure. Kungiyar ta tashi don rarraba fitarwa da ƙarfafa sabon nau'in fim. Kungiyar ta rubuta wata takarda da ke dauke da dokoki da jagororin da ke jagorantar yin fina-finai. An sanar da dokoki a lokacin wani kwamitin a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Afirka na 2017 bayan nuna fim din su na farko Visions . A cikin 2021 Abba da ƙungiyar sun kafa bikin fina-finai na S16, dandamali don sabon motsi na fina-finai na Afirka wanda ke magana da ƙamus na Duniya na fim. Juju Stories fim ne mai sassa uku wanda ke bincika Labaran Juju (sihiri) da suka samo asali daga al'adun Najeriya da tarihin birane. Abba ya jagoranci sashi na biyu da ake kira "YAM". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abba Makama a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau a matsayin ɗa na uku na Samu'ila da Julie Makama . Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Fredonia, kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar New York. == Sanarwa == A shekarar 2015, fim dinsa na 2014 game da Nollywood an fara shi a kan Aljazeerah kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' a bikin fina-finai na Black Star a Philadelphia, Amurka. ''Green White Green'' da The Lost Okoroshi an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . Duk da yake tsohon ya lashe fim din Najeriya mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2016, an nuna shi a bikin fina'a na BFI na London na 2019 da kuma Berlin Critics Week a cikin 2020. Juju Stories ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno na Switzerland 2021 inda ya lashe kyautar Boccalino d'Oro don fim mafi kyau. Juju Stories kuma ya lashe kyautar daraktan mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2021. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' (gajeren fim) (2013) * ''Nollywood: Wani abu daga Babu'' (2015) * ''[[Green White Green]]'' (2016) * ''Ra'ayoyi: Shaitan'' (2017) * ''[[The Lost Okoroshi|Okoroshi da ya ɓace]]'' (2019) * [[Labarun Juju|''Labaran Juju: Yam'']] (2021) == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] e9hva1w9rxxwtenqkr4rv69h0qetwyr 875509 875508 2026-07-03T22:10:36Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 875509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abba T. Makama''' marubuci ne na Najeriya, daraktan, mai zane-zane da kuma furodusa. An san shi da jagorantar ''[[Green White Green]]'' da The Lost Okoroshi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan kirkirar Osiris Film and Entertainment . Fim ɗinsa yana mai da hankali kan ba da labarun Najeriya ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma yana nuna yadda duniya ke da alaƙa da kama ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin ƙasa ba. Ayyukansa sun fi dacewa da mafarkai da ƙa'idar Jung game da rashin sani. Ayyukansa kuma suna bincika jigon aji, ruhaniya, al'ada da kuma a cikin nau'ikan kamar wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, mockumentary, satire da gaskiyar sihiri. Abba mamba ne na kafa kungiyar Surreal16. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Danish Dogme 95, Surreal16 an haife shi ne daga sha'awar juna ta masu shirya fina-fakkaatu uku na Najeriya (Makama, [[C.J. Obasi|C.J Obasi]] da Micheal Omonua). Sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da yawan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai na bikin aure. Kungiyar ta tashi don rarraba fitarwa da ƙarfafa sabon nau'in fim. Kungiyar ta rubuta wata takarda da ke dauke da dokoki da jagororin da ke jagorantar yin fina-finai. An sanar da dokoki a lokacin wani kwamitin a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Afirka na 2017 bayan nuna fim din su na farko Visions . A cikin 2021 Abba da ƙungiyar sun kafa bikin fina-finai na S16, dandamali don sabon motsi na fina-finai na Afirka wanda ke magana da ƙamus na Duniya na fim. Juju Stories fim ne mai sassa uku wanda ke bincika Labaran Juju (sihiri) da suka samo asali daga al'adun Najeriya da tarihin birane. Abba ya jagoranci sashi na biyu da ake kira "YAM". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abba Makama a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau a matsayin ɗa na uku na Samu'ila da Julie Makama . Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Fredonia, kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar New York. == Sanarwa == A shekarar 2015, fim dinsa na 2014 game da Nollywood an fara shi a kan Aljazeerah kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' a bikin fina-finai na Black Star a Philadelphia, Amurka. ''Green White Green'' da The Lost Okoroshi an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . Duk da yake tsohon ya lashe fim din Najeriya mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2016, an nuna shi a bikin fina'a na BFI na London na 2019 da kuma Berlin Critics Week a cikin 2020. Juju Stories ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno na Switzerland 2021 inda ya lashe kyautar Boccalino d'Oro don fim mafi kyau. Juju Stories kuma ya lashe kyautar daraktan mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2021. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' (gajeren fim) (2013) * ''Nollywood: '' (2015) * ''[[Green White Green]]'' (2016) * ''Ra'ayoyi: Shaitan'' (2017) * ''[[The Lost Okoroshi|Okoroshi da ya ɓace]]'' (2019) * [[Labarun Juju|''Labaran Juju: Yam'']] (2021) == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mc6dmy156oo42bopu1vi68db22vlrc8 875510 875509 2026-07-03T22:10:57Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 875510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abba T. Makama''' marubuci ne na Najeriya, daraktan, mai zane-zane da kuma furodusa. An san shi da jagorantar ''[[Green White Green]]'' da The Lost Okoroshi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan kirkirar Osiris Film and Entertainment . Fim ɗinsa yana mai da hankali kan ba da labarun Najeriya ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma yana nuna yadda duniya ke da alaƙa da kama ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin ƙasa ba. Ayyukansa sun fi dacewa da mafarkai da ƙa'idar Jung game da rashin sani. Ayyukansa kuma suna bincika jigon aji, ruhaniya, al'ada da kuma a cikin nau'ikan kamar wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, mockumentary, satire da gaskiyar sihiri. Abba mamba ne na kafa kungiyar Surreal16. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Danish Dogme 95, Surreal16 an haife shi ne daga sha'awar juna ta masu shirya fina-fakkaatu uku na Najeriya (Makama, [[C.J. Obasi|C.J Obasi]] da Micheal Omonua). Sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da yawan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai na bikin aure. Kungiyar ta tashi don rarraba fitarwa da ƙarfafa sabon nau'in fim. Kungiyar ta rubuta wata takarda da ke dauke da dokoki da jagororin da ke jagorantar yin fina-finai. An sanar da dokoki a lokacin wani kwamitin a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Afirka na 2017 bayan nuna fim din su na farko Visions . A cikin 2021 Abba da ƙungiyar sun kafa bikin fina-finai na S16, dandamali don sabon motsi na fina-finai na Afirka wanda ke magana da ƙamus na Duniya na fim. Juju Stories fim ne mai sassa uku wanda ke bincika Labaran Juju (sihiri) da suka samo asali daga al'adun Najeriya da tarihin birane. Abba ya jagoranci sashi na biyu da ake kira "YAM". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abba Makama a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau a matsayin ɗa na uku na Samu'ila da Julie Makama . Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Fredonia, kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar New York. == Sanarwa == A shekarar 2015, fim dinsa na 2014 game da Nollywood an fara shi a kan Aljazeerah kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' a bikin fina-finai na Black Star a Philadelphia, Amurka. ''Green White Green'' da The Lost Okoroshi an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . Duk da yake tsohon ya lashe fim din Najeriya mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2016, an nuna shi a bikin fina'a na BFI na London na 2019 da kuma Berlin Critics Week a cikin 2020. Juju Stories ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno na Switzerland 2021 inda ya lashe kyautar Boccalino d'Oro don fim mafi kyau. Juju Stories kuma ya lashe kyautar daraktan mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2021. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' (gajeren fim) (2013) * ''Nollywood: Something From Nothing'' (2015) * ''[[Green White Green]]'' (2016) * ''Ra'ayoyi: Shaitan'' (2017) * ''[[The Lost Okoroshi|Okoroshi da ya ɓace]]'' (2019) * [[Labarun Juju|''Labaran Juju: Yam'']] (2021) == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] irpc88twjcnkrc8x7osdm28u323n695 875511 875510 2026-07-03T22:11:18Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 875511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abba T. Makama''' marubuci ne na Najeriya, daraktan, mai zane-zane da kuma furodusa. An san shi da jagorantar ''[[Green White Green]]'' da The Lost Okoroshi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan kirkirar Osiris Film and Entertainment . Fim ɗinsa yana mai da hankali kan ba da labarun Najeriya ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma yana nuna yadda duniya ke da alaƙa da kama ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin ƙasa ba. Ayyukansa sun fi dacewa da mafarkai da ƙa'idar Jung game da rashin sani. Ayyukansa kuma suna bincika jigon aji, ruhaniya, al'ada da kuma a cikin nau'ikan kamar wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, mockumentary, satire da gaskiyar sihiri. Abba mamba ne na kafa kungiyar Surreal16. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Danish Dogme 95, Surreal16 an haife shi ne daga sha'awar juna ta masu shirya fina-fakkaatu uku na Najeriya (Makama, [[C.J. Obasi|C.J Obasi]] da Micheal Omonua). Sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da yawan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai na bikin aure. Kungiyar ta tashi don rarraba fitarwa da ƙarfafa sabon nau'in fim. Kungiyar ta rubuta wata takarda da ke dauke da dokoki da jagororin da ke jagorantar yin fina-finai. An sanar da dokoki a lokacin wani kwamitin a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Afirka na 2017 bayan nuna fim din su na farko Visions . A cikin 2021 Abba da ƙungiyar sun kafa bikin fina-finai na S16, dandamali don sabon motsi na fina-finai na Afirka wanda ke magana da ƙamus na Duniya na fim. Juju Stories fim ne mai sassa uku wanda ke bincika Labaran Juju (sihiri) da suka samo asali daga al'adun Najeriya da tarihin birane. Abba ya jagoranci sashi na biyu da ake kira "YAM". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abba Makama a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau a matsayin ɗa na uku na Samu'ila da Julie Makama . Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Fredonia, kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar New York. == Sanarwa == A shekarar 2015, fim dinsa na 2014 game da Nollywood an fara shi a kan Aljazeerah kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' a bikin fina-finai na Black Star a Philadelphia, Amurka. ''Green White Green'' da The Lost Okoroshi an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . Duk da yake tsohon ya lashe fim din Najeriya mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2016, an nuna shi a bikin fina'a na BFI na London na 2019 da kuma Berlin Critics Week a cikin 2020. Juju Stories ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno na Switzerland 2021 inda ya lashe kyautar Boccalino d'Oro don fim mafi kyau. Juju Stories kuma ya lashe kyautar daraktan mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2021. == Hotunan fina-finai == * '''' (gajeren fim) (2013) * ''Nollywood: Something From Nothing'' (2015) * ''[[Green White Green]]'' (2016) * ''Ra'ayoyi: Shaitan'' (2017) * ''[[The Lost Okoroshi|Okoroshi da ya ɓace]]'' (2019) * [[Labarun Juju|''Labaran Juju: Yam'']] (2021) == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dt669afrvqioxrz6fwnri4wc3ie9gzf 875514 875511 2026-07-03T22:11:47Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 875514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abba T. Makama''' marubuci ne na Najeriya, daraktan, mai zane-zane da kuma furodusa. An san shi da jagorantar ''[[Green White Green]]'' da The Lost Okoroshi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan kirkirar Osiris Film and Entertainment . Fim ɗinsa yana mai da hankali kan ba da labarun Najeriya ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma yana nuna yadda duniya ke da alaƙa da kama ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin ƙasa ba. Ayyukansa sun fi dacewa da mafarkai da ƙa'idar Jung game da rashin sani. Ayyukansa kuma suna bincika jigon aji, ruhaniya, al'ada da kuma a cikin nau'ikan kamar wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, mockumentary, satire da gaskiyar sihiri. Abba mamba ne na kafa kungiyar Surreal16. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Danish Dogme 95, Surreal16 an haife shi ne daga sha'awar juna ta masu shirya fina-fakkaatu uku na Najeriya (Makama, [[C.J. Obasi|C.J Obasi]] da Micheal Omonua). Sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da yawan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai na bikin aure. Kungiyar ta tashi don rarraba fitarwa da ƙarfafa sabon nau'in fim. Kungiyar ta rubuta wata takarda da ke dauke da dokoki da jagororin da ke jagorantar yin fina-finai. An sanar da dokoki a lokacin wani kwamitin a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Afirka na 2017 bayan nuna fim din su na farko Visions . A cikin 2021 Abba da ƙungiyar sun kafa bikin fina-finai na S16, dandamali don sabon motsi na fina-finai na Afirka wanda ke magana da ƙamus na Duniya na fim. Juju Stories fim ne mai sassa uku wanda ke bincika Labaran Juju (sihiri) da suka samo asali daga al'adun Najeriya da tarihin birane. Abba ya jagoranci sashi na biyu da ake kira "YAM". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abba Makama a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau a matsayin ɗa na uku na Samu'ila da Julie Makama . Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Fredonia, kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar New York. == Sanarwa == A shekarar 2015, fim dinsa na 2014 game da Nollywood an fara shi a kan Aljazeerah kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' a bikin fina-finai na Black Star a Philadelphia, Amurka. ''Green White Green'' da The Lost Okoroshi an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . Duk da yake tsohon ya lashe fim din Najeriya mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2016, an nuna shi a bikin fina'a na BFI na London na 2019 da kuma Berlin Critics Week a cikin 2020. Juju Stories ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno na Switzerland 2021 inda ya lashe kyautar Boccalino d'Oro don fim mafi kyau. Juju Stories kuma ya lashe kyautar daraktan mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2021. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Party of Minister'' (gajeren fim) (2013) * ''Nollywood: Something From Nothing'' (2015) * ''[[Green White Green]]'' (2016) * ''Ra'ayoyi: Shaitan'' (2017) * ''[[The Lost Okoroshi|Okoroshi da ya ɓace]]'' (2019) * [[Labarun Juju|''Labaran Juju: Yam'']] (2021) == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pug348q5gk1u5329hjqwjeuojifmopm 875515 875514 2026-07-03T22:12:18Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 875515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abba T. Makama''' marubuci ne na Najeriya, daraktan, mai zane-zane da kuma furodusa. An san shi da jagorantar ''[[Green White Green]]'' da The Lost Okoroshi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan kirkirar Osiris Film and Entertainment . Fim ɗinsa yana mai da hankali kan ba da labarun Najeriya ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma yana nuna yadda duniya ke da alaƙa da kama ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin ƙasa ba. Ayyukansa sun fi dacewa da mafarkai da ƙa'idar Jung game da rashin sani. Ayyukansa kuma suna bincika jigon aji, ruhaniya, al'ada da kuma a cikin nau'ikan kamar wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, mockumentary, satire da gaskiyar sihiri. Abba mamba ne na kafa kungiyar Surreal16. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Danish Dogme 95, Surreal16 an haife shi ne daga sha'awar juna ta masu shirya fina-fakkaatu uku na Najeriya (Makama, [[C.J. Obasi|C.J Obasi]] da Micheal Omonua). Sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da yawan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai na bikin aure. Kungiyar ta tashi don rarraba fitarwa da ƙarfafa sabon nau'in fim. Kungiyar ta rubuta wata takarda da ke dauke da dokoki da jagororin da ke jagorantar yin fina-finai. An sanar da dokoki a lokacin wani kwamitin a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Afirka na 2017 bayan nuna fim din su na farko Visions . A cikin 2021 Abba da ƙungiyar sun kafa bikin fina-finai na S16, dandamali don sabon motsi na fina-finai na Afirka wanda ke magana da ƙamus na Duniya na fim. Juju Stories fim ne mai sassa uku wanda ke bincika Labaran Juju (sihiri) da suka samo asali daga al'adun Najeriya da tarihin birane. Abba ya jagoranci sashi na biyu da ake kira "YAM". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abba Makama a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau a matsayin ɗa na uku na Samu'ila da Julie Makama . Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Fredonia, kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar New York. == Sanarwa == A shekarar 2015, fim dinsa na 2014 game da Nollywood an fara shi a kan Aljazeerah kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' a bikin fina-finai na Black Star a Philadelphia, Amurka. ''Green White Green'' da The Lost Okoroshi an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . Duk da yake tsohon ya lashe fim din Najeriya mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2016, an nuna shi a bikin fina'a na BFI na London na 2019 da kuma Berlin Critics Week a cikin 2020. Juju Stories ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno na Switzerland 2021 inda ya lashe kyautar Boccalino d'Oro don fim mafi kyau. Juju Stories kuma ya lashe kyautar daraktan mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2021. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Party of Minister'' (gajeren fim) (2013) * ''Nollywood: Something From Nothing'' (2015) * ''[[Green White Green]]'' (2016) * ''Vision: Shaitan'' (2017) * ''[[The Lost Okoroshi|Okoroshi da ya ɓace]]'' (2019) * [[Labarun Juju|''Labaran Juju: Yam'']] (2021) == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jd3p7s6e5ngyyrussvw58hg6479o82e 875517 875515 2026-07-03T22:14:18Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 875517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abba T. Makama''' marubuci ne na Najeriya, daraktan, mai zane-zane da kuma furodusa. An san shi da jagorantar ''[[Green White Green]]'' da The Lost Okoroshi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan kirkirar Osiris Film and Entertainment . Fim ɗinsa yana mai da hankali kan ba da labarun Najeriya ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma yana nuna yadda duniya ke da alaƙa da kama ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin ƙasa ba. Ayyukansa sun fi dacewa da mafarkai da ƙa'idar Jung game da rashin sani. Ayyukansa kuma suna bincika jigon aji, ruhaniya, al'ada da kuma a cikin nau'ikan kamar wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, mockumentary, satire da gaskiyar sihiri. Abba mamba ne na kafa kungiyar Surreal16. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Danish Dogme 95, Surreal16 an haife shi ne daga sha'awar juna ta masu shirya fina-fakkaatu uku na Najeriya (Makama, [[C.J. Obasi|C.J Obasi]] da Micheal Omonua). Sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da yawan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai na bikin aure. Kungiyar ta tashi don rarraba fitarwa da ƙarfafa sabon nau'in fim. Kungiyar ta rubuta wata takarda da ke dauke da dokoki da jagororin da ke jagorantar yin fina-finai. An sanar da dokoki a lokacin wani kwamitin a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Afirka na 2017 bayan nuna fim din su na farko Visions . A cikin 2021 Abba da ƙungiyar sun kafa bikin fina-finai na S16, dandamali don sabon motsi na fina-finai na Afirka wanda ke magana da ƙamus na Duniya na fim. Juju Stories fim ne mai sassa uku wanda ke bincika Labaran Juju (sihiri) da suka samo asali daga al'adun Najeriya da tarihin birane. Abba ya jagoranci sashi na biyu da ake kira "YAM". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abba Makama a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau a matsayin ɗa na uku na Samu'ila da Julie Makama . Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Fredonia, kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar New York. == Sanarwa == A shekarar 2015, fim dinsa na 2014 game da Nollywood an fara shi a kan Aljazeerah kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' a bikin fina-finai na Black Star a Philadelphia, Amurka. ''Green White Green'' da The Lost Okoroshi an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . Duk da yake tsohon ya lashe fim din Najeriya mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2016, an nuna shi a bikin fina'a na BFI na London na 2019 da kuma Berlin Critics Week a cikin 2020. Juju Stories ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno na Switzerland 2021 inda ya lashe kyautar Boccalino d'Oro don fim mafi kyau. Juju Stories kuma ya lashe kyautar daraktan mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2021. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Party of Minister'' (gajeren fim) (2013) * ''Nollywood: Something From Nothing'' (2015) * ''[[Green White Green]]'' (2016) * ''Vision: Shaitan'' (2017) * ''[[The Lost Okoroshi]]'' (2019) * [[Labarun Juju|''Labaran Juju: Yam'']] (2021) == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hksbuj8fsy63kykqdgzssgjpw01a10k 875518 875517 2026-07-03T22:14:57Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 875518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abba T. Makama''' marubuci ne na Najeriya, daraktan, mai zane-zane da kuma furodusa. An san shi da jagorantar ''[[Green White Green]]'' da The Lost Okoroshi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan kirkirar Osiris Film and Entertainment . Fim ɗinsa yana mai da hankali kan ba da labarun Najeriya ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma yana nuna yadda duniya ke da alaƙa da kama ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin ƙasa ba. Ayyukansa sun fi dacewa da mafarkai da ƙa'idar Jung game da rashin sani. Ayyukansa kuma suna bincika jigon aji, ruhaniya, al'ada da kuma a cikin nau'ikan kamar wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, mockumentary, satire da gaskiyar sihiri. Abba mamba ne na kafa kungiyar Surreal16. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Danish Dogme 95, Surreal16 an haife shi ne daga sha'awar juna ta masu shirya fina-fakkaatu uku na Najeriya (Makama, [[C.J. Obasi|C.J Obasi]] da Micheal Omonua). Sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da yawan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai na bikin aure. Kungiyar ta tashi don rarraba fitarwa da ƙarfafa sabon nau'in fim. Kungiyar ta rubuta wata takarda da ke dauke da dokoki da jagororin da ke jagorantar yin fina-finai. An sanar da dokoki a lokacin wani kwamitin a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Afirka na 2017 bayan nuna fim din su na farko Visions . A cikin 2021 Abba da ƙungiyar sun kafa bikin fina-finai na S16, dandamali don sabon motsi na fina-finai na Afirka wanda ke magana da ƙamus na Duniya na fim. Juju Stories fim ne mai sassa uku wanda ke bincika Labaran Juju (sihiri) da suka samo asali daga al'adun Najeriya da tarihin birane. Abba ya jagoranci sashi na biyu da ake kira "YAM". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abba Makama a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau a matsayin ɗa na uku na Samu'ila da Julie Makama . Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Fredonia, kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar New York. == Sanarwa == A shekarar 2015, fim dinsa na 2014 game da Nollywood an fara shi a kan Aljazeerah kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' a bikin fina-finai na Black Star a Philadelphia, Amurka. ''Green White Green'' da The Lost Okoroshi an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . Duk da yake tsohon ya lashe fim din Najeriya mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2016, an nuna shi a bikin fina'a na BFI na London na 2019 da kuma Berlin Critics Week a cikin 2020. Juju Stories ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno na Switzerland 2021 inda ya lashe kyautar Boccalino d'Oro don fim mafi kyau. Juju Stories kuma ya lashe kyautar daraktan mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2021. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Party of Minister'' (gajeren fim) (2013) * ''Nollywood: Something From Nothing'' (2015) * ''[[Green White Green]]'' (2016) * ''Vision: Shaitan'' (2017) * ''[[The Lost Okoroshi]]'' (2019) * [[Juju Story: Yam'']] (2021) == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 83flyla20j1acwfygxbze2e3fpoo84c 875519 875518 2026-07-03T22:16:42Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 875519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abba T. Makama''' marubuci ne na Najeriya, daraktan, mai zane-zane da kuma furodusa. An san shi da jagorantar ''[[Green White Green]]'' da The Lost Okoroshi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan kirkirar Osiris Film and Entertainment . Fim ɗinsa yana mai da hankali kan ba da labarun Najeriya ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma yana nuna yadda duniya ke da alaƙa da kama ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin ƙasa ba. Ayyukansa sun fi dacewa da mafarkai da ƙa'idar Jung game da rashin sani. Ayyukansa kuma suna bincika jigon aji, ruhaniya, al'ada da kuma a cikin nau'ikan kamar wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, mockumentary, satire da gaskiyar sihiri. Abba mamba ne na kafa kungiyar Surreal16. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Danish Dogme 95, Surreal16 an haife shi ne daga sha'awar juna ta masu shirya fina-fakkaatu uku na Najeriya (Makama, [[C.J. Obasi|C.J Obasi]] da Micheal Omonua). Sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da yawan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai na bikin aure. Kungiyar ta tashi don rarraba fitarwa da ƙarfafa sabon nau'in fim. Kungiyar ta rubuta wata takarda da ke dauke da dokoki da jagororin da ke jagorantar yin fina-finai. An sanar da dokoki a lokacin wani kwamitin a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Afirka na 2017 bayan nuna fim din su na farko Visions . A cikin 2021 Abba da ƙungiyar sun kafa bikin fina-finai na S16, dandamali don sabon motsi na fina-finai na Afirka wanda ke magana da ƙamus na Duniya na fim. Juju Stories fim ne mai sassa uku wanda ke bincika Labaran Juju (sihiri) da suka samo asali daga al'adun Najeriya da tarihin birane. Abba ya jagoranci sashi na biyu da ake kira "YAM". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abba Makama a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau a matsayin ɗa na uku na Samu'ila da Julie Makama . Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Fredonia, kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar New York. == Sanarwa == A shekarar 2015, fim dinsa na 2014 game da Nollywood an fara shi a kan Aljazeerah kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' a bikin fina-finai na Black Star a Philadelphia, Amurka. ''Green White Green'' da The Lost Okoroshi an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . Duk da yake tsohon ya lashe fim din Najeriya mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2016, an nuna shi a bikin fina'a na BFI na London na 2019 da kuma Berlin Critics Week a cikin 2020. Juju Stories ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno na Switzerland 2021 inda ya lashe kyautar Boccalino d'Oro don fim mafi kyau. Juju Stories kuma ya lashe kyautar daraktan mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2021. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Party of Minister'' (gajeren fim) (2013) * ''Nollywood: Something From Nothing'' (2015) * ''[[Green White Green]]'' (2016) * ''Vision: Shaitan'' (2017) * ''[[The Lost Okoroshi]]'' (2019) * [[Juju Stories|''Juju stories: Yam'']] (2021) == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lutuss5m4qfldkrtu2igpz201qdm0w2 875520 875519 2026-07-03T22:17:05Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 875520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abba T. Makama''' marubuci ne na Najeriya, daraktan, mai zane-zane da kuma furodusa. An san shi da jagorantar ''[[Green White Green]]'' da The Lost Okoroshi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan kirkirar Osiris Film and Entertainment . Fim ɗinsa yana mai da hankali kan ba da labarun Najeriya ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma yana nuna yadda duniya ke da alaƙa da kama ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin ƙasa ba. Ayyukansa sun fi dacewa da mafarkai da ƙa'idar Jung game da rashin sani. Ayyukansa kuma suna bincika jigon aji, ruhaniya, al'ada da kuma a cikin nau'ikan kamar wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, mockumentary, satire da gaskiyar sihiri. Abba mamba ne na kafa kungiyar Surreal16. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Danish Dogme 95, Surreal16 an haife shi ne daga sha'awar juna ta masu shirya fina-fakkaatu uku na Najeriya (Makama, [[C.J. Obasi|C.J Obasi]] da Micheal Omonua). Sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da yawan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai na bikin aure. Kungiyar ta tashi don rarraba fitarwa da ƙarfafa sabon nau'in fim. Kungiyar ta rubuta wata takarda da ke dauke da dokoki da jagororin da ke jagorantar yin fina-finai. An sanar da dokoki a lokacin wani kwamitin a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Afirka na 2017 bayan nuna fim din su na farko Visions . A cikin 2021 Abba da ƙungiyar sun kafa bikin fina-finai na S16, dandamali don sabon motsi na fina-finai na Afirka wanda ke magana da ƙamus na Duniya na fim. Juju Stories fim ne mai sassa uku wanda ke bincika Labaran Juju (sihiri) da suka samo asali daga al'adun Najeriya da tarihin birane. Abba ya jagoranci sashi na biyu da ake kira "YAM". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abba Makama a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau a matsayin ɗa na uku na Samu'ila da Julie Makama . Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Fredonia, kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar New York. == Sanarwa == A shekarar 2015, fim dinsa na 2014 game da Nollywood an fara shi a kan Aljazeerah kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' a bikin fina-finai na Black Star a Philadelphia, Amurka. ''Green White Green'' da The Lost Okoroshi an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . Duk da yake tsohon ya lashe fim din Najeriya mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2016, an nuna shi a bikin fina'a na BFI na London na 2019 da kuma Berlin Critics Week a cikin 2020. Juju Stories ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno na Switzerland 2021 inda ya lashe kyautar Boccalino d'Oro don fim mafi kyau. Juju Stories kuma ya lashe kyautar daraktan mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2021. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Party of Minister'' (gajeren fim) (2013) * ''Nollywood: Something From Nothing'' (2015) * ''[[Green White Green]]'' (2016) * ''Vision: Shaitan'' (2017) * ''[[The Lost Okoroshi]]'' (2019) * ''[[Juju Stories|''Juju stories: Yam'']] (2021) == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k3gjjert13qliigmm1symkodmcl56uk 875522 875520 2026-07-03T22:18:23Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Hotunan fina-finai */ 875522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abba T. Makama''' marubuci ne na Najeriya, daraktan, mai zane-zane da kuma furodusa. An san shi da jagorantar ''[[Green White Green]]'' da The Lost Okoroshi . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan kirkirar Osiris Film and Entertainment . Fim ɗinsa yana mai da hankali kan ba da labarun Najeriya ga masu sauraro na duniya kuma yana nuna yadda duniya ke da alaƙa da kama ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin ƙasa ba. Ayyukansa sun fi dacewa da mafarkai da ƙa'idar Jung game da rashin sani. Ayyukansa kuma suna bincika jigon aji, ruhaniya, al'ada da kuma a cikin nau'ikan kamar wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, mockumentary, satire da gaskiyar sihiri. Abba mamba ne na kafa kungiyar Surreal16. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar fina-finai ta Danish Dogme 95, Surreal16 an haife shi ne daga sha'awar juna ta masu shirya fina-fakkaatu uku na Najeriya (Makama, [[C.J. Obasi|C.J Obasi]] da Micheal Omonua). Sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da yawan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai na bikin aure. Kungiyar ta tashi don rarraba fitarwa da ƙarfafa sabon nau'in fim. Kungiyar ta rubuta wata takarda da ke dauke da dokoki da jagororin da ke jagorantar yin fina-finai. An sanar da dokoki a lokacin wani kwamitin a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Afirka na 2017 bayan nuna fim din su na farko Visions . A cikin 2021 Abba da ƙungiyar sun kafa bikin fina-finai na S16, dandamali don sabon motsi na fina-finai na Afirka wanda ke magana da ƙamus na Duniya na fim. Juju Stories fim ne mai sassa uku wanda ke bincika Labaran Juju (sihiri) da suka samo asali daga al'adun Najeriya da tarihin birane. Abba ya jagoranci sashi na biyu da ake kira "YAM". == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abba Makama a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau a matsayin ɗa na uku na Samu'ila da Julie Makama . Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Fredonia, kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar New York. == Sanarwa == A shekarar 2015, fim dinsa na 2014 game da Nollywood an fara shi a kan Aljazeerah kuma an zabi shi don [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna ''Jam'iyyar Minista'' a bikin fina-finai na Black Star a Philadelphia, Amurka. ''Green White Green'' da The Lost Okoroshi an nuna su a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . Duk da yake tsohon ya lashe fim din Najeriya mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2016, an nuna shi a bikin fina'a na BFI na London na 2019 da kuma Berlin Critics Week a cikin 2020. Juju Stories ya fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno na Switzerland 2021 inda ya lashe kyautar Boccalino d'Oro don fim mafi kyau. Juju Stories kuma ya lashe kyautar daraktan mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka na 2021. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Party of Minister'' (gajeren fim) (2013) * ''Nollywood: Something From Nothing'' (2015) * ''[[Green White Green]]'' (2016) * ''Vision: Shaitan'' (2017) * ''[[The Lost Okoroshi]]'' (2019) * ''[[Juju Stories|''Juju stories: Yam'']]''(2021) == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ionifv3xl964odrjp43pbrqwc3t33jf 0 63720 875623 460042 2026-07-04T05:42:55Z Nura Bello 24854 875623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akpofure Rim-Rukeh''' [[farfesa]] ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|a Najeriya]] a fannin Microbial Corrosion da muhalli da kuma nazarin muhalli wanda ya kasance tsohon mataimakin shugaban jami'ar tarayya ta albarkatun man fetur Effurun kuma a halin yanzu shi ne mataimakin shugaba na huɗu na wannan makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-07 |title=Rim-Rukeh is VC of the Year The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/rim-rukeh-is-vc-of-the-year/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-18 |title=Funding hampering petroleum varsity potentials - Professor Akpofure |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/funding-hampering-petroleum-varsity-potentials-professor-akpofure/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-04 |title=My Dream To Make FUPRE World Class Varsity – Prof. Rim-Rukeh |url=https://independent.ng/my-dream-to-make-fupre-world-class-varsity-prof-rim-rukeh/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choba |first=Gabriel |title=Funds, major challenge we’ll likely face to meet our vision –FUPRE VC |url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/funds-major-challenge-well-likely-face-to-meet-our-vision-fupre-vc/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=New Telegraph |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex FUPRE VC, Officially Hands Over to Akpofure in Delta – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/05/13/ex-fupre-vc-officially-hands-over-to-akpofure-in-delta/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da asali == Akpofure Rim-Rukeh ya samu digirin sa na BSc a [[Biochemistry|fannin Biochemistry]] daga Jami’ar Port-Harcourt a shekarar 1986, sannan ya samu Diploma a fannin Kimiyyar Kimiyya a [[Jami'ar Benin|Jami’ar Benin]] a shekarar 1993. A shekarar 1998, ya samu digirin sa na biyu a fannin Injiniyanci na Kimiyya daga Jami’ar Port-Harcourt, sannan ya sake samun Difloma a fannin Ilimi daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta, Abraka|Jami’ar Jihar Delta, Abraka]] a shekarar 2004. A shekara ta 2008, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin injiniyan sinadarai daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Ribas|Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Rivers]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-20 |title=10 things to know about the new VC of Uni of Petroleum Resources Prof. Rim-Rukeh |url=https://dailytrust.com/10-things-to-know-about-the-new-vc-of-university-of-petroleum-resources |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=Daily Trust |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vice-Chancellor Prof. Rim-Rukeh Akpofure |url=https://www.africanchildfoundation.net/federal-university-of-petroleum-resources-awards/vice-chancellor-prof-rim-rukeh-akpofure |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=African Child Foundation |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708123547/https://www.africanchildfoundation.net/federal-university-of-petroleum-resources-awards/vice-chancellor-prof-rim-rukeh-akpofure |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == A cikin watan Maris ne na shekarar 2020, Majalisar gudanarwa ta Jami'ar Tarayya ta Albarkatun Man Fetur, Effurun ta zaɓi Akpofure a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=News Agency Of |date=2020-03-20 |title=Buhari approves appointment of Prof. Rim-Rukeh as new VC of FUPRE |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/buhari-approves-appointment-of-prof-rim-rukeh-as-new-vc-of-fupre/9vvt1eq |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> wanda daga baya Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari|Mohammadu Buhari]] ya amince da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-07 |title=FUPRE’s new VC vows to address infrastructural deficit, others |url=https://guardian.ng/features/education/fupres-new-vc-vows-to-address-infrastructural-deficit-others/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708130237/https://guardian.ng/features/education/fupres-new-vc-vows-to-address-infrastructural-deficit-others/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-19 |title=Buhari Appoints Prof Akpofure Rim-Rukeh As FUPRE VC |url=https://www.nigerdeltatoday.com/buhari-appoints-prof-akpofure-rim-rukeh-as-fupre-vc/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=Niger Delta Today |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Akpofure Rim-Rukeh ya auri Mercy Akpofure Rim-Rukeh kuma suna da yara uku tare.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] pixoj7ifhv1cmsuik1dekl2lubdq60w 0 64280 875535 479640 2026-07-04T00:24:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Florence Abena Dolphyne''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1938) ƙwararriya kuma masaniya a fannin harshe ce kuma [[Ghana|'yar ƙasar Ghana]]. Ita ce mace ta farko farfesa<ref>{{cite book |last=Amoako |first=Kwesi |date=2008 |title=Quest for excellence : biographies of 15 successful Ghanaians who passed through Legon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F54rAQAAIAAJ&q=Professor+florence+abena+dolphyne |page=7|isbn=9789988111830 }}</ref> kuma mace ta farko mai goyon bayan mataimakiyar shugaban Jami'ar Ghana.Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.femaleachievers.org/dir_profile_details.cfm?dowdirID=541&prof_categoryid=31&category_id=1|title=Ministry of Women and Children's Affairs - MOWAC|website=www.femaleachievers.org|access-date=2016-12-11|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220105849/http://www.femaleachievers.org/dir_profile_details.cfm?dowdirID=541&prof_categoryid=31&category_id=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Florence Dolphyne ta fito daga Akyinakrom a cikin gundumar Ejisu-Juabeng na [[yankin Ashanti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/~attaboah/OLD%20SITE/ARK_OLD/ark/leaders.html|title=The Ark Foundation,Ghana|website=www.h-net.org|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref> Tayi Makarantar firamare a makarantar Wenchi Methodist Primary School. Ta ci gaba a makarantar Achinakrom Methodist Primary kamar yadda danginta suka koma can. Sai da ta rika sayar da biredi da kenkey bayan makaranta saboda karancin kuɗin shiga na iyali. Makarantar da tayi na gaba ita ce Makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata ta Mmofraturo da ke [[Kumasi]] a cikin [[yankin Ashanti]] a lokacin mahaifinta ya kasance minista na Methodist a Manso Atwere.<ref name="juniorgraphic">{{cite news |last1=Tawiah |first1=Augustina |title=Prof Abena Dolphyne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eecJLnILj4C&q=dolphyne+first+professor&pg=PA6 |access-date=13 June 2020 |work=Junior Graphic |issue=261 |publisher=Graphic Communications Group Ltd |date=26 October 2005 |location=Accra |page=6}}</ref> Florence Dolphyne tayi babbar makarantar sakandare a Wesley Girls Senior High School, Cape Coast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wesleygirls.edu.gh/achievement/past-students|title=Wesley Girls High School - Past Students|website=wesleygirls.edu.gh|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901050238/http://wesleygirls.edu.gh/achievement/past-students|archive-date=2016-09-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> Karatunta na shida shine a makarantar Mfantsipim dake Cape Coast a [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|yankin tsakiyar]] Ghana. Wannan sai makarantar samari ce mai gauraya sashi na shida. Ta banbanta kanta a can da zama ɗaliba ta farko da ta samu lambar yabo a makarantar. Dolphyne ta shiga Jami'ar Ghana a shekara ta 1958 kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na BA (Hons) a Turanci a shekara ta 1961.<ref name="ug">{{cite web |title=Professor Dolphyne Honoured on Her 80th Birthday |url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/professor-dolphyne-honoured-her-80th-birthday |website=ug.edu.gh |publisher=University of Ghana |access-date=13 June 2020 |location=Legon |date=9 March 2018 |archive-date=25 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525143205/https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/professor-dolphyne-honoured-her-80th-birthday |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="graphic">{{cite web |last1=Ofori |first1=Porcia Oforiwaa |title=Professor Dolphyne honoured for dedicated service |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/prof-dolphyne-honoured-for-dedicated-service.html |website=graphic.com.gh |publisher=Graphic Communications Group Ltd |access-date=13 June 2020 |date=2 March 2018}}</ref> Ta sami gurbin karatu wanda ya ba ta damar yin karatun digiri na biyu a Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka na Jami'ar Landan da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] inda ta sami digiri na uku a fannin Watsa Labarai da Harsuna a shekarar 1965 tare da kasida mai taken "The phonetics and phonology na yanki na magana a cikin yaren Asante na Twi".<ref name="ghajourling">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Adika |editor1-first=Gordon S.K. |title=Profile of Professor Florence Arena Dolphyne |journal=Ghana Journal of Linguistics |date=24 December 2018 |volume=7 |issue=2 |doi=10.4314/gjl.v7i2 |url=https://laghana.org/gjl/index.php/gjl/issue/view/15 |access-date=13 June 2020 |publisher=Linguistics Association of Ghana|doi-broken-date=1 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|title=The phonetics and phonology of the verbal piece in the Asante dialect of Twi.|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29077/|publisher=SOAS University of London|date=1965|degree=phd|language=en|first=F. A.|last=Dolphyne|access-date=2023-12-09|archive-date=2023-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209112641/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29077/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == Florence Dolphyne Malama ce kuma mai bincike. Aikinta na farko shine Malama a babbar makarantar sakandare ta Labone da ke Accra na tsawon shekara guda. Bayan karatun digirinta na biyu, ta shiga ma’aikatan ilimi na Jami’ar Ghana a watan Satumban 1965. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Sashen Nazarin Harsuna da Harsunan Ghana na Jami'ar Ghana. Ta kasance tare da wani ɗan ƙasar Ghana, Lawrence Boadi da wasu ƴan ƙasar waje, Alan Duthie, Misis McCallien, Lindsay Criper da Helmut Truteneau.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Connell|first1=Bruce|title=African Linguistics in Official English-Speaking West Africa|date=2019-06-13|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108283977%23CN-bp-8/type/book_part|work=A History of African Linguistics|pages=153–177|editor-last=Wolff|editor-first=H. Ekkehard|edition=1|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108283977.008|isbn=978-1-108-28397-7|access-date=2020-06-20|last2=Akinlabi|first2=Akinbiyi|s2cid=191874355}}</ref> Ta tashi ta zama Shugabar Sashen Harsuna, matsayin da ta rike a lokuta biyu daban-daban. Ta kuma zama Babban Tutor da Warden na Volta Hall, zauren mata ɗaya tilo a lokacin. An naɗa Florence Dolphyne Farfesa na Linguistics a shekarar 1996.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Owusu-Ansah |first1=David |title=Historical Dictionary of Ghana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBv2AgAAQBAJ&q=%22Florence+Dolphyne%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA117 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |access-date=14 June 2020 |page=117 |date=28 February 2014|isbn=9780810875005 }}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban tsangayar fasaha a jami'a. Jami'ar Ghana ta ba ta digirin girmamawa (D.Litt) a shekarar 2004. == Sauran ayyukan == Florence Dolphyne mamba ce ta kafa, tare da Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu da sauransu, na Da'irar Harshe na Accra a shekara ta 1967, wanda ya samo asali zuwa Ƙungiyar Harsuna ta Ghana.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Ekkehard Wolff |editor1-first=H. |title=A History of African Linguistics |date=18 July 2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1108417976 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-oKWDwAAQBAJ&q=dolphyne+first+professor&pg=PA162 |page=164 |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance tare da Ƙungiyar Harsuna ta Yammacin Afirka kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ta.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quampah |first1=Dela |title=Good Pastors, Bad Pastors: Pentecostal Ministerial Ethics in Ghana |date=20 August 2014 |publisher=Wipf and Stock |isbn=978-1625640512 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NN2BgAAQBAJ&q=dolphyne+first+professor&pg=PA36 |access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref> Florence Dolphyne ta kasance shugabar majalisar mata da ci gaban ƙasa a Ghana. Ta kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin kwamishinonin da suka zauna a kwamitin sulhu na ƙasa (2002 zuwa 2004) da ke duba illar mulkin soja ga mutane a Ghana. Ta kuma kasance mataimakiyar shugabar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Ghana ta farko da ta biyu. Ta kasance memba na Majalisar Kwalejin Jami'ar Methodist kuma ta kasance Memba na Taro na Cocin Methodist, Ghana tun a shekarar 1999. Dolphyne ta kuma rike mukamai na malamai a cibiyoyi daban-daban da suka haɗa da Jami'ar Ibadan a [[Najeriya]], Kwalejin Fourah Bay da ke [[Saliyo]], Jami'ar Jihar Michigan da Jami'ar California, Los Angeles a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Ita babbar Malama ce ta Fulbright. Ta kasance Shugabar Hukumar Ilimi ta Ghana tsakanin shekarun 2002 zuwa 2006. Har ila yau, ta kasance mamba a hukumar kula da asusun tallafin ilimi na Ghana da kuma [[Kamfanin Volta Aluminum|VALCO]] Trust Fund.<ref name="ghajourling"/> == Girmamawa == Florence Dolphyne ita ce mace ta farko da aka naɗa a matsayin Farfesa a Ghana. Ita kuma ita ce mace ta farko mai goyon bayan mataimakiyar shugabar jami'ar Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Ministry of Women and Children's Affairs|url = http://femaleachievers.org/dir_profile_details.cfm?dowdirID=541&prof_categoryid=31|website = femaleachievers.org|access-date = 2015-08-08|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131603/http://femaleachievers.org/dir_profile_details.cfm?dowdirID=541&prof_categoryid=31|archive-date = 2016-03-04|url-status = dead}}</ref> Jami'ar Ghana ta shirya wani biki mai taken "Sabuwar Fursunoni a Nazarin Harshe a Ghana" a bikin cikarta shekaru 80 da haihuwa domin karrama ta. Wani batu na musamman na ''Jaridar Linguistics na Ghana'' da aka sadaukar ga Farfesa Dolphyne ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vol. 7 No. 2 (2018): Ghana Journal of Linguistics 7.2 (2018) Special Issue Dedicated to Professor Florence Abena Dolphyne {{!}} Ghana Journal of Linguistics|url=https://laghana.org/gjl/index.php/gjl/issue/view/15|access-date=2020-06-20|website=laghana.org}}</ref> == Iyali == Florence Dolphyne ita ce 'yar fari mai rai wanda iyayenta suka haifa. Mahaifinta ya kasance ministar Methodist daga [[mutanen Nzema]] na Esiama a [[Yankin Yammaci, Ghana|yankin yammacin]] Ghana. Mahaifiyarta daga Achinakrom kusa da Ejisu. Tana da ’yar’uwa da ’yan’uwa uku. Ta auri Kofi Dolphyne, injiniyan jirgin sama wanda ta haɗu da shi a Landan. == Wasu wallafe-wallafe == *  Dolphyne, Florence Abena (1 January 1988). The Akan (Twi-Fante) Language - Its Sound Systems and Tonal Structure. Ghana Universities Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-9964301590</nowiki>. *  Dolphyne, Florence Abena (20 October 1998). A Comprehensive Course in Twi (Asante) for the Non-Twi Learner. Ghana Universities Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-9964302450</nowiki>. *  Dolphyne, Florence Abena (5 September 2000). The Emancipation of Women: An African Perspective. Ghana Universities Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-9964301880</nowiki>. == Duba kuma == * Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu * Alan Stewart Duthie == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aeroa55jqfsys4me1cvextonbjcy4n7 0 64722 875505 344354 2026-07-03T22:04:13Z Hamza DK 12444 875505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Pages using infobox religious biography with unsupported parameters|ethnicityHassan al-Jabarti]] '''Hassan al-Jabarti''' ( Larabci: حسن الجبرتي‎) (d. 1774) masanin lissafin Somaliya, masanin tauhidi, masanin falaki kuma masanin falsafa wanda ya rayu a Alkahira, Masar a cikin karni na 18. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Al-Jabarti shi ne mahaifin masanin tarihi Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, kuma ya samo asali daga birnin Zeila na Somalia.<ref>A history of Arabic literature by [[Clément Huart]] pg 423</ref> Ana daukar Hassan daya daga cikin manyan malamai na karni na 18.<ref>The Cambridge history of Egypt</ref> Ya kan gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a cikin gidansa, wanda Western ya ziyarta kuma ya lura da shi ɗalibai. == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Somaliya]] [[Category:Malaman Sunna]] [[Category:Matattu1774]] 3w9oab1vaw7z8tsj5qzasaxi0visujh 0 65647 875599 795393 2026-07-04T05:26:13Z Nura Bello 24854 875599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Harshen Ba̠jju}} {{databox}} '''Mutanen Jju,''' ko '''Ba̠jju''' ( furucin suna: Hausa ; Tyap, ƙabila ce da ake samu a yankin [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] (Central) na [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] . Kalmar Ba̠jju gajere ce ga "Ba̠nyet Jju" wanda kawai ke nufin "Alummar Jju" kuma ana amfani da ita ne wajen magana da yaren Jju da ke cikin '''Ka̠jju''', mahaifar mutanen Jju. Ana samun su a Kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], musamman a ƙaramar hukumar [[Kachia]], [[Zangon Kataf]], Jama’a da kuma a cikin ƙananan hukumomin [[Kaduna ta Kudu]] . Mutanen Ba̠jju kuma ana kiransu da suna "Kaje" wanda shine ma'anar sunan da aka yi amfani da shi ga al'ummar Jju da harshen Jju na manyan [[Hausawa]] waɗanda ba su iya furta sunan na Ka̠jju (ma'ana ƙasar Ba̠jju) da kyau. Mutanen Ba̠jju galibi [[manoma]] ne, [[Farauta|mafarauta]], [[Ƙira|maƙera]] da kuma ƙananan yan kasuwa.<ref name="chiefdoms">{{Cite book|last=Ibrahim|first=James|title=The politics of creation of Chiefdoms in Kaduna State|year=2007|pages=66}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Naija|first=Sabi|title=WHO ARE THE BAJJU PEOPLE OF CENTRAL NIGERIA?|url=https://sabinaija.com/culture/f/who-are-the-bajju-people-of-central-nigeria|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Sabi Naija|language=en-AU|archive-date=2022-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201050440/https://sabinaija.com/culture/f/who-are-the-bajju-people-of-central-nigeria|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Meek|first=C.K|title=Tribes Studies in Northern Nigeria|year=1931}}</ref><ref name=":0f">{{cite news|last=Sunny|first=Idunwo|date=1999-06-05|title=The Guardian News|page=6}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] 47f7q3aqe3tdfk5npyn4giujn8thbx5 0 71523 875125 874743 2026-07-03T16:23:28Z Umar Bello Kaura 45977 875125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' 'dar fim ne ta Najeriya, mai ba da shawara kan fasahar tsara shirye-shirye, kuma Darakta. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Mayowa Oluyeba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya . Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Saint Agnes, Maryland, Legas da Maryland Comprehensive High School, Maryland, Lagos, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun Bankin da Kudi a Kwara State Polytechnic, Kwara State, Najeriya, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar kan layi a cikin People Analytics, daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for People Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/XN4JPANNRBMD |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayowaoluyeba/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Nazarin Abokin Ciniki, Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Operation Analytics, Jami'an Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Customer Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/TQHFJYQJQB92 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Operations Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/2VA87B8WQ5D7 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan Oluyeba a cikin masana'antar kirkirar abubuwa sun fara ne lokacin da ya sadu da marigayi mai shirya fina-finai / darektan fina-fakka, [[Amaka Igwe]] . Daga baya ya shiga Solar Productions mallakar Gboyega Adelaja, tare da Olumide Ofere da Remi Ogunpitan a matsayin daraktoci a kamfanin. A can ya sami bayyanar ga TV da Film Production . A shekara ta 1997, ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da abokinsa Remi Kehinde, don fara Mega Visions - Kamfanin Tasiri na Musamman don bidiyon gida. Sun samar da Tasiri na Musamman don fina-finai daban-daban ciki har da 'Haunted' da fim din, 'Oshodi Oke' (wanda ke nuna 'yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Ronke Ojo]]). Ya shiga kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters a shekara ta 2000. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai kuma ya rufe labaran labarai a duk faɗin Najeriya, ya harbe hotuna don Jaridar Afirka kuma ya watsa labarai ta hanyar waya. Oluyeba ta ba da rahoto ga Reuters a lokacin marigayi zamanin siyasa na [[Moshood Abiola]], yaƙe-yaƙe na Yoruba / Hausa, da sauransu da yawa. Oluyeba ya shiga Bi-Communications a matsayin Edita, kuma ya yi aiki a kan jerin 'Crime Fighters - the Police & You', wanda ya kasance sake nuna labarin' yan sanda na Najeriya, inda ya yi aiki tare da Darakta / Mai gabatarwa, [[Tade Ogidan]] . == Ayyukan mutum == Mayowa Oluyeba ya fara Phoenix Visions Limited - kamfani wanda ke ba da sabis na ba da shawara a cikin Tsarin Kasuwanci da Shigarwa, Rarraba Rayuwa - Shigarwa da Ayyuka, Sayen Kayan aiki, da Injiniyan watsa shirye-shirye da kiyayewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Visions LLC |url=http://www.phoenixvisionpros.com/ |website=www.phoenixvisinspros.com}}</ref> Oluyeba ya kuma yi aiki a kan shirye-shirye daban-daban ciki har da: * Lokaci tare da Mo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moments With Mo {{!}} EbonyLife TV |url=https://ebonylifetv.com/programming/ebonylife-homegrown/talk/moments-with-mo-2/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=ebonylifetv.com}}</ref> * DV Worx Studios * [[Gidi Blues]] * Gidan - Nkoyo * Shell gajeren fim * Cin zarafin jima'i (Kadan fim - ProjectTen4) * Ruwan warkarwa na Allah Choir Shekara-shekara Carols <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daystar |url=https://daystarng.org/healingstreams/about-the-directorate/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=daystarng.org}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2016, Mayowa Oluyeba ta sanya hannu ta Zuri24 Media don zama mai gabatar da jerin 'Battleground' '' (M-Net Commissioned Daily Telenovela 2017) ''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110092520/http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |archive-date=10 November 2019 |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=Zuri 24 Media}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o7idrh160y2lagskj57gn7awhavva47 875776 875125 2026-07-04T10:29:07Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354915834|Mayowa Oluyeba]]" 875776 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' ƙwararre ne a [[Filmmaking|fannin shirya fina-finai]] a Najeriya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan fasahar watsa shirye-shirye, kuma Darakta. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k582hc8bvixo838gilpu61bamlcv8uv 875777 875776 2026-07-04T10:29:21Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354915834|Mayowa Oluyeba]]" 875777 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' ƙwararre ne a [[Filmmaking|fannin shirya fina-finai]] a Najeriya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan fasahar watsa shirye-shirye, kuma Darakta. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gxtezcmub8mocg3ykcyaevnj5g1vr3q 875778 875777 2026-07-04T10:29:52Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354915834|Mayowa Oluyeba]]" 875778 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' ƙwararre ne a [[Filmmaking|fannin shirya fina-finai]] a Najeriya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan fasahar watsa shirye-shirye, kuma Darakta. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mayowa Oluyeba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Saint Agnes, Maryland, Lagos da Makarantar Sakandare ta Maryland, Maryland, Legas, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun Banki da Kudi a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta jihar Kwara|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kwara]], Jihar Kwara, Najeriya, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar yanar gizo a fannin Nazarin Mutane, daga [[University of Pennsylvania|Jami'ar Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for People Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/XN4JPANNRBMD |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayowaoluyeba/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Nazarin Abokan Ciniki, Jami'ar Pennsylvania, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Customer Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/TQHFJYQJQB92 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin Ayyuka, Jami'ar Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Operations Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/2VA87B8WQ5D7 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] itgkrcdsohdvo9ccsm0zl4la9rnhnpr 875779 875778 2026-07-04T10:30:06Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354915834|Mayowa Oluyeba]]" 875779 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' ƙwararre ne a [[Filmmaking|fannin shirya fina-finai]] a Najeriya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan fasahar watsa shirye-shirye, kuma Darakta. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mayowa Oluyeba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Saint Agnes, Maryland, Lagos da Makarantar Sakandare ta Maryland, Maryland, Legas, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun Banki da Kudi a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta jihar Kwara|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kwara]], Jihar Kwara, Najeriya, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar yanar gizo a fannin Nazarin Mutane, daga [[University of Pennsylvania|Jami'ar Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for People Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/XN4JPANNRBMD |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayowaoluyeba/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Nazarin Abokan Ciniki, Jami'ar Pennsylvania, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Customer Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/TQHFJYQJQB92 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin Ayyuka, Jami'ar Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Operations Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/2VA87B8WQ5D7 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7sf06cerxpqh76itsmhlirkgs2kgvkn 875780 875779 2026-07-04T10:30:34Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354915834|Mayowa Oluyeba]]" 875780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' ƙwararre ne a [[Filmmaking|fannin shirya fina-finai]] a Najeriya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan fasahar watsa shirye-shirye, kuma Darakta. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mayowa Oluyeba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Saint Agnes, Maryland, Lagos da Makarantar Sakandare ta Maryland, Maryland, Legas, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun Banki da Kudi a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta jihar Kwara|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kwara]], Jihar Kwara, Najeriya, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar yanar gizo a fannin Nazarin Mutane, daga [[University of Pennsylvania|Jami'ar Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for People Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/XN4JPANNRBMD |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayowaoluyeba/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Nazarin Abokan Ciniki, Jami'ar Pennsylvania, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Customer Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/TQHFJYQJQB92 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin Ayyuka, Jami'ar Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Operations Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/2VA87B8WQ5D7 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin Oluyeba a masana'antar kere-kere ya fara ne lokacin da ya haɗu da marigayi Mai Shirya Fina-finai/Darakta, [[Amaka Igwe]] . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ts6qra7fy2kaf88yfwvmv3f8tz7ujqt 875782 875780 2026-07-04T10:31:07Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354915834|Mayowa Oluyeba]]" 875782 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' ƙwararre ne a [[Filmmaking|fannin shirya fina-finai]] a Najeriya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan fasahar watsa shirye-shirye, kuma Darakta. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mayowa Oluyeba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Saint Agnes, Maryland, Lagos da Makarantar Sakandare ta Maryland, Maryland, Legas, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun Banki da Kudi a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta jihar Kwara|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kwara]], Jihar Kwara, Najeriya, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar yanar gizo a fannin Nazarin Mutane, daga [[University of Pennsylvania|Jami'ar Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for People Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/XN4JPANNRBMD |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayowaoluyeba/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Nazarin Abokan Ciniki, Jami'ar Pennsylvania, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Customer Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/TQHFJYQJQB92 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin Ayyuka, Jami'ar Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Operations Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/2VA87B8WQ5D7 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin Oluyeba a masana'antar kere-kere ya fara ne lokacin da ya haɗu da marigayi Mai Shirya Fina-finai/Darakta, [[Amaka Igwe]] . Daga nan ya shiga Solar Productions mallakar Gboyega Adelaja, tare da Olumide Ofere da Remi Ogunpitan a matsayin daraktoci a kamfanin. A can ya sami damar yin amfani da shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lg0tbynffhziof7xo2agk9pnz3aepm0 875783 875782 2026-07-04T10:31:39Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354915834|Mayowa Oluyeba]]" 875783 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' ƙwararre ne a [[Filmmaking|fannin shirya fina-finai]] a Najeriya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan fasahar watsa shirye-shirye, kuma Darakta. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mayowa Oluyeba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Saint Agnes, Maryland, Lagos da Makarantar Sakandare ta Maryland, Maryland, Legas, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun Banki da Kudi a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta jihar Kwara|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kwara]], Jihar Kwara, Najeriya, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar yanar gizo a fannin Nazarin Mutane, daga [[University of Pennsylvania|Jami'ar Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for People Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/XN4JPANNRBMD |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayowaoluyeba/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Nazarin Abokan Ciniki, Jami'ar Pennsylvania, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Customer Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/TQHFJYQJQB92 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin Ayyuka, Jami'ar Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Operations Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/2VA87B8WQ5D7 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin Oluyeba a masana'antar kere-kere ya fara ne lokacin da ya haɗu da marigayi Mai Shirya Fina-finai/Darakta, [[Amaka Igwe]] . Daga nan ya shiga Solar Productions mallakar Gboyega Adelaja, tare da Olumide Ofere da Remi Ogunpitan a matsayin daraktoci a kamfanin. A can ya sami damar yin amfani da shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai. A shekarar 1997, ya haɗu da abokinsa Remi Kehinde, don kafa Mega Visions - Kamfanin Tasirin Musamman don bidiyon gida. Sun shirya Special Effects don fina-finai daban-daban ciki har da 'Haunted' da fim ɗin, 'Oshodi Oke' (wanda ya ƙunshi jaruma [[Ronke Ojo]] ). Ya shiga Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai [[Reuters|na Reuters]] a shekara ta 2000. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai kuma ya ba da labarai masu zafi a faɗin Najeriya, ya ɗauki hotunan fim ɗin Africa Journal kuma ya watsa labarai kai tsaye ta hanyar waya. Oluyeba ya ba da labarai ga Reuters a lokacin siyasar marigayi [[Moshood Abiola]], faɗan Yarbawa/Hausa, da sauransu da yawa. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qn1e9zit7z21l3zsbyokfdfsdw1w263 875784 875783 2026-07-04T10:31:58Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354915834|Mayowa Oluyeba]]" 875784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' ƙwararre ne a [[Filmmaking|fannin shirya fina-finai]] a Najeriya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan fasahar watsa shirye-shirye, kuma Darakta. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mayowa Oluyeba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Saint Agnes, Maryland, Lagos da Makarantar Sakandare ta Maryland, Maryland, Legas, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun Banki da Kudi a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta jihar Kwara|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kwara]], Jihar Kwara, Najeriya, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar yanar gizo a fannin Nazarin Mutane, daga [[University of Pennsylvania|Jami'ar Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for People Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/XN4JPANNRBMD |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayowaoluyeba/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Nazarin Abokan Ciniki, Jami'ar Pennsylvania, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Customer Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/TQHFJYQJQB92 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin Ayyuka, Jami'ar Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Operations Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/2VA87B8WQ5D7 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin Oluyeba a masana'antar kere-kere ya fara ne lokacin da ya haɗu da marigayi Mai Shirya Fina-finai/Darakta, [[Amaka Igwe]] . Daga nan ya shiga Solar Productions mallakar Gboyega Adelaja, tare da Olumide Ofere da Remi Ogunpitan a matsayin daraktoci a kamfanin. A can ya sami damar yin amfani da shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai. A shekarar 1997, ya haɗu da abokinsa Remi Kehinde, don kafa Mega Visions - Kamfanin Tasirin Musamman don bidiyon gida. Sun shirya Special Effects don fina-finai daban-daban ciki har da 'Haunted' da fim ɗin, 'Oshodi Oke' (wanda ya ƙunshi jaruma [[Ronke Ojo]] ). Ya shiga Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai [[Reuters|na Reuters]] a shekara ta 2000. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai kuma ya ba da labarai masu zafi a faɗin Najeriya, ya ɗauki hotunan fim ɗin Africa Journal kuma ya watsa labarai kai tsaye ta hanyar waya. Oluyeba ya ba da labarai ga Reuters a lokacin siyasar marigayi [[Moshood Abiola]], faɗan Yarbawa/Hausa, da sauransu da yawa. == Aikin kai == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9opz3rgrenp9sv5xkr12kg8ahe9kz08 875786 875784 2026-07-04T10:32:30Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354915834|Mayowa Oluyeba]]" 875786 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' ƙwararre ne a [[Filmmaking|fannin shirya fina-finai]] a Najeriya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan fasahar watsa shirye-shirye, kuma Darakta. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mayowa Oluyeba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Saint Agnes, Maryland, Lagos da Makarantar Sakandare ta Maryland, Maryland, Legas, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun Banki da Kudi a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta jihar Kwara|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kwara]], Jihar Kwara, Najeriya, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar yanar gizo a fannin Nazarin Mutane, daga [[University of Pennsylvania|Jami'ar Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for People Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/XN4JPANNRBMD |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayowaoluyeba/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Nazarin Abokan Ciniki, Jami'ar Pennsylvania, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Customer Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/TQHFJYQJQB92 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin Ayyuka, Jami'ar Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Operations Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/2VA87B8WQ5D7 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin Oluyeba a masana'antar kere-kere ya fara ne lokacin da ya haɗu da marigayi Mai Shirya Fina-finai/Darakta, [[Amaka Igwe]] . Daga nan ya shiga Solar Productions mallakar Gboyega Adelaja, tare da Olumide Ofere da Remi Ogunpitan a matsayin daraktoci a kamfanin. A can ya sami damar yin amfani da shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai. A shekarar 1997, ya haɗu da abokinsa Remi Kehinde, don kafa Mega Visions - Kamfanin Tasirin Musamman don bidiyon gida. Sun shirya Special Effects don fina-finai daban-daban ciki har da 'Haunted' da fim ɗin, 'Oshodi Oke' (wanda ya ƙunshi jaruma [[Ronke Ojo]] ). Ya shiga Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai [[Reuters|na Reuters]] a shekara ta 2000. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai kuma ya ba da labarai masu zafi a faɗin Najeriya, ya ɗauki hotunan fim ɗin Africa Journal kuma ya watsa labarai kai tsaye ta hanyar waya. Oluyeba ya ba da labarai ga Reuters a lokacin siyasar marigayi [[Moshood Abiola]], faɗan Yarbawa/Hausa, da sauransu da yawa. == Aikin kai == Mayowa Oluyeba ya kafa Phoenix Visions Limited - kamfani wanda ke ba da ayyukan ba da shawara a cikin Tsarin Studio na Broadcast Studio da Shigarwa, Yaɗawa Kai Tsaye - Shigarwa da Ayyuka, Siyan Kayan Aiki, da Injiniyan Watsa Labarai na Gabaɗaya da Kulawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Visions LLC |url=http://www.phoenixvisionpros.com/ |website=www.phoenixvisinspros.com}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9x6ltplf27b7wd42kymow61i21g0eed 875788 875786 2026-07-04T10:32:43Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354915834|Mayowa Oluyeba]]" 875788 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' ƙwararre ne a [[Filmmaking|fannin shirya fina-finai]] a Najeriya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan fasahar watsa shirye-shirye, kuma Darakta. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mayowa Oluyeba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Saint Agnes, Maryland, Lagos da Makarantar Sakandare ta Maryland, Maryland, Legas, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun Banki da Kudi a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta jihar Kwara|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kwara]], Jihar Kwara, Najeriya, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar yanar gizo a fannin Nazarin Mutane, daga [[University of Pennsylvania|Jami'ar Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for People Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/XN4JPANNRBMD |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayowaoluyeba/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Nazarin Abokan Ciniki, Jami'ar Pennsylvania, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Customer Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/TQHFJYQJQB92 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin Ayyuka, Jami'ar Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Operations Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/2VA87B8WQ5D7 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin Oluyeba a masana'antar kere-kere ya fara ne lokacin da ya haɗu da marigayi Mai Shirya Fina-finai/Darakta, [[Amaka Igwe]] . Daga nan ya shiga Solar Productions mallakar Gboyega Adelaja, tare da Olumide Ofere da Remi Ogunpitan a matsayin daraktoci a kamfanin. A can ya sami damar yin amfani da shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai. A shekarar 1997, ya haɗu da abokinsa Remi Kehinde, don kafa Mega Visions - Kamfanin Tasirin Musamman don bidiyon gida. Sun shirya Special Effects don fina-finai daban-daban ciki har da 'Haunted' da fim ɗin, 'Oshodi Oke' (wanda ya ƙunshi jaruma [[Ronke Ojo]] ). Ya shiga Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai [[Reuters|na Reuters]] a shekara ta 2000. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai kuma ya ba da labarai masu zafi a faɗin Najeriya, ya ɗauki hotunan fim ɗin Africa Journal kuma ya watsa labarai kai tsaye ta hanyar waya. Oluyeba ya ba da labarai ga Reuters a lokacin siyasar marigayi [[Moshood Abiola]], faɗan Yarbawa/Hausa, da sauransu da yawa. Oluyeba ya shiga Bi-Communications a matsayin Edita, kuma ya yi aiki a shirin ' ''Crime Fighters - the Police & You'' ' wanda 'Yan sandan Najeriya suka dauki nauyin shiryawa, wanda ya sake fasalin labarin 'Yan sandan Najeriya, inda ya yi aiki tare da Darakta/Furodusa, [[Tade Ogidan]] . == Aikin kai == Mayowa Oluyeba ya kafa Phoenix Visions Limited - kamfani wanda ke ba da ayyukan ba da shawara a cikin Tsarin Studio na Broadcast Studio da Shigarwa, Yaɗawa Kai Tsaye - Shigarwa da Ayyuka, Siyan Kayan Aiki, da Injiniyan Watsa Labarai na Gabaɗaya da Kulawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Visions LLC |url=http://www.phoenixvisionpros.com/ |website=www.phoenixvisinspros.com}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2yvbfhibidne5e43g68xddcyuxb8dzm 875789 875788 2026-07-04T10:32:57Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354915834|Mayowa Oluyeba]]" 875789 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' ƙwararre ne a [[Filmmaking|fannin shirya fina-finai]] a Najeriya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan fasahar watsa shirye-shirye, kuma Darakta. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mayowa Oluyeba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Saint Agnes, Maryland, Lagos da Makarantar Sakandare ta Maryland, Maryland, Legas, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun Banki da Kudi a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta jihar Kwara|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kwara]], Jihar Kwara, Najeriya, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar yanar gizo a fannin Nazarin Mutane, daga [[University of Pennsylvania|Jami'ar Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for People Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/XN4JPANNRBMD |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayowaoluyeba/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Nazarin Abokan Ciniki, Jami'ar Pennsylvania, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Customer Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/TQHFJYQJQB92 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin Ayyuka, Jami'ar Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Operations Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/2VA87B8WQ5D7 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin Oluyeba a masana'antar kere-kere ya fara ne lokacin da ya haɗu da marigayi Mai Shirya Fina-finai/Darakta, [[Amaka Igwe]] . Daga nan ya shiga Solar Productions mallakar Gboyega Adelaja, tare da Olumide Ofere da Remi Ogunpitan a matsayin daraktoci a kamfanin. A can ya sami damar yin amfani da shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai. A shekarar 1997, ya haɗu da abokinsa Remi Kehinde, don kafa Mega Visions - Kamfanin Tasirin Musamman don bidiyon gida. Sun shirya Special Effects don fina-finai daban-daban ciki har da 'Haunted' da fim ɗin, 'Oshodi Oke' (wanda ya ƙunshi jaruma [[Ronke Ojo]] ). Ya shiga Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai [[Reuters|na Reuters]] a shekara ta 2000. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai kuma ya ba da labarai masu zafi a faɗin Najeriya, ya ɗauki hotunan fim ɗin Africa Journal kuma ya watsa labarai kai tsaye ta hanyar waya. Oluyeba ya ba da labarai ga Reuters a lokacin siyasar marigayi [[Moshood Abiola]], faɗan Yarbawa/Hausa, da sauransu da yawa. Oluyeba ya shiga Bi-Communications a matsayin Edita, kuma ya yi aiki a shirin ' ''Crime Fighters - the Police & You'' ' wanda 'Yan sandan Najeriya suka dauki nauyin shiryawa, wanda ya sake fasalin labarin 'Yan sandan Najeriya, inda ya yi aiki tare da Darakta/Furodusa, [[Tade Ogidan]] . == Aikin kai == Mayowa Oluyeba ya kafa Phoenix Visions Limited - kamfani wanda ke ba da ayyukan ba da shawara a cikin Tsarin Studio na Broadcast Studio da Shigarwa, Yaɗawa Kai Tsaye - Shigarwa da Ayyuka, Siyan Kayan Aiki, da Injiniyan Watsa Labarai na Gabaɗaya da Kulawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Visions LLC |url=http://www.phoenixvisionpros.com/ |website=www.phoenixvisinspros.com}}</ref> Oluyeba ya kuma yi aiki a kan shirye-shirye daban-daban, ciki har da: [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0q3ii6fo70c3ol9i4td0t578sgv0f5x 875793 875789 2026-07-04T10:34:42Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354915834|Mayowa Oluyeba]]" 875793 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' ƙwararre ne a [[Filmmaking|fannin shirya fina-finai]] a Najeriya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan fasahar watsa shirye-shirye, kuma Darakta. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mayowa Oluyeba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Saint Agnes, Maryland, Lagos da Makarantar Sakandare ta Maryland, Maryland, Legas, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun Banki da Kudi a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta jihar Kwara|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kwara]], Jihar Kwara, Najeriya, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar yanar gizo a fannin Nazarin Mutane, daga [[University of Pennsylvania|Jami'ar Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for People Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/XN4JPANNRBMD |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayowaoluyeba/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Nazarin Abokan Ciniki, Jami'ar Pennsylvania, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Customer Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/TQHFJYQJQB92 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin Ayyuka, Jami'ar Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Operations Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/2VA87B8WQ5D7 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin Oluyeba a masana'antar kere-kere ya fara ne lokacin da ya haɗu da marigayi Mai Shirya Fina-finai/Darakta, [[Amaka Igwe]] . Daga nan ya shiga Solar Productions mallakar Gboyega Adelaja, tare da Olumide Ofere da Remi Ogunpitan a matsayin daraktoci a kamfanin. A can ya sami damar yin amfani da shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai. A shekarar 1997, ya haɗu da abokinsa Remi Kehinde, don kafa Mega Visions - Kamfanin Tasirin Musamman don bidiyon gida. Sun shirya Special Effects don fina-finai daban-daban ciki har da 'Haunted' da fim ɗin, 'Oshodi Oke' (wanda ya ƙunshi jaruma [[Ronke Ojo]] ). Ya shiga Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai [[Reuters|na Reuters]] a shekara ta 2000. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai kuma ya ba da labarai masu zafi a faɗin Najeriya, ya ɗauki hotunan fim ɗin Africa Journal kuma ya watsa labarai kai tsaye ta hanyar waya. Oluyeba ya ba da labarai ga Reuters a lokacin siyasar marigayi [[Moshood Abiola]], faɗan Yarbawa/Hausa, da sauransu da yawa. Oluyeba ya shiga Bi-Communications a matsayin Edita, kuma ya yi aiki a shirin ' ''Crime Fighters - the Police & You'' ' wanda 'Yan sandan Najeriya suka dauki nauyin shiryawa, wanda ya sake fasalin labarin 'Yan sandan Najeriya, inda ya yi aiki tare da Darakta/Furodusa, [[Tade Ogidan]] . == Aikin kai == Mayowa Oluyeba ya kafa Phoenix Visions Limited - kamfani wanda ke ba da ayyukan ba da shawara a cikin Tsarin Studio na Broadcast Studio da Shigarwa, Yaɗawa Kai Tsaye - Shigarwa da Ayyuka, Siyan Kayan Aiki, da Injiniyan Watsa Labarai na Gabaɗaya da Kulawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Visions LLC |url=http://www.phoenixvisionpros.com/ |website=www.phoenixvisinspros.com}}</ref> * * A watan Satumba na 2016, Zuri24 Media ta sanya hannu kan Mayowa Oluyeba don zama Mai Shiryawa na Shirin 'Battleground' ''( M-Net Commissioned Daily Telenovela 2017)'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110092520/http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |archive-date=10 November 2019 |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=Zuri 24 Media}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nlsd4qvkuutpt9re0vnhp860icwn7bn 875795 875793 2026-07-04T10:35:14Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 875795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' ƙwararre ne a [[Filmmaking|fannin shirya fina-finai]] a Najeriya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan fasahar watsa shirye-shirye, kuma Darakta. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mayowa Oluyeba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Saint Agnes, Maryland, Lagos da Makarantar Sakandare ta Maryland, Maryland, Legas, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun Banki da Kudi a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta jihar Kwara|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kwara]], Jihar Kwara, Najeriya, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar yanar gizo a fannin Nazarin Mutane, daga [[University of Pennsylvania|Jami'ar Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for People Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/XN4JPANNRBMD |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayowaoluyeba/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Nazarin Abokan Ciniki, Jami'ar Pennsylvania, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Customer Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/TQHFJYQJQB92 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin Ayyuka, Jami'ar Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Operations Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/2VA87B8WQ5D7 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin Oluyeba a masana'antar kere-kere ya fara ne lokacin da ya haɗu da marigayi Mai Shirya Fina-finai/Darakta, [[Amaka Igwe]] . Daga nan ya shiga Solar Productions mallakar Gboyega Adelaja, tare da Olumide Ofere da Remi Ogunpitan a matsayin daraktoci a kamfanin. A can ya sami damar yin amfani da shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai. A shekarar 1997, ya haɗu da abokinsa Remi Kehinde, don kafa Mega Visions - Kamfanin Tasirin Musamman don bidiyon gida. Sun shirya Special Effects don fina-finai daban-daban ciki har da 'Haunted' da fim ɗin, 'Oshodi Oke' (wanda ya ƙunshi jaruma [[Ronke Ojo]] ). Ya shiga Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai [[Reuters|na Reuters]] a shekara ta 2000. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai kuma ya ba da labarai masu zafi a faɗin Najeriya, ya ɗauki hotunan fim ɗin Africa Journal kuma ya watsa labarai kai tsaye ta hanyar waya. Oluyeba ya ba da labarai ga Reuters a lokacin siyasar marigayi [[Moshood Abiola]], faɗan Yarbawa/Hausa, da sauransu da yawa. Oluyeba ya shiga Bi-Communications a matsayin Edita, kuma ya yi aiki a shirin ' ''Crime Fighters - the Police & You'' ' wanda 'Yan sandan Najeriya suka dauki nauyin shiryawa, wanda ya sake fasalin labarin 'Yan sandan Najeriya, inda ya yi aiki tare da Darakta/Furodusa, [[Tade Ogidan]] . == Aikin kai == Mayowa Oluyeba ya kafa Phoenix Visions Limited - kamfani wanda ke ba da ayyukan ba da shawara a cikin Tsarin Studio na Broadcast Studio da Shigarwa, Yaɗawa Kai Tsaye - Shigarwa da Ayyuka, Siyan Kayan Aiki, da Injiniyan Watsa Labarai na Gabaɗaya da Kulawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Visions LLC |url=http://www.phoenixvisionpros.com/ |website=www.phoenixvisinspros.com}}</ref> * * A watan Satumba na 2016, Zuri24 Media ta sanya hannu kan Mayowa Oluyeba don zama Mai Shiryawa na Shirin 'Battleground' ''( M-Net Commissioned Daily Telenovela 2017)'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110092520/http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |archive-date=10 November 2019 |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=Zuri 24 Media}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bmk0kexe6fo4rabusku3xck7hrrjiyg 875796 875795 2026-07-04T10:35:50Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 875796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mayowa Oluyeba''' ƙwararre ne a [[Filmmaking|fannin shirya fina-finai]] a Najeriya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan fasahar watsa shirye-shirye, kuma Darakta. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mayowa Oluyeba a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Saint Agnes, Maryland, Lagos da Makarantar Sakandare ta Maryland, Maryland, Legas, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun Banki da Kudi a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta jihar Kwara|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kwara]], Jihar Kwara, Najeriya, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar yanar gizo a fannin Nazarin Mutane, daga [[University of Pennsylvania|Jami'ar Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for People Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/XN4JPANNRBMD |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mayowaoluyeba/ |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Nazarin Abokan Ciniki, Jami'ar Pennsylvania, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Customer Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/TQHFJYQJQB92 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> Nazarin Ayyuka, Jami'ar Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web |title=Completion Certificate for Operations Analytics |url=https://www.coursera.org/account/accomplishments/verify/2VA87B8WQ5D7 |access-date=2020-10-23 |website=Coursera |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin Oluyeba a masana'antar kere-kere ya fara ne lokacin da ya haɗu da marigayi Mai Shirya Fina-finai/Darakta, [[Amaka Igwe]] . Daga nan ya shiga Solar Productions mallakar Gboyega Adelaja, tare da Olumide Ofere da Remi Ogunpitan a matsayin daraktoci a kamfanin. A can ya sami damar yin amfani da shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai. A shekarar 1997, ya haɗu da abokinsa Remi Kehinde, don kafa Mega Visions - Kamfanin Tasirin Musamman don bidiyon gida. Sun shirya Special Effects don fina-finai daban-daban ciki har da 'Haunted' da fim ɗin, 'Oshodi Oke' (wanda ya ƙunshi jaruma [[Ronke Ojo]] ). Ya shiga Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai [[Reuters|na Reuters]] a shekara ta 2000. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai kuma ya ba da labarai masu zafi a faɗin Najeriya, ya ɗauki hotunan fim ɗin Africa Journal kuma ya watsa labarai kai tsaye ta hanyar waya. Oluyeba ya ba da labarai ga Reuters a lokacin siyasar marigayi [[Moshood Abiola]], faɗan Yarbawa/Hausa, da sauransu da yawa. Oluyeba ya shiga Bi-Communications a matsayin Edita, kuma ya yi aiki a shirin ' ''Crime Fighters - the Police & You'' ' wanda 'Yan sandan Najeriya suka dauki nauyin shiryawa, wanda ya sake fasalin labarin 'Yan sandan Najeriya, inda ya yi aiki tare da Darakta/Furodusa, [[Tade Ogidan]] . == Aikin kai == Mayowa Oluyeba ya kafa Phoenix Visions Limited - kamfani wanda ke ba da ayyukan ba da shawara a cikin Tsarin Studio na Broadcast Studio da Shigarwa, Yaɗawa Kai Tsaye - Shigarwa da Ayyuka, Siyan Kayan Aiki, da Injiniyan Watsa Labarai na Gabaɗaya da Kulawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Visions LLC |url=http://www.phoenixvisionpros.com/ |website=www.phoenixvisinspros.com}}</ref> * * A watan Satumba na 2016, Zuri24 Media ta sanya hannu kan Mayowa Oluyeba don zama Mai Shiryawa na Shirin 'Battleground' ''( M-Net Commissioned Daily Telenovela 2017)'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayowa Oluyeba |url=http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110092520/http://zuri24media.com.ng/mayowa-oluyeba/ |archive-date=10 November 2019 |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=Zuri 24 Media}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta ho5ldmtqkzmfn9b60effvjwt84w7uzy 0 71617 875598 577375 2026-07-04T05:25:03Z Nura Bello 24854 875598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple issues| {{more citations needed|date=January 2017}} {{unreliable sources|date=January 2017}} }} {{Short description|Ethnic group in Middle Belt, Nigeria}} {{infobox ethnic group |group= Bajju |image= | population = 610,000 (2020 SIL)<ref name=":0">{{e26|kaj}}</ref> |popplace= [[Nigeria]] |languages= [[Jju language|Jju]] | religions = [[Christianity]], [[Abwoi religion|A̠bvoi]] |related = [[Atyap people|Atyap]], [[Ham people|Ham]], [[Bakulu people|Bakulu]], [[Afusari|Afizere]], [[Irigwe]], [[Berom people|Berom]], [[Jukun people (West Africa)|Jukun]], [[Kuteb people|Kuteb]] and other [[Platoid]] peoples of the [[Middle Belt]], [[Tiv people|Tiv]], [[Igbo people|Igbo]], [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]], [[Edo people|Edo]], [[Efik people|Efik]] and other [[Benue-Congo]] peoples of [[Middle Belt]] and [[Nigeria|southern Nigeria]]}} [[Fayil:Agwam Bajju II.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Agwam Bajju II.jpg|thumb]] Wannan harshen mutane '''Jju''', or '''Ba̠jju''' ([[exonyms]]: {{lang-ha|Kajje}}; {{lang-kcg|A̱jhyuo}}, na wata ƙabila ce dake tsakiyar kasar [[Najeriya]]. Kalmar Ba̠jju an yanke tane daga kalmar "Ba̠nyet Jju" wanda take nufin "Mutanen Jju" ana kiran wanda suke yaren da wanda ake samun su a '''Ka̠jju'''.<ref name="Bature" /> Ana samun su a kudancin jahar [[Kaduna]] , a yankuna kamar hukumar [[Kachia]], [[Zangon Kataf]], [[Jama'a]] [[Kaduna South]]. Mutanen Ba̠jju ana kiransu da 'yan "Kaje" wannan shine sunan da mafi yawan Hausawa suke kiransu da shi, saboda wahalar kiran asalin sunan Ka̠jju, mafiya yawan mutanensu suna sana'a r [[noma]], [[Maharbi|maharba]], [[maƙera]] da kuma [[Yar Kasuwa|'yan kasuwa]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}<ref name="chiefdoms">{{Cite book|last=Ibrahim|first=James|title=The politics of creation of Chiefdoms in Kaduna State|year=2007|pages=66}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Naija|first=Sabi|title=WHO ARE THE BAJJU PEOPLE OF CENTRAL NIGERIA?|url=https://sabinaija.com/culture/f/who-are-the-bajju-people-of-central-nigeria|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Sabi Naija|language=en-AU|archive-date=2022-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201050440/https://sabinaija.com/culture/f/who-are-the-bajju-people-of-central-nigeria|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Meek|first=C.K|title=Tribes Studies in Northern Nigeria|year=1931}}</ref><ref name=":0f">{{cite news|last=Sunny|first=Idunwo|date=1999-06-05|title=The Guardian News|page=6}}</ref> ==Tsatso da Tarihi== Kamar yadda tarihi ya bayyana, asalin tsatso Ba̠jju ya taho daga jahar [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bauchi|Bauchi State]] inda mutanen suna rayuwa a tsibiri da koguna inda suke ɓoyewa don kallon maƙiya. Wannan mutanen ana kiran su da mutanen.<ref>{{cite book|last=O.|first=Temple|title=Tribes, provinces, Emirates and states of the northern provinces of Nigeria|publisher=Frank Cass & Co. LTD|year=1966|location=London|pages=45–56|language=English}}</ref> Ance suna tahowa ne suna tafiya don neman abinci ɗon farauta har suka tsinci kansu a Yankunan It Jos-Bauchi, wanda suke tsakiyar [[Najeriya]]. Wanda wannan tsauni dama akwai mutanen '''Afizere''' to amma Hausawa suna kiran su da 'Jarawa', mutanen Afizere sai suka bar tsauni suka koma wani tsauni mai suna 'Tsok-kwon'.<ref name=":0f" /> 'yan Afizere ance sun mamaye yankunan also 'Miango', wanda dama asalin wurin zaman ƙabilan [[Irigwe]]. Mutanen kabilan Ba̠jju, [[Irigwe]], da Afizere suna kiran junansu da dangi saboda suna da tsatso kusan iri ɗaya.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=O.|first=Temple|title=Tribes, provinces, Emirates and states of the northern provinces of Nigeria|publisher=Frank Cass & co.ltd|year=1965}}</ref> {{citation needed|date=May 2020}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 June 1999|title=Giving peace a chance in kafanchan|page=27|work=The Guardian}}</ref> '''ndants ofBa̠ranzan''' Ba̠ranzan had five sos namely: A̠nkwak – was the eldest son of Ba̠ranzan. He had the following children: Ka̠murum, A̠kurdan, Kpunyai, A̠za̠wuru, Ka̠tsiik, Gatun, Byet, Duhuan, A̠tachab, Rika̠wa̠n, Chenchuuk, Rika̠yakwon, Zi̠bvong, Ka̠masa, A̠nkpang, and Byena. Tuan – the second son had the following children: Zankirwa, A̠tutyen, Kukwan, Vongkpang, Zat, Furgyam, Sansun, Ka̠mantsok, Dinyring, A̠mankwo, Kpong, Zantun, and Dichu'a̠don. A̠kadon – the third child had the following children: Tsoriyang, Wadon, Rebvok, A̠bvong, and Chiyua. Kanshuwa – the fourth child had the following children: Jei, Dihwugwai, Zagwom, Ta̠bak, Baihom, Bairuap, and Zambyin. Iduang – the fifth and last born of Ba̠ranzan had the following children: Zuturung, Zunkwa, Zansak, Dibyii, and A̠bvo. However, some Ba̠jju and A̠takat people intermarried, and this caused the widespread death of 1970, Gaiya (2013). The Gado of Ba̠jju, along with his people, met with the Gado of A̠takat, along with his people, to discuss the crisis of frequent deaths of people of both tribes as a result of the intermarriages. They later reached a decision to abolish the law religiously and traditionally so that there would not be any consequence for the intermarriage. That was how the A̠takat and Ba̠jju people began to intermarry freely. The previously mentioned Ba̠ranzan (son of Zampara, and brother of A̠kad) left Hurbuang and cleared a place by a riverside called 'Duccuu Chen'. He settled the Ka̠jju there (Ka̠jju was the initial name of the Ba̠jju). The name 'Ka̠jju' was derived from the name which Ba̠ranzan gave the new settlement, which was 'Ka̠zzu'. Although it is uclear from oral history when the migration occurred, but evidence suggests that the Ba̠jju were in their current location since the early 1800s, Gaiya (2013).{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} ==Culture== ===Bajju witchcraft and rites=== There are many rites in Kajju land such as things like rain, farming, harvest, new house, pregnancy, and child-naming.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bajju People of Southern Kaduna: The Baranzan Race|url=http://www.theechoesofhope.com/2015/11/08/the-bajju-people-of-southern-kaduna-the-baranzan-race/|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Echoes of Hope|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201093819/http://www.theechoesofhope.com/2015/11/08/the-bajju-people-of-southern-kaduna-the-baranzan-race/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tyyi Tson (Euthanasia): Tyyi Tson means 'to give hungry rice' (hungry rice was a type of rice which the Bajju thought of as the most sacred and perhaps elite). This practice involved offering an elderly woman poisoned hungry rice (called 'Kasap') to end her suffering of physical infirmity. It was usually done by one of her children or her sister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bajju People of Southern Kaduna: The Baranzan Race|url=http://www.theechoesofhope.com/2015/11/08/the-bajju-people-of-southern-kaduna-the-baranzan-race/|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Echoes of Hope|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201093819/http://www.theechoesofhope.com/2015/11/08/the-bajju-people-of-southern-kaduna-the-baranzan-race/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nkut (witchcraft): This is the power to exert spiritual influence over another person. People who use Nkut are referred to as 'Akut', and are believed to have a second set of eyes. The first set allows one to see the physical, while the other is used to see into the spiritual realm.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McKinney|first=Carol V.|date=1992|title=Wives and Sisters: Bajju Marital Patterns|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3773443|journal=Ethnology|volume=31|issue=1|pages=75–87|doi=10.2307/3773443|jstor=3773443 |issn=0014-1828}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mckinney|first=C.|title=The Bajju of Central Nigeria: A case study of Religious and social change|publisher=Southern Methodist University thesis|year=1985}}</ref> Gajimale (water spirit): A gajimale comes out of rivers, or streams to seduce its victims by transforming into a good looking opposite sex of the victim. It was a belief that many rich people got their wealth from Gajimale, and in return, they gave children to it. Epilepsy (known as {{transl|kaj|rong ncen}} meaning "fire of the river") was believed to be caused by the Gajimale.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McKinney|first=Carol V.|date=1992|title=Wives and Sisters: Bajju Marital Patterns|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3773443|journal=Ethnology|volume=31|issue=1|pages=75–87|doi=10.2307/3773443|jstor=3773443 |issn=0014-1828}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ninyio|first=M.O.U|title=the Kagoro and their Neighbours: A critical Study of inter group relations in Central Nigeria up 1800|publisher=UNiversity Of Jos Thesis|year=1993}}</ref> [[Abwoi religion|A̠bvoi]] (or Abvwoi): The Bajju had a religious institution called the Abvoi. The leader of the Abvoi shrine was called the 'Gado Abvoi' or 'Dodo'. The 'Magajin Abvoi' is the one who translates the messages of Abvoi to the people. The celebrations involved masquerade dances.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Onyeakagbu|first=Adaobi|date=2021-08-22|title=Popular taboos, beliefs and superstitions of the Bajju people of Kaduna|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/popular-taboos-beliefs-and-superstitions-of-the-bajju-people-of-kaduna/pyjljdk|access-date=2022-02-09|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> Masquerades (Abusak): They represented the spirits in Abvoi celebrations. The Abusak danced with women and disciplines them by beating them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Onyeakagbu|first=Adaobi|date=2021-08-22|title=Popular taboos, beliefs and superstitions of the Bajju people of Kaduna|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/popular-taboos-beliefs-and-superstitions-of-the-bajju-people-of-kaduna/pyjljdk|access-date=2022-02-09|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> ===Taboos and superstitions=== Children were not to eat eggs and meat offered to them at other households, for it may be Nkut meat neither were they to go out in the heat of the midday sun,{{Clarification needed|reason=Confusing grammar?|date=October 2023}} they may accept food from Akut.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Onyeakagbu|first=Adaobi|date=2021-08-22|title=Popular taboos, beliefs and superstitions of the Bajju people of Kaduna|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/popular-taboos-beliefs-and-superstitions-of-the-bajju-people-of-kaduna/pyjljdk|access-date=2022-02-09|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> Women: * Were not to eat eggs, for they would be 'eating' their own children;<ref name=Bature /> * Were not allowed to eat chicken and birds in general; * Were not to cook or carry out farm activities for 7 days following child birth; * Were not allowed to hit the wall with their hands or feet, for they would be calling the Abvoi; * Were not allowed to hit people with brooms, especially men, for they would be 'sweeping away' all of his charms and power (including the power to impregnate a woman); * Pregnant women were not to eat sugarcane; for their babies would grow too fat; * Women were not to eat animal heads. Men: * Were not to allow their hair shaved halfway, for a spirit would come to finish the job, and cause the man to go mad; * Were not to eat food prepared by menstruating women, for they would be exposed to blindness or bad luck in hunting; * Were not to share secrets of the ancestor cult with women. ===General taboos=== * 'Spirit snakes' should not be killed. It may be the spirit of a person sleeping or having a fever;<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bajju People of Southern Kaduna: The Baranzan Race {{!}} Echoes of Hope|url=http://www.theechoesofhope.com/2015/11/08/the-bajju-people-of-southern-kaduna-the-baranzan-race/|access-date=2022-02-09|website=www.theechoesofhope.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201093819/http://www.theechoesofhope.com/2015/11/08/the-bajju-people-of-southern-kaduna-the-baranzan-race/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Do not whistle at night; for it would call a spirit; * Do not whistle in the house of a hunter; for his charms would stop working; * Do not blow food to cool it; * A visitor must not eat food alone. A person from the visited household must eat with the guest to prove the food is not poisoned; * People were not to talk while eating. Even though a stranger came in, they should not greet until they finished eating; * One should not answer a call at night; for the person might die; * One should not step over arrows; * A cock that crows between dusk and midnight must be killed; for it calls the spirits. ===Rules=== * Men are buried facing east (direction of Ba̠jju origin) while women were buried facing west. * Those who died as a result of falling off a tree, falling off the roof of a house, or shot during hunting, were buried where the incident took place, and do not receive a burial ceremony. * Women who died during child birth were buried at the backyard of their home. * Someone with small pox was isolated because they believed he was a wizard. They are not given a burial ceremony after dying. * Before drinking, elders were to pour a few drops on the ground for the ancestors. * The Ba̠jju believed in reincarnation. * The Ba̠jju believed that when a shooting star passes across the sky, a great man has died somewhere and is going to land somewhere else for reincarnation. ===Taking oaths=== Men could swear the following oaths: * {{transl|kaj|Sshi a̠nok}}: To swear on one's hoe. The oath was 'If I did this, may the hoe cut my leg'. * {{transl|kaj|Sshi ka̠ta}}: To swear on one's bow. * {{transl|kaj|Sswa mbyin}}: To swear on a drum. A drum was kept with each village's gado (village head) and was used for matters affecting the entire village and used to settle local disputes. Women could swear the following oaths: * {{transl|kaj|Sshi a̠byai}}: To swear on one's headboard (the item used to rest loads atop women's heads). If her oath was false, her child birth would not be a safe delivery. * {{transl|kaj|Sswa a̠bubvo}}: To swear on one's skin. The skin is the piece of clothing used to secure a child on her back. If the oath was false, the child in the skin would die. * {{transl|kaj|Sswa ka̠tssong}}: To swear on one's axe. 'May her axe cut her if her oath is false'. === Life after death === Ba̠jju people like any other tribe in African believe in life after death in the sense that they acknowledge that [[ancestors]] performs some function to enable human happiness and prosperity.<ref name=":0" /> Their will is sought for at any time and for every purpose in life. People who seek to be in good terms with the ancestors show them respect in their families. It is also believed that the elder must eat first before any other person, and when drinking, they have to pour some drops on the ground for the ancestors to take.<ref name=":1" /> ==Yare== {{Main|Jju language}} The Ba̠jju people, speak the [[Jju language]], which is one of the [[Central Plateau languages]], and seems to be a variant of [[Tyap language|Tyap]], alongside Gworok, [[Fantswam]], Takad, Tyuku, Tyap proper, Sholyio and Tyeca̠rak; whose speakers are ethnically distinct.<ref name="Central Plateau languages">{{cite book |title=Central Plateau languages|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Plateau_languages|accessdate=2019-07-11}}</ref> == Siyasa == The Ba̠jju people are governed by a traditional leader appointed by the [[Kaduna State]] government who governs the affairs of the people, whose headquarters is at [[Zonkwa]] (or A̠zunkwa). The Ba̠jju paramount leader is called ''A̠gwam Ba̠jju''. The first monarch was late His Royal Highness, A̠gwam Ba̠jju I, and the current one is His Royal Highness Luka Kogi Yabuwat.<ref name=Bature>{{cite web |url=https://punchng.com/women-were-forbidden-from-eating-eggs-in-bajju-for-fear-of-killing-their-foetuses-bature-agwam-bajju-i/ |title=Women were forbidden from eating eggs in Bajju for fear of killing their foetuses - Bature, Agwam Bajju I |website=Punch |date=May 18, 2019 |publisher=Punch |access-date=June 19, 2020}}</ref> ==Manyan Mutane == *[[Katung Aduwak]]: Winner of [[Big Brother Nigeria]] (Season 1, 2006). *[[Rachel Bakam]]: A Nigerian entertainer. *Maj. Gen. [[Ishaya Bakut]]: military governor [[Benue State]] (1986-1987); businessman who became vice-chairman of ''Anjeed Innova Group'' (2013-2015). *[[Yohanna Madaki|Barr. (Col.) Yohanna A. Madaki]]: Military governor of defunct [[Gongola State]], [[Nigeria]] (1985-1986); military governor of [[Benue State]] (August 1986 –September 1986). * [[Sunday Marshall Katung]], former member of the Nigerian House of Representatives, representinɡ Jaba/Zanɡon-Kataf federal constituency, and runninɡ mate to the [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] candidate in the 2019 Governorship elections of Kaduna State, Nigeria; Senator representing Kaduna South Senatorial Zone (2023-date) *Engr. Stephen Rijo Shekari: deputy governor of [[Kaduna State]] (1999-2005). ==Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} ==Don faɗaɗa Karatu == * Blench (2008) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140407193342/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/General/Prospecting%20proto-Plateau%20Unicode.pdf ''Prospecting proto-Plateau'']. Manuscript. * Abel Gaiya (2013) http://diaryofanafrican.blogspot.com/2013/05/all-about-my-tribe-origin-superstition_12.html ==A̱ka̱fwuop nta== {{Commons category}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Nigeria]] [[Category:Nenzit]] rkrxt81ozgps0in8yjfcad1rkekhuz7 0 71748 875042 383333 2026-07-03T15:06:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Enah Johnscott''' (an haife ta '''Enah John Scott''', 24 Maris 1982) ita ce darektan fina-finai da kuma furodusa na Kamaru. Fim din da Johnscot ya yi sun hada da Triangle of tears (2011), Decoded (2012), Whispers (2013), The African Guest (2013), The Fisherman's Diary (2020) da Half Heaven (2022). jagoranci jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Samba'' (2016) da Apple For Two (2017). <ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Official competition – Paris Art and Movie Awards|url=http://parisartandmovieawards.com/2020-official-competition-5902/|access-date=2021-02-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/entertainment/13-star-corner/619-dama-2012-nominations-out.html| title=DAMA 2012: Nominations Out!| publisher=tiptopstars.com| work=tiptopstars.com| date=11 November 2012| accessdate=24 July 2017| archive-date=26 January 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126114744/https://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/entertainment/13-star-corner/619-dama-2012-nominations-out.html| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cam-movies.blogspot.com/2012/11/breaking-news-dama-award-nominees.html|title=CAM MOVIES : Breaking News: DAMA AWARD NOMINEES FINALLY RELEASED|date=7 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegazellenews.com/2016/05/02/omega1-entertainment-raises-the-bar-with-samba/|title=Omega1 Entertainment Raises The Bar With 'Samba'|first=TGN Media|last=Network|date=2 May 2016|access-date=26 February 2024|archive-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914124931/http://www.thegazellenews.com/2016/05/02/omega1-entertainment-raises-the-bar-with-samba/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinecamer.info/index.php/en/ca-tourne/144-samba-the-rhythm-of-a-new-dawn|title=Samba : the rhythm of a new dawn|website=cinecamer.info|access-date=2024-02-26|archive-date=2017-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914081718/http://cinecamer.info/index.php/en/ca-tourne/144-samba-the-rhythm-of-a-new-dawn|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.ekoiff.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/SELECTED-SHORT-FILMS-FOREIGN.pdf |title=Short films |publisher=www.ekoiff.org |date=2013 |accessdate=2020-01-04}}</ref> Johnscot sami masu sauraro na duniya a matsayin darektan fim dinsa na 2013 My Gallery wanda ke nuna ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Ghana|Dan Ghana]] John Dumelo [1] da Decoded wanda ke nuna Ghanain [[Van Vicker]] . zaɓi The Fisherman's Diary a matsayin shigarwar Kamaru don Mafi kyawun Fim na Duniya a lambar yabo ta 93 . [1] == Ayyuka == Fim na farko na Johnscot shine Triangle of tears a cikin 2011. daga cikin ayyukansa [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|FESPACO]] 2017 ta zaba jerin fina-finai a [[Burkina Faso]] don jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Samba .<ref>{{cite web |url=http://weloveafricanfilms.blogs.courrierinternational.com/ |title=L'Afrique en films |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402163752/http://weloveafricanfilms.blogs.courrierinternational.com/ |archive-date=2 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201702240474.html |title=Burkina Faso: FESPACO 2017 - la liste des films en compétition - allAfrica.com |website=fr.allafrica.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301132251/http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201702240474.html |archive-date=1 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infos15.com/fespaco-2017-la-liste-des-films-en-competition.html|title=Fespaco 2017: la liste des films en compétition|website=Fespaco 2017: la liste des films en compétition}}</ref>A shekara ta 2015, ya lashe kyautar darektan mafi kyau don fim din Rose on the Grave ta Eleganzza Entertainment Awards a [[Kamaru]] . [1] zabi aikinsa don fitowar 8 na Ecrans Noirs 2014 a fina-finai kamar su My Gallery da Viri. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kamaru]] * [[Sinima a Kamaru|Fim na Kamaru]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|6332285}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] m3rq5h7adgkrrcvf5gy0l3z4fw3zk0w 0 71853 875170 873718 2026-07-03T16:43:50Z Umar Bello Kaura 45977 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357310978|Temitope Duker]]" 875170 wikitext text/x-wiki Temitope Duker (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1978) 'yar fim ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker |url=https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=The Paradise News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Duker a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin 1978, a cikin unguwar Olowogbowo na Karamar Hukumar [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]] ta [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]. An haifi Temitope a cikin dangin Hon. Ayodele Benjamin, wani lokaci mukaddashin shugaban tsohuwar [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]] kuma Shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Legas, wanda daga baya ya zama memba na kwamitin Majalisar Wasanni ta Jihar Legas. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker {{!}} The Paradise News – Breaking News & Top Stories |url=https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=theparadise.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> Duker ta auri [[Fidelis Duker]], daya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da masu shirya bikin na [[Nollywood]]; kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku tare. == Ayyuka == Temitope Duker ta fara aikinta a masana'antar Nollywood a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai a shekarar 1997 bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar furodusa a kan Nemesis, aikin da mijinta Fidelis ya samar kuma aka saki a wannan shekarar. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta ci gaba da samar da aiki a matsayin darekta ga fina-finai da yawa, tare da sabon fim dinta shine Carwash (2021), fim din da ya fito da [[Lateef Adedimeji]], [[Dayo Amusa]], [[Eniola Ajao]] da [[Jide Kosoko]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker {{!}} The Paradise News – Breaking News & Top Stories |url=https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=theparadise.ng |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ "The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker | The Paradise News – Breaking News & Top Stories"]. ''theparadise.ng''. Archived from [https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ the original] on 2022-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2003, Duker ta haɗu da mijinta don kafa bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Abuja (AIFF), tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da bikin daga 2003 zuwa 2019, sannan tana aiki a ranar Darakta a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Abuja Film Festival Kicks Off, Announces Award Nominees |url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2019/10/abuja-film-festival-kicks-off-announces-award-nominees/ |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=CrossRiverWatch |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Duker yana zaune a kan kwamitin a matsayin babban darakta na Fad Media Group masu mallakar Fad FM 93.1 da Fad360 TV a Calabar da Legas. Duker kuma yana karbar bakuncin shirin rediyo da ake kira Serenade With Boss lady . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-17 |title=FAD FM And TV Belongs To The People, Not Politicians, Government – Fidelis Duker, CEO FAD Group |url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2019/08/fad-fm-and-tv-belongs-to-the-people-not-politicians-government-fidelis-duker-ceo-fad-group/ |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=CrossRiverWatch |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1997 |''Nemesis'' | rowspan="3" |Mataimakin mai gabatarwa |Duker ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar furodusa tare da furodusa shine mijinta, Fidelis Duker kuma yana nuna Jenkins Ekpo a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. |- |1997 |''Ba nufin Ni ba'' |Fim din ya fito da [[Segun Arinze]] |- |1999 |''Ibinabo'' |Mai gabatarwa / darektan shi ne [[Olumide Bola Akindele]] tare da [[Uche Jombo]] a matsayin babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. |- |1998 |''An ƙaddara Ya Mutu'' | rowspan="5" |Mai gabatarwa |Fim din ya fito da [[Keppy Ekpenyong|Keppy Bassey Ekpenyong]] |- |1998 |''Dare na Tsuntsu'' |[[Zack Orji]] da [[Larry Coldsweat]] ne suka fito |- |1998 |''Maƙiya a Cikin'' |[[Charles Okafor]] ne ya fito |- |2001 |''Jesu Mushin'' |tare da [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]], [[Zack Orji]] da [[Sonny McDons]] |- |2020 |''An karkatar da shi'' |mai suna [[Ngozi Nwosu]], [[Segun Arinze]], [[Kehinde Kujore]], Olatayo Amokade aka [[Ijebu (actor)|Ijebu]], da Shola AkinTunde aka [[Lagata (actor)|Lagata]] |- |2021 |''<nowiki/>'Yan mata a cikin Carwash'' | rowspan="2" |Mai gabatarwa / darektan |tare da [[Lateef Adedimeji]], [[Dayo Amusa]], [[Eniola Ajao]], da [[Jide Kosoko]] |- |2022 |''Ife zuwa Koro'' |tare da [[Lateef Adedimeji]], Mide Martins, Babatunde Aderiloye |} {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] l3uc2efnaf9jof3huedyuqqqqx1l2xi 875177 875170 2026-07-03T16:47:42Z Umar Bello Kaura 45977 875177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Temitope Duker (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1978) 'yar fim ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker |url=https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=The Paradise News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Duker a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin 1978, a cikin unguwar Olowogbowo na Karamar Hukumar [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]] ta [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]. An haifi Temitope a cikin dangin Hon. Ayodele Benjamin, wani lokaci mukaddashin shugaban tsohuwar [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]] kuma Shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Legas, wanda daga baya ya zama memba na kwamitin Majalisar Wasanni ta Jihar Legas. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker {{!}} The Paradise News – Breaking News & Top Stories |url=https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=theparadise.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> Duker ta auri [[Fidelis Duker]], daya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da masu shirya bikin na [[Nollywood]]; kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku tare. == Ayyuka == Temitope Duker ta fara aikinta a masana'antar Nollywood a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai a shekarar 1997 bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar furodusa a kan Nemesis, aikin da mijinta Fidelis ya samar kuma aka saki a wannan shekarar. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta ci gaba da samar da aiki a matsayin darekta ga fina-finai da yawa, tare da sabon fim dinta shine Carwash (2021), fim din da ya fito da [[Lateef Adedimeji]], [[Dayo Amusa]], [[Eniola Ajao]] da [[Jide Kosoko]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker {{!}} The Paradise News – Breaking News & Top Stories |url=https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ |archive-date=2022-10-18 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=theparadise.ng |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221018224903/https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ "The things you wish you knew about Temitope Duker | The Paradise News – Breaking News & Top Stories"]. ''theparadise.ng''. Archived from [https://theparadise.ng/the-things-you-wish-you-knew-about-temitope-duker/ the original] on 2022-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2003, Duker ta haɗu da mijinta don kafa bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Abuja (AIFF), tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da bikin daga 2003 zuwa 2019, sannan tana aiki a ranar Darakta a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Abuja Film Festival Kicks Off, Announces Award Nominees |url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2019/10/abuja-film-festival-kicks-off-announces-award-nominees/ |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=CrossRiverWatch |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Duker yana zaune a kan kwamitin a matsayin babban darakta na Fad Media Group masu mallakar Fad FM 93.1 da Fad360 TV a Calabar da Legas. Duker kuma yana karbar bakuncin shirin rediyo da ake kira Serenade With Boss lady . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-17 |title=FAD FM And TV Belongs To The People, Not Politicians, Government – Fidelis Duker, CEO FAD Group |url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2019/08/fad-fm-and-tv-belongs-to-the-people-not-politicians-government-fidelis-duker-ceo-fad-group/ |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=CrossRiverWatch |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1997 |''Nemesis'' | rowspan="3" |Mataimakin mai gabatarwa |Duker ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar furodusa tare da furodusa shine mijinta, Fidelis Duker kuma yana nuna Jenkins Ekpo a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. |- |1997 |''Ba nufin Ni ba'' |Fim din ya fito da [[Segun Arinze]] |- |1999 |''Ibinabo'' |Mai gabatarwa / darektan shi ne [[Olumide Bola Akindele]] tare da [[Uche Jombo]] a matsayin babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. |- |1998 |''An ƙaddara Ya Mutu'' | rowspan="5" |Mai gabatarwa |Fim din ya fito da [[Keppy Ekpenyong|Keppy Bassey Ekpenyong]] |- |1998 |''Dare na Tsuntsu'' |[[Zack Orji]] da [[Larry Coldsweat]] ne suka fito |- |1998 |''Maƙiya a Cikin'' |[[Charles Okafor]] ne ya fito |- |2001 |''Jesu Mushin'' |tare da [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]], [[Zack Orji]] da [[Sonny McDons]] |- |2020 |''An karkatar da shi'' |mai suna [[Ngozi Nwosu]], [[Segun Arinze]], [[Kehinde Kujore]], Olatayo Amokade aka [[Ijebu (actor)|Ijebu]], da Shola AkinTunde aka [[Lagata (actor)|Lagata]] |- |2021 |''<nowiki/>'Yan mata a cikin Carwash'' | rowspan="2" |Mai gabatarwa / darektan |tare da [[Lateef Adedimeji]], [[Dayo Amusa]], [[Eniola Ajao]], da [[Jide Kosoko]] |- |2022 |''Ife zuwa Koro'' |tare da [[Lateef Adedimeji]], Mide Martins, Babatunde Aderiloye |} {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] 89pqq3cfj2gy11iy8s5gwx7u1y1ktm8 0 72153 875132 874740 2026-07-03T16:28:03Z Umar Bello Kaura 45977 875132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''echukwu Mitchel Ogbonna''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1984), wanda aka fi sani da '''IK Ogbonna''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na fina-finai da talabijin [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], samfurin, darektan, kuma ɗan wasan talabijin. Shi Darakta ne, Model da kuma Mutumin talabijin.<ref name="eduprofile">{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin fim din Playing Safe tare da Tonto Dikeh da [[Ini Edo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=11 May 2013 |title=Playing Safe 'Review' |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2013/05/playing-safe.html |website=Nollywood REinvented}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ik obtained ya sami karatun firamare da sakandare a Jihar Legas, inda ya sami Takardar shaidar sa ta farko da Takardar shaidar Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma bi da bi.<ref name="eduprofile">{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Jos a Jihar Plateau . <ref name="eduprofile" /> Mai wasan kwaikwayo ya sami digiri na Doctorate na Arts a cikin Jagora da Ci gaba daga Institut Supérieur De Management et de Technologie (ISMT). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=Institut Supérieur De Management et de Technologie (ISMT) - Le Grand Frère |url=https://legrandfrere.bf/etablissement/institut-superieur-de-management-et-detechnologie-ismt/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211093623/https://legrandfrere.bf/etablissement/institut-superieur-de-management-et-detechnologie-ismt/ |archive-date=11 December 2024 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=legrandfrere.bf/ |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ogbonna ya shiga cikin sauraron shirin talabijin na Amstel Malta Box Office a shekara ta 2005 kuma an zaba shi. Ya kasance abin koyi na dogon lokaci. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare ya lashe lambar yabo ta Milo don Fine Arts <ref name="eduprofile">{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Farkon sa'a a masana'antar fina-finai ya fara ne a shekarar 2013 lokacin da ya fito a Love Lorn . <ref name="eduprofile">{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu Alkalin ne a ''De9jaspirit Talent Hunt'' show . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2023-07-06 |title=Season 3 De9jaspirit Talent Hunt 2023 returns with 4 Judges, Host of incredible prizes |url=https://nigerianpilot.news/2023/07/06/season-3-de9jaspirit-talent-hunt-2023-returns-with-4-judges-host-of-incredible-prizes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802140905/https://nigerianpilot.news/2023/07/06/season-3-de9jaspirit-talent-hunt-2023-returns-with-4-judges-host-of-incredible-prizes/ |archive-date=2023-08-02 |access-date=2023-08-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ogbonna ya gaya wa The Vanguard a cikin 2023 cewa dangantakarsa ta fara ne da abota saboda bai san yadda za a nemi mace ba. Ya taɓa auren Sonia Morales kuma suna da ɗa, Ace Ogbonna. Bugu da ƙari, yana da 'yar mai suna Makayla daga dangantakar da ta gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Black |first=Henry |date=2018-12-30 |title=The Revelation: IK Ogbonna First Child Surface and Trouble Begins Again! |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/the-revelation-ik-ogbonna-first-child-surface-and-trouble-begins-again/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Nigeriafilms |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Ajiye Rai (2007) a matsayin Dauda * Abin sha'awa (2012) * ''Lovelorn'' (2012) * Abin sha'awa (2012) * ''Yin wasa lafiya'' (2013) a matsayin Laporsche * ''An sace Gobe'' (2013) * ''A cikin Takalmanta'' (2013) a matsayin Ben * The Wrong Selfie (2014) a matsayin Alex * Hustlers (2014) a matsayin Cliff * Golden Diggin (2014) a matsayin Ik * ''Lines da ba su da tabbas'' (2014) * ''Otal din Honeymoon'' (2014) * ''Abokina Mai arziki'' (2014) * ''Ikogosi'' (2015) a matsayin George * Open Marriage (2015) a matsayin Kelvin * ''Black Bird'' (2015) a matsayin Chuks * A Week to My Wedding (2016) a matsayin Pedro * ''Ghana Dole ne ta tafi'' (2016) * Ɗauki Mutum (2017) a matsayin Benjamin * Fitar da Ƙauna (2017) Gilbert * Kayan aiki da yawa (2017) a matsayin Enyinna * Disguise (2018) a matsayin Belinda/Lambo * The Washerman (2018) a matsayin Boniface * ''SHOWBIZ'' (2019) * The Confessor (2019) a matsayin Rev. Frank * Unroyal (2020) a matsayin Yarima Leonard * Ayyuka masu laushi (2020) a matsayin Dr. J. * ''Hanyar Komawa Gida'' (2021) a matsayin George * ''[[Kirsimeti a Miami]]'' (2021) a matsayin Nite Club PR * Ni Nazzy ne (2022) * ''Kuskuren'' (2022) a matsayin Jasper * The Switch (2023) a matsayin Pablo * Loving Belinda (2023) a matsayin Chucks * ''Babban Ranar Teni'' (2023) a matsayin Benjamin * Ta Dukkanin (2024) a matsayin Nonso * ''Yadda nake son a ƙaunace ni'' (2024) a matsayin Olisa * Dukkanin da ke Haskakawa (2024) a matsayin Chuks * ''[[Move like a Boss|Ka yi tafiya kamar shugaba]]'' (2024) == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2015 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mai wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a Abuja|{{Nom}} | |- |2017 |[[2017 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako - Turanci|{{Nom}} | |- |2018 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Fim ta Jama'a]] |Mafi kyawun Actor na Shekara|{{Nom}} |<ref name="vanguard" /> |- | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin rawar jagora - Turanci|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Mafi Kyawun Kiss a cikin Fim|{{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ngfoq3sdb9fudurc8ytcxf7by69wb0v 0 73299 875633 873322 2026-07-04T05:50:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Genoveva Kenechukwu Umeh''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu 1995) wacce aka fi sani da '''Genoveva Umeh '''' yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Biritaniya – Najeriya. An zabe ta a matsayin Mafi kyawun Jaruma a wani wasan kwaikwayo a Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award 2022 saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin 'A Tune Away'. Ta kuma sami yabo sosai game da rawar da ta taka a cikin jerin abubuwan ban dariya na asali na Netflix na farko na ' Blood Sisters ' da jerin manyan matasa ' Nisa Daga Gida '. Daya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta na fim sun hada da ' [[One Lagos Night|Legas Night]] ', 2019. Ta kuma jagoranci a matsayin Shindara a cikin Episode 4 na Showmax 's Original Drama series' Crime and Justice Lagos '2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Genoveva Umeh Special Issue with TW Magazine|url=https://twmagazine.net/product/genoveva-umeh-special-issue-with-tw-magazine/|access-date=2023-04-18|website=TW Magazine Website|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-04|title=MTV Shuga Naija unveils new cast for fifth season|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/mtv-shuga-naija-unveils-new-cast-for-fifth-season/|access-date=2023-04-18|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-08|title=Underrated Gems To Look Out For In 2023|url=https://thewillnews.com/underrated-gems-to-look-out-for-in-2023/|access-date=2023-04-20|website=thewillnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Tv|first=Bn|date=2023-02-20|title=Genoveva Umeh opens up on her Nollywood Journey, Missed Opportunities & Landing the "Blood Sisters" Role on "Tea With Tay"|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2023/02/genovevah-umeh-on-tea-with-tay/|access-date=2023-04-18|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-01|title=Sisters Bound By Blood- Blood Sisters: A Netflix Nigerian Thriller|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/life/sisters-bound-by-blood-blood-sisters-a-netflix-nigerian-thriller/|access-date=2023-04-18|website=The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404175235/https://editor.guardian.ng/life/sisters-bound-by-blood-blood-sisters-a-netflix-nigerian-thriller/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ogunsunlade|first=Imisioluwa|date=2022-08-07|title=Genoveva Umeh: From Nollywood Fits and Starts To Breakout Star|url=https://thenet.ng/genoveva-umeh-from-nollywood-fits-and-starts-to-breakout-star/|access-date=2023-04-18|website=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Obinna|first=Emelike|date=2022-12-02|title=Crime and Justice Lagos: Showmax's new procedural drama series debuts December|url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/crime-and-justice-lagos-showmaxs-new-procedural-drama-series-debuts-december/|access-date=2023-04-18|website=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Genoveva Umeh ta girma a Najeriya da Ingila. An haife ta a [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]], [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]], Najeriya a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1995 ga injiniyan kwamfuta, Gaius Umeh da Nurse Ifeoma Umeh. Ta zauna a Enugu har zuwa shekara 12 kuma ta yi karatun firamare a makarantar Command Children, Enugu. Genoveva ta yi shekara ta farko ta karatun sakandare a makarantar Command Day Secondary School, Enugu amma daga baya ta yi hijira tare da danginta zuwa Burtaniya a 2006. Ta yi karatun sakandare da matakin A a St Marys C of E High School da ke Landan, United Kingdom. Genoveva ta ƙaunaci wasan kwaikwayo yayin da take makarantar sakandare sannan ta ci gaba da sana'ar ta hanyar samun nasarar kammala wani lokaci a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo na ɗan lokaci, Makarantar Identity of Acting, UK a 2012. Ta yi ƴan wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hammersmith da ke Landan lokacin hutun bazara. Bayan haka, ta sami digiri a LLB Law daga Jami'ar Surrey, Ingila, inda ta kammala karatun digiri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-03-04|title=Genoveva: I fell in love with acting in high school|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/genoveva-i-fell-in-love-with-acting-in-high-school/|access-date=2023-04-18|website=The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Genoveva Umeh: I'm a Natural Entertainer; I'm Inspired By People's Stories – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/04/30/genoveva-umeh-im-a-natural-entertainer-im-inspired-by-peoples-stories/|access-date=2023-04-18|website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Akpobome|first=Deborah|date=2023-01-26|title=I studied law as backup plan – Actress, Genoveva Umeh|url=https://www.correctng.com/i-studied-law-as-backup-plan-actress-genoveva-umeh/|access-date=2023-04-20|website=CorrectNG|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420061404/https://www.correctng.com/i-studied-law-as-backup-plan-actress-genoveva-umeh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 2018 ne Genoveva ta koma birnin Lagos na Najeriya domin ci gaba da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo. Ta rubuta kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo na mace ɗaya, HOME, wanda ya yi a Legas Fringe Festival a Legas, Najeriya da shekara guda a [[Bloemfontein]], Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kuma yi a matsayin Lami a Rue14 studios stage Play, 'High' don haskaka haske kan shaye-shaye tsakanin matasa a cikin Disamba 2018 da 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=All About ‘Home’ At Lagos Fringe – Independent Newspaper Nigeria|url=https://independent.ng/all-about-home-at-lagos-fringe/|access-date=2023-04-18|website=independent.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Genoveva Umeh Became Nollywood's Rising Movie Star – OkayAfrica|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/genoveva-umeh/|access-date=2023-04-18|website=www.okayafrica.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Fagbule|first=Kehindé|date=2023-01-12|title=LOOKOUT, HERE THEY COME! 6 Faces We Expect To See More Of This Year – TheWill Downtown|url=https://thewilldowntown.com/lookout-here-they-come-6-faces-we-expect-to-see-more-of-this-year/|access-date=2023-04-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Genoveva ta yi rajistar matsayinta na farko a cikin fim ɗin "A Tune away" na 2020, wanda ya ba ta lambar yabo don Mafi kyawun Jaruma a 2022 Africa Magic Viewers Choice -Award 2022. A cikin 2019, ta fara tafiya ta kan allo tare da ƙaramin rawa a cikin 'Love is War', fim ɗin sinima wanda a ƙarshe ya sami gidansa akan Netflix. Daga nan ta buga Anita, wata matashiya 'yar Landan da ke da abubuwa da yawa don ɓoyewa a cikin " [[One Lagos Night|Dare ɗaya na Legas]] " wanda aka saki a cikin 2021 kuma keɓance ga Netflix shekaru 2 bayan an harbe ta. Ta kuma taka Khafilat a BAFTA wanda aka zaba gajeriyar fim din "Lizard" (2020).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ogunsunlade|first=Imisioluwa|date=2022-08-07|title=Genoveva Umeh: From Nollywood Fits and Starts To Breakout Star|url=https://thenet.ng/genoveva-umeh-from-nollywood-fits-and-starts-to-breakout-star/|access-date=2023-04-18|website=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko da aka shigar da su cikin Ebonylife Creative Academy da fatan za a ga iyawarta. Daga nan ta fito a gajerun fina-finai kamar "Monitoring Spirits", wanda ya samu mafi kyawun goyon bayan jarumar saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin "Sara". Sauran gajerun fina-finai sun haɗa da "Reflections", "Mayar da hankali" da "IJO". Ba da daɗewa ba, ta ɗauki hankalin Darakta [[Kenneth Gyang]] wanda ya ba ta shawarar Media Mogul [[Mo Abudu]] kuma mamallakin makarantar don tantance aikin 'Timeyin Ademola' a cikin asali na Netflix da kuma jerin fina-finai na farko na Netflix na Najeriya, "Sisters Blood ".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni – EbonyLife Creative Academy|url=https://ebonylifecreativeacademy.com/alumni/|access-date=2023-04-18|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Genoveva Umeh and Others: Reflections|url=https://filmfreeway.com/Reflections204|access-date=2023-04-18|website=FilmFreeway|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-29|title=Watch "Ijo,"Charles Etubiebi and Genoveva Umeh's Love Story About Men's Vulnerability – Nollywire|url=https://www.nollywire.com/watch-ijo-short-film-by-gimsay/|access-date=2023-04-18|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=tvcecontent|date=2022-07-06|title=How I Was Able To Deliver The 'Timeyin' Role in Blood Sisters – Genove...|url=https://www.tvcentertainment.tv/2022/07/how-i-was-able-to-deliver-the-timeyin-role-in-blood-sisters-genoveva-umeh-speaks-2/|access-date=2023-04-18|website=TVC|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Jim kadan bayan nannade " Sisters Blood ", an jefa ta don wasan Zina a cikin " Far From Home "<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Far From Home {{!}} Netflix Official Site|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81282563|access-date=2023-04-18|website=www.netflix.com|language=en}}</ref> == Fina finai == === Fim/Telebijin === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Ref |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | Mara laifi | Ezinne | |- | Soyayya ce Yaki | Matashiyar budurwa | |- | rowspan="2" | 2020 | Laifin mai tsira | Ayobami | |- | Mahaukaciyar Matar | Alicia | |- | rowspan="8" | 2021 | Tunani | Kenina | |- | Kasa Hard | Funmi | |- | Mayar da hankali | Jess | |- | Duk Abu Mai Kyau | Funmi | |- | Kadangare | Khafilat | |- | The Griot | Abokin samarwa | |- | [[One Lagos Night|Daren Legas daya]] | Anita | |- | Diary na Temi | Omolara | |- | rowspan="6" | 2022 | Laifuka &amp;amp; Adalci | Shindara | |- | [[Breath of Life (fim na 2023)|Numfashin Rayuwa]] | Anna | |- | Yan'uwa mata na jini | Timeyin | |- | Nisa Daga Gida | Zina | |- | IJO: Labarin Soyayya | Molara | |- | A Tune Away | Anita | |- | 2023 | Shuga (Season 5) | Chika | |- | 2023 | ''[[A Tribe Called Judah|Wata Kabila Mai Suna Yahuda]]'' | Shaida | |} === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Short Notes |- | 2016 | Hankalin Jikin Soul | Keisha | TD MOYO (Lyric Hammersmith London) |- | rowspan="3" | 2018 | Babban Matsayi | Lami Philips | Kenneth Uphoho (Rue 14 Studios) |- | Gida | Genoveva Umeh | Ibukun Fasunhan |- | Dodo | Amarachi | TD MOYO |} == Kyaututtuka da zaɓe == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Shekara ! Kyauta ! Kashi ! Sakamako ! Ref |- | 2022 | Kyautar Kyautar Zabin Masu Kallon Afirka | Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Wasan kwaikwayo|{{Nom}} | |- | 2023 | The Future Awards Africa | Kyautar Yin Aiki|{{Nom}} | |} == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 364r5crdk5n6glqga1lzanymhksnspp 0 74757 875400 676565 2026-07-03T19:42:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fanele Ntuli''' (an haife ta 7 Maris 1991),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-10 |title=Fanele Ntuli Biography |url=https://savannanews.com/fanele-ntuli-biography-age-career-tv-roles-youtube-insta-pics-net-worth-durban-gen/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Savanna News |language=en-US}}</ref> yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]], mai gabatar da shirye shiryen bidiyo a talabijin da kuma YouTuber. An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a cikin jerin shirye shiryen talabijin ''Uzalo'' da ''Durban Gen.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elysian Management - Artist |url=https://www.elysian-management.com/portfolio/fanele-ntuli/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Elysian Management |language=en |archive-date=2025-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112163431/https://www.elysian-management.com/portfolio/fanele-ntuli/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=styleyou |date=2021-07-28 |title=Dr. Zondo from Durban Gen currently left fans in a frenzy with her latest look. |url=https://styleyou7.com/dr-zondo-from-durban-gen-currently-left-fans-in-a-frenzy-with-her-latest-look/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=style you 7 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta shiga makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Durban a shekara ta 2003 kuma ta yi digiri a shekara ta 2008. Sannan a cikin shekara ta 2013, ta sami Takaddun shaida mafi girma akan karatun ban mamaki daga Kwalejin Oaksfields.<ref name="career">{{Cite web |title=Fanele Ntuli career |url=https://talent-etc.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/FANELE-NTULI-CV.pdf |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=talent-etc.co.za |archive-date=2021-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113183546/https://talent-etc.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/FANELE-NTULI-CV.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == A lokacin rayuwarta a Kwalejin Oaksfields, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasannin kwaikwayo kamar; [[In the Love]] tare da Shakespeare tare da rawadr "Lady Mac Beth", a cikin Labarin Jane Doe a matsayin "Nurse Coco" kuma a cikin tunanin kamar "Michelle, mai sihiri". A cikin 2015, ta fara fitowa a talabijin tare da ƙaramin rawar "Yarinyar Makaranta" a cikin wasan opera sabulu Isibaya . Sa'an nan a cikin shekara ta 2016, ta shiga tare da serial Uzalo don taka rawar "Mandisa". Bayan wannan nasarar, ta shiga tare da e.tv na yau da kullum. wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci telenovela Durban Gen, inda take taka rawar "Dr Thandekile Zondo".<ref>{{Cite web |last=actors |first=Durban Gen |last2=celebrities |first2=their ages-Southern African |date=2021-07-08 |title=Get to know Dr Zondo from Durban Gen in real life |url=https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/biographies/fanele-ntuli-biography/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Southern African celebrities |language=en |archive-date=2021-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113183547/https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/biographies/fanele-ntuli-biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yanzu tana taka rawar "Nomaswazi Magwaza" a cikin serial Uzalo bayan ta buga "Mandisa" a cikin 2016. {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | 2022 | ''Uzalo'' | Nomsawazi Magwaza | Sophie | |- | 2015 | Isibaya | Yarinyar Makaranta | telenovela | |- | 2019 | [[Ifalakhe|Ifalahe]] | Zanezulu | jerin talabijan | |- | 2019-2023 | ''Durban Gen'' | Dr Zandile Mkhize | Telenovela | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i0rjf2nm3cjkxu2lvweob8wjv38x2y8 0 75554 875501 401926 2026-07-03T21:28:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} ''''''Fatou''' Kanteh''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1997), wanda aka fi sani da '''Fatou Kanteh''' ko kuma kawai Fatou, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya ko kuma mai gaba a kungiyar Ligue F Villarreal CF . An haife ta ne a Spain ga mahaifin Gambiya da mahaifiyar Senegal, tana wakiltar Kungiyar mata ta Gambiya. == Ayyukan kulob din == Kanteh ya buga wa UE Porqueres, EdF Logroño da Sporting Huelva wasa a Spain. Ta bayyana a cikin ƙwararru na 2021-22 Primera División don ƙarshen. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An haife shi a Spain, Kanteh ya fito ne daga Gambiya da Senegalese.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2021 |title=Kanteh y Gambia: del esperpéntico debut al proyecto solidario que le une con sus raíces |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/futbol-femenino/primera-division/2021/12/28/61bf06f922601d1c6f8b4593.html}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2021, ta fara buga wasan farko a Gambiya. A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, Gambiya ta kira ta don cancantar gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta 2022 (zagaye na biyu). <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2022 |title=Gambia Women's National Team Coach Upbeat Ahead of Cameroon Encounter |url=https://gambiaff.org/gambia-womens-national-team-coach-upbeat-ahead-of-cameroon-encounter/ |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Gambia Football Federation |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320130027/https://gambiaff.org/gambia-womens-national-team-coach-upbeat-ahead-of-cameroon-encounter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Fatou Kanteha kanInstagram * {{Cite web |title=FATOU: Fatoumata Kanteh Cham |url=https://www.txapeldunak.com/cas/futbol_femenino/jugadora.asp?id=16041 |website=Txapeldunak |language=es}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] imvshykumll4rsivhijtc760yl6gs7k 0 75939 875102 695537 2026-07-03T15:55:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Erika Espeseth Skarbø''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1987 a Ålesund) ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Norway wacce a halin yanzu ke buga wa Arna-Bjørnar a cikin Toppserien na ƙasar Norway, inda Reidun Seth ta horar da ita . Ta kuma buga wa IL Hødd da Fortuna Ålesund wasa. Skarbø kuma memba ce ta ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Norway, bayan da ta fara buga wasan farko a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu shekarar 2007 a wasan da ta yi da Faransa. Skarbø ta buga wasanni 8 a ƙasar Norway, kuma tana da ƙungiyoyin matasa guda 45. Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na tawagar ƙasar Norway wacce ta kasance ta huɗu a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta 2007 da aka gudanar a ƙasar Sin . Bayan Skarbø ta yi gasa tare da Christine Colombo Nilsen da Ingrid Hjelmseth don matsayi na mai tsaron gida na 1, Bjarne Berntsen ya sanar a ranar 2 ga Mayun shekarar 2008 cewa Skarbö zai zama sabon No. 1 GK na ƙasar Norway, ta maye gurbin mai tsaron gidan na dogon lokaci, Bente Nordby . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Skarbø ny førstekeeper |url=http://fotball.adressa.no/kvinner/article106629.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514080708/http://fotball.adressa.no/kvinner/article106629.ece |archive-date=2008-05-14 |access-date=2008-07-29}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2008 aka sanya sunan Skarbø a cikin jerin sunayen Norwegian don wasannin Olympics na bazara na shekara ta 2008 da aka gudanar a Beijing, China <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fotball.no/t1.aspx?p=51831&x=1&a=228434 |title=Drømmen gikk i oppfyllelse |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2020-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319200112/https://www.fotball.no/t1.aspx?p=51831&x=1&a=228434 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta zauna a Dalgety Bay, a Fife, Scotland daga shekaru 6 zuwa 9, <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://womensfootball.eu/forum/index.php/topic,2816.msg18133.html#msg18133 |title=Brilliant Erika - and Norway |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2018-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201192835/https://womensfootball.eu/forum/index.php/topic,2816.msg18133.html#msg18133 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kafin ta koma zama a babban garin Norway na jihar Ulsteinvik a yammacin gabar tekun kusa da Ålesund, inda mahaifinta Dag shine darektan Rolls-Royce Marine . A lokacin da take da shekaru 18 a shekara ta 2005 ta buga wasanni biyu na ƙasa da ƙasa a raga a rana ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://womensfootball.eu/forum/index.php/topic,2816.msg18068.html#msg18068 |title=The day Erika wrote history |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2018-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200656/https://womensfootball.eu/forum/index.php/topic,2816.msg18068.html#msg18068 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009 Skarbø ta yi tiyata saboda rauni na dama wanda ya ba ta matsala na tsawon shekaru biyar amma ba a gano ta ba a wannan lokacin. Tana fatan ci gaba da ƙwallon ƙafa daga baya a shekara ta 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://womensfootball.eu/forum/index.php/topic,4514.msg28481.html#msg28481 |title=A difficult day |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2022-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331022345/http://womensfootball.eu/forum/index.php/topic,4514.msg28481.html#msg28481 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Yulin ta koma horo na ƙwallon ƙafa tare da Arna-Bjørnar a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa amma har yanzu ba ta iya tsayawa a raga ba tare da ciwon wuyan hannu har yanzu. Daga baya a watan Oktoba an sanar da cewa yanzu ta sami damar ci gaba da horo a matsayin mai tsaron gida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://womensfootball.eu/forum/index.php/topic,4514.msg40964.html#msg40964 |title=Erika Skarbø back in training |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2022-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072743/http://womensfootball.eu/forum/index.php/topic,4514.msg40964.html#msg40964 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta koma filin ƙwallon ƙafa a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2010 tana wasa da Arna-Bjørnar a wasan horo da Sandviken a Bergen kuma bayan 'yan makonni an zaɓe ta don shiga ƙungiyar Norway ta ƙasa da shekaru 23 don gasar a La Manga, Spain.<ref>[http://womensfootball.eu/forum/index.php/topic,5763.msg44245.html#msg44245 Erika's comeback]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Skarbø ta zama kyaftin ɗin Arna-Bjørnar a farkon kakar wasa ta shekarar 2010 kuma kulob ɗin ya samu nasarar rabin kakar. A ranar 27 ga Yuni, tare da Arna-Bjørnar kwance a matsayi na uku a teburin Toppserien, ta karya hannunta na hagu bayan ta yi babban ceto a wasan gida da Kolbotn. <ref>{{Cite web |title=This domain was registered by Youdot.io |url=http://www.womensfootball.eu/forum/index.php/topic,5763.msg50706.html#msg50706 |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2019-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308081039/https://www.womensfootball.eu/forum/index.php/topic,5763.msg50706.html#msg50706 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta dawo a watan Satumba. A ranar 7 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2011 Skarbø ta jagoranci babbar ƙungiyar Norway a wasan da aka yi a gasar cin Kofin Algarve, wasan da Japan ta ci 1-0. Erika Skarbø tana karatun ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, musamman ilimin halayya na kamfanoni da kuma warware rikice-rikicen masana'antu. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120214130318/http://fotballmagasinet.no/?mode=news&id=9995&title=12._Erika_Skarb%C3%B8 FotballMagasinet.no bayanin ɗan wasa] * [http://www.arna-bjornar.no Gidan yanar gizon kulob din Arna-Bjørnar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430084724/https://arna-bjornar.no/ |date=2019-04-30 }} * [http://www.fotball.no/histstat.ASP?WCI=wiPerson&personid=681247 Bayanan dan wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Norway] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Category:Wasannin FIFA]] [[Category:Wasanni]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a4hx8faayitwnum7k6tari7yenrecde 0 76123 875062 665460 2026-07-03T15:25:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359006846|Rinsola Babajide]]" 875062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omorinsola Omowunmi Ajike Babajide [[Order of the Niger|OON]]''' ( ; an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1998), wacce aka fi sani da '''Rinsola Babajide''', ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce wacce ke buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon ƙafa]] a ƙungiyar mata ta Serie A ta Roma . An haife ta a Ingila, ta wakilci ƙasar haihuwarta a matsayin matashiyar 'yar wasa ta ƙasa har zuwa matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ta sauya sheƙa zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] ta fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan wasa a watan Oktoban 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2023 |title=Nigeria call up former England starlet Rinsola Babajide for 2024 Olympics qualifiers |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/38638952/nigeria-call-former-england-starlet-rinsola-babajide-2024-olympics-qualifiers%3fplatform=amp |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=espn.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta taba bugawa Liverpool, Millwall Lionesses, Watford da Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion wasa . == Aikin kulob == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] m10qf6xlxjfvp3a33pmijeimoc8cjfa 875063 875062 2026-07-03T15:25:39Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359006846|Rinsola Babajide]]" 875063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omorinsola Omowunmi Ajike Babajide [[Order of the Niger|OON]]''' ( ; an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1998), wacce aka fi sani da '''Rinsola Babajide''', ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce wacce ke buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon ƙafa]] a ƙungiyar mata ta Serie A ta Roma . An haife ta a Ingila, ta wakilci ƙasar haihuwarta a matsayin matashiyar 'yar wasa ta ƙasa har zuwa matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ta sauya sheƙa zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] ta fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan wasa a watan Oktoban 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2023 |title=Nigeria call up former England starlet Rinsola Babajide for 2024 Olympics qualifiers |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/38638952/nigeria-call-former-england-starlet-rinsola-babajide-2024-olympics-qualifiers%3fplatform=amp |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=espn.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta taba bugawa Liverpool, Millwall Lionesses, Watford da Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion wasa . == Aikin kulob == === Fadar Crystal === Rinsola Babajide ta fara aikinta a Crystal Palace kuma ta buga wa kulob din wasa a kakar wasa ta 2014-15 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Babajide joins Albion on loan |url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=www.brightonandhovealbion.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta buga wasanni tara kuma ta zura kwallaye biyu sannan ta sake buga wasanni biyu a kungiyar reserve. Ta fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar a lokacin wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana, inda ta yi nasara da ci 2-0 a kan [[Denham United Ladies F.C.|Denham United]] a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aug 24, Denham United Ladies 0–2 Crystal Palace Ladies |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayFixture.html?id=13824697 |website=Full Time The FA}}</ref> Ta zura ƙwallonta ta farko a ragar Crystal Palace a lokacin da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da Cambridge United a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Oct, Cambridge United Ladies 3–3 Crystal Palace Ladies |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayFixture.html?id=13824732 |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=Full Time The FA}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] 696rnblnfp3hqjcqa5p7antceuetywi 875064 875063 2026-07-03T15:26:09Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359006846|Rinsola Babajide]]" 875064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omorinsola Omowunmi Ajike Babajide [[Order of the Niger|OON]]''' ( ; an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1998), wacce aka fi sani da '''Rinsola Babajide''', ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce wacce ke buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon ƙafa]] a ƙungiyar mata ta Serie A ta Roma . An haife ta a Ingila, ta wakilci ƙasar haihuwarta a matsayin matashiyar 'yar wasa ta ƙasa har zuwa matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ta sauya sheƙa zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] ta fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan wasa a watan Oktoban 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2023 |title=Nigeria call up former England starlet Rinsola Babajide for 2024 Olympics qualifiers |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/38638952/nigeria-call-former-england-starlet-rinsola-babajide-2024-olympics-qualifiers%3fplatform=amp |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=espn.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta taba bugawa Liverpool, Millwall Lionesses, Watford da Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion wasa . == Aikin kulob == === Fadar Crystal === Rinsola Babajide ta fara aikinta a Crystal Palace kuma ta buga wa kulob din wasa a kakar wasa ta 2014-15 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Babajide joins Albion on loan |url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=www.brightonandhovealbion.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta buga wasanni tara kuma ta zura kwallaye biyu sannan ta sake buga wasanni biyu a kungiyar reserve. Ta fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar a lokacin wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana, inda ta yi nasara da ci 2-0 a kan [[Denham United Ladies F.C.|Denham United]] a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aug 24, Denham United Ladies 0–2 Crystal Palace Ladies |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayFixture.html?id=13824697 |website=Full Time The FA}}</ref> Ta zura ƙwallonta ta farko a ragar Crystal Palace a lokacin da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da Cambridge United a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Oct, Cambridge United Ladies 3–3 Crystal Palace Ladies |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayFixture.html?id=13824732 |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=Full Time The FA}}</ref> === Lionan Millwall === Ta koma Millwall Lionesses daga Crystal Palace a watan Janairun 2015, amma ta fara buga wasa a ranar 18 ga Maris da London Bees a wasan FA WSL wanda ya ƙare da kunnen doki. === Watford === A watan Fabrairun 2017, Babajide ta kammala canja wuri zuwa Watford Ladies . Ta zura kwallonta ta farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun London Bees da ci 3-2 a wasan FA WSL Spring Series . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kingsley |first=Igho |date=27 February 2017 |title=Babajide Scores First Competitive Goal For Watford Before Linking Up With England Squad |url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=22196 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> Babajide ta kare a matsayin wacce ta fi kowa zura kwallaye a Watford a gasar Spring Series ta 2017, da kwallaye uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2018 |title=Ladies sign England U20 international Babajide |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/ladies/288419-ladies-sign-england-u20-international-babajide |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=a Liverpool Football Club}}</ref> === Liverpool === An sanar da komawarta Liverpool a ranar 25 ga Janairu 2018. Babajide yana cikin tawagar da ta kai Liverpool ga matakin gasar Zakarun Turai a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-05 |title=Liverpool's relegated women underfunded and in disarray |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/jun/05/liverpools-relegated-women-underfunded-and-in-disarray |access-date=2020-11-07 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Babajide shi ne na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a raga a Liverpool a kakar wasan WSL ta 2018/19, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a kakar wasa ta bana. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] 2twrwmf8avb2ajiie5mdiqmo60qrqjb 875065 875064 2026-07-03T15:26:36Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359006846|Rinsola Babajide]]" 875065 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omorinsola Omowunmi Ajike Babajide [[Order of the Niger|OON]]''' ( ; an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1998), wacce aka fi sani da '''Rinsola Babajide''', ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce wacce ke buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon ƙafa]] a ƙungiyar mata ta Serie A ta Roma . An haife ta a Ingila, ta wakilci ƙasar haihuwarta a matsayin matashiyar 'yar wasa ta ƙasa har zuwa matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ta sauya sheƙa zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] ta fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan wasa a watan Oktoban 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2023 |title=Nigeria call up former England starlet Rinsola Babajide for 2024 Olympics qualifiers |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/38638952/nigeria-call-former-england-starlet-rinsola-babajide-2024-olympics-qualifiers%3fplatform=amp |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=espn.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta taba bugawa Liverpool, Millwall Lionesses, Watford da Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion wasa . == Aikin kulob == === Fadar Crystal === Rinsola Babajide ta fara aikinta a Crystal Palace kuma ta buga wa kulob din wasa a kakar wasa ta 2014-15 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Babajide joins Albion on loan |url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=www.brightonandhovealbion.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta buga wasanni tara kuma ta zura kwallaye biyu sannan ta sake buga wasanni biyu a kungiyar reserve. Ta fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar a lokacin wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana, inda ta yi nasara da ci 2-0 a kan [[Denham United Ladies F.C.|Denham United]] a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aug 24, Denham United Ladies 0–2 Crystal Palace Ladies |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayFixture.html?id=13824697 |website=Full Time The FA}}</ref> Ta zura ƙwallonta ta farko a ragar Crystal Palace a lokacin da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da Cambridge United a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Oct, Cambridge United Ladies 3–3 Crystal Palace Ladies |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayFixture.html?id=13824732 |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=Full Time The FA}}</ref> === Lionan Millwall === Ta koma Millwall Lionesses daga Crystal Palace a watan Janairun 2015, amma ta fara buga wasa a ranar 18 ga Maris da London Bees a wasan FA WSL wanda ya ƙare da kunnen doki. === Watford === A watan Fabrairun 2017, Babajide ta kammala canja wuri zuwa Watford Ladies . Ta zura kwallonta ta farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun London Bees da ci 3-2 a wasan FA WSL Spring Series . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kingsley |first=Igho |date=27 February 2017 |title=Babajide Scores First Competitive Goal For Watford Before Linking Up With England Squad |url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=22196 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> Babajide ta kare a matsayin wacce ta fi kowa zura kwallaye a Watford a gasar Spring Series ta 2017, da kwallaye uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2018 |title=Ladies sign England U20 international Babajide |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/ladies/288419-ladies-sign-england-u20-international-babajide |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=a Liverpool Football Club}}</ref> === Liverpool === An sanar da komawarta Liverpool a ranar 25 ga Janairu 2018. Babajide yana cikin tawagar da ta kai Liverpool ga matakin gasar Zakarun Turai a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-05 |title=Liverpool's relegated women underfunded and in disarray |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/jun/05/liverpools-relegated-women-underfunded-and-in-disarray |access-date=2020-11-07 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Babajide shi ne na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a raga a Liverpool a kakar wasan WSL ta 2018/19, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a kakar wasa ta bana. Babajide ita ce ta biyu a jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a raga a gasar WSL ta Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019/20, inda ta zura kwallo daya tilo a gasar. Ba ta buga wa Liverpool wasa a rabin na biyu na kakar gasar Championship ta 2020/21 ba bayan ta ki yin atisaye da tawagar farko, daga baya aka mayar da ita cikin tawagar ci gaban shekaru, ba tare da kungiyar farko ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=I understand Liverpool forward Rinsola Babajide is now training with the U21s |url=https://twitter.com/em_sandy/status/1370725207653163008 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> === Brighton & Hove Albion === A ranar 26 ga Yuli 2021, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion ta sanar da ɗaukar Rinsola a matsayin aro daga ƙungiyar mata ta Liverpool . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Babajide joins Albion on loan |url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=www.brightonandhovealbion.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan "Babajide joins Albion on loan"]. </cite></ref> === Real Betis (rance) da UDG Tenerife === A ranar 3 ga Yulin 2023, bayan watanni 18 da ya yi a Real Betis, Babajide ya koma kungiyar UDG Tenerife ta Ligue F a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2023 |title=Rinsola Babajide apuntala el ataque de la UDG Tenerife |url=https://udgtenerife.com/rinsola-babajide-apuntala-el-ataque-de-la-udg-tenerife/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703223748/https://udgtenerife.com/rinsola-babajide-apuntala-el-ataque-de-la-udg-tenerife/ |archive-date=3 July 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |publisher=[[UD Granadilla Tenerife]] |language=Spanish}}</ref> === AS Roma === A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2025, an sanar da Babajide a Roma kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=Omorinsola Babajide signs for Roma |url=https://www.asroma.com/en/news/73497/omorinsola-babajide-signs-for-roma |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=A.S. Roma}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5tf2ws1cug73nuas2sk0pd63o0rrxkl 875066 875065 2026-07-03T15:26:58Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359006846|Rinsola Babajide]]" 875066 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omorinsola Omowunmi Ajike Babajide [[Order of the Niger|OON]]''' ( ; an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1998), wacce aka fi sani da '''Rinsola Babajide''', ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce wacce ke buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon ƙafa]] a ƙungiyar mata ta Serie A ta Roma . An haife ta a Ingila, ta wakilci ƙasar haihuwarta a matsayin matashiyar 'yar wasa ta ƙasa har zuwa matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ta sauya sheƙa zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] ta fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan wasa a watan Oktoban 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2023 |title=Nigeria call up former England starlet Rinsola Babajide for 2024 Olympics qualifiers |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/38638952/nigeria-call-former-england-starlet-rinsola-babajide-2024-olympics-qualifiers%3fplatform=amp |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=espn.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta taba bugawa Liverpool, Millwall Lionesses, Watford da Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion wasa . == Aikin kulob == === Fadar Crystal === Rinsola Babajide ta fara aikinta a Crystal Palace kuma ta buga wa kulob din wasa a kakar wasa ta 2014-15 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Babajide joins Albion on loan |url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=www.brightonandhovealbion.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta buga wasanni tara kuma ta zura kwallaye biyu sannan ta sake buga wasanni biyu a kungiyar reserve. Ta fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar a lokacin wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana, inda ta yi nasara da ci 2-0 a kan [[Denham United Ladies F.C.|Denham United]] a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aug 24, Denham United Ladies 0–2 Crystal Palace Ladies |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayFixture.html?id=13824697 |website=Full Time The FA}}</ref> Ta zura ƙwallonta ta farko a ragar Crystal Palace a lokacin da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da Cambridge United a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Oct, Cambridge United Ladies 3–3 Crystal Palace Ladies |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayFixture.html?id=13824732 |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=Full Time The FA}}</ref> === Lionan Millwall === Ta koma Millwall Lionesses daga Crystal Palace a watan Janairun 2015, amma ta fara buga wasa a ranar 18 ga Maris da London Bees a wasan FA WSL wanda ya ƙare da kunnen doki. === Watford === A watan Fabrairun 2017, Babajide ta kammala canja wuri zuwa Watford Ladies . Ta zura kwallonta ta farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun London Bees da ci 3-2 a wasan FA WSL Spring Series . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kingsley |first=Igho |date=27 February 2017 |title=Babajide Scores First Competitive Goal For Watford Before Linking Up With England Squad |url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=22196 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> Babajide ta kare a matsayin wacce ta fi kowa zura kwallaye a Watford a gasar Spring Series ta 2017, da kwallaye uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2018 |title=Ladies sign England U20 international Babajide |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/ladies/288419-ladies-sign-england-u20-international-babajide |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=a Liverpool Football Club}}</ref> === Liverpool === An sanar da komawarta Liverpool a ranar 25 ga Janairu 2018. Babajide yana cikin tawagar da ta kai Liverpool ga matakin gasar Zakarun Turai a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-05 |title=Liverpool's relegated women underfunded and in disarray |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/jun/05/liverpools-relegated-women-underfunded-and-in-disarray |access-date=2020-11-07 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Babajide shi ne na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a raga a Liverpool a kakar wasan WSL ta 2018/19, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a kakar wasa ta bana. Babajide ita ce ta biyu a jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a raga a gasar WSL ta Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019/20, inda ta zura kwallo daya tilo a gasar. Ba ta buga wa Liverpool wasa a rabin na biyu na kakar gasar Championship ta 2020/21 ba bayan ta ki yin atisaye da tawagar farko, daga baya aka mayar da ita cikin tawagar ci gaban shekaru, ba tare da kungiyar farko ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=I understand Liverpool forward Rinsola Babajide is now training with the U21s |url=https://twitter.com/em_sandy/status/1370725207653163008 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> === Brighton & Hove Albion === A ranar 26 ga Yuli 2021, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion ta sanar da ɗaukar Rinsola a matsayin aro daga ƙungiyar mata ta Liverpool . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Babajide joins Albion on loan |url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=www.brightonandhovealbion.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan "Babajide joins Albion on loan"]. </cite></ref> === Real Betis (rance) da UDG Tenerife === A ranar 3 ga Yulin 2023, bayan watanni 18 da ya yi a Real Betis, Babajide ya koma kungiyar UDG Tenerife ta Ligue F a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2023 |title=Rinsola Babajide apuntala el ataque de la UDG Tenerife |url=https://udgtenerife.com/rinsola-babajide-apuntala-el-ataque-de-la-udg-tenerife/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703223748/https://udgtenerife.com/rinsola-babajide-apuntala-el-ataque-de-la-udg-tenerife/ |archive-date=3 July 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |publisher=[[UD Granadilla Tenerife]] |language=Spanish}}</ref> === AS Roma === A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2025, an sanar da Babajide a Roma kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=Omorinsola Babajide signs for Roma |url=https://www.asroma.com/en/news/73497/omorinsola-babajide-signs-for-roma |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=A.S. Roma}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == === Ingila === A watan Agusta na 2018, Babajide tana cikin tawagar Ingila 'yan kasa da shekara 20 da suka lashe tagulla a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2018 |title=ENGLAND WIN BRONZE MEDAL AT FIFA U20 WOMEN'S WORLD CUP |url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2018/aug/24/world-cup-england-france-bronze-medal-240818 |access-date=3 April 2019 |publisher=The FA}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2020 an saka ta a sansanin horo na tawagar manyan 'yan wasan Ingila . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Veevers |first=Nicholas |date=9 September 2020 |title=With eight new faces in the England squad, find out a bit more about each of them |url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2020/sep/09/meet-the-new-lionesses-090920 |website=The Football Association}}</ref> === Najeriya === Saboda iyayenta 'yan Najeriya, Babajide ma ta cancanci wakiltar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Photo confirmation : Liverpool's Nigeria-eligible winger joins Real Betis Feminas |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=42240}}</ref> Ta sami kiran farko a watan Oktoba na 2023 kuma ta fara bugawa a ranar 25 ga Oktoba na 2023, inda ta fara da kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasar Habasha|Habasha]] a lokacin cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta 2024. A ranar 6 ga Yuli 2025, ta ci kwallo kuma ta taimaka a wasa ɗaya a '''gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta TotalEnergies ta 2024''' [[Tunisiya|,]] wanda hakan ya ba ta damar cin nasara da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-06 |title=Nigeria vs Tunisia: Ihezuo, Babajide and Asisat Oshoala lead Super Falcons to victory for Wafcon 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/czry144p7dlo |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ld4d8yezarqiimbfer4kvq32in3etrk 875067 875066 2026-07-03T15:27:30Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359006846|Rinsola Babajide]]" 875067 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omorinsola Omowunmi Ajike Babajide [[Order of the Niger|OON]]''' ( ; an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1998), wacce aka fi sani da '''Rinsola Babajide''', ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce wacce ke buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon ƙafa]] a ƙungiyar mata ta Serie A ta Roma . An haife ta a Ingila, ta wakilci ƙasar haihuwarta a matsayin matashiyar 'yar wasa ta ƙasa har zuwa matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ta sauya sheƙa zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] ta fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan wasa a watan Oktoban 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2023 |title=Nigeria call up former England starlet Rinsola Babajide for 2024 Olympics qualifiers |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/38638952/nigeria-call-former-england-starlet-rinsola-babajide-2024-olympics-qualifiers%3fplatform=amp |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=espn.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta taba bugawa Liverpool, Millwall Lionesses, Watford da Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion wasa . == Aikin kulob == === Fadar Crystal === Rinsola Babajide ta fara aikinta a Crystal Palace kuma ta buga wa kulob din wasa a kakar wasa ta 2014-15 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Babajide joins Albion on loan |url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=www.brightonandhovealbion.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta buga wasanni tara kuma ta zura kwallaye biyu sannan ta sake buga wasanni biyu a kungiyar reserve. Ta fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar a lokacin wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana, inda ta yi nasara da ci 2-0 a kan [[Denham United Ladies F.C.|Denham United]] a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aug 24, Denham United Ladies 0–2 Crystal Palace Ladies |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayFixture.html?id=13824697 |website=Full Time The FA}}</ref> Ta zura ƙwallonta ta farko a ragar Crystal Palace a lokacin da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da Cambridge United a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Oct, Cambridge United Ladies 3–3 Crystal Palace Ladies |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayFixture.html?id=13824732 |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=Full Time The FA}}</ref> === Lionan Millwall === Ta koma Millwall Lionesses daga Crystal Palace a watan Janairun 2015, amma ta fara buga wasa a ranar 18 ga Maris da London Bees a wasan FA WSL wanda ya ƙare da kunnen doki. === Watford === A watan Fabrairun 2017, Babajide ta kammala canja wuri zuwa Watford Ladies . Ta zura kwallonta ta farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun London Bees da ci 3-2 a wasan FA WSL Spring Series . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kingsley |first=Igho |date=27 February 2017 |title=Babajide Scores First Competitive Goal For Watford Before Linking Up With England Squad |url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=22196 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> Babajide ta kare a matsayin wacce ta fi kowa zura kwallaye a Watford a gasar Spring Series ta 2017, da kwallaye uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2018 |title=Ladies sign England U20 international Babajide |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/ladies/288419-ladies-sign-england-u20-international-babajide |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=a Liverpool Football Club}}</ref> === Liverpool === An sanar da komawarta Liverpool a ranar 25 ga Janairu 2018. Babajide yana cikin tawagar da ta kai Liverpool ga matakin gasar Zakarun Turai a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-05 |title=Liverpool's relegated women underfunded and in disarray |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/jun/05/liverpools-relegated-women-underfunded-and-in-disarray |access-date=2020-11-07 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Babajide shi ne na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a raga a Liverpool a kakar wasan WSL ta 2018/19, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a kakar wasa ta bana. Babajide ita ce ta biyu a jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a raga a gasar WSL ta Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019/20, inda ta zura kwallo daya tilo a gasar. Ba ta buga wa Liverpool wasa a rabin na biyu na kakar gasar Championship ta 2020/21 ba bayan ta ki yin atisaye da tawagar farko, daga baya aka mayar da ita cikin tawagar ci gaban shekaru, ba tare da kungiyar farko ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=I understand Liverpool forward Rinsola Babajide is now training with the U21s |url=https://twitter.com/em_sandy/status/1370725207653163008 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> === Brighton & Hove Albion === A ranar 26 ga Yuli 2021, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion ta sanar da ɗaukar Rinsola a matsayin aro daga ƙungiyar mata ta Liverpool . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Babajide joins Albion on loan |url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=www.brightonandhovealbion.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan "Babajide joins Albion on loan"]. </cite></ref> === Real Betis (rance) da UDG Tenerife === A ranar 3 ga Yulin 2023, bayan watanni 18 da ya yi a Real Betis, Babajide ya koma kungiyar UDG Tenerife ta Ligue F a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2023 |title=Rinsola Babajide apuntala el ataque de la UDG Tenerife |url=https://udgtenerife.com/rinsola-babajide-apuntala-el-ataque-de-la-udg-tenerife/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703223748/https://udgtenerife.com/rinsola-babajide-apuntala-el-ataque-de-la-udg-tenerife/ |archive-date=3 July 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |publisher=[[UD Granadilla Tenerife]] |language=Spanish}}</ref> === AS Roma === A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2025, an sanar da Babajide a Roma kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=Omorinsola Babajide signs for Roma |url=https://www.asroma.com/en/news/73497/omorinsola-babajide-signs-for-roma |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=A.S. Roma}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == === Ingila === A watan Agusta na 2018, Babajide tana cikin tawagar Ingila 'yan kasa da shekara 20 da suka lashe tagulla a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2018 |title=ENGLAND WIN BRONZE MEDAL AT FIFA U20 WOMEN'S WORLD CUP |url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2018/aug/24/world-cup-england-france-bronze-medal-240818 |access-date=3 April 2019 |publisher=The FA}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2020 an saka ta a sansanin horo na tawagar manyan 'yan wasan Ingila . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Veevers |first=Nicholas |date=9 September 2020 |title=With eight new faces in the England squad, find out a bit more about each of them |url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2020/sep/09/meet-the-new-lionesses-090920 |website=The Football Association}}</ref> === Najeriya === Saboda iyayenta 'yan Najeriya, Babajide ma ta cancanci wakiltar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Photo confirmation : Liverpool's Nigeria-eligible winger joins Real Betis Feminas |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=42240}}</ref> Ta sami kiran farko a watan Oktoba na 2023 kuma ta fara bugawa a ranar 25 ga Oktoba na 2023, inda ta fara da kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasar Habasha|Habasha]] a lokacin cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta 2024. A ranar 6 ga Yuli 2025, ta ci kwallo kuma ta taimaka a wasa ɗaya a '''gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta TotalEnergies ta 2024''' [[Tunisiya|,]] wanda hakan ya ba ta damar cin nasara da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-06 |title=Nigeria vs Tunisia: Ihezuo, Babajide and Asisat Oshoala lead Super Falcons to victory for Wafcon 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/czry144p7dlo |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 11 May 2019}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Kofin FA ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="3" | Lionan Millwall | 2015 | rowspan="2" | FA WSL 2 | 17 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 23 | 5 |- | 2016 | 14 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 17 | 4 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 31 ! 7 ! 6 ! 2 ! 3 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 40 ! 9 |- | rowspan="3" | Watford | 2017 | rowspan="2" | FA WSL 2 | 9 | 3 | colspan="2" | — | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 9 | 3 |- | 2017–18 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 10 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 15 ! 3 ! 4 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 19 ! 3 |- | rowspan="3" | Liverpool | 2017–18 | rowspan="2" | FA WSL | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 4 | 0 |- | 2018–19 | 17 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 18 | 5 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 21 ! 4 ! 1 ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 22 ! 5 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 67 ! 14 ! 11 ! 3 ! 3 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 81 ! 17 |}   == Daraja == '''<nowiki/>'Yan wasan Ingila 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA U-20 : Matsayi na uku a 2018 '''Romawa''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Italiya : 2025–26 [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dmrdhgz7vy3ctpgk6bkys7j8j919h1i 875068 875067 2026-07-03T15:28:04Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359006846|Rinsola Babajide]]" 875068 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omorinsola Omowunmi Ajike Babajide [[Order of the Niger|OON]]''' ( ; an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1998), wacce aka fi sani da '''Rinsola Babajide''', ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce wacce ke buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon ƙafa]] a ƙungiyar mata ta Serie A ta Roma . An haife ta a Ingila, ta wakilci ƙasar haihuwarta a matsayin matashiyar 'yar wasa ta ƙasa har zuwa matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ta sauya sheƙa zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] ta fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan wasa a watan Oktoban 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2023 |title=Nigeria call up former England starlet Rinsola Babajide for 2024 Olympics qualifiers |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/38638952/nigeria-call-former-england-starlet-rinsola-babajide-2024-olympics-qualifiers%3fplatform=amp |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=espn.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta taba bugawa Liverpool, Millwall Lionesses, Watford da Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion wasa . == Aikin kulob == === Fadar Crystal === Rinsola Babajide ta fara aikinta a Crystal Palace kuma ta buga wa kulob din wasa a kakar wasa ta 2014-15 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Babajide joins Albion on loan |url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=www.brightonandhovealbion.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta buga wasanni tara kuma ta zura kwallaye biyu sannan ta sake buga wasanni biyu a kungiyar reserve. Ta fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar a lokacin wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana, inda ta yi nasara da ci 2-0 a kan [[Denham United Ladies F.C.|Denham United]] a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aug 24, Denham United Ladies 0–2 Crystal Palace Ladies |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayFixture.html?id=13824697 |website=Full Time The FA}}</ref> Ta zura ƙwallonta ta farko a ragar Crystal Palace a lokacin da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da Cambridge United a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Oct, Cambridge United Ladies 3–3 Crystal Palace Ladies |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayFixture.html?id=13824732 |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=Full Time The FA}}</ref> === Lionan Millwall === Ta koma Millwall Lionesses daga Crystal Palace a watan Janairun 2015, amma ta fara buga wasa a ranar 18 ga Maris da London Bees a wasan FA WSL wanda ya ƙare da kunnen doki. === Watford === A watan Fabrairun 2017, Babajide ta kammala canja wuri zuwa Watford Ladies . Ta zura kwallonta ta farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun London Bees da ci 3-2 a wasan FA WSL Spring Series . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kingsley |first=Igho |date=27 February 2017 |title=Babajide Scores First Competitive Goal For Watford Before Linking Up With England Squad |url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=22196 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> Babajide ta kare a matsayin wacce ta fi kowa zura kwallaye a Watford a gasar Spring Series ta 2017, da kwallaye uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2018 |title=Ladies sign England U20 international Babajide |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/ladies/288419-ladies-sign-england-u20-international-babajide |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=a Liverpool Football Club}}</ref> === Liverpool === An sanar da komawarta Liverpool a ranar 25 ga Janairu 2018. Babajide yana cikin tawagar da ta kai Liverpool ga matakin gasar Zakarun Turai a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-05 |title=Liverpool's relegated women underfunded and in disarray |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/jun/05/liverpools-relegated-women-underfunded-and-in-disarray |access-date=2020-11-07 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Babajide shi ne na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a raga a Liverpool a kakar wasan WSL ta 2018/19, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a kakar wasa ta bana. Babajide ita ce ta biyu a jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a raga a gasar WSL ta Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019/20, inda ta zura kwallo daya tilo a gasar. Ba ta buga wa Liverpool wasa a rabin na biyu na kakar gasar Championship ta 2020/21 ba bayan ta ki yin atisaye da tawagar farko, daga baya aka mayar da ita cikin tawagar ci gaban shekaru, ba tare da kungiyar farko ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=I understand Liverpool forward Rinsola Babajide is now training with the U21s |url=https://twitter.com/em_sandy/status/1370725207653163008 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> === Brighton & Hove Albion === A ranar 26 ga Yuli 2021, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion ta sanar da ɗaukar Rinsola a matsayin aro daga ƙungiyar mata ta Liverpool . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Babajide joins Albion on loan |url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=www.brightonandhovealbion.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan "Babajide joins Albion on loan"]. </cite></ref> === Real Betis (rance) da UDG Tenerife === A ranar 3 ga Yulin 2023, bayan watanni 18 da ya yi a Real Betis, Babajide ya koma kungiyar UDG Tenerife ta Ligue F a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2023 |title=Rinsola Babajide apuntala el ataque de la UDG Tenerife |url=https://udgtenerife.com/rinsola-babajide-apuntala-el-ataque-de-la-udg-tenerife/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703223748/https://udgtenerife.com/rinsola-babajide-apuntala-el-ataque-de-la-udg-tenerife/ |archive-date=3 July 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |publisher=[[UD Granadilla Tenerife]] |language=Spanish}}</ref> === AS Roma === A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2025, an sanar da Babajide a Roma kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=Omorinsola Babajide signs for Roma |url=https://www.asroma.com/en/news/73497/omorinsola-babajide-signs-for-roma |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=A.S. Roma}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == === Ingila === A watan Agusta na 2018, Babajide tana cikin tawagar Ingila 'yan kasa da shekara 20 da suka lashe tagulla a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2018 |title=ENGLAND WIN BRONZE MEDAL AT FIFA U20 WOMEN'S WORLD CUP |url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2018/aug/24/world-cup-england-france-bronze-medal-240818 |access-date=3 April 2019 |publisher=The FA}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2020 an saka ta a sansanin horo na tawagar manyan 'yan wasan Ingila . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Veevers |first=Nicholas |date=9 September 2020 |title=With eight new faces in the England squad, find out a bit more about each of them |url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2020/sep/09/meet-the-new-lionesses-090920 |website=The Football Association}}</ref> === Najeriya === Saboda iyayenta 'yan Najeriya, Babajide ma ta cancanci wakiltar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Photo confirmation : Liverpool's Nigeria-eligible winger joins Real Betis Feminas |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=42240}}</ref> Ta sami kiran farko a watan Oktoba na 2023 kuma ta fara bugawa a ranar 25 ga Oktoba na 2023, inda ta fara da kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasar Habasha|Habasha]] a lokacin cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta 2024. A ranar 6 ga Yuli 2025, ta ci kwallo kuma ta taimaka a wasa ɗaya a '''gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta TotalEnergies ta 2024''' [[Tunisiya|,]] wanda hakan ya ba ta damar cin nasara da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-06 |title=Nigeria vs Tunisia: Ihezuo, Babajide and Asisat Oshoala lead Super Falcons to victory for Wafcon 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/czry144p7dlo |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 11 May 2019}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Kofin FA ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="3" | Lionan Millwall | 2015 | rowspan="2" | FA WSL 2 | 17 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 23 | 5 |- | 2016 | 14 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 17 | 4 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 31 ! 7 ! 6 ! 2 ! 3 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 40 ! 9 |- | rowspan="3" | Watford | 2017 | rowspan="2" | FA WSL 2 | 9 | 3 | colspan="2" | — | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 9 | 3 |- | 2017–18 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 10 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 15 ! 3 ! 4 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 19 ! 3 |- | rowspan="3" | Liverpool | 2017–18 | rowspan="2" | FA WSL | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 4 | 0 |- | 2018–19 | 17 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 18 | 5 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 21 ! 4 ! 1 ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 22 ! 5 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 67 ! 14 ! 11 ! 3 ! 3 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 81 ! 17 |}   == Daraja == '''<nowiki/>'Yan wasan Ingila 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA U-20 : Matsayi na uku a 2018 '''Romawa''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Italiya : 2025–26 '''Najeriya''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta Mata : 2024 <ref name="NGA">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria produce stunning comeback to beat Morocco and win 10th WAFCON title |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/nigeria-produce-stunning-comeback-to-beat-morocco-and-win-10th-wafcon-title/ |access-date=2 May 2026 |publisher=CAF}}</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Kyautar 'Yar Wasan Mata ta Liverpool (2019–20) == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|rinsola-babajide/409188}} {{AS Roma (women) squad}}{{Nigeria squad 2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pijsa49i0vl831srwo4o5t7uikd7rof 875069 875068 2026-07-03T15:29:29Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 875069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Omorinsola Omowunmi Ajike Babajide [[Order of the Niger|OON]]''' ( ; an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1998), wacce aka fi sani da '''Rinsola Babajide''', ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce wacce ke buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon ƙafa]] a ƙungiyar mata ta Serie A ta Roma . An haife ta a Ingila, ta wakilci ƙasar haihuwarta a matsayin matashiyar 'yar wasa ta ƙasa har zuwa matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ta sauya sheƙa zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] ta fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan wasa a watan Oktoban 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2023 |title=Nigeria call up former England starlet Rinsola Babajide for 2024 Olympics qualifiers |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/38638952/nigeria-call-former-england-starlet-rinsola-babajide-2024-olympics-qualifiers%3fplatform=amp |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=espn.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta taba bugawa Liverpool, Millwall Lionesses, Watford da Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion wasa . == Aikin kulob == === Fadar Crystal === Rinsola Babajide ta fara aikinta a Crystal Palace kuma ta buga wa kulob din wasa a kakar wasa ta 2014-15 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Babajide joins Albion on loan |url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=www.brightonandhovealbion.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta buga wasanni tara kuma ta zura kwallaye biyu sannan ta sake buga wasanni biyu a kungiyar reserve. Ta fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar a lokacin wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana, inda ta yi nasara da ci 2-0 a kan [[Denham United Ladies F.C.|Denham United]] a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aug 24, Denham United Ladies 0–2 Crystal Palace Ladies |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayFixture.html?id=13824697 |website=Full Time The FA}}</ref> Ta zura ƙwallonta ta farko a ragar Crystal Palace a lokacin da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da Cambridge United a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Oct, Cambridge United Ladies 3–3 Crystal Palace Ladies |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/displayFixture.html?id=13824732 |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=Full Time The FA}}</ref> === Lionan Millwall === Ta koma Millwall Lionesses daga Crystal Palace a watan Janairun 2015, amma ta fara buga wasa a ranar 18 ga Maris da London Bees a wasan FA WSL wanda ya ƙare da kunnen doki. === Watford === A watan Fabrairun 2017, Babajide ta kammala canja wuri zuwa Watford Ladies . Ta zura kwallonta ta farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun London Bees da ci 3-2 a wasan FA WSL Spring Series . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kingsley |first=Igho |date=27 February 2017 |title=Babajide Scores First Competitive Goal For Watford Before Linking Up With England Squad |url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=22196 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> Babajide ta kare a matsayin wacce ta fi kowa zura kwallaye a Watford a gasar Spring Series ta 2017, da kwallaye uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2018 |title=Ladies sign England U20 international Babajide |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/ladies/288419-ladies-sign-england-u20-international-babajide |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=a Liverpool Football Club}}</ref> === Liverpool === An sanar da komawarta Liverpool a ranar 25 ga Janairu 2018. Babajide yana cikin tawagar da ta kai Liverpool ga matakin gasar Zakarun Turai a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-05 |title=Liverpool's relegated women underfunded and in disarray |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/jun/05/liverpools-relegated-women-underfunded-and-in-disarray |access-date=2020-11-07 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Babajide shi ne na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a raga a Liverpool a kakar wasan WSL ta 2018/19, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a kakar wasa ta bana. Babajide ita ce ta biyu a jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a raga a gasar WSL ta Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019/20, inda ta zura kwallo daya tilo a gasar. Ba ta buga wa Liverpool wasa a rabin na biyu na kakar gasar Championship ta 2020/21 ba bayan ta ki yin atisaye da tawagar farko, daga baya aka mayar da ita cikin tawagar ci gaban shekaru, ba tare da kungiyar farko ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=I understand Liverpool forward Rinsola Babajide is now training with the U21s |url=https://twitter.com/em_sandy/status/1370725207653163008 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> === Brighton & Hove Albion === A ranar 26 ga Yuli 2021, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion ta sanar da ɗaukar Rinsola a matsayin aro daga ƙungiyar mata ta Liverpool . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Babajide joins Albion on loan |url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=www.brightonandhovealbion.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240616182839/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2198579/rinsola-joins-albion-on-loan "Babajide joins Albion on loan"]. </cite></ref> === Real Betis (rance) da UDG Tenerife === A ranar 3 ga Yulin 2023, bayan watanni 18 da ya yi a Real Betis, Babajide ya koma kungiyar UDG Tenerife ta Ligue F a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2023 |title=Rinsola Babajide apuntala el ataque de la UDG Tenerife |url=https://udgtenerife.com/rinsola-babajide-apuntala-el-ataque-de-la-udg-tenerife/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703223748/https://udgtenerife.com/rinsola-babajide-apuntala-el-ataque-de-la-udg-tenerife/ |archive-date=3 July 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |publisher=[[UD Granadilla Tenerife]] |language=Spanish}}</ref> === AS Roma === A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2025, an sanar da Babajide a Roma kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=Omorinsola Babajide signs for Roma |url=https://www.asroma.com/en/news/73497/omorinsola-babajide-signs-for-roma |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=A.S. Roma}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == === Ingila === A watan Agusta na 2018, Babajide tana cikin tawagar Ingila 'yan kasa da shekara 20 da suka lashe tagulla a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2018 |title=ENGLAND WIN BRONZE MEDAL AT FIFA U20 WOMEN'S WORLD CUP |url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2018/aug/24/world-cup-england-france-bronze-medal-240818 |access-date=3 April 2019 |publisher=The FA}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2020 an saka ta a sansanin horo na tawagar manyan 'yan wasan Ingila . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Veevers |first=Nicholas |date=9 September 2020 |title=With eight new faces in the England squad, find out a bit more about each of them |url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2020/sep/09/meet-the-new-lionesses-090920 |website=The Football Association}}</ref> === Najeriya === Saboda iyayenta 'yan Najeriya, Babajide ma ta cancanci wakiltar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Photo confirmation : Liverpool's Nigeria-eligible winger joins Real Betis Feminas |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=42240}}</ref> Ta sami kiran farko a watan Oktoba na 2023 kuma ta fara bugawa a ranar 25 ga Oktoba na 2023, inda ta fara da kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasar Habasha|Habasha]] a lokacin cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta 2024. A ranar 6 ga Yuli 2025, ta ci kwallo kuma ta taimaka a wasa ɗaya a '''gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta TotalEnergies ta 2024''' [[Tunisiya|,]] wanda hakan ya ba ta damar cin nasara da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-06 |title=Nigeria vs Tunisia: Ihezuo, Babajide and Asisat Oshoala lead Super Falcons to victory for Wafcon 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/czry144p7dlo |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 11 May 2019}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Kofin FA ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="3" | Lionan Millwall | 2015 | rowspan="2" | FA WSL 2 | 17 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 23 | 5 |- | 2016 | 14 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 17 | 4 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 31 ! 7 ! 6 ! 2 ! 3 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 40 ! 9 |- | rowspan="3" | Watford | 2017 | rowspan="2" | FA WSL 2 | 9 | 3 | colspan="2" | — | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 9 | 3 |- | 2017–18 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 10 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 15 ! 3 ! 4 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 19 ! 3 |- | rowspan="3" | Liverpool | 2017–18 | rowspan="2" | FA WSL | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 4 | 0 |- | 2018–19 | 17 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 18 | 5 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 21 ! 4 ! 1 ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 22 ! 5 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 67 ! 14 ! 11 ! 3 ! 3 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 81 ! 17 |}   == Daraja == '''<nowiki/>'Yan wasan Ingila 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA U-20 : Matsayi na uku a 2018 '''Romawa''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Italiya : 2025–26 '''Najeriya''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta Mata : 2024 <ref name="NGA">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria produce stunning comeback to beat Morocco and win 10th WAFCON title |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/nigeria-produce-stunning-comeback-to-beat-morocco-and-win-10th-wafcon-title/ |access-date=2 May 2026 |publisher=CAF}}</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Kyautar 'Yar Wasan Mata ta Liverpool (2019–20) == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|rinsola-babajide/409188}} {{AS Roma (women) squad}}{{Nigeria squad 2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == lrpfd4vpjaly1h3ajxiphm3a2ixcfn8 0 79389 875614 583626 2026-07-04T05:37:25Z Nura Bello 24854 875614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An kafa wannan Jami'ar ta Tarayya ta Ma'adanai ta Man Fetur Effurun (FUPRE) a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]] kuma an amince da ita a lokacin taron Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya na 14 Maris 2007 kuma ta shigar da saiti na farko na dalibai a cikin 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-30 |title=Just in: Petroleum University, Effuru, Delta State names new registrar, bursar |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/01/just-in-petroleum-university-effuru-delta-state-names-new-registrar-bursar/ |access-date=2021-09-14 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> An kafa jami'ar ne a karkashin shirin [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Government Information :: Federal Government of Nigeria |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Nigeria_Government.html |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> don gina jami'a ta musamman a cikin Neja Delta don samar da ma'aikata da ƙwarewa ga bangaren mai da iskar gas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun. The Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun in Delta State, Nigeria was established and approved by |url=https://amp.ww.en.freejournal.org/17118362/1/federal-university-of-petroleum-resources-effurun.html |access-date=2021-06-03 |website=ww.en.freejournal.org |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603182823/https://amp.ww.en.freejournal.org/17118362/1/federal-university-of-petroleum-resources-effurun.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-30 |title=Petroleum University names new registrar, bursar |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/01/petroleum-university-names-new-registrar-bursar/ |access-date=2021-09-16 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Universities Commission |url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |language=en-CA}}</ref> (NUC) ta amince da raba kayan aiki tsakanin [[Petroleum Training Institute|Cibiyar Horar da Man Fetur]] (PTI), Effurun da Jami'ar Tarayya ta Fetur Effurun har sai da ta koma wurin ta na dindindin kan ci gaban babban harabarta a Ugbomro, yankin karamar hukuma na [[Uvwie]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> Jihar Delta, a cikin 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Nigeria Petroleum Varsity To Unveil Refinery... |url=https://allnews.ng/news/first-nigeria-petroleum-varsity-to-unveil-refinery-built-with-local-materials-vc?__cf_chl_captcha_tk__=pmd_uXywVKkhuyc2ETbfKXHfi9jLkX5GlkHQ2u.5y0S_5H4-1631607569-0-gqNtZGzNAyWjcnBszQgR |access-date=2021-09-14 |website=allnews.ng |language=en}}</ref> FUPRE, Jami'ar Tarayya ta Fetur [[Effurun]] ita ce jami'ar man fetur ta farko a Afirka kuma ta shida a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=2017-03-04 |title=Agonies of FUPRE, Africa's 1st petroleum varsity @ 10 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/03/agonies-of-fupre-africas-1st-petroleum-varsity-10/ |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Federal University of Petroleum Resources |url=https://fupre.edu.ng/s/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=fupre.edu.ng}}</ref> == Tsarin gudanarwa == Tsarin gudanarwa na jami'ar ya kunshi: <ref name=":0"/> * Shugaba * Mai ba da shawara * Mataimakin Shugaban kasa * Manyan Jami'an Jami'ar * Mambobin Majalisar Gudanarwa == Cibiyoyin da sassan gudanarwa == Cibiyoyin da sassan gudanarwa na jami'ar sun hada da: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Effurun |first=Orobor A.I - Federal University of Petroleum Resources |title=Federal University of Petroleum Resources |url=https://www.fupre.edu.ng/s/?fupre=all_units |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=www.fupre.edu.ng |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529164057/https://fupre.edu.ng/s/?fupre=all_units |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Sashen gudanarwa / raka'a === # Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa # Cibiyar Ba da Shawara # Sashin Shirye-shiryen Ilimi === Cibiyoyin === # Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Offshore # Cibiyar Ilimi ta Tsaro # Cibiyar Nazarin Innovation == Kolejoji == Cibiyar a halin yanzu tana da kwalejoji biyu <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=FUPRE Courses Offered and Requirements (Federal University of Petroleum Resources) |url=https://newsedung.com/fupre-courses-offered/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=NEWSEDUNG |language=en-US}}</ref> tare da sassan goma sha takwas. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Effurun |first=Orobor A.I - Federal University of Petroleum Resources |title=Federal University of Petroleum Resources |url=https://www.fupre.edu.ng/s/?fupre=dept&name=Centre+for+Maritime+and+Offshore+Studies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151645/https://www.fupre.edu.ng/s/?fupre=dept&name=Centre+for+Maritime+and+Offshore+Studies |archive-date=28 October 2018 |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=www.fupre.edu.ng}}</ref> Kolejojin sune: # Kwalejin Kimiyya # Kwalejin [[Fasaha|Fasahar]] Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kwalejin Fasaha sun fara gudanar da darussanta don zaman ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Effurun |first=Orobor A.I - Federal University of Petroleum Resources |title=Federal University of Petroleum Resources |url=https://www.fupre.edu.ng/s/ |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=www.fupre.edu.ng |archive-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004020329/https://www.fupre.edu.ng/s/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kolejoji, Sashen da Darussan === Jami'ar Tarayya ta albarkatun man fetur, ta ƙunshi kwalejoji biyu waɗanda sune Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kwalejin Fasaha. Wadannan Kwalejoji sun kasu kashi 18.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-18 |title=Updated List Of Courses Offered In FUPRE for JAMB 2021, Cut Off |url=https://o3schools.com/list-of-courses-offered-in-fupre/ |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=O3schools |language=en-US}}</ref> Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin sassan a cikin FUPRE '''Kwalejin Kimiyya'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-22 |title=Updated List Of Courses Offered In FUPRE for JAMB 2021, Cut Off |url=http://o3schools.com/list-of-courses-offered-in-fupre/ |access-date=2021-06-03 |website=O3schools |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta * * [[Kimiyya|Sanyen sunadarai]] * Masana'antar Masana'antu * Ilimin lissafi * [[Ilmin duwatsu|Ilimin ƙasa]] * Geophysics * Lissafi * Fasahar dakin gwaje-gwaje na Kimiyya * Kididdiga * * Gudanar da Muhalli da ToxicologyIlimin guba '''Kwalejin Fasaha'''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}} * Injiniyan man fetur * Injiniyan Ruwa * Injiniyan lantarki / lantarki * Injiniyan sinadarai * Injiniyan inji * Injiniyan Petrochemical * Injiniyan man fetur da iskar gas * inering * Injiniyanci * Injiniyan kwamfuta == Shirye-shiryen == Cibiyar a halin yanzu tana da shirye-shiryen ilimi guda uku: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal University of Petroleum Resources |url=https://site.fupre.edu.ng/?fupre=online_application |access-date=2021-06-03 |website=site.fupre.edu.ng |archive-date=2021-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622100225/https://site.fupre.edu.ng/?fupre=online_application |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kwalejin Nazarin asali da Shirin Gidauniyar * Cibiyar Ilimi ta Tsaro * Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Offshore == Takardun Bincike da Innovation ==   == Kyaututtuka da Kyaututtaka == Jami'ar ta sami karbuwa da yawa. Wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}}</link> * Wasannin NUGA na 2011 Jami'ar Mafi Kyawu a wasan Chess * Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) Kyautar Sashen Injiniya mafi kyau a cikin 2015. * SPE Young Member Outstanding Services Award, Yankin Afirka, Agusta, 2016 * SPE International Young Member Outstanding Services Award, 2017 * Jami'ar Man Fetur ta 5 a duniya,2016 * Mafi kyawun Ma'anar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Urban Gasoline a Gasar Kasuwanci ta 2 ta Afirka, 2015. * Kyautar Mota ta Mafi Kyawun Design a Gasar Shell ta Eco-marathon ta Afirka ta 2015. == Laburaren karatu == Jami'ar Laburaren ta fara ne a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2010 tare da ɗaukar aikin Babban Mai Kula da Laburaren, Mista Mathew I. Okoh. Laburaren ya fara aiki a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2011 bayan daukar ma'aikata. A lokacin da ɗakin karatu ya buɗe ga masu amfani, yana da lakabi masu zuwa a cikin ajiya: littattafai- 3000, mujallu- 85 da kuma bayanan yanar gizo na sama da 2000 labaran mujallar lantarki a cikin Man fetur da Gas, Janar kimiyya, Injiniya, ICT da Kimiyya ta Duniya. Laburaren yana hidimtawa masu jefa kuri'a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kwalejin Fasaha. Har ila yau, akwai ɗakin karatu na e-library tare da kayan aikin Intanet wanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da kayan ilimi iri-iri. Mai kula da ɗakin karatu na farko na Jami'ar, Farfesa Esharenana E. Adomi, ya hau mulki a watan Mayu, 2015. '''Gidajen karatu na kwaleji''' * Kwalejin Kimiyya * Kwalejin Fasaha '''Ayyukan Laburaren''' Rance Bayani e-library Ilimi mai amfani Bayyanawa Bindery Bayyanawa Ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a na yanzu (CAS) <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Nigerian University Libraries – Association of University Librarians of Nigerian Universities (AULNU) |url=https://aulnu.org.ng/membership/profile-of-nigerian-university-libraries/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106220951/http://www.nucnigeria.info/ Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa ta Najeriya] * [http://fupre.edu.ng/ Jami'ar Tarayya ta Ma'adanai Effurun] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7c80wxeyhxersbg41u8de1i13nsngfo 0 79889 875552 839974 2026-07-04T02:14:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ghanaian_Senior_High_School_students_in_class_01.jpg|thumb|Ɗalibi na Babban Makarantar Ghana]] [[Fayil:Penn Hills Senior High School sign Pittsburgh PA 2022-10-22 09-33-11.jpg|thumb|Free Senior High School]] Manufar '''Makarantar Sakandare ta kyauta''' (Free SHS) a [[Ghana]] wani shiri ne na gwamnati da aka gabatar a cikin Gwamnatin Shugaban kasa ta Nana Akufo-Addo wanda aka gabatar acikin watan Satumban shekara ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Akufo-Addo Launches Free SHS Policy |url=http://presidency.gov.gh/index.php/briefing-room/news-style-2/364-president-akufo-addo-launches-free-shs-policy |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=presidency.gov.gh |language=en-gb }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Asalin manufofin ya fara ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa a Lokacin zaben Ghana na 2016, kuma ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na tsarin ilimi na Ghana.<ref name=":1">Kyeremanteng, Harriet. (2016). Assessing stakeholder participation in policy formulation and implementation: The case study of the Free Senior High School Policy in Ghana. (PDF). ''The'' ''University of Ghana, Legon'': pp.1-80. Retrieved 15 April 2020, from http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/handle/123456789/30912/ Assessing Stakeholder Participation in Policy Formulation and Implementation- The Case Study of the Free Senior High School Policy in Ghana.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref> Babban jigogi na manufofin na samun dama, daidaito da daidaito sun cika burin ci gaba mai ɗorewa na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], inda kasashe membobin suka haɗa waɗannan jigogi a cikin tsarin iliminsu don tabbatar da isasshen ƙwarewar ilmantarwa ga ɗalibai.<ref>United Nations [[Sustainable Development Goal 4]] (SDG 4) | Education within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. (2020). Retrieved 22 April 2020, from https://sdg4education2030.org/the-goal</ref> An ba da 'yan siyasa da ma'aikatan zamantakewa aikin tabbatar da ingancin manufofin, yawan aiki da ci gaba. Wadannan shugabannin sun fito ne daga sassan gwamnati daban-daban ciki har da Ma'aikatar Kudi da Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki ta Ghana da Ma'aikatan Ilimi ta Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> == Dalilin manufofin == [[Fayil:Dr._John_speaking_to_young_teens_in_rural_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliban makarantar sakandare a yankunan karkara na Ghana]] Binciken manufofi da ayyukan tsoffin makarantar sakandare ta Ghana ya haifar da mahimmancin kirkirar Free SHS. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Ghana, ta lura da rashin inganci a manyan fannoni; samun dama ga ilimi, ingancin ilimi, da gudanar da ilimi.<ref name=":2">Ministry of Education. (2012). Education Strategic Plan 2010 to 2020. ''Government of Ghana''. Retrieved 26 March 2020, from https://www.globalpartnership.org/content/government-ghana-education-strategic-plan-2010-2020-volume-1-policies-strategies-delivery {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216015558/https://www.globalpartnership.org/content/government-ghana-education-strategic-plan-2010-2020-volume-1-policies-strategies-delivery |date=2022-02-16 }} pp.1-15</ref> [https://www.globalpartnership.org/sites/default/files/2013-Ghana-Education-Strategic-Plan-2010-2020-%20Vol.%201.pdf Shirin dabarun ilimi na biyar da aka yi niyya don 2010 zuwa 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618053032/https://www.globalpartnership.org/sites/default/files/2013-Ghana-Education-Strategic-Plan-2010-2020-%20Vol.%201.pdf |date=2024-06-18 }}, ya tsara mahimman manufofin ilimi na gwamnati.<ref>Aheto-Tsegah, C. (2012). Education in Ghana – status and challenges. Retrieved 23 March 2020, from http://www.cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Charles-Aheto-Tsegah-article.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714180615/https://cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Charles-Aheto-Tsegah-article.pdf |date=2024-07-14 }}</ref> Wadannan manufofi da Dokar Ilimi ta Ghana ta 2008 ta rinjayi, ana aiwatar da su a cikin manufofin don tsara waɗannan hanyoyin majalisa.<ref name=":2" /> Tun lokacin da Ghana ta sami 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1957, an yi jerin gyare-gyare ga tsarin ilimi don sake fasalin tsarin mulkin mallaka da na kasashen waje don dacewa da mutanen Ghana, al'adu da al'adu.<ref name=":3">Adu-Gyamfi, Samuel; Donkoh, Wilhemina Joselyn; Addo, Anim Adinkrah (September 2016). Educational Reforms in Ghana: Past and Present. ''Journal of Education and Human Development''. Vol. 5: pp. 158-172. Retrieved 20 April, from {{Doi|10.15640/jehd.v5n3a17}}</ref> Wadannan gyare-gyare sune abin da aka dauka a matsayin misali na ilimi mai dacewa ga sabuwar jihar da aka sake mulkin mallaka. An kafa Shirin Ci Gaban Hanzari na 1961 (ADP) don cimma ra'ayin 'Ilimi na firamare na duniya' tare da matakai don kawar da kudaden karatu da kara yawan shiga.<ref name=":4">Akyeampong, K. (2009). Revisiting Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education (FCUBE) in Ghana. ''Comparative Education'', ''45''(2), 175-195. {{Doi|10.1080/03050060902920534}}</ref> Ba a cire matsalar kudi a kan gidaje gaba ɗaya ba saboda kuɗin kayan makaranta kamar littattafai da kayan aiki alhakin iyaye ne da masu kula. Rashin samun malamai da aka horar da su da kuma karancin kudade na kayan aikin makaranta da suka dace ya haifar da rashin iyawar ADP don tsayayya da shi a matsayin shirin na dogon lokaci.<ref name=":4" /> Ƙarin ci gaban ilimi sun haɗa da dokar Ilimi na Firamare na Duniya a cikin 'Dokar Ilimi ta 1961', gyare-gyare na 'National Liberation Council', 'Sabon Tsarin da Abun Ilimi na 1974', da Sabon Gyaran Ilimi na 2007. <ref name=":3">Adu-Gyamfi, Samuel; Donkoh, Wilhemina Joselyn; Addo, Anim Adinkrah (September 2016). Educational Reforms in Ghana: Past and Present. ''Journal of Education and Human Development''. Vol. 5: pp. 158-172. Retrieved 20 April, from {{Doi|10.15640/jehd.v5n3a17}}[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]<span data-ve-ignore="true">:</span>[[doi:10.15640/jehd.v5n3a17|10.15640/jehd.v5n3a17]]</ref> === Manufofin Jama'a === Kodayake karfafawa yana samuwa ga dukkan daliban makarantar sakandare, yawan jama'a da manufofin da aka yi niyyar amfana da mafi girma sune wadanda ke cikin yankunan karkara da marasa galihu. Manufar ta goyi bayan wasu gudummawar gwamnati ga rayuwar dalibai marasa talauci da iyalansu.<ref name=":5"/> Da farko, an ba da ɗalibai masu nasara a waɗannan yankuna kawai tare da tallafi da damar horarwa. Manufar a cikin samun dama ta samar da hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don inganta rabo na kudaden da aka kashe a cikin kudaden ilimi na makarantar sakandare da kuma damar ilimi.<ref name=":6">Duflo, Esther; Dupas, Pascaline; Kremer, Michael (October 14, 2019). The Impact of Free Secondary Education: Experimental Evidence from Ghana (PDF). ''The American Economic Association'': pp. 1-105. Received 18 April 2020, from https://web.stanford.edu/~pdupas/DDK_GhanaScholarships.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019182534/https://web.stanford.edu/~pdupas/DDK_GhanaScholarships.pdf |date=2023-10-19 }}</ref> == Amsoshin == === Amsa === A cikin gabatarwar farko ta manufofin a cikin jama'a, an sami rashin amincewa saboda rashin fahimtar yanayin ta. Rikicin da ya shafi karuwar haraji na sama da kuma kara matsin lamba a kan ɗaliban aji na tsakiya da ƙananan ɗalibai don cimma maki mafi girma fiye da waɗanda aka riga aka sa ran. Tsoron gazawar rarraba albarkatu da kudade yadda ya kamata zai iya haifar da ƙarin haɗarin rashin amfani ga ɗalibai da suka riga sun fuskanci matsaloli. Free SHS kara yawan matakan karatu da rubutu ya kara ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name=":5"/> Ya saki bukatun iyaye na kudaden ilimi don canzawa zuwa mayar da hankali kan gina juriya da jin dadin jama'a.<ref name=":5" /> Sakamakon farko mara kyau na zamantakewar al'umma ya canza zuwa goyon baya mai yawa, musamman don ikonsa na hana matasa daga mugunta na zamantakewa don ba da gudummawa mai tasiri ga al'ummominsu.<ref name=":5" /> [[Fayil:Shepedia_02.jpg|thumb|Daliban Makarantar Sakandare]] === Amsa ta Siyasa === cibiyoyin [[Gwamnati]] da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba da kuma goyon bayan majalisa, dole ne su sauƙaƙa ra'ayoyin siyasa a lokacin ƙirƙirar da kuma canza manufofin. Ilimi a matsayin al'ada da aka raba tsakanin jam'iyyun shine mayar da hankali tsakanin muhawara ta zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na manufofin.<ref name=":5">Animah, G. (2018). The Impact of Free Senior High School (FSHS) on Rural Areas in Ghana. ''University of Birmingham International Development Department''. pp.1-74. Retrieved 7 April 2020, from https://www.academia.edu/40117244/The_Impact_of_Free_ Senior_High_School_FSHS_on_Rural_Areas_in_Ghana?email_work_card=interaction-paper</ref> An kirkiro wani muhimmin mayar da hankali tsakanin 'yan wasan siyasa da masu tasiri don samar da inganci da yawa a gabatar da manufofin ilimi a Ghana. Bukatar ilimi mai inganci a baya ya fi ƙarfin bukatun siyasa na jam'iyyun siyasa.<ref name=":7">Asumadu , E. (2019). Challenges and Prospects of the Ghana Free Senior High School (SHS) Policy: The case of SHS in Denkyembour District. pp. 1-25. Retrieved 7 May 2020, from http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/handle/123456789/30956/ Challenges and Prospects of the Ghana Free Senior High School %28SHS%29 Policy The Case of SHS in Denkyembour District..pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref> Jam'iyyun da suka dace a cikin kafa manufofin SHS sun yi kira ga imani da hanyoyin gurguzu don tabbatar da cewa za a samar da manufofin gaba ɗaya kuma a gudanar da su ba tare da nuna bambanci na siyasa ba game da manufofi na baya.<ref name=":5" /> === Amsar Ilimi === Cibiyoyin ilimi sun samar da nasu bincike kan albarkatun, makarantu, malamai, da dalibai don tantance tasirin manufofin. Yawan dalibai da suka shiga makarantar sakandare a yanzu idan aka kwatanta da kafin aiwatar da manufofin inda kudaden shiga suka kasance masu mahimmanci don karɓa ya karu sosai.<ref name=":5"/> A cikin shekarun 2017 da 2018 kowane dalibi, musamman wadanda ke cikin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na makarantun gwamnati da ke yankunan karkara sun amfana daga manufofin.<ref name=":5" /> An ba dalibai litattafai kyauta da sauran kayan ilmantarwa waɗanda za a yi amfani da su ga masu karɓar tallafin karatu.<ref name=":8">Adu-Ababio, K., & Osei, R.D (2018) : Effects of an education reform on household poverty and inequality: A microsimulation analysis on the free Senior High School policy in Ghana. ''WIDER Working Paper, No. 2018/147, {{ISBN|978-92-9256-589-3}}, pp. 1-19. The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)'' {{Doi|10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3}}</ref> == Tasirin == === Tasirin Tattalin Arziki === Za'a iya karfafa tsammanin daliban makarantar sakandare su shiga fannonin aiki a bangaren gwamnati wanda ke buƙatar ilimi na sakandare, yanzu. An samu raguwar rata a cikin masu karatun jami'a waɗanda ke samun digiri ba tare da samun nasarar karatun sakandare ba. A baya, kashi 70% na daliban makarantar sakandare da ke son matsayin ma'aikatan gwamnati tun suna da shekaru 25 an samu kashi 6% kawai na wannan kashi.<ref name=":6"/> Ta hanyar manufofin kasuwar ma'aikata ta fadada a fannoni daban-daban tare da mutane masu ilimi don ci gaba da ci gaban kasar, <ref name=":6" /> Nazarin ya nuna cewa ɗalibai da ke da babban kuɗin tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu marasa galihu ana ba su damar ilimi da yawa. <ref name=":4">Akyeampong, K. (2009). Revisiting Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education (FCUBE) in Ghana. ''Comparative Education'', ''45''(2), 175-195. {{Doi|10.1080/03050060902920534}}[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]<span data-ve-ignore="true">:</span>[[doi:10.1080/03050060902920534|10.1080/03050060902920534]]</ref> Inganta ilimin makarantar sakandare kyauta ya zama gardama cewa zai bunkasa Ci gaban tattalin arziki Ghana. Manufar SHS kyauta tana fadada cancanta da nasarar waɗannan damar ilimi tare da manufar mutum ya bunkasa cikin dukiyar al'umma.<ref name=":8">Adu-Ababio, K., & Osei, R.D (2018) : Effects of an education reform on household poverty and inequality: A microsimulation analysis on the free Senior High School policy in Ghana. ''WIDER Working Paper, No. 2018/147, {{ISBN|978-92-9256-589-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-92-9256-589-3|978-92-9256-589-3]], pp. 1-19. The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)'' {{Doi|10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3}}[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]<span data-ve-ignore="true">:</span>[[doi:10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3|10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3]]</ref> === Tasirin Siyasa === [[Fayil:Saint_Thomas_Aquinas_SHS_01.jpg|thumb|St. Thomas Aquinas Senior High School a Ghana]] Manufofin da ke ba da fifiko ga jin daɗin ɗalibai, suna ƙarfafa matasa su kasance masu hankali ga siyasa kuma su shiga cikin harkokin siyasa.<ref name=":6"/> Ya gina amincewar masu jefa kuri'a ga yawancin manyan ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da iyalansu inda goyon baya ga jam'iyyun siyasa yanzu ya dogara da sakamakon jam'iyya da aka amince da shi ba a kan [[Falsafa|falsafar]] jam'iyya ba.<ref name=":6" /> Yanayin rashin nuna bambanci na manufofin Free SHS ya inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da siyasa da aiki a cikin Ghana, ta hanyar ikonsa na zama alkawarin siyasa ga al'umma kuma a ƙarshe ya zama samfurin nasara. Ya karfafa fahimtar ɗan ƙasa da amintaccen haraji a cikin imanin cewa harajin zai ba da gudummawa kai tsaye don tallafawa manufofin.<ref name=":8">Adu-Ababio, K., & Osei, R.D (2018) : Effects of an education reform on household poverty and inequality: A microsimulation analysis on the free Senior High School policy in Ghana. ''WIDER Working Paper, No. 2018/147, {{ISBN|978-92-9256-589-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-92-9256-589-3|978-92-9256-589-3]], pp. 1-19. The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)'' {{Doi|10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3}}[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]<span data-ve-ignore="true">:</span>[[doi:10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3|10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3]]</ref> Manufar Free SHS wata shaida ce ga siyasar dimokuradiyya ta zamani inda niyyar farko ta haifar da tasiri na siyasa, inda ake aiwatar da manufofi da dokoki don tallafawa ci gaban 'yan ƙasa da al'ummarsu.<ref name=":7"/> === Tasirin Jama'a === Manufar ta ɗaga nauyin kuɗi ga yawancin iyaye, waɗanda yanzu zasu iya zama masu tallafawa a cikin ilimin yaransu ba tare da jin dogaro da tallafin karatu ko fa'idodi masu zaman kansu ba.<ref name=":6"/> Don biyan kuɗin ilimi na dogon lokaci, ƙananan gidaje suna watsi da farashin ilimi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Saboda haka biyan kuɗin karatu ga iyaye da masu kula da su wajibi ne kuma sayen kayan makaranta ya zama bukatun sakandare. Manufar SHS ta kyauta ta rufe kudaden farko da na biyu da masu kulawa suka ɗauka don samarwa duk da rashin iyawar tattalin arziki don yin hakan.<ref name=":8">Adu-Ababio, K., & Osei, R.D (2018) : Effects of an education reform on household poverty and inequality: A microsimulation analysis on the free Senior High School policy in Ghana. ''WIDER Working Paper, No. 2018/147, {{ISBN|978-92-9256-589-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-92-9256-589-3|978-92-9256-589-3]], pp. 1-19. The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)'' {{Doi|10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3}}[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]<span data-ve-ignore="true">:</span>[[doi:10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3|10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3]]</ref> Da farko yawancin iyaye za su biya kuɗin karatun sakandare bisa ga ikon kansu na fahimtar ƙwarewar yaransu, amma yanzu an cire su daga matsalar zamantakewa na zabar wasu yara akan wasu don samun ilimi.<ref name=":6" /> == Sakatariyar SHS kyauta == [[Gwamnatin Ghana]] ce ta kafa sakatariyar don ba da damar gudanar da shirin Free SHS, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Free SHS Secretariat |url=http://freeshs.gov.gh/index.php/free-shs-secretariat/ |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=FreeSHS |language=en-US}}</ref> bayan da The Ghana National Education Campaign Coalition ta yi kira game da kafa ta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-13 |title=Education coalition proposes Secretariat for free SHS |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2017/september-13th/education-coalition-proposes-secretariat-for-free-shs.php |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=www.myjoyonline.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ayyukan da sakatariyar ke fara sun haɗa da: Ayyukan Harkokin Harkokin Makarantar Sakandare (SHSIPs), Ƙarin ciyar da Makaranta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=800 school facilities to ease SHS over-crowding by September |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2019/June-18th/800-school-facilities-to-ease-shs-over-crowding-by-september.php |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |archive-date=2019-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112135657/http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2019/June-18th/800-school-facilities-to-ease-shs-over-crowding-by-september.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-17 |title=Our nutrition Department monitors food quality – School Feeding PRO |url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/10/our-nutrition-department-monitors-food-quality-school-feeding-pro/ |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112135654/http://citifmonline.com/2017/10/our-nutrition-department-monitors-food-quality-school-feeding-pro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kudin == [[Gwamnatin Ghana|Gwamnati]] ta kashe GH¢212 miliyan daga Kudin Kudin Kasafin Kudin Shekara (ABFA) a cikin shekara ta farko ta aiwatar da shirin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-01-30 |title=Govt shifts Free SHS burden to Scholarship Secretariat |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-shifts-free-shs-burden-to-scholarship-secretariat.html |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Yanzu an cire shirin daga jerin ayyukan da aka tallafawa tare da Kudin Kudin Kasafin Shekara (ABFA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=No more oil cash for Free SHS |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/No-more-oil-cash-for-Free-SHS-748076 |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}</ref> Yanzu Sakatariyar Scholarship ce ke tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-22 |title=Transfer of Free SHS funds to Scholarship Secretariat lawful – Gov't |url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/12/transfer-of-free-shs-funds-to-scholarship-secretariat-lawful-govt/ |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":0"/> == Rikici na kudi == Dubi kuma (Yin amfani da Asusun Tarihi don aiwatar da manufofin ilimi na SHS kyauta) Samun manufofin bai zo ba tare da nuna rashin amincewar siyasa da zamantakewa ba game da yadda za a tattara kudade don manufofin kuma a yi aiki. Shugaba Nana Afuffo-Addo da farko ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin tsarin ta hanyar sake daidaita kasafin kuɗin kasa. Cibiyar IMANI ta kalubalanci irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren wadanda ke da ƙungiyar 'tunanin' waɗanda ke ba da bincike da shawarwari ga gwamnatoci da cibiyoyin gwamnati.<ref name="allafrica.com">{{Cite web |date=2019-11-06 |title=Ghana: 'No Regrets for Using Oil Revenues to Fund Free SHS' - President Akufo-Addo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201911060108.html |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}</ref> Ma'aikatar ta yi imanin cewa shawarar Shugaban kasa za ta sanya isasshen kudade ga sauran sassan gwamnati da shirye-shiryen siyasa cikin hadari. Babban Ministan Asusun Tarihi, Mista Yaw Osafo Marfo ya goyi bayan Shugaban kasa ta amfani da kashi 9% na kuɗin ajiyar mai na gwamnati don tallafawa 'yan shekarun farko na manufofin don ya zama shirin mai ɗorewa.<ref name="allafrica.com" /> Shugaban 'yan tsiraru na Asusun Tarihi, Mista [[Haruna Iddrisu]] ya goyi bayan shawarar Cibiyar IMANI don Manufofin da Ilimi, ta hanyar son wannan kuɗin ajiya don yiwuwar, tattalin arziki ko rikicin zamantakewa wanda zai iya faruwa a Ghana. Shugaban ya biyo baya tare da shawarar da ya yanke na amfani da man fetur.<ref name="allafrica.com" /> == Aiwatar da tsarin waƙoƙi biyu == A cikin 2018, [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akuffo Addo]] da tawagarsa ta gudanar da mulki sun gabatar da wani shiri a matsayin wani ɓangare na Manufofin Ilimi na SHS kyauta wanda shine Tsarin Hanya Biyu. [[Fayil:Ghanaian_Senior_High_School_students_in_class_03.jpg|thumb|Daliban makarantar sakandare ta Ghana]] [[Gwamnatin Ghana|gwamnati]] ta gabatar da tsarin waƙoƙi biyu don ba da damar manyan makarantun sakandare daban-daban don karɓar ƙarin ɗalibai da kuma tabbatar da cewa duk ɗalibai suna da damar samun ilimi na makarantar sakandare. Tsarin Hanya Biyu yana cikin zaman biyu, don haka Green Track da Gold Track . Green Track yana wakiltar rukunin farko na ɗalibai waɗanda za su je makaranta don semester kuma daga baya ɗaliban Gold Track waɗanda za su ci gaba bayan ɗaliban zaman kore sun bar aikin a cikin kalandar ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Double Track System |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Double-Track-System-First-batch-to-attend-classes-for-41-days-682546 |access-date=11 October 2018 |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> Tsarin waƙoƙi biyu misali ne na fadada manufofin tun lokacin da aka ci gaba. An gabatar da tsarin ne don yaki da yawan adadin masu shiga makarantar sakandare waɗanda suka kasance sakamakon yada manufofin.<ref name=":9">Mensah, D. (2019). Teachers’ Perspective on Implementation of the Double Track Senior High School System in Ghana. ''International Journal Of Emerging Trends In Social Sciences'', ''5''(2), 47-56. pp. 47-56. {{Doi|10.20448/2001.52.47.56}}</ref> Babban zargi game da tsarin shine yadda ba a tuntubi malamai da masu mallakar makarantu gaba ɗaya game da tsare-tsaren gwamnati ba, wanda ya haɗa da lokacin da za a gyara makarantun su da kuma samun damar su ga kudade masu zaman kansu. [[Fayil:Gardener_in_a_senior_high_school_pruning_a_hedge.jpg|thumb|Mai aikin lambu a makarantar sakandare ta Ghana]] Sabili da haka, wasu ci gaba da aka yi ba za su iya amfana da yankunan da aka kafa tsarin musamman ba, yayin da wasu har yanzu ba su da kayan aiki masu dacewa wasu suna da yalwar hakan.<ref name=":9">Mensah, D. (2019). Teachers’ Perspective on Implementation of the Double Track Senior High School System in Ghana. ''International Journal Of Emerging Trends In Social Sciences'', ''5''(2), 47-56. pp. 47-56. {{Doi|10.20448/2001.52.47.56}}[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]<span data-ve-ignore="true">:</span>[[doi:10.20448/2001.52.47.56|10.20448/2001.52.47.56]]</ref> Aiwatar da shi duk da haka ya ga ingancin albarkatun ilimi kamar inganta yanayin ɗakunan ajiya na zahiri, rage tarwatsa ɗakunan aji, da kuma taƙaita lokutan makaranta, suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ilimi da zamantakewa na ɗalibai.<ref name=":5"/> An gabatar da tsarin wucin gadi da nufin ƙirƙirar ingantaccen makarantar da ke aiki daidai da manufa ta SDG 4.<ref name=":5" /> === Ƙara yawan rajista tun lokacin da aka aiwatar da tsarin Double Track === [[Fayil:Enrolement_Graph.png|alt=|none|thumb|707x707px]] '''Tasirin Rikicin COVID-19 akan SHS kyauta''' Don rage yaduwar kwayar cutar SARS-CoV2, Ma'aikatar Ilimi (MoE) ta haɓaka rufewa da komawa makarantu bayan umarnin zartarwa na Shugaba Nana Kufo Addo, wanda ya umarci makarantu a kowane mataki su rufe a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020. Da farko za a ba wasu daliban SHS3 damar ci gaba da shirya don jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka, amma jim kadan bayan an rufe dukkan makarantu gaba daya. Bugu da kari MoE ta ba da umarnin cewa, ɗaliban makarantar sakandare na shekara ta biyu ne kawai suka koma makaranta don kammala shekara ta biyu ta karatunsu, farawa daga 5 ga Oktoba 2020. [ana buƙatar hujja]An aiwatar da dabaru da yawa don ci gaba da ilimi a duk matakan duk da rufewa, gami da darussan da aka watsa ta hanyar talabijin da rediyo a duk fadin Ghana, da kuma ci gaban wasu iyakantaccen nesa ko dandamali na e-learning.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|publisher=Ghana Ministry of Education|date=2020|title=COVID-19 Coordinated Education Response Plan for Ghana|url=https://ges.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/EDUCATION-RESPONSE-PLAN-TO-COVID-19-IN-GHANA-APRIL-2020-1.pdf|access-date=2024-06-18|archive-date=2024-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618053234/https://ges.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/EDUCATION-RESPONSE-PLAN-TO-COVID-19-IN-GHANA-APRIL-2020-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2021 (bayan rufewar watanni 10), ta hanyar umarnin shugaban kasa an sake buɗe makarantun a Ghana tare da buƙatar cewa makarantu suna sa ido kan yanayin kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar binciken zafin jiki kuma duk ɗalibai suna sa abin rufe fuska a kowane lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schools in Ghana reopen as covid-19 cases surge |url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/other/schools-in-ghana-reopen-as-covid-19-cases-surge/ar-BB1cSrAQ |access-date=2021-07-19 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} l44p0odkbn3u7du3v16gz1gbys0g0rz 0 81525 875214 826688 2026-07-03T17:22:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ethel Adjorlolo Marfo''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''BoysDocta_Ethel''' ) mai ba da shawara kan kare haƙƙin maza 'yar Ghana ce, malama kuma 'yar kasuwa ta zamantakewa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine |url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526112709/https://www.thestandpoint.com.gh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-20 |title=Ethel A Marfo {{!}} WEF |url=https://www.wef.org.in/ethel-a-marfo/,%20https://www.wef.org.in/ethel-a-marfo/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2021 |title=Ethel Adjorlolo Marfo Graduates With A Masters In Educational Leadership And Innovation |url=https://edwardasare.com/ethel-adjorlolo-marfo-graduates-with-a-masters-in-educational-leadership-and-innovation/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=EdwardAsare - Sincere Human Stories {{!}} News |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525105557/https://edwardasare.com/ethel-adjorlolo-marfo-graduates-with-a-masters-in-educational-leadership-and-innovation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce wacce ta kafa kuma jagorar bayar da shawarwari na Junior Shapers Africa (JSA), kungiya mai zaman kanta don ci gaban maza. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Quist |first=Ebenezer |date=2021-12-21 |title=Meet Ghanaian lady running boys' empowerment movement with 7000 beneficiaries |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/199863-ghanaian-lady-starts-men-empowerment-movement-young-boys/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news. |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Boys need positive masculine guidance in formative years – Ghana Online News |url=https://ghanaonlinenews.com/boys-need-positive-masculine-guidance-in-formative-years/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Darko |first=Daniel |title=Boys need positive masculine guidance in formative years |url=https://www.gna.org.gh/1.21482860 |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=www.gna.org.gh |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524142101/https://www.gna.org.gh/1.21482860 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Segbefia |first=Sedem |date=2021-05-23 |title=World Day of the Boy Child 2021: JSA founder introduces goal setting book for boys |url=https://thebftonline.com/2021/05/23/world-day-of-the-boy-child-2021-jsa-founder-introduces-goal-setting-book-for-boys/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=The Business & Financial Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ita ce mace ta farko a Afirka mai fafutukar bunƙasa yara maza. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Starrfm.com.gh |date=2017-09-26 |title=CIMG awards Africa's 1st male child dev't activist — Starr Fm |url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2017/09/cimg-awards-africas-1st-male-child-devt-activist/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824005551/https://starrfm.com.gh/2017/09/cimg-awards-africas-1st-male-child-devt-activist/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ilimi == Marfo ta kammala karatunta na digiri na biyu a Jagorancin Ilimi da Ƙirƙirar Ƙira a [[Jami'ar Ilimi, Winneba|Jami'ar Ilimi, ta Winneba]]. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2"/> == Sana'a == Marfo ta kafa Junior Shapers Africa (JSA) a ranar 21 ga watan Satumba 2015 don taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa matasa maza a Ghana, Afirka, [[Birtaniya]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Tailan|Thailand]]. <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":3"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Junior Shapers Africa marks five-year milestone, trains more than 6,000 boys |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/features/junior-shapers-africa-marks-five-year-milestone-trains-more-than-6-000-boys.html |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ta kuma kafa Salon Cuties da Ghana Mompreneurs Club. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai Hulɗa da Jama'a da Kasuwa ga Guinness Ghana Breweries Ltd, Aviation Social Center Ltd da [[The Spelling Bee|The Spelling Bee Ghana]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethel Adjorlolo Marfo's Junior Shapers Africa Wins CIMG Award |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/805137/ethel-adjorlolo-marfos-junior-shapers-africa-wins-cimg-awar.html |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == A watan Satumba a i 2017, Marfo yat sami lambar yabo daga CIMG a karo na 28 na lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa na Cibiyar a Accra. An karrama ta ne saboda hidimar da ta yi na renon matasa maza masu rauni a makarantu da al'ummomi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Founding Director of Junior Shapers Africa receives CIMG special award – Ghana Online News |url=https://ghanaonlinenews.com/founding-director-of-junior-shapers-africa-receives-cimg-special-award/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730035857/https://ghanaonlinenews.com/founding-director-of-junior-shapers-africa-receives-cimg-special-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Founding Director of Junior Shapers Africa receives CIMG special award |url=https://www.businessghana.com/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=BusinessGhana}}</ref> An kuma sanya mata suna a cikin Manyan Mata 100 Mafi Haƙiƙa na Shekara ta Glitz Magazine. <ref name=":0"/> 2021: An naɗa ta a matsayin Memba na Babban Jami'in Kyautar EMY na Afirka a Ghana (Keɓaɓɓen Mazajen Shekarar) <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Baby |first=Sunshyn |date=2022-05-17 |title=From Ghana Meet Ethel Adjorlolo Marfo An Award Winning Boys Advocate And Educator Who Is Championing The Personal Development Of Boys Featuring on Afsesnet Magazine |url=https://citylifemanagement.com/2022/05/17/from-ghana-meet-ethel-adjorlolo-marfo-an-award-winning-boys-advocate-and-educator-who-is-championing-the-personal-development-of-boys/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Citylife Management |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517163624/https://citylifemanagement.com/2022/05/17/from-ghana-meet-ethel-adjorlolo-marfo-an-award-winning-boys-advocate-and-educator-who-is-championing-the-personal-development-of-boys/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2021: An san ta da bikin Ranar Duniya ta Bikin Shekara-shekara na Yara wanda ya samo asali ne a Trinidad & Tobago <ref name=":4"/> 2019: An sanya ta a cikin mata masu sha'awar 100 a Ghana ta Glitz Africa <ref name=":4"/> 2018: Memba na Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawara da Jagoranci ga Maryamu Mother of Good Counsel School (Accra, Ghana) <ref name=":4"/> 2018: Marfo ta sami lambar yabo ta Ƙimar Ilimi ta Educom Awards, Ghana <ref name=":4"/> 2017: An sanya su a cikin ƙwararrun ƴan uwa guda 10 a Afirka ta wetracker.com wanda ke Afirka ta Kudu <ref name=":4"/> 2017: CIMG Mai karɓar Kyautar Shugaban Ƙasa na Musamman (Acca, Ghana) <ref name=":4"/> 2016: An sanya ta a cikin mata masu tasiri 100 a Ghana ta Womanrising.com <ref name=":4"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Marfo tana da aure da ‘ya’ya mata uku. <ref name=":4"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] doboi4zoux2rmko9uekwh9va0jp7ur7 0 81948 875857 562197 2026-07-04T11:24:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ginin shinkafa na Imota''' shuka ce ta noma a [[Ikorodu]], wani yanki na [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. An gina shi a cikin Shekara ta 2021 kuma an kaddamar da shi a cikin Shekara ta 2023 tare da fara cikakken samarwa.<ref name="k233">{{Cite web |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |date=25 Jan 2023 |title=Lagos rice mill and food security |url=https://guardian.ng/lagos-rice-mill-and-food-security/ |access-date=11 Jul 2024 |website=Guardian Nigeria News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-10 |title=Imota rice mill to start production 2022 - Sanwo-Olu |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/500267-imota-rice-mill-to-start-production-2022-sanwo-olu.html |access-date=2022-01-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Lagos Post |date=2022-01-02 |title=2022 Will Be A Season Of Consolidation, Sanwo-Olu Assures Lagosians {{!}} Lagos Post Online |url=https://www.lagospostng.com/2022-will-be-a-season-of-consolidation-sanwo-olu-assures-lagosians/ |access-date=2022-01-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == [[Fayil:Location-Imota-rice-mill.jpg|thumb|360x360px|Wurin da aka yi amfani da shi a Imota shinkafa]] Ginin shinkafa a Imota yana da girman hekta 22, tare da ma'aunin da kansa yana da hekta 8.5. An dauke shi a matsayin mafi girma a Afirka kuma na uku mafi girma a duniya. Ginin [[shinkafa]] yana da damar samar da jaka miliyan 2.8 na jaka na shinkafa kilo 50 a kowace shekara, yayin da yake samar da ayyuka 1,500 kai tsaye da ayyuka 254,000 na kai tsaye.Bayan kammala, daidai da ƙididdigar kayan aikin da aka shigar na kayan aikin, ƙarfin samar da shinkafa a Imota zai sanya shi cikin mafi girma a duniya, kuma mafi girma a Afirka ta kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-29 |title=Lagos multi-billion naira 32MT per hour rice mill to be completed by Q1 2021 - Nairametrics |url=https://nairametrics.com/2020/12/29/lagos-multi-billion-naira-32mt-per-hour-rice-mill-to-be-completed-by-q3-2020/ |access-date=2022-01-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da haɗin ma'adinai tare da ɗakunan ajiya guda biyu da silos 16 (kowane ɗayansu yana da ƙarfin tan 2,500, mita 25 a tsawo, rayuwa ta shekaru 40). Ginin yana aiki a cikin layi biyu waɗanda ke karɓar, kafin tsabta, tafasa, bushe, tsarawa, kwalliya, gogewa da jaka shinkafa. A cewar Demola Amure, babban abokin tarayya, an bayyana ma'adinin a matsayin "Rolls-Royce" na ma'adinan shinkafa. Ingancin shinkafa "zai zama na biyu ga babu". An yi amfani da ma'aikatan gida ne kawai don taron. == Inauguration == A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2022, Ms Abisola Olusanya, Kwamishinan Noma na jihar, ya tabbatar da cewa za a kaddamar da ma'aikatar shinkafa ta Imota "a cikin makonni 10" (wanda zai zama makon farko na Agusta 2022). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-29 |title=Imota rice mill for inauguration in 10 weeks – Commissioner |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/imota-rice-mill-for-inauguration-in-10-weeks-commissioner/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629082358/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/imota-rice-mill-for-inauguration-in-10-weeks-commissioner/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> "Paddy ya riga ya kasance a can. (...) Ba zan iya tabbatar da adadi ba amma abin da na sani shi ne cewa ana cika silos a yanzu da paddy. An riga an gwada su wajen gudanar da kayan aiki."Miss Olusanya ta ce. A cikinShekara ta 2023, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya kaddamar da tan 32 a kowace awa inda ya ce injin zai goyi bayan juyin juya halin shinkafa a [[Najeriya]].<ref name="a195">{{Cite web |last=Aro |first=Busola |date=23 Jan 2023 |title=PHOTOS: Buhari inaugurates Lekki deep seaport, Imota rice mill in Lagos |url=https://www.thecable.ng/photos-buhari-inaugurate-lekki-deep-seaport-imota-rice-mill/amp/ |access-date=11 Jul 2024 |website=TheCable}}</ref> == Tasirin Tattalin Arziki == A cewar gwamnan Jihar Legas [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu|Sanwo-Olu]], cikakken samar da kayan aikin zai rage farashin shinkafa da matsin lamba don siyan kayan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-10 |title=Imota rice mill to start production 2022 - Sanwo-Olu |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/500267-imota-rice-mill-to-start-production-2022-sanwo-olu.html |access-date=2022-01-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A wannan lokacin (farkon 2022) Najeriya tana ''samar da'' shinkafa, duk da haka shigo da shinkafar da aka yi da ita a farashi mafi girma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajala |first=A. S. |last2=Gana |first2=A. |date=2015-10-26 |title=Analysis of Challenges Facing Rice Processing in Nigeria |journal=Journal of Food Processing |language=en |volume=2015 |pages=e893673 |doi=10.1155/2015/893673 |issn=2356-7384 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gudanar da shinkafa na abinci na kasa a cikin ƙasarsa don haka ya kamata ya inganta ma'aunin cinikayya na Najeriya. == Tsarin fasaha == A cikin ma'adinin [[shinkafa]], da farko [[Siril|hatsi]] da aka rubutun, [[sha'ir]], oats, [[Gero|millet]] da shinkafa suna hulled, watau husks da ke da ƙarfi a haɗe da hatsi kuma ba sa faɗuwa yayin girbi ana cire su (dehusking). Kwayoyin ba za a iya narkewa ba ga jikin mutum kuma za su yi mummunar tasiri ga dandano da jin dadi. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin ma'adinin [[shinkafa]], yawanci ana mirgine hatsi mai laushi (oat flakes), yanka (groats) ko gogewa (shinkafa, sha'ir da aka mirgine). Sauran matakai masu yuwuwa sun fi kama da waɗanda ke cikin ma'Ginin hatsi. == Injin == Injinan sun fito ne daga Bühler, kamfanin [[Switzerland]] wanda yake daya daga cikin manyan masana'antun fasahar sarrafa shinkafa a duniya. Shuka tana da cikakken sarrafa kansa. Ba a taɓa shinkafa har sai an saka shi cikin jaka. Wani kamfani na gida, [https://www.henrykarll.com/ Henry Karll], ya shigar da shuka a karkashin kulawar Bühler. Suna kuma horar da masu aiki. Mai ba da shawara kan aikin, [https://faocon.com.ng/ Faocon] Nigeria Ltd, yana tabbatar da cewa dukkan bangarorin suna aiki tare cikin jituwa. Kamfanin gida ne ke kula da samar da ruwa, magani, tacewa da kuma sake fasalin osmosis wanda ya yi aiki ga [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]], [[Pepsi]] da Nigerian Breweries. == Yanayin da ke kewaye da shi == Har ila yau, Gwamnatin Jihar tana haɓaka wurin shakatawa na masana'antu kusa da injin. Gwamna Sanwo-Olu ya ce wurin shakatawa zai sami abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda zasu sa kasuwancin su bunƙasa kuma su kawo dawowar saka hannun jari ga masu kasuwancin. == Bayani == Don sauƙaƙe samar da shigarwa mara kyau ga kayan aikin, Legas za ta aiwatar da dabarun haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu jihohin Najeriya kamar su [[Kwara (Jiha)|Kwara]], [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]], Benue, [[Borno]] da [[Kebbi]] don biyan bukatun paddy na injin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Uzor |first=Franklin |date=2021-12-13 |title=Lagos Governor says 32MT per hour Imota Rice Mill to be Completed by Q1 2022 |url=https://www.nipc.gov.ng/2021/12/13/lagos-governor-says-32mt-per-hour-imota-rice-mill-to-be-completed-by-q1-2022/ |access-date=2022-01-16 |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shinkafa daga ma'aikatar shinkafa ta Imota za a sayar da ita a watan Disamba na 2022 a karkashin alamar kasuwanci ta "Eko shinkafa". Farashin jakar shinkafa mai kilo 50 ya karu daga Naira 32,000 (64 US-Dollars) zuwa Naira 48,000 (96 US-Domlars) a rabi na biyu na 2022, wanda ke wakiltar hauhawar farashin 50% yayin da yawancin gonakin shinkafa na Najeriya suka cika a watan Oktoba 2022.&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ktu0jbej5k5hexerm8y423lpnptuzy8 0 82096 875568 524898 2026-07-04T02:43:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Funmilade Akingbagbohun''' FNSE COREN FNIMechE Injiniya ce ta Najeriya wacce aka sani da kasancewa mace ta farko da ta yi Shugabar Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-25 |title=Fashola Excited as Nigeria's Mechanical Engineers Get first Female Chair {{!}} The Nigerian Institution of Mechanical Engineers |url=https://nimechehq.org/fashola-excited-as-nigerias-mechanical-engineers-get-first-female-chair/ |access-date=2024-05-12 |archive-date=2024-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420035953/https://nimechehq.org/fashola-excited-as-nigerias-mechanical-engineers-get-first-female-chair/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Akingbagbohun ta samu takardar shaidar difloma ta kasa a [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba|kwalejin fasaha ta Yaba]] kafin ta yi digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Lagos|jami'ar Legas]] . Ta yi karatun digirin farko a fannin Injiniya a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2022 |title=Osinbajo, Sanwo-Olu to grace Akingbagbohun's investiture |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2022/02/15/osinbajo-sanwo-olu-to-grace-akingbagbohuns-investiture/ |website=PMNews Nigeria}}</ref> Ta taba zama shugabar reshen Ikeja na kungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-05 |title=Akingbagbohun Emerges Ikeja NSE Chairperson {{!}} Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/akingbagbohun-emerges-ikeja-nse-chairperson/ |access-date=2024-05-12}}</ref> An nada ta a matsayin Shugabar Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya a shekarar 2022 <ref name=":0"/> bayan Muhammad Baba Ndaliman. A ranar 24 ga watan Afrilu 2024, Alhassan Abdu Mohammed ya gaje ta <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=Nimeche|title=photos from the courtesy visit paid by the National Chairman of NIMechE Engr Alhassan Abdu Mohammed to the Executive Chairman of National Assembly Service Commission,Engr Ahmed Kadi Amshi, FAEng,FNSE, FNIMechE.}}</ref> Ita ma'aikaciyar Majalisar Dokokin Injiniya ce a Najeriya . Ita ma yar uwa ce a Cibiyar Injiniya ta Wutar Lantarki . == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[category:Maluman Najeriya]] so39id64fzi2rlupij8cd9wfb65bln7 0 84171 875242 830359 2026-07-03T18:21:58Z Sirjat 20447 875242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Albert''', wanda mutanen Banyoro suka fi sani da '''Tabkin Mwitanzige''' da asali, sannan mutanen Alur kuma suka kira shi '''Nam Ovoyo Bonyo''', kuma aka taba kiransa na wani lokaci da '''Tabkin Mobutu Sese Seko''', wani tabki ne da ke tsakanin Uganda da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Shi ne tabki na shida mafi girma a Afirka kuma na biyu mafi girma a cikin Manyan Tabkunan Uganda. ==Manazarta== anyhxt2xlyumvevxkckjd316pm0x6j8 875244 875242 2026-07-03T18:22:43Z Sirjat 20447 875244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Albert''', wanda mutanen Banyoro suka fi sani da '''Tabkin Mwitanzige''' da asali, sannan mutanen Alur kuma suka kira shi '''Nam Ovoyo Bonyo''', kuma aka taba kiransa na wani lokaci da '''Tabkin Mobutu Sese Seko''', wani tabki ne da ke tsakanin Uganda da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Shi ne tabki na shida mafi girma a Afirka kuma na biyu mafi girma a cikin Manyan Tabkunan Uganda. ==Labarin Kasa== Tabkin Albert yana kan iyaka tsakanin Uganda da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Shi ne tabki mafi can arewa a cikin jerin tabkuna na Albertine Rift, wato reshen yamma na Rift na Gabashin Afirka. Yana da tsawon kusan 160 km da fadin 30 km a wurinsa mafi fadi, tare da zurfin da ya kai 51 m, da kuma tsayin saman ruwa da ya kai 619 m sama da matakin teku. Tabkin Albert yana cikin rukunin hadadden tsarin madatsar ruwa na saman Kogin Nile. Manyan hanyoyin ruwansa sune Farar Nile, wacce ke fitowa daga Tabkin Victoria zuwa kudu maso gabas, da kuma Kogin Semliki, wando ke fitowa daga Tabkin Edward zuwa kudu maso yamma. Ruwan Victoria Nile ba shi da gishiri sosai idan aka kwatanta da na Tabkin Albert. Mashigin tabkin, a can karshen samansa na arewa, shi ne bangaren Albert Nile na Farar Nile. Daga baya ana kiran kogin da Kogin Nile na Dutse (Mountain Nile) lokacin da hanyarsa ta shiga Sudan ta Kudu. A karshen kudancin tabkin, inda Semliki ke shiga, akwai fadamomi. Duwatsun Rwenzori suna can kudancin tabkin, sannan a arewa maso yamma akwai Duwatsun Blue (Blue Mountains). Kadan daga cikin garuruwan da ke gabar tekun sun hada da Butiaba da Pakwach. ==Siffofin Ruwa== [[File:Lake Albert view from the shoreline in Buhuka, Kikuube District 01.jpg|thumb|Kallon gabar tekun a Kikuube District, Uganda]] Sabanin tabkuna masu zurfi kamar Tabkin Malawi, Tabkin Tanganyika da Tabkin Kivu, yanayin zafin ruwan Tabkin Albert yana da daidaito a ko'ina, yawanci kusan 27-29°C, kuma har ma a sassan da suka fi zurfi akwai iskar oxygen.<ref name=Green2009>{{cite book| author=Green, J. | year=2009 | chapter=Nilotic Lakes of the Western Rift | pages=263–286 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> Ruwan yana da pH na kusan ko kasa kadan da 9 da kuma karfin wutar lantarki (electric conductivity) na kusan 720–780 μS/cm. Wadannan duka suna da yawa ga tabkin ruwan dadi amma duk da haka sun gaza na Tabkin Edward.<ref name=Talling2009>{{cite book| author=Talling, J.F. | year=2009 | chapter=Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics | pages=367–394 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> ==Dabbobi== [[File:Shoebill-Lake-Albert-1.jpg|thumb|Tsuntsun shoebill da aka dauki hoto a Tabkin Albert]] Tabkin Albert gida ne ga dabbobin ruwa da na daji da dama kamar dawakun ruwa, barewar Uganda kob, kadandanin Nile (crocodiles), gidan riga na Nile (monitors), kunkurun ruwa na African softshell, kunkurun laka na Central African, kunkurun laka na Williams, macizai daban-daban na ruwa da kwadi iri-iri.<ref name=Green2009/> Tsuntsayen ruwa suna da yawa kuma sun hada da pelicans, herons da kuma tsuntsun shoebill da ke da wahalar gani.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ramsar Sites | url=https://www.ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites | publisher=ugandawildlife.org | access-date=21 September 2019 | archive-date=31 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731054146/https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Manazarta== 6dt8b1yelo95kzuyfp6te26sw1hyg7m 875245 875244 2026-07-03T18:23:09Z Sirjat 20447 /* Dabbobi */ 875245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Albert''', wanda mutanen Banyoro suka fi sani da '''Tabkin Mwitanzige''' da asali, sannan mutanen Alur kuma suka kira shi '''Nam Ovoyo Bonyo''', kuma aka taba kiransa na wani lokaci da '''Tabkin Mobutu Sese Seko''', wani tabki ne da ke tsakanin Uganda da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Shi ne tabki na shida mafi girma a Afirka kuma na biyu mafi girma a cikin Manyan Tabkunan Uganda. ==Labarin Kasa== Tabkin Albert yana kan iyaka tsakanin Uganda da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Shi ne tabki mafi can arewa a cikin jerin tabkuna na Albertine Rift, wato reshen yamma na Rift na Gabashin Afirka. Yana da tsawon kusan 160 km da fadin 30 km a wurinsa mafi fadi, tare da zurfin da ya kai 51 m, da kuma tsayin saman ruwa da ya kai 619 m sama da matakin teku. Tabkin Albert yana cikin rukunin hadadden tsarin madatsar ruwa na saman Kogin Nile. Manyan hanyoyin ruwansa sune Farar Nile, wacce ke fitowa daga Tabkin Victoria zuwa kudu maso gabas, da kuma Kogin Semliki, wando ke fitowa daga Tabkin Edward zuwa kudu maso yamma. Ruwan Victoria Nile ba shi da gishiri sosai idan aka kwatanta da na Tabkin Albert. Mashigin tabkin, a can karshen samansa na arewa, shi ne bangaren Albert Nile na Farar Nile. Daga baya ana kiran kogin da Kogin Nile na Dutse (Mountain Nile) lokacin da hanyarsa ta shiga Sudan ta Kudu. A karshen kudancin tabkin, inda Semliki ke shiga, akwai fadamomi. Duwatsun Rwenzori suna can kudancin tabkin, sannan a arewa maso yamma akwai Duwatsun Blue (Blue Mountains). Kadan daga cikin garuruwan da ke gabar tekun sun hada da Butiaba da Pakwach. ==Siffofin Ruwa== [[File:Lake Albert view from the shoreline in Buhuka, Kikuube District 01.jpg|thumb|Kallon gabar tekun a Kikuube District, Uganda]] Sabanin tabkuna masu zurfi kamar Tabkin Malawi, Tabkin Tanganyika da Tabkin Kivu, yanayin zafin ruwan Tabkin Albert yana da daidaito a ko'ina, yawanci kusan 27-29°C, kuma har ma a sassan da suka fi zurfi akwai iskar oxygen.<ref name=Green2009>{{cite book| author=Green, J. | year=2009 | chapter=Nilotic Lakes of the Western Rift | pages=263–286 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> Ruwan yana da pH na kusan ko kasa kadan da 9 da kuma karfin wutar lantarki (electric conductivity) na kusan 720–780 μS/cm. Wadannan duka suna da yawa ga tabkin ruwan dadi amma duk da haka sun gaza na Tabkin Edward.<ref name=Talling2009>{{cite book| author=Talling, J.F. | year=2009 | chapter=Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics | pages=367–394 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> ==Dabbobi== [[File:Shoebill-Lake-Albert-1.jpg|thumb|Tsuntsun shoebill da aka dauki hoto a Tabkin Albert]] Tabkin Albert gida ne ga dabbobin ruwa da na daji da dama kamar dawakun ruwa, barewar Uganda kob, kadandanin Nile (crocodiles), gidan riga na Nile (monitors), kunkurun ruwa na African softshell, kunkurun laka na Central African, kunkurun laka na Williams, macizai daban-daban na ruwa da kwadi iri-iri.<ref name=Green2009/> Tsuntsayen ruwa suna da yawa kuma sun hada da pelicans, herons da kuma tsuntsun shoebill da ke da wahalar gani.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ramsar Sites | url=https://www.ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites | publisher=ugandawildlife.org | access-date=21 September 2019 | archive-date=31 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731054146/https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kifi da kamun kifi === Akwai nau'ikan kifi 55 a Tabkin Albert.<ref name=Wandera2011>{{cite journal| author1=Wandera, S.B. | author2=J.S. Balirwa | year=2010 | title=Fish species diversity and relative abundance in Lake Albert—Uganda | journal=Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management | volume=13 | issue=3 | pages=284–293 | doi=10.1080/14634988.2010.507120 | bibcode=2010AqEHM..13..284W | s2cid=84735862 }}</ref> In ban da kada na Nile, mafi girman kifin mai cin nama a tabkin shi ne Nile perch (na asali; ba kamar sauran tabkunan Kwarin Rift ba inda aka shigo da shi kuma ya zama mai lahani). Sauran manyan kifin masu cin nama sun hada da elongate tigerfish, African tigerfish, marbled lungfish, cornish jack, Bagrus docmak, African sharptooth catfish da kuma kifin vundu.<ref name=Green2009/> Bugu da kari, akwai muhimman hanyoyin kamun kifi na Nile tilapia, Niger barb, Albert lates, kifin wutar lantarki (electric catfish) da kifin giraffe wadanda ake kamawa ta hanyoyin kamun kifi na gargajiya,<ref name=Wandera2011/> da kuma kananan Brycinus nurse da Engraulicypris bredoi wadanda galibi ake kama su ta hanyar kamun kifi na amfani da haske.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Lake Albert light fishery | url=http://aquaticcommons.org/20316/ | year=2009 | publisher=National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (Uganda) | access-date=21 September 2019 }}</ref> Kusan kashi 30% na abun da ake samarwa na kifi a Uganda yana fitowa ne daga Tabkin Albert.<ref name=Wandera2011/> Tabkin Albert yana da karancin nau'ikan kifi na musamman na yankin (endemics) idan aka kwatanta da sauran Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name=Witte2009>{{cite book| author1=Witte, F. | author2=M.J.P. van Oijen | author3=F.A. Sibbing | year=2009 | chapter=Fish Fauna of the Nile | pages=647–676 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> Kodayake Albert Nile—bangaren kogin Nile da ke barin Tabkin Albert—yana da tuddai da raƙuman ruwa da dama a yankin Nimule,<ref name=Dumont2009>{{cite book| author=Dumont, H.J. | year=2009 | chapter=A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources | pages=1–21 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> wadannan ba su katse tabkin yadda ya kamata daga manyan sassan kogin Nile ba.<ref name=Witte2009/> Sabanin haka, Tabkin Edward (da kuma Tabkin George a karshe) an katse shi yadda ya kamata daga Tabkin Albert ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa a Kogin Semliki, yayin da Tabkin Kyoga (da kuma Tabkin Victoria a karshe) an katse shi yadda ya kamata daga Tabkin Albert ta Murchison Falls a kan Victoria Nile.<ref name=Witte2009/><ref name=Dumont2009/> ==Manazarta== cxese9elh8q629ndx2tmkhvmhl99bw6 875247 875245 2026-07-03T18:24:00Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kifi da kamun kifi */ 875247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Albert''', wanda mutanen Banyoro suka fi sani da '''Tabkin Mwitanzige''' da asali, sannan mutanen Alur kuma suka kira shi '''Nam Ovoyo Bonyo''', kuma aka taba kiransa na wani lokaci da '''Tabkin Mobutu Sese Seko''', wani tabki ne da ke tsakanin Uganda da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Shi ne tabki na shida mafi girma a Afirka kuma na biyu mafi girma a cikin Manyan Tabkunan Uganda. ==Labarin Kasa== Tabkin Albert yana kan iyaka tsakanin Uganda da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Shi ne tabki mafi can arewa a cikin jerin tabkuna na Albertine Rift, wato reshen yamma na Rift na Gabashin Afirka. Yana da tsawon kusan 160 km da fadin 30 km a wurinsa mafi fadi, tare da zurfin da ya kai 51 m, da kuma tsayin saman ruwa da ya kai 619 m sama da matakin teku. Tabkin Albert yana cikin rukunin hadadden tsarin madatsar ruwa na saman Kogin Nile. Manyan hanyoyin ruwansa sune Farar Nile, wacce ke fitowa daga Tabkin Victoria zuwa kudu maso gabas, da kuma Kogin Semliki, wando ke fitowa daga Tabkin Edward zuwa kudu maso yamma. Ruwan Victoria Nile ba shi da gishiri sosai idan aka kwatanta da na Tabkin Albert. Mashigin tabkin, a can karshen samansa na arewa, shi ne bangaren Albert Nile na Farar Nile. Daga baya ana kiran kogin da Kogin Nile na Dutse (Mountain Nile) lokacin da hanyarsa ta shiga Sudan ta Kudu. A karshen kudancin tabkin, inda Semliki ke shiga, akwai fadamomi. Duwatsun Rwenzori suna can kudancin tabkin, sannan a arewa maso yamma akwai Duwatsun Blue (Blue Mountains). Kadan daga cikin garuruwan da ke gabar tekun sun hada da Butiaba da Pakwach. ==Siffofin Ruwa== [[File:Lake Albert view from the shoreline in Buhuka, Kikuube District 01.jpg|thumb|Kallon gabar tekun a Kikuube District, Uganda]] Sabanin tabkuna masu zurfi kamar Tabkin Malawi, Tabkin Tanganyika da Tabkin Kivu, yanayin zafin ruwan Tabkin Albert yana da daidaito a ko'ina, yawanci kusan 27-29°C, kuma har ma a sassan da suka fi zurfi akwai iskar oxygen.<ref name=Green2009>{{cite book| author=Green, J. | year=2009 | chapter=Nilotic Lakes of the Western Rift | pages=263–286 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> Ruwan yana da pH na kusan ko kasa kadan da 9 da kuma karfin wutar lantarki (electric conductivity) na kusan 720–780 μS/cm. Wadannan duka suna da yawa ga tabkin ruwan dadi amma duk da haka sun gaza na Tabkin Edward.<ref name=Talling2009>{{cite book| author=Talling, J.F. | year=2009 | chapter=Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics | pages=367–394 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> ==Dabbobi== [[File:Shoebill-Lake-Albert-1.jpg|thumb|Tsuntsun shoebill da aka dauki hoto a Tabkin Albert]] Tabkin Albert gida ne ga dabbobin ruwa da na daji da dama kamar dawakun ruwa, barewar Uganda kob, kadandanin Nile (crocodiles), gidan riga na Nile (monitors), kunkurun ruwa na African softshell, kunkurun laka na Central African, kunkurun laka na Williams, macizai daban-daban na ruwa da kwadi iri-iri.<ref name=Green2009/> Tsuntsayen ruwa suna da yawa kuma sun hada da pelicans, herons da kuma tsuntsun shoebill da ke da wahalar gani.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ramsar Sites | url=https://www.ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites | publisher=ugandawildlife.org | access-date=21 September 2019 | archive-date=31 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731054146/https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kifi da kamun kifi === Akwai nau'ikan kifi 55 a Tabkin Albert.<ref name=Wandera2011>{{cite journal| author1=Wandera, S.B. | author2=J.S. Balirwa | year=2010 | title=Fish species diversity and relative abundance in Lake Albert—Uganda | journal=Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management | volume=13 | issue=3 | pages=284–293 | doi=10.1080/14634988.2010.507120 | bibcode=2010AqEHM..13..284W | s2cid=84735862 }}</ref> In ban da kada na Nile, mafi girman kifin mai cin nama a tabkin shi ne Nile perch (na asali; ba kamar sauran tabkunan Kwarin Rift ba inda aka shigo da shi kuma ya zama mai lahani). Sauran manyan kifin masu cin nama sun hada da elongate tigerfish, African tigerfish, marbled lungfish, cornish jack, Bagrus docmak, African sharptooth catfish da kuma kifin vundu.<ref name=Green2009/> Bugu da kari, akwai muhimman hanyoyin kamun kifi na Nile tilapia, Niger barb, Albert lates, kifin wutar lantarki (electric catfish) da kifin giraffe wadanda ake kamawa ta hanyoyin kamun kifi na gargajiya,<ref name=Wandera2011/> da kuma kananan Brycinus nurse da Engraulicypris bredoi wadanda galibi ake kama su ta hanyar kamun kifi na amfani da haske.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Lake Albert light fishery | url=http://aquaticcommons.org/20316/ | year=2009 | publisher=National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (Uganda) | access-date=21 September 2019 }}</ref> Kusan kashi 30% na abun da ake samarwa na kifi a Uganda yana fitowa ne daga Tabkin Albert.<ref name=Wandera2011/> Tabkin Albert yana da karancin nau'ikan kifi na musamman na yankin (endemics) idan aka kwatanta da sauran Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name=Witte2009>{{cite book| author1=Witte, F. | author2=M.J.P. van Oijen | author3=F.A. Sibbing | year=2009 | chapter=Fish Fauna of the Nile | pages=647–676 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> Kodayake Albert Nile—bangaren kogin Nile da ke barin Tabkin Albert—yana da tuddai da raƙuman ruwa da dama a yankin Nimule,<ref name=Dumont2009>{{cite book| author=Dumont, H.J. | year=2009 | chapter=A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources | pages=1–21 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> wadannan ba su katse tabkin yadda ya kamata daga manyan sassan kogin Nile ba.<ref name=Witte2009/> Sabanin haka, Tabkin Edward (da kuma Tabkin George a karshe) an katse shi yadda ya kamata daga Tabkin Albert ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa a Kogin Semliki, yayin da Tabkin Kyoga (da kuma Tabkin Victoria a karshe) an katse shi yadda ya kamata daga Tabkin Albert ta Murchison Falls a kan Victoria Nile.<ref name=Witte2009/><ref name=Dumont2009/> Samakon haka, yawancin kifin Tabkin Albert nau'ikan kifin kogi ne da ke bazuwa sosai wadanda kuma ake samun su a manyan sassan kogin Nile. Akwai karancin haplochromine cichlids; rukunin da ke da nau'ikan daban-daban sosai a sauran tabkunan Kwarin Rift. Daga cikin haplochromines guda shida a Tabkin Albert, guda hudu na yankin ne kawai (Haplochromis albertianus, H. avium, H. bullatus da H. mahagiensis) sannan guda biyu ana samun su a cikin Nile (H. loati da Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor). Idan aka kwatanta, yawancin fitattun haplochromines sama da 60 a Tabkin Edward–George da kuma mafi yawancin kusan haplochromines 600 a Tabkin Victoria–Kyoga na yankin ne kawai.<ref name=Witte2009/> Sauran nau'ikan kifi na yankin kawai a Tabkin Albert sune kananan cyprinid Engraulicypris bredoi da kuma Albert lates da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa.<ref name=Witte2009/> ==Tarihi== Har yanzu ana kiran Tabkin Albert da Mwitanzige da mutanen Banyoro da Batooro, da kuma Nam Ovoyo Bonyo da mutanen Alur gami da sauran al'ummar da suka zauna a yankin tsawon shekaru aru-aru kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka. Wannan suna yana nufin 'ma'kasar fara' (locust killer), daga omwita 'makashi' da enzige 'fara' a yaren Runyoro, da kuma 'Tabkin da ya doke fara' a yaren Alur, daga Nam, 'Tabki', Ovoyo, 'ya doke/ya yi nasara a kan', Bonyo, 'Fara'. Wannan ya faru ne saboda wata tatsuniya ta cikin gida da ke ba da labarin yadda wata annobar fara ta lalata amfanin gonakin mutanen da ke zaune a gabar gabashin tabkin, amma sa'ad da suka yi kokarin tsallakawa zuwa daya gefen ba su taba isa wurin ba. A shekarar 1864, masu bincike Samuel Baker da Flóra von Sass sun gano tabkin<ref>{{cite ODNB |author=Dorothy Middleton |title=Baker [''née'' von Sass], Florence Barbara Maria, Lady Baker (1841–1916) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/42346 |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/42346 |access-date=2015-09-11}}</ref> kuma suka sake masa suna bayan mutuwar Yarima Albert (Prince Albert), mijin Sarauniya Victoria. A karni na 20, Shugaban kasar Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko ya sanya wa tabkin sunansa na wani lokaci. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Turai sun gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki a kan tabkin. Birtaniya ta tsara jigilar kayayyaki a Tabkin Albert a matsayin wani bangare na hanyoyin jirgin kasa, jiragen ruwa na kogi da na tabki wadanda ke hada muradun Birtaniya a Masar, gabashin Afirka da kudancin Afirka. Kamfanin kera jiragen ruwa na John I. Thornycroft & Company a Woolston, Hampshire ya kera jirgin daukar kaya da fasinjoji na SS Robert Coryndon don wannan manufar a shekarar 1930.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biog.com/story.php?story_id=776&biog_id=856 |title=Jitze Couperus |author=Jitze Couperus |date=2009-04-06 |work=Biog: The World Biography Project |access-date=2011-05-18 |archive-url=https://afchive.today/20110910154718/http://www.biog.com/story.php?story_id=776&biog_id=856 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sanya masa sunan jami'in Sojan Birtaniya Robert Thorne Coryndon, wanda shi ne gwamnan Uganda daga 1918–22.<ref name=Insomniac>{{cite web |url=https://ugandaninsomniac.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/behold-a-dream-unfulfilled/#more-2914 |title=Behold, a Dream Unfulfilled |date=2009-03-25 |work=Ugandan Insomniac; Want to sleep, can't sleep |access-date=2011-05-18}}</ref> Winston Churchill ya kwatanta jirgin a matsayin "mafi kyawun dakin karatu da ke kan ruwa" sannan Ernest Hemingway ya kira shi "kayataccen abu a kan ruwa".<ref name=Insomniac/> Ko dai an nutsar da shi da gangan a shekarar 1962<ref name=darbykj>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/7479977@N03/ |title=darbykj's photostream |date=2007-12-09 |work=Flickr |via=Yahoo! |access-date=2011-05-18}}</ref> ko kuma ya nutse a shekarar 1964.<ref name=Insomniac/> Har yanzu ba a ceto shi ba kuma yana dafe da nutsewa a cikin tabkin<ref name=Insomniac/><ref name=darbykj/> a wurin saukar jiragen ruwa na Butiaba. Ana iya ganin wadannan har yau. ==Manazarta== r9uv90xh64ssm05382hx6dlx0uhllwx 875248 875247 2026-07-03T18:24:50Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manazarta */ 875248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Albert''', wanda mutanen Banyoro suka fi sani da '''Tabkin Mwitanzige''' da asali, sannan mutanen Alur kuma suka kira shi '''Nam Ovoyo Bonyo''', kuma aka taba kiransa na wani lokaci da '''Tabkin Mobutu Sese Seko''', wani tabki ne da ke tsakanin Uganda da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Shi ne tabki na shida mafi girma a Afirka kuma na biyu mafi girma a cikin Manyan Tabkunan Uganda. ==Labarin Kasa== Tabkin Albert yana kan iyaka tsakanin Uganda da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Shi ne tabki mafi can arewa a cikin jerin tabkuna na Albertine Rift, wato reshen yamma na Rift na Gabashin Afirka. Yana da tsawon kusan 160 km da fadin 30 km a wurinsa mafi fadi, tare da zurfin da ya kai 51 m, da kuma tsayin saman ruwa da ya kai 619 m sama da matakin teku. Tabkin Albert yana cikin rukunin hadadden tsarin madatsar ruwa na saman Kogin Nile. Manyan hanyoyin ruwansa sune Farar Nile, wacce ke fitowa daga Tabkin Victoria zuwa kudu maso gabas, da kuma Kogin Semliki, wando ke fitowa daga Tabkin Edward zuwa kudu maso yamma. Ruwan Victoria Nile ba shi da gishiri sosai idan aka kwatanta da na Tabkin Albert. Mashigin tabkin, a can karshen samansa na arewa, shi ne bangaren Albert Nile na Farar Nile. Daga baya ana kiran kogin da Kogin Nile na Dutse (Mountain Nile) lokacin da hanyarsa ta shiga Sudan ta Kudu. A karshen kudancin tabkin, inda Semliki ke shiga, akwai fadamomi. Duwatsun Rwenzori suna can kudancin tabkin, sannan a arewa maso yamma akwai Duwatsun Blue (Blue Mountains). Kadan daga cikin garuruwan da ke gabar tekun sun hada da Butiaba da Pakwach. ==Siffofin Ruwa== [[File:Lake Albert view from the shoreline in Buhuka, Kikuube District 01.jpg|thumb|Kallon gabar tekun a Kikuube District, Uganda]] Sabanin tabkuna masu zurfi kamar Tabkin Malawi, Tabkin Tanganyika da Tabkin Kivu, yanayin zafin ruwan Tabkin Albert yana da daidaito a ko'ina, yawanci kusan 27-29°C, kuma har ma a sassan da suka fi zurfi akwai iskar oxygen.<ref name=Green2009>{{cite book| author=Green, J. | year=2009 | chapter=Nilotic Lakes of the Western Rift | pages=263–286 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> Ruwan yana da pH na kusan ko kasa kadan da 9 da kuma karfin wutar lantarki (electric conductivity) na kusan 720–780 μS/cm. Wadannan duka suna da yawa ga tabkin ruwan dadi amma duk da haka sun gaza na Tabkin Edward.<ref name=Talling2009>{{cite book| author=Talling, J.F. | year=2009 | chapter=Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics | pages=367–394 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> ==Dabbobi== [[File:Shoebill-Lake-Albert-1.jpg|thumb|Tsuntsun shoebill da aka dauki hoto a Tabkin Albert]] Tabkin Albert gida ne ga dabbobin ruwa da na daji da dama kamar dawakun ruwa, barewar Uganda kob, kadandanin Nile (crocodiles), gidan riga na Nile (monitors), kunkurun ruwa na African softshell, kunkurun laka na Central African, kunkurun laka na Williams, macizai daban-daban na ruwa da kwadi iri-iri.<ref name=Green2009/> Tsuntsayen ruwa suna da yawa kuma sun hada da pelicans, herons da kuma tsuntsun shoebill da ke da wahalar gani.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ramsar Sites | url=https://www.ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites | publisher=ugandawildlife.org | access-date=21 September 2019 | archive-date=31 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731054146/https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kifi da kamun kifi === Akwai nau'ikan kifi 55 a Tabkin Albert.<ref name=Wandera2011>{{cite journal| author1=Wandera, S.B. | author2=J.S. Balirwa | year=2010 | title=Fish species diversity and relative abundance in Lake Albert—Uganda | journal=Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management | volume=13 | issue=3 | pages=284–293 | doi=10.1080/14634988.2010.507120 | bibcode=2010AqEHM..13..284W | s2cid=84735862 }}</ref> In ban da kada na Nile, mafi girman kifin mai cin nama a tabkin shi ne Nile perch (na asali; ba kamar sauran tabkunan Kwarin Rift ba inda aka shigo da shi kuma ya zama mai lahani). Sauran manyan kifin masu cin nama sun hada da elongate tigerfish, African tigerfish, marbled lungfish, cornish jack, Bagrus docmak, African sharptooth catfish da kuma kifin vundu.<ref name=Green2009/> Bugu da kari, akwai muhimman hanyoyin kamun kifi na Nile tilapia, Niger barb, Albert lates, kifin wutar lantarki (electric catfish) da kifin giraffe wadanda ake kamawa ta hanyoyin kamun kifi na gargajiya,<ref name=Wandera2011/> da kuma kananan Brycinus nurse da Engraulicypris bredoi wadanda galibi ake kama su ta hanyar kamun kifi na amfani da haske.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Lake Albert light fishery | url=http://aquaticcommons.org/20316/ | year=2009 | publisher=National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (Uganda) | access-date=21 September 2019 }}</ref> Kusan kashi 30% na abun da ake samarwa na kifi a Uganda yana fitowa ne daga Tabkin Albert.<ref name=Wandera2011/> Tabkin Albert yana da karancin nau'ikan kifi na musamman na yankin (endemics) idan aka kwatanta da sauran Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name=Witte2009>{{cite book| author1=Witte, F. | author2=M.J.P. van Oijen | author3=F.A. Sibbing | year=2009 | chapter=Fish Fauna of the Nile | pages=647–676 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> Kodayake Albert Nile—bangaren kogin Nile da ke barin Tabkin Albert—yana da tuddai da raƙuman ruwa da dama a yankin Nimule,<ref name=Dumont2009>{{cite book| author=Dumont, H.J. | year=2009 | chapter=A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources | pages=1–21 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> wadannan ba su katse tabkin yadda ya kamata daga manyan sassan kogin Nile ba.<ref name=Witte2009/> Sabanin haka, Tabkin Edward (da kuma Tabkin George a karshe) an katse shi yadda ya kamata daga Tabkin Albert ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa a Kogin Semliki, yayin da Tabkin Kyoga (da kuma Tabkin Victoria a karshe) an katse shi yadda ya kamata daga Tabkin Albert ta Murchison Falls a kan Victoria Nile.<ref name=Witte2009/><ref name=Dumont2009/> Samakon haka, yawancin kifin Tabkin Albert nau'ikan kifin kogi ne da ke bazuwa sosai wadanda kuma ake samun su a manyan sassan kogin Nile. Akwai karancin haplochromine cichlids; rukunin da ke da nau'ikan daban-daban sosai a sauran tabkunan Kwarin Rift. Daga cikin haplochromines guda shida a Tabkin Albert, guda hudu na yankin ne kawai (Haplochromis albertianus, H. avium, H. bullatus da H. mahagiensis) sannan guda biyu ana samun su a cikin Nile (H. loati da Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor). Idan aka kwatanta, yawancin fitattun haplochromines sama da 60 a Tabkin Edward–George da kuma mafi yawancin kusan haplochromines 600 a Tabkin Victoria–Kyoga na yankin ne kawai.<ref name=Witte2009/> Sauran nau'ikan kifi na yankin kawai a Tabkin Albert sune kananan cyprinid Engraulicypris bredoi da kuma Albert lates da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa.<ref name=Witte2009/> ==Tarihi== Har yanzu ana kiran Tabkin Albert da Mwitanzige da mutanen Banyoro da Batooro, da kuma Nam Ovoyo Bonyo da mutanen Alur gami da sauran al'ummar da suka zauna a yankin tsawon shekaru aru-aru kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka. Wannan suna yana nufin 'ma'kasar fara' (locust killer), daga omwita 'makashi' da enzige 'fara' a yaren Runyoro, da kuma 'Tabkin da ya doke fara' a yaren Alur, daga Nam, 'Tabki', Ovoyo, 'ya doke/ya yi nasara a kan', Bonyo, 'Fara'. Wannan ya faru ne saboda wata tatsuniya ta cikin gida da ke ba da labarin yadda wata annobar fara ta lalata amfanin gonakin mutanen da ke zaune a gabar gabashin tabkin, amma sa'ad da suka yi kokarin tsallakawa zuwa daya gefen ba su taba isa wurin ba. A shekarar 1864, masu bincike Samuel Baker da Flóra von Sass sun gano tabkin<ref>{{cite ODNB |author=Dorothy Middleton |title=Baker [''née'' von Sass], Florence Barbara Maria, Lady Baker (1841–1916) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/42346 |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/42346 |access-date=2015-09-11}}</ref> kuma suka sake masa suna bayan mutuwar Yarima Albert (Prince Albert), mijin Sarauniya Victoria. A karni na 20, Shugaban kasar Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko ya sanya wa tabkin sunansa na wani lokaci. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Turai sun gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki a kan tabkin. Birtaniya ta tsara jigilar kayayyaki a Tabkin Albert a matsayin wani bangare na hanyoyin jirgin kasa, jiragen ruwa na kogi da na tabki wadanda ke hada muradun Birtaniya a Masar, gabashin Afirka da kudancin Afirka. Kamfanin kera jiragen ruwa na John I. Thornycroft & Company a Woolston, Hampshire ya kera jirgin daukar kaya da fasinjoji na SS Robert Coryndon don wannan manufar a shekarar 1930.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biog.com/story.php?story_id=776&biog_id=856 |title=Jitze Couperus |author=Jitze Couperus |date=2009-04-06 |work=Biog: The World Biography Project |access-date=2011-05-18 |archive-url=https://afchive.today/20110910154718/http://www.biog.com/story.php?story_id=776&biog_id=856 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sanya masa sunan jami'in Sojan Birtaniya Robert Thorne Coryndon, wanda shi ne gwamnan Uganda daga 1918–22.<ref name=Insomniac>{{cite web |url=https://ugandaninsomniac.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/behold-a-dream-unfulfilled/#more-2914 |title=Behold, a Dream Unfulfilled |date=2009-03-25 |work=Ugandan Insomniac; Want to sleep, can't sleep |access-date=2011-05-18}}</ref> Winston Churchill ya kwatanta jirgin a matsayin "mafi kyawun dakin karatu da ke kan ruwa" sannan Ernest Hemingway ya kira shi "kayataccen abu a kan ruwa".<ref name=Insomniac/> Ko dai an nutsar da shi da gangan a shekarar 1962<ref name=darbykj>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/7479977@N03/ |title=darbykj's photostream |date=2007-12-09 |work=Flickr |via=Yahoo! |access-date=2011-05-18}}</ref> ko kuma ya nutse a shekarar 1964.<ref name=Insomniac/> Har yanzu ba a ceto shi ba kuma yana dafe da nutsewa a cikin tabkin<ref name=Insomniac/><ref name=darbykj/> a wurin saukar jiragen ruwa na Butiaba. Ana iya ganin wadannan har yau. Kamfanonin Heritage Oil da Tullow Oil sun sanar da gano gagarumin danyen mai a cikin yankin Tabkin Albert, tare da kiyasin cewa filin mai na biliyoyin ganga zai kasance mafi girman filin mai na kan kasa da aka gano a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara tsawon shekaru sama da ashirin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oil & Gas {{!}} National Environment Management Authority|url=https://www.nema.go.ug/eias/oil-gas|website=www.nema.go.ug|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314231124/https://www.nema.go.ug/eias/oil-gas|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2014, wani jirgin ruwa dauke da 'yan gudun hijira na Kongo ya kibe a Tabkin Albert, inda ya kashe mutane sama da 250.<ref>{{cite news|title=Uganda Lake Albert boat disaster 'killed 251 refugees'|date=March 27, 2014 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26774338|access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2016, wani jirgin ruwa dauke da mambobi da magoya bayan wata kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kauye guda 45 ya kibe a Tabkin Albert inda ya kashe a kalla mutane 30.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/at-least-30-drown-in-uganda-christmas-drama-on-lake-albert/ar-BBxAdou?ocid=ob-fb-enus-280 |title=At least 30 drown in Uganda Christmas drama on Lake Albert |website=MSN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130141/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/at-least-30-drown-in-uganda-christmas-drama-on-lake-albert/ar-BBxAdou?ocid=ob-fb-enus-280 |archive-date=2016-12-27}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2020, mutane 30 sun mutu lokacin da wani jirgin ruwa ya kibe sa'ad da yake tafiya daga Uganda zuwa Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Fasinjoin sun damu ne game da takunkumin tafiye-tafiye da ke da alaka da annobar COVID-19 a Afirka.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kamale |first=Jean-Yves |title=Boat capsizes between Uganda and Congo, killing more than 30 |url=https://apnews.com/article/international-news-coronavirus-pandemic-uganda-b7f48d47dc32335e51070e442da98323 |access-date=December 24, 2020 |publisher=Associated Press |date=December 24, 2020}}</ref> Mazaunin Kibiro da ke kan Tabkin Albert yana da mahimmancin al'adu da na binciken kayan tarihi (archeological).<ref name="kibirofinds">{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02968365|title=The cultural and chronological context of Kibiro, Uganda|first=Graham|last=Connah|date=March 1, 1997|journal=African Archaeological Review|volume=14|issue=1|pages=25–67|via=Springer Link|doi=10.1007/BF02968365|s2cid=128430380|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin hadin waje== * Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=2008-03-14 }} * World Lakes Database entry for Lake Albert {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204173456/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Details/Lake/AFR-11 |date=2019-12-04 }} * "East African Railways and Harbours, Marine Services": hotunan jiragen ruwa na tabkin Gabashin Afirka ciki har da SS Robert Coryndon ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} iq4p48btifmwb7x20vwppq43ywrmp1j 875249 875248 2026-07-03T18:25:10Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manazarta */ 875249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Albert''', wanda mutanen Banyoro suka fi sani da '''Tabkin Mwitanzige''' da asali, sannan mutanen Alur kuma suka kira shi '''Nam Ovoyo Bonyo''', kuma aka taba kiransa na wani lokaci da '''Tabkin Mobutu Sese Seko''', wani tabki ne da ke tsakanin Uganda da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Shi ne tabki na shida mafi girma a Afirka kuma na biyu mafi girma a cikin Manyan Tabkunan Uganda. ==Labarin Kasa== Tabkin Albert yana kan iyaka tsakanin Uganda da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Shi ne tabki mafi can arewa a cikin jerin tabkuna na Albertine Rift, wato reshen yamma na Rift na Gabashin Afirka. Yana da tsawon kusan 160 km da fadin 30 km a wurinsa mafi fadi, tare da zurfin da ya kai 51 m, da kuma tsayin saman ruwa da ya kai 619 m sama da matakin teku. Tabkin Albert yana cikin rukunin hadadden tsarin madatsar ruwa na saman Kogin Nile. Manyan hanyoyin ruwansa sune Farar Nile, wacce ke fitowa daga Tabkin Victoria zuwa kudu maso gabas, da kuma Kogin Semliki, wando ke fitowa daga Tabkin Edward zuwa kudu maso yamma. Ruwan Victoria Nile ba shi da gishiri sosai idan aka kwatanta da na Tabkin Albert. Mashigin tabkin, a can karshen samansa na arewa, shi ne bangaren Albert Nile na Farar Nile. Daga baya ana kiran kogin da Kogin Nile na Dutse (Mountain Nile) lokacin da hanyarsa ta shiga Sudan ta Kudu. A karshen kudancin tabkin, inda Semliki ke shiga, akwai fadamomi. Duwatsun Rwenzori suna can kudancin tabkin, sannan a arewa maso yamma akwai Duwatsun Blue (Blue Mountains). Kadan daga cikin garuruwan da ke gabar tekun sun hada da Butiaba da Pakwach. ==Siffofin Ruwa== [[File:Lake Albert view from the shoreline in Buhuka, Kikuube District 01.jpg|thumb|Kallon gabar tekun a Kikuube District, Uganda]] Sabanin tabkuna masu zurfi kamar Tabkin Malawi, Tabkin Tanganyika da Tabkin Kivu, yanayin zafin ruwan Tabkin Albert yana da daidaito a ko'ina, yawanci kusan 27-29°C, kuma har ma a sassan da suka fi zurfi akwai iskar oxygen.<ref name=Green2009>{{cite book| author=Green, J. | year=2009 | chapter=Nilotic Lakes of the Western Rift | pages=263–286 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> Ruwan yana da pH na kusan ko kasa kadan da 9 da kuma karfin wutar lantarki (electric conductivity) na kusan 720–780 μS/cm. Wadannan duka suna da yawa ga tabkin ruwan dadi amma duk da haka sun gaza na Tabkin Edward.<ref name=Talling2009>{{cite book| author=Talling, J.F. | year=2009 | chapter=Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics | pages=367–394 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> ==Dabbobi== [[File:Shoebill-Lake-Albert-1.jpg|thumb|Tsuntsun shoebill da aka dauki hoto a Tabkin Albert]] Tabkin Albert gida ne ga dabbobin ruwa da na daji da dama kamar dawakun ruwa, barewar Uganda kob, kadandanin Nile (crocodiles), gidan riga na Nile (monitors), kunkurun ruwa na African softshell, kunkurun laka na Central African, kunkurun laka na Williams, macizai daban-daban na ruwa da kwadi iri-iri.<ref name=Green2009/> Tsuntsayen ruwa suna da yawa kuma sun hada da pelicans, herons da kuma tsuntsun shoebill da ke da wahalar gani.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ramsar Sites | url=https://www.ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites | publisher=ugandawildlife.org | access-date=21 September 2019 | archive-date=31 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731054146/https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kifi da kamun kifi === Akwai nau'ikan kifi 55 a Tabkin Albert.<ref name=Wandera2011>{{cite journal| author1=Wandera, S.B. | author2=J.S. Balirwa | year=2010 | title=Fish species diversity and relative abundance in Lake Albert—Uganda | journal=Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management | volume=13 | issue=3 | pages=284–293 | doi=10.1080/14634988.2010.507120 | bibcode=2010AqEHM..13..284W | s2cid=84735862 }}</ref> In ban da kada na Nile, mafi girman kifin mai cin nama a tabkin shi ne Nile perch (na asali; ba kamar sauran tabkunan Kwarin Rift ba inda aka shigo da shi kuma ya zama mai lahani). Sauran manyan kifin masu cin nama sun hada da elongate tigerfish, African tigerfish, marbled lungfish, cornish jack, Bagrus docmak, African sharptooth catfish da kuma kifin vundu.<ref name=Green2009/> Bugu da kari, akwai muhimman hanyoyin kamun kifi na Nile tilapia, Niger barb, Albert lates, kifin wutar lantarki (electric catfish) da kifin giraffe wadanda ake kamawa ta hanyoyin kamun kifi na gargajiya,<ref name=Wandera2011/> da kuma kananan Brycinus nurse da Engraulicypris bredoi wadanda galibi ake kama su ta hanyar kamun kifi na amfani da haske.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Lake Albert light fishery | url=http://aquaticcommons.org/20316/ | year=2009 | publisher=National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (Uganda) | access-date=21 September 2019 }}</ref> Kusan kashi 30% na abun da ake samarwa na kifi a Uganda yana fitowa ne daga Tabkin Albert.<ref name=Wandera2011/> Tabkin Albert yana da karancin nau'ikan kifi na musamman na yankin (endemics) idan aka kwatanta da sauran Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name=Witte2009>{{cite book| author1=Witte, F. | author2=M.J.P. van Oijen | author3=F.A. Sibbing | year=2009 | chapter=Fish Fauna of the Nile | pages=647–676 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> Kodayake Albert Nile—bangaren kogin Nile da ke barin Tabkin Albert—yana da tuddai da raƙuman ruwa da dama a yankin Nimule,<ref name=Dumont2009>{{cite book| author=Dumont, H.J. | year=2009 | chapter=A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources | pages=1–21 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> wadannan ba su katse tabkin yadda ya kamata daga manyan sassan kogin Nile ba.<ref name=Witte2009/> Sabanin haka, Tabkin Edward (da kuma Tabkin George a karshe) an katse shi yadda ya kamata daga Tabkin Albert ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa a Kogin Semliki, yayin da Tabkin Kyoga (da kuma Tabkin Victoria a karshe) an katse shi yadda ya kamata daga Tabkin Albert ta Murchison Falls a kan Victoria Nile.<ref name=Witte2009/><ref name=Dumont2009/> Samakon haka, yawancin kifin Tabkin Albert nau'ikan kifin kogi ne da ke bazuwa sosai wadanda kuma ake samun su a manyan sassan kogin Nile. Akwai karancin haplochromine cichlids; rukunin da ke da nau'ikan daban-daban sosai a sauran tabkunan Kwarin Rift. Daga cikin haplochromines guda shida a Tabkin Albert, guda hudu na yankin ne kawai (Haplochromis albertianus, H. avium, H. bullatus da H. mahagiensis) sannan guda biyu ana samun su a cikin Nile (H. loati da Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor). Idan aka kwatanta, yawancin fitattun haplochromines sama da 60 a Tabkin Edward–George da kuma mafi yawancin kusan haplochromines 600 a Tabkin Victoria–Kyoga na yankin ne kawai.<ref name=Witte2009/> Sauran nau'ikan kifi na yankin kawai a Tabkin Albert sune kananan cyprinid Engraulicypris bredoi da kuma Albert lates da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa.<ref name=Witte2009/> ==Tarihi== Har yanzu ana kiran Tabkin Albert da Mwitanzige da mutanen Banyoro da Batooro, da kuma Nam Ovoyo Bonyo da mutanen Alur gami da sauran al'ummar da suka zauna a yankin tsawon shekaru aru-aru kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka. Wannan suna yana nufin 'ma'kasar fara' (locust killer), daga omwita 'makashi' da enzige 'fara' a yaren Runyoro, da kuma 'Tabkin da ya doke fara' a yaren Alur, daga Nam, 'Tabki', Ovoyo, 'ya doke/ya yi nasara a kan', Bonyo, 'Fara'. Wannan ya faru ne saboda wata tatsuniya ta cikin gida da ke ba da labarin yadda wata annobar fara ta lalata amfanin gonakin mutanen da ke zaune a gabar gabashin tabkin, amma sa'ad da suka yi kokarin tsallakawa zuwa daya gefen ba su taba isa wurin ba. A shekarar 1864, masu bincike Samuel Baker da Flóra von Sass sun gano tabkin<ref>{{cite ODNB |author=Dorothy Middleton |title=Baker [''née'' von Sass], Florence Barbara Maria, Lady Baker (1841–1916) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/42346 |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/42346 |access-date=2015-09-11}}</ref> kuma suka sake masa suna bayan mutuwar Yarima Albert (Prince Albert), mijin Sarauniya Victoria. A karni na 20, Shugaban kasar Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko ya sanya wa tabkin sunansa na wani lokaci. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Turai sun gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki a kan tabkin. Birtaniya ta tsara jigilar kayayyaki a Tabkin Albert a matsayin wani bangare na hanyoyin jirgin kasa, jiragen ruwa na kogi da na tabki wadanda ke hada muradun Birtaniya a Masar, gabashin Afirka da kudancin Afirka. Kamfanin kera jiragen ruwa na John I. Thornycroft & Company a Woolston, Hampshire ya kera jirgin daukar kaya da fasinjoji na SS Robert Coryndon don wannan manufar a shekarar 1930.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biog.com/story.php?story_id=776&biog_id=856 |title=Jitze Couperus |author=Jitze Couperus |date=2009-04-06 |work=Biog: The World Biography Project |access-date=2011-05-18 |archive-url=https://afchive.today/20110910154718/http://www.biog.com/story.php?story_id=776&biog_id=856 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sanya masa sunan jami'in Sojan Birtaniya Robert Thorne Coryndon, wanda shi ne gwamnan Uganda daga 1918–22.<ref name=Insomniac>{{cite web |url=https://ugandaninsomniac.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/behold-a-dream-unfulfilled/#more-2914 |title=Behold, a Dream Unfulfilled |date=2009-03-25 |work=Ugandan Insomniac; Want to sleep, can't sleep |access-date=2011-05-18}}</ref> Winston Churchill ya kwatanta jirgin a matsayin "mafi kyawun dakin karatu da ke kan ruwa" sannan Ernest Hemingway ya kira shi "kayataccen abu a kan ruwa".<ref name=Insomniac/> Ko dai an nutsar da shi da gangan a shekarar 1962<ref name=darbykj>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/7479977@N03/ |title=darbykj's photostream |date=2007-12-09 |work=Flickr |via=Yahoo! |access-date=2011-05-18}}</ref> ko kuma ya nutse a shekarar 1964.<ref name=Insomniac/> Har yanzu ba a ceto shi ba kuma yana dafe da nutsewa a cikin tabkin<ref name=Insomniac/><ref name=darbykj/> a wurin saukar jiragen ruwa na Butiaba. Ana iya ganin wadannan har yau. Kamfanonin Heritage Oil da Tullow Oil sun sanar da gano gagarumin danyen mai a cikin yankin Tabkin Albert, tare da kiyasin cewa filin mai na biliyoyin ganga zai kasance mafi girman filin mai na kan kasa da aka gano a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara tsawon shekaru sama da ashirin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oil & Gas {{!}} National Environment Management Authority|url=https://www.nema.go.ug/eias/oil-gas|website=www.nema.go.ug|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314231124/https://www.nema.go.ug/eias/oil-gas|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2014, wani jirgin ruwa dauke da 'yan gudun hijira na Kongo ya kibe a Tabkin Albert, inda ya kashe mutane sama da 250.<ref>{{cite news|title=Uganda Lake Albert boat disaster 'killed 251 refugees'|date=March 27, 2014 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26774338|access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2016, wani jirgin ruwa dauke da mambobi da magoya bayan wata kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kauye guda 45 ya kibe a Tabkin Albert inda ya kashe a kalla mutane 30.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/at-least-30-drown-in-uganda-christmas-drama-on-lake-albert/ar-BBxAdou?ocid=ob-fb-enus-280 |title=At least 30 drown in Uganda Christmas drama on Lake Albert |website=MSN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130141/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/at-least-30-drown-in-uganda-christmas-drama-on-lake-albert/ar-BBxAdou?ocid=ob-fb-enus-280 |archive-date=2016-12-27}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2020, mutane 30 sun mutu lokacin da wani jirgin ruwa ya kibe sa'ad da yake tafiya daga Uganda zuwa Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Fasinjoin sun damu ne game da takunkumin tafiye-tafiye da ke da alaka da annobar COVID-19 a Afirka.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kamale |first=Jean-Yves |title=Boat capsizes between Uganda and Congo, killing more than 30 |url=https://apnews.com/article/international-news-coronavirus-pandemic-uganda-b7f48d47dc32335e51070e442da98323 |access-date=December 24, 2020 |publisher=Associated Press |date=December 24, 2020}}</ref> Mazaunin Kibiro da ke kan Tabkin Albert yana da mahimmancin al'adu da na binciken kayan tarihi (archeological).<ref name="kibirofinds">{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02968365|title=The cultural and chronological context of Kibiro, Uganda|first=Graham|last=Connah|date=March 1, 1997|journal=African Archaeological Review|volume=14|issue=1|pages=25–67|via=Springer Link|doi=10.1007/BF02968365|s2cid=128430380|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin hadin waje== * Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=2008-03-14 }} * World Lakes Database entry for Lake Albert {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204173456/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Details/Lake/AFR-11 |date=2019-12-04 }} * "East African Railways and Harbours, Marine Services": hotunan jiragen ruwa na tabkin Gabashin Afirka ciki har da SS Robert Coryndon ==Manazarta== {{reflist|2}} lyt0bjrmubu6g5swb9kh6h515skvo4k 0 84228 875123 553185 2026-07-03T16:22:53Z Sirjat 20447 875123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tafkin Kivu,''' na ɗaya daga cikin manyan tabkunan [[Afirka]]. Tana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma tana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yammacin Gabashin [[Afirka]]. Tafkin Kivu ya fantsama cikin kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gangarowa kudu zuwa tafkin Tanganyika A shekara ta 1894, dan ƙasar [[Jamus]] mai bincike kuma jami'in Gustav Adolf von Götzen shine Bature na farko da ya gano tafkin. ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Lake Kivu from Sake, Goma, D R Congo File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== qntfyv5j5o2alhxv8bn2497xicahk58 875128 875123 2026-07-03T16:26:05Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hotuna */ 875128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tafkin Kivu,''' na ɗaya daga cikin manyan tabkunan [[Afirka]]. Tana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma tana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yammacin Gabashin [[Afirka]]. Tafkin Kivu ya fantsama cikin kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gangarowa kudu zuwa tafkin Tanganyika A shekara ta 1894, dan ƙasar [[Jamus]] mai bincike kuma jami'in Gustav Adolf von Götzen shine Bature na farko da ya gano tafkin. ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== rr7suaqoiw2b12ahpda20sxpva56b6z 875129 875128 2026-07-03T16:26:47Z Sirjat 20447 875129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== jkmqjgg6g1dga2icp7x2xuunlkwzh3g 875130 875129 2026-07-03T16:27:23Z Sirjat 20447 875130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== rw29x92bi013upybytdhwa9fsuf8pah 875131 875130 2026-07-03T16:27:46Z Sirjat 20447 875131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== q7eht2i7lykqebebjl33q1tp8iar20s 875133 875131 2026-07-03T16:28:10Z Sirjat 20447 875133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== 5twmgmkevit42wu6qllm0qvcc3vyrnf 875134 875133 2026-07-03T16:28:37Z Sirjat 20447 875134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== tpql4134wcu6ytb9p9r3r3v4usyh0mn 875136 875134 2026-07-03T16:28:46Z Sirjat 20447 /* Yanayin Kasa */ 875136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== c1ids6dmufduv2moaher2vy3sfpe058 875137 875136 2026-07-03T16:29:05Z Sirjat 20447 /* Yanayin Kasa */ 875137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== 9lfs5rofov63pfemvpy660rs1hpiszt 875138 875137 2026-07-03T16:29:23Z Sirjat 20447 /* Yanayin zaman jama'a */ 875138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== rzuhl3uneuxttaa68lhih54kof3no70 875139 875138 2026-07-03T16:29:44Z Sirjat 20447 /* Yanayin zaman jama'a */ 875139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== sdt7p213asrb5mxsgk5o3jjlc9frrvi 875140 875139 2026-07-03T16:30:07Z Sirjat 20447 /* Yanayin zaman jama'a */ 875140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== px44paywzrn5e3mxlg2gntnidl12loj 875142 875140 2026-07-03T16:30:30Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kemistri */ 875142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== 9gsdqviy9hfia3mmwontn3l3ckv5hj1 875143 875142 2026-07-03T16:30:52Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kemistri */ 875143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== eafk6aj6kdidaqm6mxrgzjimprro02t 875144 875143 2026-07-03T16:31:22Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kemistri */ 875144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== 8e5snnkjq2opbc9d8n26xoh9uvfe87s 875145 875144 2026-07-03T16:31:42Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kemistri */ 875145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== puvvlewkr0a7ehvqeekn5mb0plnsjbs 875146 875145 2026-07-03T16:32:07Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kemistri */ 875146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== 3fbcjzlp977hrjmse5beg34b434r3wl 875148 875146 2026-07-03T16:32:28Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kemistri */ 875148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu. ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== 2h7vvtn4mlj4s7huum0346px1kf1xwl 875150 875148 2026-07-03T16:32:48Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kemistri */ 875150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu. An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai. ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== ru0yfse7ji9rywd699vdjc3tl2hh4qs 875151 875150 2026-07-03T16:33:08Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kemistri */ 875151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu. An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai. Wannan matsalar da ke da alaka da yaduwar methane ita ce ta mazuku, kalmar Swahili da ke nufin "mummunar iska" don fitar da methane da carbon dioxide da ke kashe mutane da dabbobi, kuma tana iya kashe shuke-shuke lokacin da take da yawa. ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== a6ljrk1aqq36h9nokcyn7pdv2vkbph4 875152 875151 2026-07-03T16:33:29Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kemistri */ 875152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu. An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai. Wannan matsalar da ke da alaka da yaduwar methane ita ce ta mazuku, kalmar Swahili da ke nufin "mummunar iska" don fitar da methane da carbon dioxide da ke kashe mutane da dabbobi, kuma tana iya kashe shuke-shuke lokacin da take da yawa. ===Hakar Methane=== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Wani dandamalin hakar methane a Tabkin Kivu, Gisenyi, Ruwanda.|alt=]] ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== ir1hwvtlexkvsu1dv2snzd2m9y5z1zq 875154 875152 2026-07-03T16:33:53Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hakar Methane */ 875154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu. An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai. Wannan matsalar da ke da alaka da yaduwar methane ita ce ta mazuku, kalmar Swahili da ke nufin "mummunar iska" don fitar da methane da carbon dioxide da ke kashe mutane da dabbobi, kuma tana iya kashe shuke-shuke lokacin da take da yawa. ===Hakar Methane=== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Wani dandamalin hakar methane a Tabkin Kivu, Gisenyi, Ruwanda.|alt=]] Kwanan nan an gano cewa Tabkin Kivu yana dauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 55 na iskar gas mai narkewa a zurfin mita 300. Har zuwa shekarar 2004, ana gudanar da aikin hakar iskar gas ne a kan karamin sikeli, inda ake amfani da iskar gas din da aka hako wajen gudanar da tukunyar jirgi a kamfanin giya na Bralirwa a Gisenyi.<ref>[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm "Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007</ref><ref name=powerhouse>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm |title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse |date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-05 |author=Adam Mynott |work=BBC News}}</ref> Dangane da yin amfani da wannan albarkatun a kan babban sikeli, gwamnatin Ruwanda ta tattauna da bangarori da dama don hakar methane daga tabkin. ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== aawj481lku268ujym5sjnxauenpc6b9 875155 875154 2026-07-03T16:34:13Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hakar Methane */ 875155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu. An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai. Wannan matsalar da ke da alaka da yaduwar methane ita ce ta mazuku, kalmar Swahili da ke nufin "mummunar iska" don fitar da methane da carbon dioxide da ke kashe mutane da dabbobi, kuma tana iya kashe shuke-shuke lokacin da take da yawa. ===Hakar Methane=== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Wani dandamalin hakar methane a Tabkin Kivu, Gisenyi, Ruwanda.|alt=]] Kwanan nan an gano cewa Tabkin Kivu yana dauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 55 na iskar gas mai narkewa a zurfin mita 300. Har zuwa shekarar 2004, ana gudanar da aikin hakar iskar gas ne a kan karamin sikeli, inda ake amfani da iskar gas din da aka hako wajen gudanar da tukunyar jirgi a kamfanin giya na Bralirwa a Gisenyi.<ref>[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm "Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007</ref><ref name=powerhouse>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm |title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse |date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-05 |author=Adam Mynott |work=BBC News}}</ref> Dangane da yin amfani da wannan albarkatun a kan babban sikeli, gwamnatin Ruwanda ta tattauna da bangarori da dama don hakar methane daga tabkin. A shekarar 2011 ContourGlobal, wani kamfanin makamashi na kasar Burtaniya da ke mayar da hankali kan kasuwanni masu tasowa, ya sami tallafin kudi don kaddamar da babban aikin hakar methane. Ana gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar wata kungiyar Ruwanda ta cikin gida mai suna KivuWatt Power Station, ta yin amfani da dandamalin jirgin ruwa na teku don hako, rabuwa, da tsabtace iskar gas da aka samu daga kasan tabkin kafin a tura methane mai tsafta ta bututun karkashin ruwa zuwa injinan gas na kan gaba. An kammala matakin farko na aikin, wanda ke sarrafa injina guda uku a gabar tabkin da kuma samar da MW 26 na wutar lantarki ga grid na cikin gida. Mataki na gaba yana da nufin tura ƙarin injina guda tara a 75 MW don samar da jimillar ƙarfin 101 MW.<ref name="contourglobal">{{cite web|url=http://www.contourglobal.com/asset/kivuwatt|title=Assets: KivuWatt|publisher=ContourGlobal|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== 5o4evq2qly2bowau6fpntujg22lljok 875156 875155 2026-07-03T16:34:43Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hakar Methane */ 875156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu. An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai. Wannan matsalar da ke da alaka da yaduwar methane ita ce ta mazuku, kalmar Swahili da ke nufin "mummunar iska" don fitar da methane da carbon dioxide da ke kashe mutane da dabbobi, kuma tana iya kashe shuke-shuke lokacin da take da yawa. ===Hakar Methane=== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Wani dandamalin hakar methane a Tabkin Kivu, Gisenyi, Ruwanda.|alt=]] Kwanan nan an gano cewa Tabkin Kivu yana dauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 55 na iskar gas mai narkewa a zurfin mita 300. Har zuwa shekarar 2004, ana gudanar da aikin hakar iskar gas ne a kan karamin sikeli, inda ake amfani da iskar gas din da aka hako wajen gudanar da tukunyar jirgi a kamfanin giya na Bralirwa a Gisenyi.<ref>[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm "Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007</ref><ref name=powerhouse>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm |title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse |date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-05 |author=Adam Mynott |work=BBC News}}</ref> Dangane da yin amfani da wannan albarkatun a kan babban sikeli, gwamnatin Ruwanda ta tattauna da bangarori da dama don hakar methane daga tabkin. A shekarar 2011 ContourGlobal, wani kamfanin makamashi na kasar Burtaniya da ke mayar da hankali kan kasuwanni masu tasowa, ya sami tallafin kudi don kaddamar da babban aikin hakar methane. Ana gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar wata kungiyar Ruwanda ta cikin gida mai suna KivuWatt Power Station, ta yin amfani da dandamalin jirgin ruwa na teku don hako, rabuwa, da tsabtace iskar gas da aka samu daga kasan tabkin kafin a tura methane mai tsafta ta bututun karkashin ruwa zuwa injinan gas na kan gaba. An kammala matakin farko na aikin, wanda ke sarrafa injina guda uku a gabar tabkin da kuma samar da MW 26 na wutar lantarki ga grid na cikin gida. Mataki na gaba yana da nufin tura ƙarin injina guda tara a 75 MW don samar da jimillar ƙarfin 101 MW.<ref name="contourglobal">{{cite web|url=http://www.contourglobal.com/asset/kivuwatt|title=Assets: KivuWatt|publisher=ContourGlobal|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an bai wa Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited yarjejeniyar rangwame da yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki (PPA) a shekarar 2015, don samar da MW 50 na wutar lantarki ta amfani da methane na Tabkin Kivu. Ana sa ran za a fara aikin gine-gine a shekarar 2019, tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta farko (Mataki na 1 - 14 MW) a cikin kwata na farko na shekarar 2020. An tsara masana'antar ta fara aiki sosai a shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-05-04 |archive-date=2018-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505065702/http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/digital-transformation-1-1 |title=Energy Division |website=MININFRA |access-date=July 14, 2021}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== 6nw2e8a8hbgma2yqpngnb8rfueu0iu2 875157 875156 2026-07-03T16:35:05Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hakar Methane */ 875157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu. An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai. Wannan matsalar da ke da alaka da yaduwar methane ita ce ta mazuku, kalmar Swahili da ke nufin "mummunar iska" don fitar da methane da carbon dioxide da ke kashe mutane da dabbobi, kuma tana iya kashe shuke-shuke lokacin da take da yawa. ===Hakar Methane=== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Wani dandamalin hakar methane a Tabkin Kivu, Gisenyi, Ruwanda.|alt=]] Kwanan nan an gano cewa Tabkin Kivu yana dauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 55 na iskar gas mai narkewa a zurfin mita 300. Har zuwa shekarar 2004, ana gudanar da aikin hakar iskar gas ne a kan karamin sikeli, inda ake amfani da iskar gas din da aka hako wajen gudanar da tukunyar jirgi a kamfanin giya na Bralirwa a Gisenyi.<ref>[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm "Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007</ref><ref name=powerhouse>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm |title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse |date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-05 |author=Adam Mynott |work=BBC News}}</ref> Dangane da yin amfani da wannan albarkatun a kan babban sikeli, gwamnatin Ruwanda ta tattauna da bangarori da dama don hakar methane daga tabkin. A shekarar 2011 ContourGlobal, wani kamfanin makamashi na kasar Burtaniya da ke mayar da hankali kan kasuwanni masu tasowa, ya sami tallafin kudi don kaddamar da babban aikin hakar methane. Ana gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar wata kungiyar Ruwanda ta cikin gida mai suna KivuWatt Power Station, ta yin amfani da dandamalin jirgin ruwa na teku don hako, rabuwa, da tsabtace iskar gas da aka samu daga kasan tabkin kafin a tura methane mai tsafta ta bututun karkashin ruwa zuwa injinan gas na kan gaba. An kammala matakin farko na aikin, wanda ke sarrafa injina guda uku a gabar tabkin da kuma samar da MW 26 na wutar lantarki ga grid na cikin gida. Mataki na gaba yana da nufin tura ƙarin injina guda tara a 75 MW don samar da jimillar ƙarfin 101 MW.<ref name="contourglobal">{{cite web|url=http://www.contourglobal.com/asset/kivuwatt|title=Assets: KivuWatt|publisher=ContourGlobal|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an bai wa Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited yarjejeniyar rangwame da yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki (PPA) a shekarar 2015, don samar da MW 50 na wutar lantarki ta amfani da methane na Tabkin Kivu. Ana sa ran za a fara aikin gine-gine a shekarar 2019, tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta farko (Mataki na 1 - 14 MW) a cikin kwata na farko na shekarar 2020. An tsara masana'antar ta fara aiki sosai a shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-05-04 |archive-date=2018-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505065702/http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/digital-transformation-1-1 |title=Energy Division |website=MININFRA |access-date=July 14, 2021}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} Symbion Power ya sayi wani rangwame na karin MW 25 kuma a halin yanzu suna tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar PPA tare da Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwanda wanda zai iya ganin an aika MW 8 na wutar lantarki zuwa Grid watanni shida bayan an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar PPA. Wannan rangwame yana kan rukunin masana'antar gwaji ta farko da aka sani da KP1.{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== 8u53a13aqfc1uxba1gnfqm2qv0z3nz5 875159 875157 2026-07-03T16:35:28Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hakar Methane */ 875159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu. An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai. Wannan matsalar da ke da alaka da yaduwar methane ita ce ta mazuku, kalmar Swahili da ke nufin "mummunar iska" don fitar da methane da carbon dioxide da ke kashe mutane da dabbobi, kuma tana iya kashe shuke-shuke lokacin da take da yawa. ===Hakar Methane=== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Wani dandamalin hakar methane a Tabkin Kivu, Gisenyi, Ruwanda.|alt=]] Kwanan nan an gano cewa Tabkin Kivu yana dauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 55 na iskar gas mai narkewa a zurfin mita 300. Har zuwa shekarar 2004, ana gudanar da aikin hakar iskar gas ne a kan karamin sikeli, inda ake amfani da iskar gas din da aka hako wajen gudanar da tukunyar jirgi a kamfanin giya na Bralirwa a Gisenyi.<ref>[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm "Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007</ref><ref name=powerhouse>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm |title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse |date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-05 |author=Adam Mynott |work=BBC News}}</ref> Dangane da yin amfani da wannan albarkatun a kan babban sikeli, gwamnatin Ruwanda ta tattauna da bangarori da dama don hakar methane daga tabkin. A shekarar 2011 ContourGlobal, wani kamfanin makamashi na kasar Burtaniya da ke mayar da hankali kan kasuwanni masu tasowa, ya sami tallafin kudi don kaddamar da babban aikin hakar methane. Ana gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar wata kungiyar Ruwanda ta cikin gida mai suna KivuWatt Power Station, ta yin amfani da dandamalin jirgin ruwa na teku don hako, rabuwa, da tsabtace iskar gas da aka samu daga kasan tabkin kafin a tura methane mai tsafta ta bututun karkashin ruwa zuwa injinan gas na kan gaba. An kammala matakin farko na aikin, wanda ke sarrafa injina guda uku a gabar tabkin da kuma samar da MW 26 na wutar lantarki ga grid na cikin gida. Mataki na gaba yana da nufin tura ƙarin injina guda tara a 75 MW don samar da jimillar ƙarfin 101 MW.<ref name="contourglobal">{{cite web|url=http://www.contourglobal.com/asset/kivuwatt|title=Assets: KivuWatt|publisher=ContourGlobal|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an bai wa Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited yarjejeniyar rangwame da yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki (PPA) a shekarar 2015, don samar da MW 50 na wutar lantarki ta amfani da methane na Tabkin Kivu. Ana sa ran za a fara aikin gine-gine a shekarar 2019, tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta farko (Mataki na 1 - 14 MW) a cikin kwata na farko na shekarar 2020. An tsara masana'antar ta fara aiki sosai a shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-05-04 |archive-date=2018-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505065702/http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/digital-transformation-1-1 |title=Energy Division |website=MININFRA |access-date=July 14, 2021}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} Symbion Power ya sayi wani rangwame na karin MW 25 kuma a halin yanzu suna tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar PPA tare da Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwanda wanda zai iya ganin an aika MW 8 na wutar lantarki zuwa Grid watanni shida bayan an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar PPA. Wannan rangwame yana kan rukunin masana'antar gwaji ta farko da aka sani da KP1.{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} Baya ga kula da hakar iskar gas, KivuWatt kuma zai kula da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki da kuma sayar da wutar lantarki ga gwamnatin Ruwanda a karkashin sharuddan yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki na dogon lokaci (PPA). Wannan yana bawa KivuWatt damar sarrafa hadakar makamashi na tsaye daga wurin hakar zuwa wurin sayarwa zuwa cikin grid na cikin gida. An ce hakar tana da tasiri sosai kuma mai sauki ce saboda da zarar an tura ruwan mai dauke da iskar gas sama, iskar gas din da ke narke (musamman carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide da methane) suna fara kumfa yayin da matsin ruwan ke raguwa. Ana sa ran wannan aikin zai kara karfin samar da makamashi na Ruwanda har sau 20, kuma zai bai wa Ruwanda damar sayar da wutar lantarki ga kasashen Afirka makwabta.<ref name=powerhouse /> An ba kamfanin kyautar yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki ta Afirka ta shekarar 2011 saboda kirkire-kirkire a cikin tsare-tsaren samar da kudi da ta samu daga kafofi daban-daban don aikin KivuWatt.<ref>{{cite web|title= Methane gas project gets global award|url=http://rwandaenergy.com/2012/02/rwanda-methane-gas-project-gets-global-award/|publisher= www.rwandaenergy.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= African power deal of the year 2011 KivuWatt |url=http://www.projectfinancemagazine.com/Article/2974654/Search-Results/African-Power-Deal-of-the-Year-2011-KivuWatt.html?PartialFields=(CATEGORY_448_IDS%3a).(CATEGORY_904_IDS%3a14673)&OrderType=1&DisplaySearchTerms=true|publisher=www.projectfinancemagazine.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> Masana'antar wutar lantarki ta dala miliyan 200 tana aiki a 26 MW a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/05/16/160192/rwanda-inaugurates-groundbreaking-methane-power-project/|title=Rwanda Inaugurates Groundbreaking Methane Power Project|website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== fvqcmlvrk90jk6ddwxvm7vv5ti7y8xe 875161 875159 2026-07-03T16:35:52Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hakar Methane */ 875161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu. An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai. Wannan matsalar da ke da alaka da yaduwar methane ita ce ta mazuku, kalmar Swahili da ke nufin "mummunar iska" don fitar da methane da carbon dioxide da ke kashe mutane da dabbobi, kuma tana iya kashe shuke-shuke lokacin da take da yawa. ===Hakar Methane=== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Wani dandamalin hakar methane a Tabkin Kivu, Gisenyi, Ruwanda.|alt=]] Kwanan nan an gano cewa Tabkin Kivu yana dauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 55 na iskar gas mai narkewa a zurfin mita 300. Har zuwa shekarar 2004, ana gudanar da aikin hakar iskar gas ne a kan karamin sikeli, inda ake amfani da iskar gas din da aka hako wajen gudanar da tukunyar jirgi a kamfanin giya na Bralirwa a Gisenyi.<ref>[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm "Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007</ref><ref name=powerhouse>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm |title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse |date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-05 |author=Adam Mynott |work=BBC News}}</ref> Dangane da yin amfani da wannan albarkatun a kan babban sikeli, gwamnatin Ruwanda ta tattauna da bangarori da dama don hakar methane daga tabkin. A shekarar 2011 ContourGlobal, wani kamfanin makamashi na kasar Burtaniya da ke mayar da hankali kan kasuwanni masu tasowa, ya sami tallafin kudi don kaddamar da babban aikin hakar methane. Ana gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar wata kungiyar Ruwanda ta cikin gida mai suna KivuWatt Power Station, ta yin amfani da dandamalin jirgin ruwa na teku don hako, rabuwa, da tsabtace iskar gas da aka samu daga kasan tabkin kafin a tura methane mai tsafta ta bututun karkashin ruwa zuwa injinan gas na kan gaba. An kammala matakin farko na aikin, wanda ke sarrafa injina guda uku a gabar tabkin da kuma samar da MW 26 na wutar lantarki ga grid na cikin gida. Mataki na gaba yana da nufin tura ƙarin injina guda tara a 75 MW don samar da jimillar ƙarfin 101 MW.<ref name="contourglobal">{{cite web|url=http://www.contourglobal.com/asset/kivuwatt|title=Assets: KivuWatt|publisher=ContourGlobal|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an bai wa Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited yarjejeniyar rangwame da yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki (PPA) a shekarar 2015, don samar da MW 50 na wutar lantarki ta amfani da methane na Tabkin Kivu. Ana sa ran za a fara aikin gine-gine a shekarar 2019, tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta farko (Mataki na 1 - 14 MW) a cikin kwata na farko na shekarar 2020. An tsara masana'antar ta fara aiki sosai a shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-05-04 |archive-date=2018-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505065702/http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/digital-transformation-1-1 |title=Energy Division |website=MININFRA |access-date=July 14, 2021}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} Symbion Power ya sayi wani rangwame na karin MW 25 kuma a halin yanzu suna tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar PPA tare da Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwanda wanda zai iya ganin an aika MW 8 na wutar lantarki zuwa Grid watanni shida bayan an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar PPA. Wannan rangwame yana kan rukunin masana'antar gwaji ta farko da aka sani da KP1.{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} Baya ga kula da hakar iskar gas, KivuWatt kuma zai kula da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki da kuma sayar da wutar lantarki ga gwamnatin Ruwanda a karkashin sharuddan yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki na dogon lokaci (PPA). Wannan yana bawa KivuWatt damar sarrafa hadakar makamashi na tsaye daga wurin hakar zuwa wurin sayarwa zuwa cikin grid na cikin gida. An ce hakar tana da tasiri sosai kuma mai sauki ce saboda da zarar an tura ruwan mai dauke da iskar gas sama, iskar gas din da ke narke (musamman carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide da methane) suna fara kumfa yayin da matsin ruwan ke raguwa. Ana sa ran wannan aikin zai kara karfin samar da makamashi na Ruwanda har sau 20, kuma zai bai wa Ruwanda damar sayar da wutar lantarki ga kasashen Afirka makwabta.<ref name=powerhouse /> An ba kamfanin kyautar yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki ta Afirka ta shekarar 2011 saboda kirkire-kirkire a cikin tsare-tsaren samar da kudi da ta samu daga kafofi daban-daban don aikin KivuWatt.<ref>{{cite web|title= Methane gas project gets global award|url=http://rwandaenergy.com/2012/02/rwanda-methane-gas-project-gets-global-award/|publisher= www.rwandaenergy.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= African power deal of the year 2011 KivuWatt |url=http://www.projectfinancemagazine.com/Article/2974654/Search-Results/African-Power-Deal-of-the-Year-2011-KivuWatt.html?PartialFields=(CATEGORY_448_IDS%3a).(CATEGORY_904_IDS%3a14673)&OrderType=1&DisplaySearchTerms=true|publisher=www.projectfinancemagazine.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> Masana'antar wutar lantarki ta dala miliyan 200 tana aiki a 26 MW a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/05/16/160192/rwanda-inaugurates-groundbreaking-methane-power-project/|title=Rwanda Inaugurates Groundbreaking Methane Power Project|website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> ==Ilimin Halittu da Kamun Kifi== [[Image:Lake Kivu, boats.jpg|thumb|Jiragen kamun kifi a Tabkin Kivu, 2009]] [[File:An aerial of Paradis Malahide island in Lake Kivu with the area of 2,700 km². Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Tsibirin Paradis Malahide a cikin tabkin]] [[File:View of the sky and its reflection on Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Hasken sararin samaniya yana bayyana a saman Tabkin Kivu]] Kifin da ke cikin Tabkin Kivu yana da karanci sosai tare da nau'ikan nau'o'i 28 da aka bayyana, ciki har da nau'ikan nau'o'i hudu da aka shigo da su.<ref name=FishSnoeks>{{cite journal |last1=Snoeks |first1=J |last2=De Vos |first2=L. |last3=Thys van den Audenaerde |first3=D. |date=1997 |title=The ichthyogeography of lake Kivu |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=93 |pages=579–584}}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== nbulksjx174838qbpxs8q06j9dfz52s 875162 875161 2026-07-03T16:38:22Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ilimin Halittu da Kamun Kifi */ 875162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu. An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai. Wannan matsalar da ke da alaka da yaduwar methane ita ce ta mazuku, kalmar Swahili da ke nufin "mummunar iska" don fitar da methane da carbon dioxide da ke kashe mutane da dabbobi, kuma tana iya kashe shuke-shuke lokacin da take da yawa. ===Hakar Methane=== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Wani dandamalin hakar methane a Tabkin Kivu, Gisenyi, Ruwanda.|alt=]] Kwanan nan an gano cewa Tabkin Kivu yana dauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 55 na iskar gas mai narkewa a zurfin mita 300. Har zuwa shekarar 2004, ana gudanar da aikin hakar iskar gas ne a kan karamin sikeli, inda ake amfani da iskar gas din da aka hako wajen gudanar da tukunyar jirgi a kamfanin giya na Bralirwa a Gisenyi.<ref>[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm "Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007</ref><ref name=powerhouse>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm |title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse |date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-05 |author=Adam Mynott |work=BBC News}}</ref> Dangane da yin amfani da wannan albarkatun a kan babban sikeli, gwamnatin Ruwanda ta tattauna da bangarori da dama don hakar methane daga tabkin. A shekarar 2011 ContourGlobal, wani kamfanin makamashi na kasar Burtaniya da ke mayar da hankali kan kasuwanni masu tasowa, ya sami tallafin kudi don kaddamar da babban aikin hakar methane. Ana gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar wata kungiyar Ruwanda ta cikin gida mai suna KivuWatt Power Station, ta yin amfani da dandamalin jirgin ruwa na teku don hako, rabuwa, da tsabtace iskar gas da aka samu daga kasan tabkin kafin a tura methane mai tsafta ta bututun karkashin ruwa zuwa injinan gas na kan gaba. An kammala matakin farko na aikin, wanda ke sarrafa injina guda uku a gabar tabkin da kuma samar da MW 26 na wutar lantarki ga grid na cikin gida. Mataki na gaba yana da nufin tura ƙarin injina guda tara a 75 MW don samar da jimillar ƙarfin 101 MW.<ref name="contourglobal">{{cite web|url=http://www.contourglobal.com/asset/kivuwatt|title=Assets: KivuWatt|publisher=ContourGlobal|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an bai wa Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited yarjejeniyar rangwame da yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki (PPA) a shekarar 2015, don samar da MW 50 na wutar lantarki ta amfani da methane na Tabkin Kivu. Ana sa ran za a fara aikin gine-gine a shekarar 2019, tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta farko (Mataki na 1 - 14 MW) a cikin kwata na farko na shekarar 2020. An tsara masana'antar ta fara aiki sosai a shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-05-04 |archive-date=2018-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505065702/http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/digital-transformation-1-1 |title=Energy Division |website=MININFRA |access-date=July 14, 2021}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} Symbion Power ya sayi wani rangwame na karin MW 25 kuma a halin yanzu suna tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar PPA tare da Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwanda wanda zai iya ganin an aika MW 8 na wutar lantarki zuwa Grid watanni shida bayan an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar PPA. Wannan rangwame yana kan rukunin masana'antar gwaji ta farko da aka sani da KP1.{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} Baya ga kula da hakar iskar gas, KivuWatt kuma zai kula da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki da kuma sayar da wutar lantarki ga gwamnatin Ruwanda a karkashin sharuddan yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki na dogon lokaci (PPA). Wannan yana bawa KivuWatt damar sarrafa hadakar makamashi na tsaye daga wurin hakar zuwa wurin sayarwa zuwa cikin grid na cikin gida. An ce hakar tana da tasiri sosai kuma mai sauki ce saboda da zarar an tura ruwan mai dauke da iskar gas sama, iskar gas din da ke narke (musamman carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide da methane) suna fara kumfa yayin da matsin ruwan ke raguwa. Ana sa ran wannan aikin zai kara karfin samar da makamashi na Ruwanda har sau 20, kuma zai bai wa Ruwanda damar sayar da wutar lantarki ga kasashen Afirka makwabta.<ref name=powerhouse /> An ba kamfanin kyautar yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki ta Afirka ta shekarar 2011 saboda kirkire-kirkire a cikin tsare-tsaren samar da kudi da ta samu daga kafofi daban-daban don aikin KivuWatt.<ref>{{cite web|title= Methane gas project gets global award|url=http://rwandaenergy.com/2012/02/rwanda-methane-gas-project-gets-global-award/|publisher= www.rwandaenergy.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= African power deal of the year 2011 KivuWatt |url=http://www.projectfinancemagazine.com/Article/2974654/Search-Results/African-Power-Deal-of-the-Year-2011-KivuWatt.html?PartialFields=(CATEGORY_448_IDS%3a).(CATEGORY_904_IDS%3a14673)&OrderType=1&DisplaySearchTerms=true|publisher=www.projectfinancemagazine.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> Masana'antar wutar lantarki ta dala miliyan 200 tana aiki a 26 MW a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/05/16/160192/rwanda-inaugurates-groundbreaking-methane-power-project/|title=Rwanda Inaugurates Groundbreaking Methane Power Project|website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> ==Ilimin Halittu da Kamun Kifi== [[Image:Lake Kivu, boats.jpg|thumb|Jiragen kamun kifi a Tabkin Kivu, 2009]] [[File:An aerial of Paradis Malahide island in Lake Kivu with the area of 2,700 km². Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Tsibirin Paradis Malahide a cikin tabkin]] [[File:View of the sky and its reflection on Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Hasken sararin samaniya yana bayyana a saman Tabkin Kivu]] Kifin da ke cikin Tabkin Kivu yana da karanci sosai tare da nau'ikan nau'o'i 28 da aka bayyana, ciki har da nau'ikan nau'o'i hudu da aka shigo da su.<ref name=FishSnoeks>{{cite journal |last1=Snoeks |first1=J |last2=De Vos |first2=L. |last3=Thys van den Audenaerde |first3=D. |date=1997 |title=The ichthyogeography of lake Kivu |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=93 |pages=579–584}}</ref> ==Tsibiri== * [[Idjwi]] (ɓangaren [[Idjwi]], [[South Kivu Province]]) * [[Nyamunini]] (an Kuma sanshi da tsibirin Napoleon) * [[Amahoro]] * [[Iwawa]] ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== ao7owgrkh20egs8fpmuru75miw5mypu 875163 875162 2026-07-03T16:38:55Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ilimin Halittu da Kamun Kifi */ 875163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu. An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai. Wannan matsalar da ke da alaka da yaduwar methane ita ce ta mazuku, kalmar Swahili da ke nufin "mummunar iska" don fitar da methane da carbon dioxide da ke kashe mutane da dabbobi, kuma tana iya kashe shuke-shuke lokacin da take da yawa. ===Hakar Methane=== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Wani dandamalin hakar methane a Tabkin Kivu, Gisenyi, Ruwanda.|alt=]] Kwanan nan an gano cewa Tabkin Kivu yana dauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 55 na iskar gas mai narkewa a zurfin mita 300. Har zuwa shekarar 2004, ana gudanar da aikin hakar iskar gas ne a kan karamin sikeli, inda ake amfani da iskar gas din da aka hako wajen gudanar da tukunyar jirgi a kamfanin giya na Bralirwa a Gisenyi.<ref>[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm "Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007</ref><ref name=powerhouse>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm |title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse |date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-05 |author=Adam Mynott |work=BBC News}}</ref> Dangane da yin amfani da wannan albarkatun a kan babban sikeli, gwamnatin Ruwanda ta tattauna da bangarori da dama don hakar methane daga tabkin. A shekarar 2011 ContourGlobal, wani kamfanin makamashi na kasar Burtaniya da ke mayar da hankali kan kasuwanni masu tasowa, ya sami tallafin kudi don kaddamar da babban aikin hakar methane. Ana gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar wata kungiyar Ruwanda ta cikin gida mai suna KivuWatt Power Station, ta yin amfani da dandamalin jirgin ruwa na teku don hako, rabuwa, da tsabtace iskar gas da aka samu daga kasan tabkin kafin a tura methane mai tsafta ta bututun karkashin ruwa zuwa injinan gas na kan gaba. An kammala matakin farko na aikin, wanda ke sarrafa injina guda uku a gabar tabkin da kuma samar da MW 26 na wutar lantarki ga grid na cikin gida. Mataki na gaba yana da nufin tura ƙarin injina guda tara a 75 MW don samar da jimillar ƙarfin 101 MW.<ref name="contourglobal">{{cite web|url=http://www.contourglobal.com/asset/kivuwatt|title=Assets: KivuWatt|publisher=ContourGlobal|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an bai wa Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited yarjejeniyar rangwame da yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki (PPA) a shekarar 2015, don samar da MW 50 na wutar lantarki ta amfani da methane na Tabkin Kivu. Ana sa ran za a fara aikin gine-gine a shekarar 2019, tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta farko (Mataki na 1 - 14 MW) a cikin kwata na farko na shekarar 2020. An tsara masana'antar ta fara aiki sosai a shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-05-04 |archive-date=2018-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505065702/http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/digital-transformation-1-1 |title=Energy Division |website=MININFRA |access-date=July 14, 2021}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} Symbion Power ya sayi wani rangwame na karin MW 25 kuma a halin yanzu suna tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar PPA tare da Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwanda wanda zai iya ganin an aika MW 8 na wutar lantarki zuwa Grid watanni shida bayan an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar PPA. Wannan rangwame yana kan rukunin masana'antar gwaji ta farko da aka sani da KP1.{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} Baya ga kula da hakar iskar gas, KivuWatt kuma zai kula da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki da kuma sayar da wutar lantarki ga gwamnatin Ruwanda a karkashin sharuddan yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki na dogon lokaci (PPA). Wannan yana bawa KivuWatt damar sarrafa hadakar makamashi na tsaye daga wurin hakar zuwa wurin sayarwa zuwa cikin grid na cikin gida. An ce hakar tana da tasiri sosai kuma mai sauki ce saboda da zarar an tura ruwan mai dauke da iskar gas sama, iskar gas din da ke narke (musamman carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide da methane) suna fara kumfa yayin da matsin ruwan ke raguwa. Ana sa ran wannan aikin zai kara karfin samar da makamashi na Ruwanda har sau 20, kuma zai bai wa Ruwanda damar sayar da wutar lantarki ga kasashen Afirka makwabta.<ref name=powerhouse /> An ba kamfanin kyautar yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki ta Afirka ta shekarar 2011 saboda kirkire-kirkire a cikin tsare-tsaren samar da kudi da ta samu daga kafofi daban-daban don aikin KivuWatt.<ref>{{cite web|title= Methane gas project gets global award|url=http://rwandaenergy.com/2012/02/rwanda-methane-gas-project-gets-global-award/|publisher= www.rwandaenergy.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= African power deal of the year 2011 KivuWatt |url=http://www.projectfinancemagazine.com/Article/2974654/Search-Results/African-Power-Deal-of-the-Year-2011-KivuWatt.html?PartialFields=(CATEGORY_448_IDS%3a).(CATEGORY_904_IDS%3a14673)&OrderType=1&DisplaySearchTerms=true|publisher=www.projectfinancemagazine.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> Masana'antar wutar lantarki ta dala miliyan 200 tana aiki a 26 MW a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/05/16/160192/rwanda-inaugurates-groundbreaking-methane-power-project/|title=Rwanda Inaugurates Groundbreaking Methane Power Project|website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> ==Ilimin Halittu da Kamun Kifi== [[Image:Lake Kivu, boats.jpg|thumb|Jiragen kamun kifi a Tabkin Kivu, 2009]] [[File:An aerial of Paradis Malahide island in Lake Kivu with the area of 2,700 km². Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Tsibirin Paradis Malahide a cikin tabkin]] [[File:View of the sky and its reflection on Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Hasken sararin samaniya yana bayyana a saman Tabkin Kivu]] Kifin da ke cikin Tabkin Kivu yana da karanci sosai tare da nau'ikan nau'o'i 28 da aka bayyana, ciki har da nau'ikan nau'o'i hudu da aka shigo da su.<ref name=FishSnoeks>{{cite journal |last1=Snoeks |first1=J |last2=De Vos |first2=L. |last3=Thys van den Audenaerde |first3=D. |date=1997 |title=The ichthyogeography of lake Kivu |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=93 |pages=579–584}}</ref> Kifin na asali sune kifin minnow na Tabkin Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), nau'ikan kifin barb guda hudu (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, kifin barb mai jan fika na Gabashin Afirka, Enteromius apleurogramma, kifin barb mai jan digo, E. kerstenii da kifin barb na Pellegrin, E. pellegrini), kifin kifi na Amphilius, nau'ikan kifin kifi na Clarias guda biyu (C. liocephalus da C. gariepinus), kifin tilapiar Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) da kuma nau'ikan kifin Haplochromis cichlids guda 15 dake yankin kawai.<ref name=FishSnoeks/> Kimanin wasu nau'ikan cichlids 20 da watakila ba a riga tsara bayanansu ba an san su a tabkin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=J. |year=2013 |title=How many species are there in Lake Kivu? |url=https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_userprofiles/upload/walkerjo/Bachelor_Thesis_Jonas_Walker_August_2013_Lake_Kivu.pdf |publisher=University of Bern|journal=Institute of Ecology and Evolution}}</ref> Nau'ikan da aka shigo da su sun hada da cichlids guda uku, tilapiar longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapiar mai dagon shudi (O. leucostictus) da tilapiar mai jan gaba (Coptodon rendalli), sai kuma kifin clupeid, sardine na Tabkin Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon).<ref name=FishSnoeks/><ref name="Collart">{{cite journal |last=Collart |first=A. |title=L'introduction du 'Stolothrissa tanganicae' (Ndagala) au lac Kivu |language=French |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge |volume=51 |issue=4 |date=1960 |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11887 |series=Hosted at Agricultural Research Archive for DRC, Rwanda and Burundi, 1885-1960}}</ref><ref name="Capart">{{cite journal |last=Capart |first=A. |title=A propos de l'introduction du Ndakala (Stolothrissa tanganikae) dans le lac Kivu |language=French |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Burundi |volume=50 |issue=4 |date=1959 |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11546}}</ref> ==Tsibiri== * [[Idjwi]] (ɓangaren [[Idjwi]], [[South Kivu Province]]) * [[Nyamunini]] (an Kuma sanshi da tsibirin Napoleon) * [[Amahoro]] * [[Iwawa]] ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== r0ea8sv47p2s05bm5p5sl0xth2p0hvn 875164 875163 2026-07-03T16:39:15Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ilimin Halittu da Kamun Kifi */ 875164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu. An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai. Wannan matsalar da ke da alaka da yaduwar methane ita ce ta mazuku, kalmar Swahili da ke nufin "mummunar iska" don fitar da methane da carbon dioxide da ke kashe mutane da dabbobi, kuma tana iya kashe shuke-shuke lokacin da take da yawa. ===Hakar Methane=== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Wani dandamalin hakar methane a Tabkin Kivu, Gisenyi, Ruwanda.|alt=]] Kwanan nan an gano cewa Tabkin Kivu yana dauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 55 na iskar gas mai narkewa a zurfin mita 300. Har zuwa shekarar 2004, ana gudanar da aikin hakar iskar gas ne a kan karamin sikeli, inda ake amfani da iskar gas din da aka hako wajen gudanar da tukunyar jirgi a kamfanin giya na Bralirwa a Gisenyi.<ref>[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm "Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007</ref><ref name=powerhouse>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm |title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse |date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-05 |author=Adam Mynott |work=BBC News}}</ref> Dangane da yin amfani da wannan albarkatun a kan babban sikeli, gwamnatin Ruwanda ta tattauna da bangarori da dama don hakar methane daga tabkin. A shekarar 2011 ContourGlobal, wani kamfanin makamashi na kasar Burtaniya da ke mayar da hankali kan kasuwanni masu tasowa, ya sami tallafin kudi don kaddamar da babban aikin hakar methane. Ana gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar wata kungiyar Ruwanda ta cikin gida mai suna KivuWatt Power Station, ta yin amfani da dandamalin jirgin ruwa na teku don hako, rabuwa, da tsabtace iskar gas da aka samu daga kasan tabkin kafin a tura methane mai tsafta ta bututun karkashin ruwa zuwa injinan gas na kan gaba. An kammala matakin farko na aikin, wanda ke sarrafa injina guda uku a gabar tabkin da kuma samar da MW 26 na wutar lantarki ga grid na cikin gida. Mataki na gaba yana da nufin tura ƙarin injina guda tara a 75 MW don samar da jimillar ƙarfin 101 MW.<ref name="contourglobal">{{cite web|url=http://www.contourglobal.com/asset/kivuwatt|title=Assets: KivuWatt|publisher=ContourGlobal|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an bai wa Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited yarjejeniyar rangwame da yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki (PPA) a shekarar 2015, don samar da MW 50 na wutar lantarki ta amfani da methane na Tabkin Kivu. Ana sa ran za a fara aikin gine-gine a shekarar 2019, tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta farko (Mataki na 1 - 14 MW) a cikin kwata na farko na shekarar 2020. An tsara masana'antar ta fara aiki sosai a shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-05-04 |archive-date=2018-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505065702/http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/digital-transformation-1-1 |title=Energy Division |website=MININFRA |access-date=July 14, 2021}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} Symbion Power ya sayi wani rangwame na karin MW 25 kuma a halin yanzu suna tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar PPA tare da Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwanda wanda zai iya ganin an aika MW 8 na wutar lantarki zuwa Grid watanni shida bayan an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar PPA. Wannan rangwame yana kan rukunin masana'antar gwaji ta farko da aka sani da KP1.{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} Baya ga kula da hakar iskar gas, KivuWatt kuma zai kula da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki da kuma sayar da wutar lantarki ga gwamnatin Ruwanda a karkashin sharuddan yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki na dogon lokaci (PPA). Wannan yana bawa KivuWatt damar sarrafa hadakar makamashi na tsaye daga wurin hakar zuwa wurin sayarwa zuwa cikin grid na cikin gida. An ce hakar tana da tasiri sosai kuma mai sauki ce saboda da zarar an tura ruwan mai dauke da iskar gas sama, iskar gas din da ke narke (musamman carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide da methane) suna fara kumfa yayin da matsin ruwan ke raguwa. Ana sa ran wannan aikin zai kara karfin samar da makamashi na Ruwanda har sau 20, kuma zai bai wa Ruwanda damar sayar da wutar lantarki ga kasashen Afirka makwabta.<ref name=powerhouse /> An ba kamfanin kyautar yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki ta Afirka ta shekarar 2011 saboda kirkire-kirkire a cikin tsare-tsaren samar da kudi da ta samu daga kafofi daban-daban don aikin KivuWatt.<ref>{{cite web|title= Methane gas project gets global award|url=http://rwandaenergy.com/2012/02/rwanda-methane-gas-project-gets-global-award/|publisher= www.rwandaenergy.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= African power deal of the year 2011 KivuWatt |url=http://www.projectfinancemagazine.com/Article/2974654/Search-Results/African-Power-Deal-of-the-Year-2011-KivuWatt.html?PartialFields=(CATEGORY_448_IDS%3a).(CATEGORY_904_IDS%3a14673)&OrderType=1&DisplaySearchTerms=true|publisher=www.projectfinancemagazine.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> Masana'antar wutar lantarki ta dala miliyan 200 tana aiki a 26 MW a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/05/16/160192/rwanda-inaugurates-groundbreaking-methane-power-project/|title=Rwanda Inaugurates Groundbreaking Methane Power Project|website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> ==Ilimin Halittu da Kamun Kifi== [[Image:Lake Kivu, boats.jpg|thumb|Jiragen kamun kifi a Tabkin Kivu, 2009]] [[File:An aerial of Paradis Malahide island in Lake Kivu with the area of 2,700 km². Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Tsibirin Paradis Malahide a cikin tabkin]] [[File:View of the sky and its reflection on Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Hasken sararin samaniya yana bayyana a saman Tabkin Kivu]] Kifin da ke cikin Tabkin Kivu yana da karanci sosai tare da nau'ikan nau'o'i 28 da aka bayyana, ciki har da nau'ikan nau'o'i hudu da aka shigo da su.<ref name=FishSnoeks>{{cite journal |last1=Snoeks |first1=J |last2=De Vos |first2=L. |last3=Thys van den Audenaerde |first3=D. |date=1997 |title=The ichthyogeography of lake Kivu |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=93 |pages=579–584}}</ref> Kifin na asali sune kifin minnow na Tabkin Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), nau'ikan kifin barb guda hudu (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, kifin barb mai jan fika na Gabashin Afirka, Enteromius apleurogramma, kifin barb mai jan digo, E. kerstenii da kifin barb na Pellegrin, E. pellegrini), kifin kifi na Amphilius, nau'ikan kifin kifi na Clarias guda biyu (C. liocephalus da C. gariepinus), kifin tilapiar Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) da kuma nau'ikan kifin Haplochromis cichlids guda 15 dake yankin kawai.<ref name=FishSnoeks/> Kimanin wasu nau'ikan cichlids 20 da watakila ba a riga tsara bayanansu ba an san su a tabkin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=J. |year=2013 |title=How many species are there in Lake Kivu? |url=https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_userprofiles/upload/walkerjo/Bachelor_Thesis_Jonas_Walker_August_2013_Lake_Kivu.pdf |publisher=University of Bern|journal=Institute of Ecology and Evolution}}</ref> Nau'ikan da aka shigo da su sun hada da cichlids guda uku, tilapiar longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapiar mai dagon shudi (O. leucostictus) da tilapiar mai jan gaba (Coptodon rendalli), sai kuma kifin clupeid, sardine na Tabkin Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon).<ref name=FishSnoeks/><ref name="Collart">{{cite journal |last=Collart |first=A. |title=L'introduction du 'Stolothrissa tanganicae' (Ndagala) au lac Kivu |language=French |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge |volume=51 |issue=4 |date=1960 |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11887 |series=Hosted at Agricultural Research Archive for DRC, Rwanda and Burundi, 1885-1960}}</ref><ref name="Capart">{{cite journal |last=Capart |first=A. |title=A propos de l'introduction du Ndakala (Stolothrissa tanganikae) dans le lac Kivu |language=French |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Burundi |volume=50 |issue=4 |date=1959 |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11546}}</ref> Ana kiran sardine din a cikin gida da 'Ndagala' ko 'Isambaza'.<ref name="Collart 1989">{{cite book |first=Alphonse |last=Collart |date=June 1989 |chapter=Introduction et acclimatation de l'Isambaza du lac Tanganyika au lac Kivu |title=Compte rendu du seminaire trente ans apres l'introduction de l'Isambaza au lac Kivu (RWA/87/012/DOC/TR/16) |url=https://www.fao.org/3/AD174F/AD174F00.htm#TOC |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |language=French |place=Gisenyi, Rwanda}}</ref> Adadin sardine na Tabkin Tanganyika da za a iya kamawa an kiyasta ya kai tan 2000 zuwa 4000 duk shekara.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Marshall|first=B. E.|title=Seasonal and annual variations in the abundance of the clupeid Limnothrissa miodon in lake Kivu|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|year=1991|volume=39|issue=5|pages=641–648|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04394.x|bibcode=1991JFBio..39..641M }}</ref> Masanin aikin gona na kasar Belgium Alphonse Collart ne ya shigar da shi Tabkin Kivu a karshen shekarar 1959.<ref name="Collart" /><ref name="Capart" /> Kokarin shigar da irin kifin sprat na Tabkin Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) a lokaci guda bai yi nasara ba.<ref name="Collart 1989" /> A halin yanzu, Tabkin Kivu ne kadai tabki na halitta wanda aka shigar da L. miodon, wato sardine wanda asali ya takaitu a Tabkin Tanganyika, da farko don cike gurbi da babu kowa a ciki. Kafin shigarwar, babu kifin planktivorous da ke cikin ruwan pelagic na Tabkin Kivu. A farkon shekarun 1990, yawan masunta a tabkin ya kai 6,563, wadanda 3,027 daga cikinsu ke da alaka da kamun kifi na pelagic sune kuma 3,536 ke da alaka da kamun kifi na gargajiya. Mummunan rikicin makami da ya bazu a yankin tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ya haifar da raguwar abun da ake samu na kamun kifi.<ref name="FAO">{{Cite web |date=January 2001 |title=INFORMATION ON FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO |url=https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315065154/https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |archive-date=March 15, 2006 |access-date=June 26, 2023 |website=fao.org}}</ref> Bayan wannan shigarwa, sardine din ya sami gagarumin muhimmanci na tattalin arziki da abinci ga mazauna gabar tabkin amma ta fuskar tsarin halitta, shigar da kifin planktivorous na iya haifar da gagaruman canje-canje na tsarin al'ummar plankton. Abubuwan da aka lura kwanan nan sun nuna bacewar babban mai kiwo, Daphnia curvirostris, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, da kuma mamaye al'ummar mesozooplankton ta nau'ikan copepod na cyclopoid guda uku: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis da Tropocyclops confinis.<ref>{{cite book|last=Isumbisho|first=M|title=Zooplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa)|year=2006|publisher=University of Namur|location=Belgium|isbn=978-2-87037-534-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Isumbisho |first1=M. |last2=Sarmento |first2=H. |last3=Kaningini |first3=B. |last4=Micha |first4=J.-C. |last5=Descy |first5=J.-P. |date=2006 |title=Zooplankton of Lake Kivu, East Africa, half a century after the Tanganyika sardine introduction |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl032 |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=971–989 |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |doi-access=free |archive-date=2012-03-12 |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312092135/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fitar da cikakken binciken farko na phytoplankton a shekarar 2006.<ref name="Sarmento 2006">{{cite book|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa)|year=2006|publisher=University of Namur|location=Belgium|isbn=978-2-87037-532-7|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-date=2016-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117042508/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tare da matsakaicin chlorophyll na shekara-shekara a cikin gaurayawan Layer na 2.2 mg m−3 da ƙananan matakan gina jiki a cikin yankin euphotic, tabkin a fili yake na oligotrophic. Diatoms sune rukunin da suka mamaye tabkin, musamman a lokacin rani na haduwar ruwa mai zurfi. Lokacin damina, rukunin ruwan da ke da haske mai yawa da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, yana ba da fifiko ga mamaye cyanobacteria tare da adadi mai yawa na picoplankton phototrophic.<ref name="Sarmento 2006"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|author2=Isumbisho, M|author3=Descy, JP|title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa)|journal=Journal of Plankton Research|year=2006|volume=28|issue=9|pages=815–829|doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl017|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|doi-access=free|archive-date=2015-09-24|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032642/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Abundance and distribution of picoplankton in tropical, oligotrophic Lake Kivu, eastern Africa|journal=Freshwater Biology|year=2008|volume=53|issue=4|pages=756–771|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01939.x|bibcode=2008FrBio..53..756S |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202008_Freshwater%20Biol_Tropical%20picoplankton.pdf|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Species diversity of pelagic algae of Lake Kivu (East Africa)|journal=Cryptogamie-Algologie|year=2007|volume=28|issue=3|pages=245:269|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|display-authors=etal|archive-date=2015-09-24|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032655/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haƙiƙanin samarwa na farko shine 0.71 g C m−2 d−1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a−1).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa): biomass, production and elemental ratios|journal=International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, Vol 30, Pt 5, Proceedings|year=2009|volume=30|issue=5|pages=709–713|doi=10.1080/03680770.2009.11902221|bibcode=2009SILP...30..709S|hdl=2268/139009|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf|display-authors=etal|archive-date=2015-09-24|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032734/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani bincike na kwayoyin halitta na juyin halitta ya nuna cewa cichlids daga tabkuna a arewacin Virunga (misali, Edward, George, Victoria) sun samo asali ne a cikin "proto-lake Kivu", wanda ya fi girma fiye da tsananin ayyukan aman wuta (shekaru 20,000-25,000 da suka gabata) wanda ya katse alakar. Daga tsayin duwatsun yammacin tabkin (wanda a halin yanzu yake shi ne Kahuzi-Biega National Park, daya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar birai na gorillas na gabas a duniya), haɗe da tsayin daka na gabashin rift (wanda yake a gabashin Ruwanda) zai kasance da alakar magudanar ruwa daga tsakiyar Ruwanda zuwa ainihin Tabkin Kivu na yanzu. Wannan ra'ayi na "proto-lake Kivu" an kalubalance shi ta hanyar rashin daidaiton shaidar kasa, kodayake agogon kwayoyin halitta na cichlid yana nuna wanzuwar tabki da ya fi tsufa fiye da shekaru 15,000 da aka saba ambata. Tabkin Kivu gida ne ga nau'ikan kaguwar ruwa mai dadi guda hudu, ciki har da guda biyu wadanda ba na yankin ba (Potamonautes lirrangensis da P. mutandensis) da guda biyu na yankin (Potamonautes bourgaultae da P. idjwiensis). A tsakanin tabkunan Kwarin Rift, Tabkin Tanganyika da Tabkin Victoria sune kadai sauran tabkuna masu kaguwar ruwa mai dadi na yankin.<ref name=crabs>Cumberlidge, N., and Meyer, K. S. (2011). ''[http://commons.nmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context=facwork_journalarticles A revision of the freshwater crabs of Lake Kivu, East Africa.]'' Journal Articles. Paper 30.</ref><ref name=crabs/><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Cumberlidge | first1=Neil | last2=Clark | first2=Paul F. | title=Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal=European Journal of Taxonomy | date=2017 | issue=371 | doi=10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access=free | hdl=10141/622400 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> ==Tsibiri== * [[Idjwi]] (ɓangaren [[Idjwi]], [[South Kivu Province]]) * [[Nyamunini]] (an Kuma sanshi da tsibirin Napoleon) * [[Amahoro]] * [[Iwawa]] ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== 0bm2tmsmmqjdi346abv5qonauzhqss8 875165 875164 2026-07-03T16:39:29Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ilimin Halittu da Kamun Kifi */ 875165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu. An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai. Wannan matsalar da ke da alaka da yaduwar methane ita ce ta mazuku, kalmar Swahili da ke nufin "mummunar iska" don fitar da methane da carbon dioxide da ke kashe mutane da dabbobi, kuma tana iya kashe shuke-shuke lokacin da take da yawa. ===Hakar Methane=== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Wani dandamalin hakar methane a Tabkin Kivu, Gisenyi, Ruwanda.|alt=]] Kwanan nan an gano cewa Tabkin Kivu yana dauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 55 na iskar gas mai narkewa a zurfin mita 300. Har zuwa shekarar 2004, ana gudanar da aikin hakar iskar gas ne a kan karamin sikeli, inda ake amfani da iskar gas din da aka hako wajen gudanar da tukunyar jirgi a kamfanin giya na Bralirwa a Gisenyi.<ref>[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm "Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007</ref><ref name=powerhouse>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm |title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse |date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-05 |author=Adam Mynott |work=BBC News}}</ref> Dangane da yin amfani da wannan albarkatun a kan babban sikeli, gwamnatin Ruwanda ta tattauna da bangarori da dama don hakar methane daga tabkin. A shekarar 2011 ContourGlobal, wani kamfanin makamashi na kasar Burtaniya da ke mayar da hankali kan kasuwanni masu tasowa, ya sami tallafin kudi don kaddamar da babban aikin hakar methane. Ana gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar wata kungiyar Ruwanda ta cikin gida mai suna KivuWatt Power Station, ta yin amfani da dandamalin jirgin ruwa na teku don hako, rabuwa, da tsabtace iskar gas da aka samu daga kasan tabkin kafin a tura methane mai tsafta ta bututun karkashin ruwa zuwa injinan gas na kan gaba. An kammala matakin farko na aikin, wanda ke sarrafa injina guda uku a gabar tabkin da kuma samar da MW 26 na wutar lantarki ga grid na cikin gida. Mataki na gaba yana da nufin tura ƙarin injina guda tara a 75 MW don samar da jimillar ƙarfin 101 MW.<ref name="contourglobal">{{cite web|url=http://www.contourglobal.com/asset/kivuwatt|title=Assets: KivuWatt|publisher=ContourGlobal|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an bai wa Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited yarjejeniyar rangwame da yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki (PPA) a shekarar 2015, don samar da MW 50 na wutar lantarki ta amfani da methane na Tabkin Kivu. Ana sa ran za a fara aikin gine-gine a shekarar 2019, tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta farko (Mataki na 1 - 14 MW) a cikin kwata na farko na shekarar 2020. An tsara masana'antar ta fara aiki sosai a shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-05-04 |archive-date=2018-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505065702/http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/digital-transformation-1-1 |title=Energy Division |website=MININFRA |access-date=July 14, 2021}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} Symbion Power ya sayi wani rangwame na karin MW 25 kuma a halin yanzu suna tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar PPA tare da Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwanda wanda zai iya ganin an aika MW 8 na wutar lantarki zuwa Grid watanni shida bayan an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar PPA. Wannan rangwame yana kan rukunin masana'antar gwaji ta farko da aka sani da KP1.{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} Baya ga kula da hakar iskar gas, KivuWatt kuma zai kula da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki da kuma sayar da wutar lantarki ga gwamnatin Ruwanda a karkashin sharuddan yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki na dogon lokaci (PPA). Wannan yana bawa KivuWatt damar sarrafa hadakar makamashi na tsaye daga wurin hakar zuwa wurin sayarwa zuwa cikin grid na cikin gida. An ce hakar tana da tasiri sosai kuma mai sauki ce saboda da zarar an tura ruwan mai dauke da iskar gas sama, iskar gas din da ke narke (musamman carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide da methane) suna fara kumfa yayin da matsin ruwan ke raguwa. Ana sa ran wannan aikin zai kara karfin samar da makamashi na Ruwanda har sau 20, kuma zai bai wa Ruwanda damar sayar da wutar lantarki ga kasashen Afirka makwabta.<ref name=powerhouse /> An ba kamfanin kyautar yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki ta Afirka ta shekarar 2011 saboda kirkire-kirkire a cikin tsare-tsaren samar da kudi da ta samu daga kafofi daban-daban don aikin KivuWatt.<ref>{{cite web|title= Methane gas project gets global award|url=http://rwandaenergy.com/2012/02/rwanda-methane-gas-project-gets-global-award/|publisher= www.rwandaenergy.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= African power deal of the year 2011 KivuWatt |url=http://www.projectfinancemagazine.com/Article/2974654/Search-Results/African-Power-Deal-of-the-Year-2011-KivuWatt.html?PartialFields=(CATEGORY_448_IDS%3a).(CATEGORY_904_IDS%3a14673)&OrderType=1&DisplaySearchTerms=true|publisher=www.projectfinancemagazine.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> Masana'antar wutar lantarki ta dala miliyan 200 tana aiki a 26 MW a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/05/16/160192/rwanda-inaugurates-groundbreaking-methane-power-project/|title=Rwanda Inaugurates Groundbreaking Methane Power Project|website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> ==Ilimin Halittu da Kamun Kifi== [[Image:Lake Kivu, boats.jpg|thumb|Jiragen kamun kifi a Tabkin Kivu, 2009]] [[File:An aerial of Paradis Malahide island in Lake Kivu with the area of 2,700 km². Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Tsibirin Paradis Malahide a cikin tabkin]] [[File:View of the sky and its reflection on Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Hasken sararin samaniya yana bayyana a saman Tabkin Kivu]] Kifin da ke cikin Tabkin Kivu yana da karanci sosai tare da nau'ikan nau'o'i 28 da aka bayyana, ciki har da nau'ikan nau'o'i hudu da aka shigo da su.<ref name=FishSnoeks>{{cite journal |last1=Snoeks |first1=J |last2=De Vos |first2=L. |last3=Thys van den Audenaerde |first3=D. |date=1997 |title=The ichthyogeography of lake Kivu |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=93 |pages=579–584}}</ref> Kifin na asali sune kifin minnow na Tabkin Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), nau'ikan kifin barb guda hudu (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, kifin barb mai jan fika na Gabashin Afirka, Enteromius apleurogramma, kifin barb mai jan digo, E. kerstenii da kifin barb na Pellegrin, E. pellegrini), kifin kifi na Amphilius, nau'ikan kifin kifi na Clarias guda biyu (C. liocephalus da C. gariepinus), kifin tilapiar Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) da kuma nau'ikan kifin Haplochromis cichlids guda 15 dake yankin kawai.<ref name=FishSnoeks/> Kimanin wasu nau'ikan cichlids 20 da watakila ba a riga tsara bayanansu ba an san su a tabkin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=J. |year=2013 |title=How many species are there in Lake Kivu? |url=https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_userprofiles/upload/walkerjo/Bachelor_Thesis_Jonas_Walker_August_2013_Lake_Kivu.pdf |publisher=University of Bern|journal=Institute of Ecology and Evolution}}</ref> Nau'ikan da aka shigo da su sun hada da cichlids guda uku, tilapiar longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapiar mai dagon shudi (O. leucostictus) da tilapiar mai jan gaba (Coptodon rendalli), sai kuma kifin clupeid, sardine na Tabkin Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon).<ref name=FishSnoeks/><ref name="Collart">{{cite journal |last=Collart |first=A. |title=L'introduction du 'Stolothrissa tanganicae' (Ndagala) au lac Kivu |language=French |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge |volume=51 |issue=4 |date=1960 |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11887 |series=Hosted at Agricultural Research Archive for DRC, Rwanda and Burundi, 1885-1960}}</ref><ref name="Capart">{{cite journal |last=Capart |first=A. |title=A propos de l'introduction du Ndakala (Stolothrissa tanganikae) dans le lac Kivu |language=French |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Burundi |volume=50 |issue=4 |date=1959 |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11546}}</ref> Ana kiran sardine din a cikin gida da 'Ndagala' ko 'Isambaza'.<ref name="Collart 1989">{{cite book |first=Alphonse |last=Collart |date=June 1989 |chapter=Introduction et acclimatation de l'Isambaza du lac Tanganyika au lac Kivu |title=Compte rendu du seminaire trente ans apres l'introduction de l'Isambaza au lac Kivu (RWA/87/012/DOC/TR/16) |url=https://www.fao.org/3/AD174F/AD174F00.htm#TOC |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |language=French |place=Gisenyi, Rwanda}}</ref> Adadin sardine na Tabkin Tanganyika da za a iya kamawa an kiyasta ya kai tan 2000 zuwa 4000 duk shekara.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Marshall|first=B. E.|title=Seasonal and annual variations in the abundance of the clupeid Limnothrissa miodon in lake Kivu|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|year=1991|volume=39|issue=5|pages=641–648|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04394.x|bibcode=1991JFBio..39..641M }}</ref> Masanin aikin gona na kasar Belgium Alphonse Collart ne ya shigar da shi Tabkin Kivu a karshen shekarar 1959.<ref name="Collart" /><ref name="Capart" /> Kokarin shigar da irin kifin sprat na Tabkin Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) a lokaci guda bai yi nasara ba.<ref name="Collart 1989" /> A halin yanzu, Tabkin Kivu ne kadai tabki na halitta wanda aka shigar da L. miodon, wato sardine wanda asali ya takaitu a Tabkin Tanganyika, da farko don cike gurbi da babu kowa a ciki. Kafin shigarwar, babu kifin planktivorous da ke cikin ruwan pelagic na Tabkin Kivu. A farkon shekarun 1990, yawan masunta a tabkin ya kai 6,563, wadanda 3,027 daga cikinsu ke da alaka da kamun kifi na pelagic sune kuma 3,536 ke da alaka da kamun kifi na gargajiya. Mummunan rikicin makami da ya bazu a yankin tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ya haifar da raguwar abun da ake samu na kamun kifi.<ref name="FAO">{{Cite web |date=January 2001 |title=INFORMATION ON FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO |url=https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315065154/https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |archive-date=March 15, 2006 |access-date=June 26, 2023 |website=fao.org}}</ref> Bayan wannan shigarwa, sardine din ya sami gagarumin muhimmanci na tattalin arziki da abinci ga mazauna gabar tabkin amma ta fuskar tsarin halitta, shigar da kifin planktivorous na iya haifar da gagaruman canje-canje na tsarin al'ummar plankton. Abubuwan da aka lura kwanan nan sun nuna bacewar babban mai kiwo, Daphnia curvirostris, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, da kuma mamaye al'ummar mesozooplankton ta nau'ikan copepod na cyclopoid guda uku: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis da Tropocyclops confinis.<ref>{{cite book|last=Isumbisho|first=M|title=Zooplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa)|year=2006|publisher=University of Namur|location=Belgium|isbn=978-2-87037-534-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Isumbisho |first1=M. |last2=Sarmento |first2=H. |last3=Kaningini |first3=B. |last4=Micha |first4=J.-C. |last5=Descy |first5=J.-P. |date=2006 |title=Zooplankton of Lake Kivu, East Africa, half a century after the Tanganyika sardine introduction |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl032 |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=971–989 |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |doi-access=free |archive-date=2012-03-12 |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312092135/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fitar da cikakken binciken farko na phytoplankton a shekarar 2006.<ref name="Sarmento 2006">{{cite book|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa)|year=2006|publisher=University of Namur|location=Belgium|isbn=978-2-87037-532-7|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-date=2016-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117042508/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tare da matsakaicin chlorophyll na shekara-shekara a cikin gaurayawan Layer na 2.2 mg m−3 da ƙananan matakan gina jiki a cikin yankin euphotic, tabkin a fili yake na oligotrophic. Diatoms sune rukunin da suka mamaye tabkin, musamman a lokacin rani na haduwar ruwa mai zurfi. Lokacin damina, rukunin ruwan da ke da haske mai yawa da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, yana ba da fifiko ga mamaye cyanobacteria tare da adadi mai yawa na picoplankton phototrophic.<ref name="Sarmento 2006"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|author2=Isumbisho, M|author3=Descy, JP|title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa)|journal=Journal of Plankton Research|year=2006|volume=28|issue=9|pages=815–829|doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl017|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|doi-access=free|archive-date=2015-09-24|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032642/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Abundance and distribution of picoplankton in tropical, oligotrophic Lake Kivu, eastern Africa|journal=Freshwater Biology|year=2008|volume=53|issue=4|pages=756–771|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01939.x|bibcode=2008FrBio..53..756S |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202008_Freshwater%20Biol_Tropical%20picoplankton.pdf|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Species diversity of pelagic algae of Lake Kivu (East Africa)|journal=Cryptogamie-Algologie|year=2007|volume=28|issue=3|pages=245:269|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|display-authors=etal|archive-date=2015-09-24|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032655/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haƙiƙanin samarwa na farko shine 0.71 g C m−2 d−1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a−1).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa): biomass, production and elemental ratios|journal=International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, Vol 30, Pt 5, Proceedings|year=2009|volume=30|issue=5|pages=709–713|doi=10.1080/03680770.2009.11902221|bibcode=2009SILP...30..709S|hdl=2268/139009|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf|display-authors=etal|archive-date=2015-09-24|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032734/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani bincike na kwayoyin halitta na juyin halitta ya nuna cewa cichlids daga tabkuna a arewacin Virunga (misali, Edward, George, Victoria) sun samo asali ne a cikin "proto-lake Kivu", wanda ya fi girma fiye da tsananin ayyukan aman wuta (shekaru 20,000-25,000 da suka gabata) wanda ya katse alakar. Daga tsayin duwatsun yammacin tabkin (wanda a halin yanzu yake shi ne Kahuzi-Biega National Park, daya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar birai na gorillas na gabas a duniya), haɗe da tsayin daka na gabashin rift (wanda yake a gabashin Ruwanda) zai kasance da alakar magudanar ruwa daga tsakiyar Ruwanda zuwa ainihin Tabkin Kivu na yanzu. Wannan ra'ayi na "proto-lake Kivu" an kalubalance shi ta hanyar rashin daidaiton shaidar kasa, kodayake agogon kwayoyin halitta na cichlid yana nuna wanzuwar tabki da ya fi tsufa fiye da shekaru 15,000 da aka saba ambata. Tabkin Kivu gida ne ga nau'ikan kaguwar ruwa mai dadi guda hudu, ciki har da guda biyu wadanda ba na yankin ba (Potamonautes lirrangensis da P. mutandensis) da guda biyu na yankin (Potamonautes bourgaultae da P. idjwiensis). A tsakanin tabkunan Kwarin Rift, Tabkin Tanganyika da Tabkin Victoria sune kadai sauran tabkuna masu kaguwar ruwa mai dadi na yankin.<ref name=crabs>Cumberlidge, N., and Meyer, K. S. (2011). ''[http://commons.nmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context=facwork_journalarticles A revision of the freshwater crabs of Lake Kivu, East Africa.]'' Journal Articles. Paper 30.</ref><ref name=crabs/><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Cumberlidge | first1=Neil | last2=Clark | first2=Paul F. | title=Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal=European Journal of Taxonomy | date=2017 | issue=371 | doi=10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access=free | hdl=10141/622400 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> ===Kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba=== A shekarar 2018, an rubuta fiye da shari'o'i 400 na yiwuwar kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Tabkin Kivu. A cewar Hukumar Binciken Dabbobi da Canja wurin Fasaha ta Hukumar Aikin Gona ta Ruwanda, samar da kifi a Tabkin Kivu ya ragu daga tan 24,199 a lokacin kamun kifi na 2017-2018 zuwa tan 16,194 a 2019-2020, wanda Mataimakiyar Darakta Solange Uwituze ta dora alhakinsa a kan hanyoyin kamun kifi da ke shafar haifuwar kifi. Tsakanin Mayu da Yuli 2020, ayyukan Rundunar 'Yansandan Ruwa ta Ruwanda sun ba da rahoton shari'o'i 27 da suka hada da kama barayin kifi 10 saboda kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a tabkin.<ref>{{Cite web|access-date=2023-06-23|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/183562/News/illicit-fishing-threatens-biodiversity-in-lake-kivu|title=Illicit fishing threatens biodiversity in Lake Kivu|date=26 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ENACTAfrica.org |date=2022-01-31 |title=Tipping the scales of illicit fishing in Lake Kivu |url=https://enactafrica.org/enact-observer/tipping-the-scales-of-illicit-fishing-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=ENACT Africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2022-02-02 |title=Tipping the scales of illicit fishing in Lake Kivu |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/tipping-the-scales-of-illicit-fishing-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref> ==Tsibiri== * [[Idjwi]] (ɓangaren [[Idjwi]], [[South Kivu Province]]) * [[Nyamunini]] (an Kuma sanshi da tsibirin Napoleon) * [[Amahoro]] * [[Iwawa]] ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== bpbjbzc05e7amfzhxf6hdg6b369ipzy 875166 875165 2026-07-03T16:39:47Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manazarta */ 875166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}</ref> Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tabkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]] A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tabkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, wadanda suka taso tsakanin Tabkin Kivu da Tabkin Edward, zuwa arewa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Ruwa daga Tabkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tabkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.<ref name="Danley"/> Tabkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tabkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tabkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari. ==Yanayin Kasa== Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma fadinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi fadi.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin fadin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref> Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tabki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin. Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu. === Yanayin zaman jama'a === Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.<ref name=":0" /> Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda. A farkon shekarar 2025, yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> ==Kemistri== Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.<ref name="Wenz"/> Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name=solidarites> {{cite web | url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf | title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability | publisher=Solidarities | author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09 | access-date=2012-12-21 |display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror] </ref> Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu. An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai. Wannan matsalar da ke da alaka da yaduwar methane ita ce ta mazuku, kalmar Swahili da ke nufin "mummunar iska" don fitar da methane da carbon dioxide da ke kashe mutane da dabbobi, kuma tana iya kashe shuke-shuke lokacin da take da yawa. ===Hakar Methane=== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Wani dandamalin hakar methane a Tabkin Kivu, Gisenyi, Ruwanda.|alt=]] Kwanan nan an gano cewa Tabkin Kivu yana dauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 55 na iskar gas mai narkewa a zurfin mita 300. Har zuwa shekarar 2004, ana gudanar da aikin hakar iskar gas ne a kan karamin sikeli, inda ake amfani da iskar gas din da aka hako wajen gudanar da tukunyar jirgi a kamfanin giya na Bralirwa a Gisenyi.<ref>[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm "Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007</ref><ref name=powerhouse>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm |title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse |date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-05 |author=Adam Mynott |work=BBC News}}</ref> Dangane da yin amfani da wannan albarkatun a kan babban sikeli, gwamnatin Ruwanda ta tattauna da bangarori da dama don hakar methane daga tabkin. A shekarar 2011 ContourGlobal, wani kamfanin makamashi na kasar Burtaniya da ke mayar da hankali kan kasuwanni masu tasowa, ya sami tallafin kudi don kaddamar da babban aikin hakar methane. Ana gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar wata kungiyar Ruwanda ta cikin gida mai suna KivuWatt Power Station, ta yin amfani da dandamalin jirgin ruwa na teku don hako, rabuwa, da tsabtace iskar gas da aka samu daga kasan tabkin kafin a tura methane mai tsafta ta bututun karkashin ruwa zuwa injinan gas na kan gaba. An kammala matakin farko na aikin, wanda ke sarrafa injina guda uku a gabar tabkin da kuma samar da MW 26 na wutar lantarki ga grid na cikin gida. Mataki na gaba yana da nufin tura ƙarin injina guda tara a 75 MW don samar da jimillar ƙarfin 101 MW.<ref name="contourglobal">{{cite web|url=http://www.contourglobal.com/asset/kivuwatt|title=Assets: KivuWatt|publisher=ContourGlobal|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an bai wa Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited yarjejeniyar rangwame da yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki (PPA) a shekarar 2015, don samar da MW 50 na wutar lantarki ta amfani da methane na Tabkin Kivu. Ana sa ran za a fara aikin gine-gine a shekarar 2019, tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta farko (Mataki na 1 - 14 MW) a cikin kwata na farko na shekarar 2020. An tsara masana'antar ta fara aiki sosai a shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-05-04 |archive-date=2018-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505065702/http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=129&cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/digital-transformation-1-1 |title=Energy Division |website=MININFRA |access-date=July 14, 2021}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} Symbion Power ya sayi wani rangwame na karin MW 25 kuma a halin yanzu suna tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar PPA tare da Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwanda wanda zai iya ganin an aika MW 8 na wutar lantarki zuwa Grid watanni shida bayan an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar PPA. Wannan rangwame yana kan rukunin masana'antar gwaji ta farko da aka sani da KP1.{{Update inline|date=June 2023}} Baya ga kula da hakar iskar gas, KivuWatt kuma zai kula da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki da kuma sayar da wutar lantarki ga gwamnatin Ruwanda a karkashin sharuddan yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki na dogon lokaci (PPA). Wannan yana bawa KivuWatt damar sarrafa hadakar makamashi na tsaye daga wurin hakar zuwa wurin sayarwa zuwa cikin grid na cikin gida. An ce hakar tana da tasiri sosai kuma mai sauki ce saboda da zarar an tura ruwan mai dauke da iskar gas sama, iskar gas din da ke narke (musamman carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide da methane) suna fara kumfa yayin da matsin ruwan ke raguwa. Ana sa ran wannan aikin zai kara karfin samar da makamashi na Ruwanda har sau 20, kuma zai bai wa Ruwanda damar sayar da wutar lantarki ga kasashen Afirka makwabta.<ref name=powerhouse /> An ba kamfanin kyautar yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki ta Afirka ta shekarar 2011 saboda kirkire-kirkire a cikin tsare-tsaren samar da kudi da ta samu daga kafofi daban-daban don aikin KivuWatt.<ref>{{cite web|title= Methane gas project gets global award|url=http://rwandaenergy.com/2012/02/rwanda-methane-gas-project-gets-global-award/|publisher= www.rwandaenergy.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= African power deal of the year 2011 KivuWatt |url=http://www.projectfinancemagazine.com/Article/2974654/Search-Results/African-Power-Deal-of-the-Year-2011-KivuWatt.html?PartialFields=(CATEGORY_448_IDS%3a).(CATEGORY_904_IDS%3a14673)&OrderType=1&DisplaySearchTerms=true|publisher=www.projectfinancemagazine.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> Masana'antar wutar lantarki ta dala miliyan 200 tana aiki a 26 MW a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/05/16/160192/rwanda-inaugurates-groundbreaking-methane-power-project/|title=Rwanda Inaugurates Groundbreaking Methane Power Project|website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> ==Ilimin Halittu da Kamun Kifi== [[Image:Lake Kivu, boats.jpg|thumb|Jiragen kamun kifi a Tabkin Kivu, 2009]] [[File:An aerial of Paradis Malahide island in Lake Kivu with the area of 2,700 km². Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Tsibirin Paradis Malahide a cikin tabkin]] [[File:View of the sky and its reflection on Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Hasken sararin samaniya yana bayyana a saman Tabkin Kivu]] Kifin da ke cikin Tabkin Kivu yana da karanci sosai tare da nau'ikan nau'o'i 28 da aka bayyana, ciki har da nau'ikan nau'o'i hudu da aka shigo da su.<ref name=FishSnoeks>{{cite journal |last1=Snoeks |first1=J |last2=De Vos |first2=L. |last3=Thys van den Audenaerde |first3=D. |date=1997 |title=The ichthyogeography of lake Kivu |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=93 |pages=579–584}}</ref> Kifin na asali sune kifin minnow na Tabkin Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), nau'ikan kifin barb guda hudu (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, kifin barb mai jan fika na Gabashin Afirka, Enteromius apleurogramma, kifin barb mai jan digo, E. kerstenii da kifin barb na Pellegrin, E. pellegrini), kifin kifi na Amphilius, nau'ikan kifin kifi na Clarias guda biyu (C. liocephalus da C. gariepinus), kifin tilapiar Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) da kuma nau'ikan kifin Haplochromis cichlids guda 15 dake yankin kawai.<ref name=FishSnoeks/> Kimanin wasu nau'ikan cichlids 20 da watakila ba a riga tsara bayanansu ba an san su a tabkin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=J. |year=2013 |title=How many species are there in Lake Kivu? |url=https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_userprofiles/upload/walkerjo/Bachelor_Thesis_Jonas_Walker_August_2013_Lake_Kivu.pdf |publisher=University of Bern|journal=Institute of Ecology and Evolution}}</ref> Nau'ikan da aka shigo da su sun hada da cichlids guda uku, tilapiar longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapiar mai dagon shudi (O. leucostictus) da tilapiar mai jan gaba (Coptodon rendalli), sai kuma kifin clupeid, sardine na Tabkin Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon).<ref name=FishSnoeks/><ref name="Collart">{{cite journal |last=Collart |first=A. |title=L'introduction du 'Stolothrissa tanganicae' (Ndagala) au lac Kivu |language=French |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge |volume=51 |issue=4 |date=1960 |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11887 |series=Hosted at Agricultural Research Archive for DRC, Rwanda and Burundi, 1885-1960}}</ref><ref name="Capart">{{cite journal |last=Capart |first=A. |title=A propos de l'introduction du Ndakala (Stolothrissa tanganikae) dans le lac Kivu |language=French |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Burundi |volume=50 |issue=4 |date=1959 |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11546}}</ref> Ana kiran sardine din a cikin gida da 'Ndagala' ko 'Isambaza'.<ref name="Collart 1989">{{cite book |first=Alphonse |last=Collart |date=June 1989 |chapter=Introduction et acclimatation de l'Isambaza du lac Tanganyika au lac Kivu |title=Compte rendu du seminaire trente ans apres l'introduction de l'Isambaza au lac Kivu (RWA/87/012/DOC/TR/16) |url=https://www.fao.org/3/AD174F/AD174F00.htm#TOC |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |language=French |place=Gisenyi, Rwanda}}</ref> Adadin sardine na Tabkin Tanganyika da za a iya kamawa an kiyasta ya kai tan 2000 zuwa 4000 duk shekara.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Marshall|first=B. E.|title=Seasonal and annual variations in the abundance of the clupeid Limnothrissa miodon in lake Kivu|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|year=1991|volume=39|issue=5|pages=641–648|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04394.x|bibcode=1991JFBio..39..641M }}</ref> Masanin aikin gona na kasar Belgium Alphonse Collart ne ya shigar da shi Tabkin Kivu a karshen shekarar 1959.<ref name="Collart" /><ref name="Capart" /> Kokarin shigar da irin kifin sprat na Tabkin Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) a lokaci guda bai yi nasara ba.<ref name="Collart 1989" /> A halin yanzu, Tabkin Kivu ne kadai tabki na halitta wanda aka shigar da L. miodon, wato sardine wanda asali ya takaitu a Tabkin Tanganyika, da farko don cike gurbi da babu kowa a ciki. Kafin shigarwar, babu kifin planktivorous da ke cikin ruwan pelagic na Tabkin Kivu. A farkon shekarun 1990, yawan masunta a tabkin ya kai 6,563, wadanda 3,027 daga cikinsu ke da alaka da kamun kifi na pelagic sune kuma 3,536 ke da alaka da kamun kifi na gargajiya. Mummunan rikicin makami da ya bazu a yankin tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ya haifar da raguwar abun da ake samu na kamun kifi.<ref name="FAO">{{Cite web |date=January 2001 |title=INFORMATION ON FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO |url=https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315065154/https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |archive-date=March 15, 2006 |access-date=June 26, 2023 |website=fao.org}}</ref> Bayan wannan shigarwa, sardine din ya sami gagarumin muhimmanci na tattalin arziki da abinci ga mazauna gabar tabkin amma ta fuskar tsarin halitta, shigar da kifin planktivorous na iya haifar da gagaruman canje-canje na tsarin al'ummar plankton. Abubuwan da aka lura kwanan nan sun nuna bacewar babban mai kiwo, Daphnia curvirostris, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, da kuma mamaye al'ummar mesozooplankton ta nau'ikan copepod na cyclopoid guda uku: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis da Tropocyclops confinis.<ref>{{cite book|last=Isumbisho|first=M|title=Zooplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa)|year=2006|publisher=University of Namur|location=Belgium|isbn=978-2-87037-534-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Isumbisho |first1=M. |last2=Sarmento |first2=H. |last3=Kaningini |first3=B. |last4=Micha |first4=J.-C. |last5=Descy |first5=J.-P. |date=2006 |title=Zooplankton of Lake Kivu, East Africa, half a century after the Tanganyika sardine introduction |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl032 |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=971–989 |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |doi-access=free |archive-date=2012-03-12 |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312092135/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fitar da cikakken binciken farko na phytoplankton a shekarar 2006.<ref name="Sarmento 2006">{{cite book|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa)|year=2006|publisher=University of Namur|location=Belgium|isbn=978-2-87037-532-7|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-date=2016-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117042508/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tare da matsakaicin chlorophyll na shekara-shekara a cikin gaurayawan Layer na 2.2 mg m−3 da ƙananan matakan gina jiki a cikin yankin euphotic, tabkin a fili yake na oligotrophic. Diatoms sune rukunin da suka mamaye tabkin, musamman a lokacin rani na haduwar ruwa mai zurfi. Lokacin damina, rukunin ruwan da ke da haske mai yawa da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, yana ba da fifiko ga mamaye cyanobacteria tare da adadi mai yawa na picoplankton phototrophic.<ref name="Sarmento 2006"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|author2=Isumbisho, M|author3=Descy, JP|title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa)|journal=Journal of Plankton Research|year=2006|volume=28|issue=9|pages=815–829|doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl017|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|doi-access=free|archive-date=2015-09-24|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032642/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Abundance and distribution of picoplankton in tropical, oligotrophic Lake Kivu, eastern Africa|journal=Freshwater Biology|year=2008|volume=53|issue=4|pages=756–771|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01939.x|bibcode=2008FrBio..53..756S |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202008_Freshwater%20Biol_Tropical%20picoplankton.pdf|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Species diversity of pelagic algae of Lake Kivu (East Africa)|journal=Cryptogamie-Algologie|year=2007|volume=28|issue=3|pages=245:269|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|display-authors=etal|archive-date=2015-09-24|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032655/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haƙiƙanin samarwa na farko shine 0.71 g C m−2 d−1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a−1).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa): biomass, production and elemental ratios|journal=International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, Vol 30, Pt 5, Proceedings|year=2009|volume=30|issue=5|pages=709–713|doi=10.1080/03680770.2009.11902221|bibcode=2009SILP...30..709S|hdl=2268/139009|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf|display-authors=etal|archive-date=2015-09-24|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032734/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani bincike na kwayoyin halitta na juyin halitta ya nuna cewa cichlids daga tabkuna a arewacin Virunga (misali, Edward, George, Victoria) sun samo asali ne a cikin "proto-lake Kivu", wanda ya fi girma fiye da tsananin ayyukan aman wuta (shekaru 20,000-25,000 da suka gabata) wanda ya katse alakar. Daga tsayin duwatsun yammacin tabkin (wanda a halin yanzu yake shi ne Kahuzi-Biega National Park, daya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar birai na gorillas na gabas a duniya), haɗe da tsayin daka na gabashin rift (wanda yake a gabashin Ruwanda) zai kasance da alakar magudanar ruwa daga tsakiyar Ruwanda zuwa ainihin Tabkin Kivu na yanzu. Wannan ra'ayi na "proto-lake Kivu" an kalubalance shi ta hanyar rashin daidaiton shaidar kasa, kodayake agogon kwayoyin halitta na cichlid yana nuna wanzuwar tabki da ya fi tsufa fiye da shekaru 15,000 da aka saba ambata. Tabkin Kivu gida ne ga nau'ikan kaguwar ruwa mai dadi guda hudu, ciki har da guda biyu wadanda ba na yankin ba (Potamonautes lirrangensis da P. mutandensis) da guda biyu na yankin (Potamonautes bourgaultae da P. idjwiensis). A tsakanin tabkunan Kwarin Rift, Tabkin Tanganyika da Tabkin Victoria sune kadai sauran tabkuna masu kaguwar ruwa mai dadi na yankin.<ref name=crabs>Cumberlidge, N., and Meyer, K. S. (2011). ''[http://commons.nmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context=facwork_journalarticles A revision of the freshwater crabs of Lake Kivu, East Africa.]'' Journal Articles. Paper 30.</ref><ref name=crabs/><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Cumberlidge | first1=Neil | last2=Clark | first2=Paul F. | title=Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal=European Journal of Taxonomy | date=2017 | issue=371 | doi=10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access=free | hdl=10141/622400 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> ===Kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba=== A shekarar 2018, an rubuta fiye da shari'o'i 400 na yiwuwar kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Tabkin Kivu. A cewar Hukumar Binciken Dabbobi da Canja wurin Fasaha ta Hukumar Aikin Gona ta Ruwanda, samar da kifi a Tabkin Kivu ya ragu daga tan 24,199 a lokacin kamun kifi na 2017-2018 zuwa tan 16,194 a 2019-2020, wanda Mataimakiyar Darakta Solange Uwituze ta dora alhakinsa a kan hanyoyin kamun kifi da ke shafar haifuwar kifi. Tsakanin Mayu da Yuli 2020, ayyukan Rundunar 'Yansandan Ruwa ta Ruwanda sun ba da rahoton shari'o'i 27 da suka hada da kama barayin kifi 10 saboda kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a tabkin.<ref>{{Cite web|access-date=2023-06-23|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/183562/News/illicit-fishing-threatens-biodiversity-in-lake-kivu|title=Illicit fishing threatens biodiversity in Lake Kivu|date=26 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ENACTAfrica.org |date=2022-01-31 |title=Tipping the scales of illicit fishing in Lake Kivu |url=https://enactafrica.org/enact-observer/tipping-the-scales-of-illicit-fishing-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=ENACT Africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2022-02-02 |title=Tipping the scales of illicit fishing in Lake Kivu |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/tipping-the-scales-of-illicit-fishing-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}</ref> ==Tsibiri== * [[Idjwi]] (ɓangaren [[Idjwi]], [[South Kivu Province]]) * [[Nyamunini]] (an Kuma sanshi da tsibirin Napoleon) * [[Amahoro]] * [[Iwawa]] ==Hotuna== <gallery widths="175" heights="120"> File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi. </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist|2}} s2liwlwdgw1l8g3e4myap344rebkdtc 0 84798 875616 525447 2026-07-04T05:38:29Z Nura Bello 24854 875616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Akii Ibhadode''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1957) malami ne a Najeriya. Ya zama tabbattacen shugaban [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta albarkatun man fetur, Effurun|Jami'ar Tarayya ta Albarkatun Man Fetur Effurun]] a ranar 14-15 ga Afrilu, 2015 ta majalisar jami'ar, kuma ya mika shi ga Farfesa Akpofure Rim-Rukeh a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.guardian.ng/features/profile-of-professor-akaehomen-o-akii-ibhadode/amp/|title = Profile of Professor Akaehomen O. Akii Ibhadode}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/professor-akii-ibhadode/|title = Professor Akii Ibhadode – Channels Television}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Ibhadode ya yi digirinsa na farko a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami’ar Lagos]] inda ya yi digiri na farko a fannin Injiniyanci a shekarar 1981.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Effurun|first1=Orobor A.I – Federal University of Petroleum Resources|title=Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun|url=https://www.fupre.edu.ng/s/?fupre=page&id=46|website=www.fupre.edu.ng|accessdate=April 8, 2018|language=en|archive-date=January 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021712/https://www.fupre.edu.ng/s/?fupre=page&id=46|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[category:haifaffun 1957]] [[category:rayayyun mutane]] [[category:maluman Najeriya]] ix21xipccqwp9vjrpxwia1mbzhsonh3 0 86969 875632 645591 2026-07-04T05:49:12Z Nura Bello 24854 875632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wannan shine jerin sunayen mataimakan shugabannin [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] na yanzu kuma masu aiki a [[Najeriya]]. == Jami'ar Tarayya == {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * Abdullahi Liman Tukur (2019) shine mataimakin shugaban jami'ar tarayya [[Jami'ar Modibbo Adama ta Fasaha ta Tarayya, Yola.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Tukur Emerges MAUTECH Yola VC |url=https://dailytrust.com/professor-tukur-emerges-mautech-yola-vc/ |website=Daily Trust |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://mau.edu.ng/leadership |website=Modibbo Adama University of Technology (MAUTECH) |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Abdullahi Liman Tukur's One Year in Office as VC, MAUTECH Yola |url=http://theperiscopeglobal.com/2020/06/10/prof-abdullahi-liman-tukurs-one-year-in-office-as-vc-mautech-yola/ |website=The Periscope Global |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref> * [[M A Abdulazeez]] (2019) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]].<ref>[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/324302-atbu-bauchi-gets-new-vice-chancellor-2.html?tztc=1 ATBU Bauchi Gets New Vice-Chancellor], Premium Times, Retrieved from premiumtimesng.com</ref><ref>[https://educationmonitornews.com/prof-abdul-azeez-appointed-vice-chancellor-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-university-bauchi Prof Abdul Azeez Appointed Vice-Chancellor, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi], Education Monitor News, Retrieved from educationmonitornews.com</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://atbu.edu.ng/|title=Home|website=Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University &#124; Bauchi}}</ref> * [[Umar Pate]] (2020) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Federal University Kashere|Jami'ar tarayya Kashere]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Media Scholar Umaru Pate Earns New Plume as Vice Chancellor |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/431885-nigerian-media-scholar-umaru-pate-earns-new-plume-as-vice-chancellor.html?tztc=1 |website=Premium Times |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hail to Prof. Umaru Pate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/12/20/hail-to-prof-umaru-pate |website=This Day Live |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal University Kashere Gets New VC |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/federal-university-kashere-gets-new-vc/ |website=Sun News Online |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref> * [[Akpofure Rim-Rukeh]] (2020) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta albarkatun man fetur, Effurun]]. <ref>[https://thenationonlineng.net/rim-rukeh-is-vc-of-the-year ''Rim-Rukeh Is VC of the Year''], The Nation Online</ref><ref>[https://www.nigerdeltatoday.com/buhari-appoints-prof-akpofure-rim-rukeh-as-fupre-vc/ ''Buhari Appoints Prof. Akpofure Rim-Rukeh as FUPRE VC''], Niger Delta Today</ref><ref>[https://independent.ng/my-dream-to-make-fupre-world-class-varsity-prof-rim-rukeh/ ''My Dream To Make FUPRE World-Class Varsity - Prof. Rim-Rukeh''], Independent Nigeria</ref> * [[Kabiru Bala]] (2020) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]].<ref>[https://www.legit.ng/1294969-salih-farah-buhari-confirms-substantive-dg-nitt.html "Salih Farah: Buhari confirms substantive DG, NITT"], Legit.ng</ref><ref>[https://dailytrust.com/how-prof-kabiru-bala-emerged-new-vc-of-abu/ "How Prof Kabiru Bala emerged new VC of ABU"], Daily Trust</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abu.edu.ng/|title=Home - Ahmadu Bello University|website=abu.edu.ng}}</ref> * [[Sagir Adamu Abbas]] (2020) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Bayero]]<ref>[https://www.buk.edu.ng/team-members/team-member-two "Team Member Two"], Bayero University, Kano</ref><ref>[https://dailytrust.com/tag/sagir-abbas/ "Sagir Abbas - Daily Trust"], Daily Trust</ref> * [[Teddy Charles Adias]] (2020) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Tarayya, Otuoke]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Teddy Charles Adias - Vice-Chancellor |url=https://fuotuoke.edu.ng/professor-teddy-charles-adias/ |website=Federal University Otuoke |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IntechOpen Author Profile - Dr. Teddy Charles Adias |url=https://www.intechopen.com/profiles/35151 |website=IntechOpen |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref> * [[Abayomi Sunday Fasina]] (2021) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Tarayya, Oye Ekiti]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=I'll Make FUOYE a Global Brand - FUOYE VC |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ill-make-fuoye-a-global-brand-fuoye-vc/ |website=Tribune Online |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fasina, Omotola Become Federal Varsity VC, DVC |url=https://guardian.ng/appointments/fasina-omotola-become-federal-varsity-vc-dvc/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref> * [[Abdulkarim Sabo Muhammad]] (2021) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Tarayya, Dutse]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fud.edu.ng/index.php/about/principal-officers/|title=Principal Officers – Federal University Dutse|access-date=2024-11-05|archive-date=2024-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202185437/https://fud.edu.ng/index.php/about/principal-officers/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailynigerian.com/prof-abdulkarim-sabo-emerges/|title=Prof. Abdulkarim Sabo emerges new VC Federal University Dutse|date=19 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nifst.org/prof-abdulkarim-sabo-muhammad-becomes-the-new-vice-chancellor-of-federal-university-dutse-jigawa/|title=PROF. ABDULKARIM SABO MUHAMMAD BECOMES THE NEW VICE-CHANCELLOR OF FEDERAL UNIVERSITY DUTSE, JIGAWA &#124; NIFST|website=nifst.org}}</ref> * [[Muazu Abubakar Gusau]] (2021) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami’ar Tarayya ta Gusau]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council Announces Prof. Muazu Gusau as Third Substantive Vice Chancellor |url=https://www.fugusau.edu.ng/council-announces-prof-muazu-gusau-as-third-substantive-vice-chancellor/ |website=Federal University Gusau |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Muazu Emerges as New VC of Federal Varsity Gusau Among 19 Professors Who Contested |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/prof-muazu-emerges-as-new-vc-of-federal-varsity-gusau-among-19-professors-who-contested/ |website=Tribune Online |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Gusau Assumes Office as New VC, Federal University Gusau |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/prof-gusau-assumes-office-as-new-vc-federal-university-gusau/ |website=The Sun News |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref> * [[Maduebibisi Iwe]] (2021) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Aikin Gona ta Michael Okpara]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Professor Iwe was Selected as MOUA VC: Chairman Governing Council Reveals |url=https://independent.ng/why-professor-iwe-was-selected-as-moua-vc-chairman-governing-council-reveals/ |website=Independent Nigeria |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Maduebibisi Ofo Iwe, CFS |url=https://mouau.edu.ng/personnel/prof-maduebibisi-ofo-iwe-cfs/ |website=Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike (MOUAU) |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref> * [[Olufemi Peters]] (2021) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[National Open University of Nigeria|Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Olufemi Peters Emerges as NOUN's VC |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/professor-olufemi-peters-emerges-as-nouns-vc/ |website=Vanguard News |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Peters Takes Over as NOUN VC as Prof. Adamu Bows Out |url=https://dailytrust.com/prof-peters-takes-over-as-noun-vc-as-prof-adamu-bows-out/ |website=Daily Trust |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Olufemi Peters Emerges New VC of National Open University |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2020/12/olufemi-peters-emerges-new-vc-of-national-open-university/ |website=TVC News |access-date=2023-08-13 |archive-date=2023-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813163213/https://www.tvcnews.tv/2020/12/olufemi-peters-emerges-new-vc-of-national-open-university/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Jude Sammani Rabo]] (2021) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Tarayya, Wukari]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Jude Rabo Resumes as VC, Federal Varsity Wukari |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/professor-jude-rabo-resumes-as-vc-federal-varsity-wukari/ |website=The Sun News Online |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaking: Prof. Jude Rabo of UniAgric Makurdi Emerges Vice Chancellor, Federal University Wukari |url=https://idomavoice.com/breaking-prof-jude-rabo-of-uniagric-makurdi-emerges-vice-chancellor-federal-university-wukari/ |website=Idoma Voice |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref> * [[Nnenna Oti]] (2021) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Owerri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Nnenna Oti Emerges New Vice Chancellor of FUTO |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/professor-nnenna-oti-emerges-new-vice-chancellor-of-futo |website=Tribune Online |date=14 April 2021 |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FUTO Elects First Female Vice Chancellor |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/455296-futo-elects-first-female-vice-chancellor.html |website=Premium Times |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oti Emerges FUTO's First Female VC |url=https://guardian.ng/news/oti-emerges-futos-first-female-vc |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |date=15 April 2021 |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref> * [[Olayemi Akinwunmi]] (2021) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Tarayya, Lokoja]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fulokoja.edu.ng/staff.php?i=1017&sn=olayemi-akinwumi|title=.:: Olayemi Akinwumi &#124; Federal University Lokoja|website=www.fulokoja.edu.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theafricancourier.de/special/education-opportunities/olayemi-akinwumi-appointed-vice-chancellor-of-federal-university-lokoja/|title=Professor Olayemi Akinwumi appointed Vice-Chancellor of Federal University Lokoja|access-date=2024-11-05|archive-date=2023-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813152813/https://www.theafricancourier.de/special/education-opportunities/olayemi-akinwumi-appointed-vice-chancellor-of-federal-university-lokoja/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leadership.ng/nigeria-will-be-greater-again-says-ful-vc/the-vice-chancellor-of-federal-university-lokoja-ful-professor-olayemi-akinwunmi/|title=The vice chancellor of Federal University, Lokoja (FUL), Professor Olayemi Akinwunmi,|date=28 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytrust.com/tag/prof-olayemi-akinwunmi/|title=Prof. Olayemi Akinwunmi|website=Daily Trust}}</ref> * [[Sunday Elom|Sunday Oge Elom]] (2021) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Alex Ekwueme Ndufu Alike Ikwo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alex Ekwueme University Gets New VC |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/437389-alex-ekwueme-university-gets-new-vc.html?tztc=1 |website=Premium Times |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref> * Armaya'u Hamisu (2021) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Taraya dake Dutsinma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Armayau Hamisu Bichi |url=https://politicsdigest.ng/prof-armayau-hamisu-bichi/ |website=Politics Digest |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FUDutsinma - Home |url=https://fudutsinma.edu.ng/ |website=Federal University Dutsin-Ma |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref> * Maimuna Waziri (2021) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Tarayya, Gashua]]. <ref>[https://fugashua.edu.ng/index.php/2021/03/12/prof-maimuna-waziri-takes-over-as-fuga-vice-chancellor/ "Prof. Maimuna Waziri Takes Over as FUGA Vice Chancellor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520023856/https://fugashua.edu.ng/index.php/2021/03/12/prof-maimuna-waziri-takes-over-as-fuga-vice-chancellor/ |date=2024-05-20 }}, Federal University Gashua</ref><ref>[https://www.channelstv.com/2021/01/16/female-professor-emerges-vice-chancellor-at-yobe-university/ "Female Professor Emerges Vice Chancellor at Yobe University"], Channels TV</ref><ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/01/lawan-congratulates-new-vice-chancellor-of-federal-university-gashua/ "Lawan Congratulates New Vice Chancellor of Federal University Gashua"], Vanguard News</ref> * [[Adenike Oladiji]] (2022) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta tarayyar, Akure]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-29 |title=Leadership News |url=https://leadership.ng/ |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Faruk Adamu Kuta]] (2022) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Jami'ar Fasaha ta tarayyar, Minna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gov. Bello Congratulates New FUT Minna Vice Chancellor |url=https://www.nta.ng/news/2022/09/27-gov-bello-congratulates-new-fut-minna-vice-chancellor-prof-faruk-adamu-kuta/ |date=2022-09-27 |website=NTA News |access-date=2023-08-13 |archive-date=2022-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108162119/https://www.nta.ng/news/2022/09/27-gov-bello-congratulates-new-fut-minna-vice-chancellor-prof-faruk-adamu-kuta/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal University of Technology Minna Gets New Vice Chancellor |url=https://von.gov.ng/federal-university-of-technology-minna-gets-new-vice-chancellor/ |website=Voice of Nigeria (VON) |access-date=2023-08-13 |archive-date=2022-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102165357/https://von.gov.ng/federal-university-of-technology-minna-gets-new-vice-chancellor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Shehu Abdul Rahman]] (2022) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Tarayya, Lafia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasarawa Federal Varsity Gets VC |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/nasarawa-federal-varsity-gets-vc/ |website=The Nation |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FULAFIA Principal Officers |url=https://fulafia.edu.ng/about/principal_officer.php |website=Federal University of Lafia |access-date=2023-08-13 |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225211/https://fulafia.edu.ng/about/principal_officer.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Zaiyan-Umar]] (2022) mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Jami'ar Tarayya, Birnin Kebbi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kebbi varsity gets new VC: Zaiyan Umar |url=https://punchng.com/kebbi-varsity-gets-new-vc-zaiyan-umar/ |website=Punch |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FUBK announces Prof. Zaiyan Umar as new VC |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/fubk-announces-prof-zaiyan-umar-as-new-vc/ |website=Sun News Online |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhammad Zaiyan Umar appointed VC at FUBK |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/muhammad-zaiyan-umar-appointed-vc-at-fubk/ |website=TheCable Lifestyle |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref> {{div col end}} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} ps54jn2mw18ywtdjc2wve2cyam21g8v 0 87339 875723 834090 2026-07-04T08:42:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yellow Chili''' ya kasance sanannen gidan cin abinci ne da mashaya a [[Victoria Island, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], wanda ya ƙware kan abinci na gargajiya [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] da na Nahiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-09 |title=10 Great Restaurants in Lagos Mainland |url=http://www.travelstart.com.ng/blog/10-great-restaurants-lagos-mainland/ |access-date=November 1, 2014 |website=Travel Start}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Feeding in Lagos |url=http://nape.org.ng/conference/hotel-travel/feeding-in-lagos.html |access-date=November 4, 2014 |website=NAPE |archive-date=November 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104235712/http://nape.org.ng/conference/hotel-travel/feeding-in-lagos.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Restaurants in Lagos |url=http://www.wordtravels.com/Cities/Colorado/Lagos/Restaurants |access-date=November 7, 2014 |website=World Travels |archive-date=November 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107051944/http://www.wordtravels.com/Cities/Colorado/Lagos/Restaurants |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana da wani wuri a [[Ikeja]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-09 |title=10 Great Restaurants in Lagos Mainland |url=http://www.travelstart.com.ng/blog/10-great-restaurants-lagos-mainland/ |access-date=November 1, 2014 |website=Travel Start}}</ref> == Bayani da kayan ado == Kowace reshe tana zaune a kan bene biyu. Gidan bene na reshen [[Tsibirin Victoria, Lagos|tsibirin Victoria]] ya kasu kashi biyu na manyan wuraren cin abinci waɗanda ke haifar da karamin wurin zama; bene na sama ya ƙunshi matakai biyu na wurin zama. Ƙananan bene na reshen GRA ya ƙunshi babban wurin zama wanda ke da ƙananan wuraren zama guda biyu a kowane gefe. An kafa bene na sama a matsayin wurin zama da mashaya. Har ila yau, akwai ɗakin cin abinci mai zaman kansa a bene na ƙasa, da kuma wurin zama na lambu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagos – Home to many stylish and trendy restaurants in Nigeria |url=http://www.farebuzz.com/updates/lagos-home-to-many-stylish-and-trendy-restaurants-in-nigeria.aspx#.VFw5yvnF_84 |access-date=November 7, 2014 |website=Fare Buzz |archive-date=November 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107062452/http://www.farebuzz.com/updates/lagos-home-to-many-stylish-and-trendy-restaurants-in-nigeria.aspx#.VFw5yvnF_84 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Feeding in Lagos |url=http://nape.org.ng/conference/hotel-travel/feeding-in-lagos.html |access-date=November 4, 2014 |website=NAPE |archive-date=November 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104235712/http://nape.org.ng/conference/hotel-travel/feeding-in-lagos.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2014 |title=Lagos' 10 Great Restaurants for a Taste of Nigerian Culture |url=http://theculturetrip.com/africa/nigeria/articles/lagos-10-great-restaurants-for-a-taste-of-nigerian-culture/ |access-date=November 1, 2014 |website=The Culture Trip }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=African City Tour: This is Lagos |url=http://issues.ayibamagazine.com/african-city-tour-this-is-lagos/ |access-date=November 7, 2014 |website=Ayiba |archive-date=November 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108195833/http://issues.ayibamagazine.com/african-city-tour-this-is-lagos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ocran |first=Nana |title=Lagos: Chaotic, frenzied, sometimes hazardous, but at least Lagos causes a reaction |url=http://www.timeout.com/travel/features/683/lagos |access-date=1 November 2014 |website=TimeOut}}</ref> == Manazarta == 78vix8bvxep4e99ltq7yaca64x492ho 0 88067 875351 722502 2026-07-03T19:13:25Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 875351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abyssinian Kitchen''' gidan cin abinci ne na Habasha da [[Abincin Eritrea|Eritrea]] a kasar Portland, Oregon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2022-08-05 |title=Portland's best Ethiopian-Eritrean restaurant will reopen after a two-year hiatus next week |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2022/08/abyssinian-kitchen-portlands-best-ethiopian-eritrean-restaurant-will-reopen-next-week.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806081910/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2022/08/abyssinian-kitchen-portlands-best-ethiopian-eritrean-restaurant-will-reopen-next-week.html |archive-date=2022-08-06 |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-10-05 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen |url=https://www.thrillist.com/venues/eat/portland/restaurants/abyssinian-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919141435/https://www.thrillist.com/venues/eat/portland/restaurants/abyssinian-kitchen |archive-date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[Thrillist]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abyssinian Kitchen |url=https://www.southeastexaminer.com/2016/02/abyssinian-kitchen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603043303/https://www.southeastexaminer.com/2016/02/abyssinian-kitchen/ |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Southeast Examiner |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-24 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Is Portland's Newest, Fanciest Ethiopian Spot |url=https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/10/24/abyssinian-kitchen-is-portlands-newest-fanciest-ethiopian-spot/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926030906/https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/10/24/abyssinian-kitchen-is-portlands-newest-fanciest-ethiopian-spot/ |archive-date=2020-09-26 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Willamette Week |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Review - Portland |url=https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/reviews/abyssinian-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529045105/https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/reviews/abyssinian-kitchen |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[The Infatuation]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakall |first=Samantha |date=2015-08-07 |title=Ethiopian restaurant Abyssinian Kitchen opening in former Sok Sab Bai space in Southeast Portland |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2015/08/ethiopian_restaurant_abyssian.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014134332/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2015/08/ethiopian_restaurant_abyssian.html |archive-date=2022-10-14 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani == Abubuwa na gidan cin abinci ya haɗa da [[rago]] a tafarnuwa da citta da tilapia tare da barkono serrano; mai cin ganyayyaki yana da kwalabe da lentil. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[Portland Mercury]] |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Kitchen Abyssinian a yankin Hosford-Abernethy na kudu maso gabashin Portland a cikin shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2020-08-18 |title=One of Portland's best Ethiopian restaurants has closed |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2020/08/one-of-portlands-best-ethiopian-restaurants-has-closed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419152302/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2020/08/one-of-portlands-best-ethiopian-restaurants-has-closed.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, gidan abincin ya rufe yayin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|bala'in COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson-Glidden |first=Brooke |date=2020-08-17 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Won't Reopen in its SE 21st Location |url=https://pdx.eater.com/2020/8/17/21372297/abyssinian-kitchen-portland-closing-reopening |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050307/https://pdx.eater.com/2020/8/17/21372297/abyssinian-kitchen-portland-closing-reopening |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> An sake buɗe kasuwancin a wani sabon wuri a kan titin Alberta na Arewa maso Gabas a cikin unguwar Concordia a cikin watan Agusta 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-16 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen {{!}} Ethiopian & Eritrean Cuisine {{!}} Portland, OR |url=https://abyssiniankitchen.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115114247/https://abyssiniankitchen.com/ |archive-date=2022-11-15 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Abyssinian Kitchen |language=en}}</ref> == liyafa == A cikin shekarar 2016, Michael Russell ya haɗa da Abyssinian Kitchen a cikin jerin sunayen gidajen abinci na ''Oregon'' na mafi kyawun birni goma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2016-09-10 |title=Portland's 10 best new restaurants of 2016 |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2016/09/portlands_10_best_new_restaura.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050311/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2016/09/portlands_10_best_new_restaura.html |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[The Oregonian]] |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ya haɗa da Kitchen Abyssinian a cikin bayyaninsa na shekara ta 2017 na mafi kyawun gidajen abinci 40 a kudu maso gabashin Portland, sannan kuma ya sanya Abyssinian Kitchen lamba 38 a cikin jerin 2019 mafi kyawun gidajen abinci na Portland 40. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2019-07-31 |title=Portland's 40 best restaurants, ranked |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/07/cfc9b36d2f3422/portlands-40-best-restaurants-ranked.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419112508/https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/07/cfc9b36d2f3422/portlands-40-best-restaurants-ranked.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017, Martin Cizmar ya haɗa da Kitchen Abyssinian a cikin jerin ''Makon Willamette'' na Mafi kyawun Gidan Abinci akan Sashen Portland da Titin Clinton. A cikin shekarar 2019, Alex Zielinski na ''Portland Mercury'' ya kuma rubuta, "Tsarin faranti, sabo, da kuma cika faranti sun isa don ci gaba da sa ido na farko na dawowa na ɗakika." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[Portland Mercury]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts "Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts"]. ''[[Portland Mercury]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts Archived] from the original on 2021-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Maya MacEvoy sun haɗa da gidan abinci a cikin Eater Portland's bayyani na 2022 na "Inda za a Nemo Abincin Habasha na Musamman a Portland". <ref>{{Cite web |last=MacEvoy |first=Maya |date=2018-03-30 |title=Where to Find Exceptional Ethiopian Food in Portland |url=https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013002/https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Afirka]] == Manazarta == 8dxjaj9gbtec7onutp5l9bb3wupauuz 875352 875351 2026-07-03T19:14:03Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Bayani */ 875352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abyssinian Kitchen''' gidan cin abinci ne na Habasha da [[Abincin Eritrea|Eritrea]] a kasar Portland, Oregon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2022-08-05 |title=Portland's best Ethiopian-Eritrean restaurant will reopen after a two-year hiatus next week |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2022/08/abyssinian-kitchen-portlands-best-ethiopian-eritrean-restaurant-will-reopen-next-week.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806081910/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2022/08/abyssinian-kitchen-portlands-best-ethiopian-eritrean-restaurant-will-reopen-next-week.html |archive-date=2022-08-06 |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-10-05 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen |url=https://www.thrillist.com/venues/eat/portland/restaurants/abyssinian-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919141435/https://www.thrillist.com/venues/eat/portland/restaurants/abyssinian-kitchen |archive-date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[Thrillist]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abyssinian Kitchen |url=https://www.southeastexaminer.com/2016/02/abyssinian-kitchen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603043303/https://www.southeastexaminer.com/2016/02/abyssinian-kitchen/ |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Southeast Examiner |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-24 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Is Portland's Newest, Fanciest Ethiopian Spot |url=https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/10/24/abyssinian-kitchen-is-portlands-newest-fanciest-ethiopian-spot/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926030906/https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/10/24/abyssinian-kitchen-is-portlands-newest-fanciest-ethiopian-spot/ |archive-date=2020-09-26 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Willamette Week |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Review - Portland |url=https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/reviews/abyssinian-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529045105/https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/reviews/abyssinian-kitchen |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[The Infatuation]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakall |first=Samantha |date=2015-08-07 |title=Ethiopian restaurant Abyssinian Kitchen opening in former Sok Sab Bai space in Southeast Portland |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2015/08/ethiopian_restaurant_abyssian.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014134332/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2015/08/ethiopian_restaurant_abyssian.html |archive-date=2022-10-14 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani == Abubuwa na gidan cin abinci ya haɗa da [[rago]] a tafarnuwa da citta, da tilapia, tare da barkono serrano; mai cin ganyayyaki yana da kwalabe da lentil. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[Portland Mercury]] |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Kitchen Abyssinian a yankin Hosford-Abernethy na kudu maso gabashin Portland a cikin shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2020-08-18 |title=One of Portland's best Ethiopian restaurants has closed |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2020/08/one-of-portlands-best-ethiopian-restaurants-has-closed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419152302/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2020/08/one-of-portlands-best-ethiopian-restaurants-has-closed.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, gidan abincin ya rufe yayin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|bala'in COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson-Glidden |first=Brooke |date=2020-08-17 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Won't Reopen in its SE 21st Location |url=https://pdx.eater.com/2020/8/17/21372297/abyssinian-kitchen-portland-closing-reopening |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050307/https://pdx.eater.com/2020/8/17/21372297/abyssinian-kitchen-portland-closing-reopening |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> An sake buɗe kasuwancin a wani sabon wuri a kan titin Alberta na Arewa maso Gabas a cikin unguwar Concordia a cikin watan Agusta 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-16 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen {{!}} Ethiopian & Eritrean Cuisine {{!}} Portland, OR |url=https://abyssiniankitchen.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115114247/https://abyssiniankitchen.com/ |archive-date=2022-11-15 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Abyssinian Kitchen |language=en}}</ref> == liyafa == A cikin shekarar 2016, Michael Russell ya haɗa da Abyssinian Kitchen a cikin jerin sunayen gidajen abinci na ''Oregon'' na mafi kyawun birni goma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2016-09-10 |title=Portland's 10 best new restaurants of 2016 |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2016/09/portlands_10_best_new_restaura.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050311/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2016/09/portlands_10_best_new_restaura.html |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[The Oregonian]] |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ya haɗa da Kitchen Abyssinian a cikin bayyaninsa na shekara ta 2017 na mafi kyawun gidajen abinci 40 a kudu maso gabashin Portland, sannan kuma ya sanya Abyssinian Kitchen lamba 38 a cikin jerin 2019 mafi kyawun gidajen abinci na Portland 40. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2019-07-31 |title=Portland's 40 best restaurants, ranked |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/07/cfc9b36d2f3422/portlands-40-best-restaurants-ranked.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419112508/https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/07/cfc9b36d2f3422/portlands-40-best-restaurants-ranked.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017, Martin Cizmar ya haɗa da Kitchen Abyssinian a cikin jerin ''Makon Willamette'' na Mafi kyawun Gidan Abinci akan Sashen Portland da Titin Clinton. A cikin shekarar 2019, Alex Zielinski na ''Portland Mercury'' ya kuma rubuta, "Tsarin faranti, sabo, da kuma cika faranti sun isa don ci gaba da sa ido na farko na dawowa na ɗakika." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[Portland Mercury]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts "Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts"]. ''[[Portland Mercury]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts Archived] from the original on 2021-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Maya MacEvoy sun haɗa da gidan abinci a cikin Eater Portland's bayyani na 2022 na "Inda za a Nemo Abincin Habasha na Musamman a Portland". <ref>{{Cite web |last=MacEvoy |first=Maya |date=2018-03-30 |title=Where to Find Exceptional Ethiopian Food in Portland |url=https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013002/https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Afirka]] == Manazarta == f0lt4t0c9yozuz0ddfv0sytduitahgj 875354 875352 2026-07-03T19:14:23Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Tarihi */ 875354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abyssinian Kitchen''' gidan cin abinci ne na Habasha da [[Abincin Eritrea|Eritrea]] a kasar Portland, Oregon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2022-08-05 |title=Portland's best Ethiopian-Eritrean restaurant will reopen after a two-year hiatus next week |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2022/08/abyssinian-kitchen-portlands-best-ethiopian-eritrean-restaurant-will-reopen-next-week.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806081910/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2022/08/abyssinian-kitchen-portlands-best-ethiopian-eritrean-restaurant-will-reopen-next-week.html |archive-date=2022-08-06 |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-10-05 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen |url=https://www.thrillist.com/venues/eat/portland/restaurants/abyssinian-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919141435/https://www.thrillist.com/venues/eat/portland/restaurants/abyssinian-kitchen |archive-date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[Thrillist]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abyssinian Kitchen |url=https://www.southeastexaminer.com/2016/02/abyssinian-kitchen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603043303/https://www.southeastexaminer.com/2016/02/abyssinian-kitchen/ |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Southeast Examiner |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-24 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Is Portland's Newest, Fanciest Ethiopian Spot |url=https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/10/24/abyssinian-kitchen-is-portlands-newest-fanciest-ethiopian-spot/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926030906/https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/10/24/abyssinian-kitchen-is-portlands-newest-fanciest-ethiopian-spot/ |archive-date=2020-09-26 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Willamette Week |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Review - Portland |url=https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/reviews/abyssinian-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529045105/https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/reviews/abyssinian-kitchen |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[The Infatuation]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakall |first=Samantha |date=2015-08-07 |title=Ethiopian restaurant Abyssinian Kitchen opening in former Sok Sab Bai space in Southeast Portland |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2015/08/ethiopian_restaurant_abyssian.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014134332/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2015/08/ethiopian_restaurant_abyssian.html |archive-date=2022-10-14 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani == Abubuwa na gidan cin abinci ya haɗa da [[rago]] a tafarnuwa da citta, da tilapia, tare da barkono serrano; mai cin ganyayyaki yana da kwalabe da lentil. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[Portland Mercury]] |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Kitchen Abyssinian a yankin Hosford-Abernethy na kudu maso gabashin kasar Portland a cikin shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2020-08-18 |title=One of Portland's best Ethiopian restaurants has closed |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2020/08/one-of-portlands-best-ethiopian-restaurants-has-closed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419152302/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2020/08/one-of-portlands-best-ethiopian-restaurants-has-closed.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, gidan abincin ya rufe yayin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|bala'in COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson-Glidden |first=Brooke |date=2020-08-17 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Won't Reopen in its SE 21st Location |url=https://pdx.eater.com/2020/8/17/21372297/abyssinian-kitchen-portland-closing-reopening |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050307/https://pdx.eater.com/2020/8/17/21372297/abyssinian-kitchen-portland-closing-reopening |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> An sake buɗe kasuwancin a wani sabon wuri a kan titin Alberta na Arewa maso Gabas a cikin unguwar Concordia a cikin watan Agusta 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-16 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen {{!}} Ethiopian & Eritrean Cuisine {{!}} Portland, OR |url=https://abyssiniankitchen.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115114247/https://abyssiniankitchen.com/ |archive-date=2022-11-15 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Abyssinian Kitchen |language=en}}</ref> == liyafa == A cikin shekarar 2016, Michael Russell ya haɗa da Abyssinian Kitchen a cikin jerin sunayen gidajen abinci na ''Oregon'' na mafi kyawun birni goma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2016-09-10 |title=Portland's 10 best new restaurants of 2016 |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2016/09/portlands_10_best_new_restaura.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050311/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2016/09/portlands_10_best_new_restaura.html |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[The Oregonian]] |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ya haɗa da Kitchen Abyssinian a cikin bayyaninsa na shekara ta 2017 na mafi kyawun gidajen abinci 40 a kudu maso gabashin Portland, sannan kuma ya sanya Abyssinian Kitchen lamba 38 a cikin jerin 2019 mafi kyawun gidajen abinci na Portland 40. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2019-07-31 |title=Portland's 40 best restaurants, ranked |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/07/cfc9b36d2f3422/portlands-40-best-restaurants-ranked.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419112508/https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/07/cfc9b36d2f3422/portlands-40-best-restaurants-ranked.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017, Martin Cizmar ya haɗa da Kitchen Abyssinian a cikin jerin ''Makon Willamette'' na Mafi kyawun Gidan Abinci akan Sashen Portland da Titin Clinton. A cikin shekarar 2019, Alex Zielinski na ''Portland Mercury'' ya kuma rubuta, "Tsarin faranti, sabo, da kuma cika faranti sun isa don ci gaba da sa ido na farko na dawowa na ɗakika." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[Portland Mercury]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts "Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts"]. ''[[Portland Mercury]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts Archived] from the original on 2021-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Maya MacEvoy sun haɗa da gidan abinci a cikin Eater Portland's bayyani na 2022 na "Inda za a Nemo Abincin Habasha na Musamman a Portland". <ref>{{Cite web |last=MacEvoy |first=Maya |date=2018-03-30 |title=Where to Find Exceptional Ethiopian Food in Portland |url=https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013002/https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Afirka]] == Manazarta == 2yquszinll6im7eva4ths06snn7e7c3 875355 875354 2026-07-03T19:14:58Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Tarihi */ 875355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abyssinian Kitchen''' gidan cin abinci ne na Habasha da [[Abincin Eritrea|Eritrea]] a kasar Portland, Oregon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2022-08-05 |title=Portland's best Ethiopian-Eritrean restaurant will reopen after a two-year hiatus next week |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2022/08/abyssinian-kitchen-portlands-best-ethiopian-eritrean-restaurant-will-reopen-next-week.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806081910/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2022/08/abyssinian-kitchen-portlands-best-ethiopian-eritrean-restaurant-will-reopen-next-week.html |archive-date=2022-08-06 |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-10-05 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen |url=https://www.thrillist.com/venues/eat/portland/restaurants/abyssinian-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919141435/https://www.thrillist.com/venues/eat/portland/restaurants/abyssinian-kitchen |archive-date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[Thrillist]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abyssinian Kitchen |url=https://www.southeastexaminer.com/2016/02/abyssinian-kitchen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603043303/https://www.southeastexaminer.com/2016/02/abyssinian-kitchen/ |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Southeast Examiner |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-24 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Is Portland's Newest, Fanciest Ethiopian Spot |url=https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/10/24/abyssinian-kitchen-is-portlands-newest-fanciest-ethiopian-spot/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926030906/https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/10/24/abyssinian-kitchen-is-portlands-newest-fanciest-ethiopian-spot/ |archive-date=2020-09-26 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Willamette Week |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Review - Portland |url=https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/reviews/abyssinian-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529045105/https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/reviews/abyssinian-kitchen |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[The Infatuation]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakall |first=Samantha |date=2015-08-07 |title=Ethiopian restaurant Abyssinian Kitchen opening in former Sok Sab Bai space in Southeast Portland |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2015/08/ethiopian_restaurant_abyssian.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014134332/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2015/08/ethiopian_restaurant_abyssian.html |archive-date=2022-10-14 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani == Abubuwa na gidan cin abinci ya haɗa da [[rago]] a tafarnuwa da citta, da tilapia, tare da barkono serrano; mai cin ganyayyaki yana da kwalabe da lentil. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[Portland Mercury]] |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Kitchen Abyssinian a yankin Hosford-Abernethy na kudu maso gabashin kasar Portland a cikin shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2020-08-18 |title=One of Portland's best Ethiopian restaurants has closed |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2020/08/one-of-portlands-best-ethiopian-restaurants-has-closed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419152302/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2020/08/one-of-portlands-best-ethiopian-restaurants-has-closed.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, gidan abincin ya rufe yayin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|bala'in COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson-Glidden |first=Brooke |date=2020-08-17 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Won't Reopen in its SE 21st Location |url=https://pdx.eater.com/2020/8/17/21372297/abyssinian-kitchen-portland-closing-reopening |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050307/https://pdx.eater.com/2020/8/17/21372297/abyssinian-kitchen-portland-closing-reopening |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> An sake buɗe kasuwancin a wani sabon wuri a kan titin Alberta na Arewa maso Gabas a cikin unguwar Concordia a cikin watan Agusta shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-16 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen {{!}} Ethiopian & Eritrean Cuisine {{!}} Portland, OR |url=https://abyssiniankitchen.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115114247/https://abyssiniankitchen.com/ |archive-date=2022-11-15 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Abyssinian Kitchen |language=en}}</ref> == liyafa == A cikin shekarar 2016, Michael Russell ya haɗa da Abyssinian Kitchen a cikin jerin sunayen gidajen abinci na ''Oregon'' na mafi kyawun birni goma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2016-09-10 |title=Portland's 10 best new restaurants of 2016 |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2016/09/portlands_10_best_new_restaura.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050311/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2016/09/portlands_10_best_new_restaura.html |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[The Oregonian]] |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ya haɗa da Kitchen Abyssinian a cikin bayyaninsa na shekara ta 2017 na mafi kyawun gidajen abinci 40 a kudu maso gabashin Portland, sannan kuma ya sanya Abyssinian Kitchen lamba 38 a cikin jerin 2019 mafi kyawun gidajen abinci na Portland 40. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2019-07-31 |title=Portland's 40 best restaurants, ranked |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/07/cfc9b36d2f3422/portlands-40-best-restaurants-ranked.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419112508/https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/07/cfc9b36d2f3422/portlands-40-best-restaurants-ranked.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017, Martin Cizmar ya haɗa da Kitchen Abyssinian a cikin jerin ''Makon Willamette'' na Mafi kyawun Gidan Abinci akan Sashen Portland da Titin Clinton. A cikin shekarar 2019, Alex Zielinski na ''Portland Mercury'' ya kuma rubuta, "Tsarin faranti, sabo, da kuma cika faranti sun isa don ci gaba da sa ido na farko na dawowa na ɗakika." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[Portland Mercury]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts "Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts"]. ''[[Portland Mercury]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts Archived] from the original on 2021-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Maya MacEvoy sun haɗa da gidan abinci a cikin Eater Portland's bayyani na 2022 na "Inda za a Nemo Abincin Habasha na Musamman a Portland". <ref>{{Cite web |last=MacEvoy |first=Maya |date=2018-03-30 |title=Where to Find Exceptional Ethiopian Food in Portland |url=https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013002/https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Afirka]] == Manazarta == kr42813c3k28uxvin73tv0kuinsk1uu 875357 875355 2026-07-03T19:15:24Z Saudarh2 14842 /* liyafa */ 875357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abyssinian Kitchen''' gidan cin abinci ne na Habasha da [[Abincin Eritrea|Eritrea]] a kasar Portland, Oregon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2022-08-05 |title=Portland's best Ethiopian-Eritrean restaurant will reopen after a two-year hiatus next week |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2022/08/abyssinian-kitchen-portlands-best-ethiopian-eritrean-restaurant-will-reopen-next-week.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806081910/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2022/08/abyssinian-kitchen-portlands-best-ethiopian-eritrean-restaurant-will-reopen-next-week.html |archive-date=2022-08-06 |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-10-05 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen |url=https://www.thrillist.com/venues/eat/portland/restaurants/abyssinian-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919141435/https://www.thrillist.com/venues/eat/portland/restaurants/abyssinian-kitchen |archive-date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[Thrillist]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abyssinian Kitchen |url=https://www.southeastexaminer.com/2016/02/abyssinian-kitchen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603043303/https://www.southeastexaminer.com/2016/02/abyssinian-kitchen/ |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Southeast Examiner |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-24 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Is Portland's Newest, Fanciest Ethiopian Spot |url=https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/10/24/abyssinian-kitchen-is-portlands-newest-fanciest-ethiopian-spot/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926030906/https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/10/24/abyssinian-kitchen-is-portlands-newest-fanciest-ethiopian-spot/ |archive-date=2020-09-26 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Willamette Week |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Review - Portland |url=https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/reviews/abyssinian-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529045105/https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/reviews/abyssinian-kitchen |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[The Infatuation]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakall |first=Samantha |date=2015-08-07 |title=Ethiopian restaurant Abyssinian Kitchen opening in former Sok Sab Bai space in Southeast Portland |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2015/08/ethiopian_restaurant_abyssian.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014134332/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2015/08/ethiopian_restaurant_abyssian.html |archive-date=2022-10-14 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani == Abubuwa na gidan cin abinci ya haɗa da [[rago]] a tafarnuwa da citta, da tilapia, tare da barkono serrano; mai cin ganyayyaki yana da kwalabe da lentil. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[Portland Mercury]] |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Kitchen Abyssinian a yankin Hosford-Abernethy na kudu maso gabashin kasar Portland a cikin shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2020-08-18 |title=One of Portland's best Ethiopian restaurants has closed |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2020/08/one-of-portlands-best-ethiopian-restaurants-has-closed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419152302/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2020/08/one-of-portlands-best-ethiopian-restaurants-has-closed.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, gidan abincin ya rufe yayin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|bala'in COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson-Glidden |first=Brooke |date=2020-08-17 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Won't Reopen in its SE 21st Location |url=https://pdx.eater.com/2020/8/17/21372297/abyssinian-kitchen-portland-closing-reopening |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050307/https://pdx.eater.com/2020/8/17/21372297/abyssinian-kitchen-portland-closing-reopening |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> An sake buɗe kasuwancin a wani sabon wuri a kan titin Alberta na Arewa maso Gabas a cikin unguwar Concordia a cikin watan Agusta shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-16 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen {{!}} Ethiopian & Eritrean Cuisine {{!}} Portland, OR |url=https://abyssiniankitchen.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115114247/https://abyssiniankitchen.com/ |archive-date=2022-11-15 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Abyssinian Kitchen |language=en}}</ref> == liyafa == A cikin shekarar 2016, Michael Russell ya haɗa da Abyssinian Kitchen a cikin jerin sunayen gidajen abinci na ''Oregon'' na mafi kyawun birni goma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2016-09-10 |title=Portland's 10 best new restaurants of 2016 |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2016/09/portlands_10_best_new_restaura.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050311/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2016/09/portlands_10_best_new_restaura.html |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[The Oregonian]] |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ya haɗa da Kitchen Abyssinian a cikin bayyaninsa na shekara ta 2017 na mafi kyawun gidajen abinci 40 a kudu maso gabashin Portland, sannan kuma ya sanya Abyssinian Kitchen lamba 38 a cikin jerin shekarar 2019 mafi kyawun gidajen abinci na Portland 40. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2019-07-31 |title=Portland's 40 best restaurants, ranked |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/07/cfc9b36d2f3422/portlands-40-best-restaurants-ranked.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419112508/https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/07/cfc9b36d2f3422/portlands-40-best-restaurants-ranked.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017, Martin Cizmar ya haɗa da Kitchen Abyssinian a cikin jerin ''Makon Willamette'' na Mafi kyawun Gidan Abinci akan Sashen Portland da Titin Clinton. A cikin shekarar 2019, Alex Zielinski na ''Portland Mercury'' ya kuma rubuta, "Tsarin faranti, sabo, da kuma cika faranti sun isa don ci gaba da sa ido na farko na dawowa na ɗakika." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[Portland Mercury]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts "Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts"]. ''[[Portland Mercury]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts Archived] from the original on 2021-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Maya MacEvoy sun haɗa da gidan abinci a cikin Eater Portland's bayyani na 2022 na "Inda za a Nemo Abincin Habasha na Musamman a Portland". <ref>{{Cite web |last=MacEvoy |first=Maya |date=2018-03-30 |title=Where to Find Exceptional Ethiopian Food in Portland |url=https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013002/https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Afirka]] == Manazarta == 6c1thh6m9g3vibhbr2wsahogcug2qbz 875359 875357 2026-07-03T19:15:37Z Saudarh2 14842 /* liyafa */ 875359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abyssinian Kitchen''' gidan cin abinci ne na Habasha da [[Abincin Eritrea|Eritrea]] a kasar Portland, Oregon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2022-08-05 |title=Portland's best Ethiopian-Eritrean restaurant will reopen after a two-year hiatus next week |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2022/08/abyssinian-kitchen-portlands-best-ethiopian-eritrean-restaurant-will-reopen-next-week.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806081910/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2022/08/abyssinian-kitchen-portlands-best-ethiopian-eritrean-restaurant-will-reopen-next-week.html |archive-date=2022-08-06 |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-10-05 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen |url=https://www.thrillist.com/venues/eat/portland/restaurants/abyssinian-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919141435/https://www.thrillist.com/venues/eat/portland/restaurants/abyssinian-kitchen |archive-date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[Thrillist]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abyssinian Kitchen |url=https://www.southeastexaminer.com/2016/02/abyssinian-kitchen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603043303/https://www.southeastexaminer.com/2016/02/abyssinian-kitchen/ |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Southeast Examiner |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-24 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Is Portland's Newest, Fanciest Ethiopian Spot |url=https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/10/24/abyssinian-kitchen-is-portlands-newest-fanciest-ethiopian-spot/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926030906/https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/10/24/abyssinian-kitchen-is-portlands-newest-fanciest-ethiopian-spot/ |archive-date=2020-09-26 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Willamette Week |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Review - Portland |url=https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/reviews/abyssinian-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529045105/https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/reviews/abyssinian-kitchen |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[The Infatuation]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakall |first=Samantha |date=2015-08-07 |title=Ethiopian restaurant Abyssinian Kitchen opening in former Sok Sab Bai space in Southeast Portland |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2015/08/ethiopian_restaurant_abyssian.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014134332/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2015/08/ethiopian_restaurant_abyssian.html |archive-date=2022-10-14 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani == Abubuwa na gidan cin abinci ya haɗa da [[rago]] a tafarnuwa da citta, da tilapia, tare da barkono serrano; mai cin ganyayyaki yana da kwalabe da lentil. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[Portland Mercury]] |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Kitchen Abyssinian a yankin Hosford-Abernethy na kudu maso gabashin kasar Portland a cikin shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2020-08-18 |title=One of Portland's best Ethiopian restaurants has closed |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2020/08/one-of-portlands-best-ethiopian-restaurants-has-closed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419152302/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2020/08/one-of-portlands-best-ethiopian-restaurants-has-closed.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, gidan abincin ya rufe yayin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|bala'in COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson-Glidden |first=Brooke |date=2020-08-17 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Won't Reopen in its SE 21st Location |url=https://pdx.eater.com/2020/8/17/21372297/abyssinian-kitchen-portland-closing-reopening |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050307/https://pdx.eater.com/2020/8/17/21372297/abyssinian-kitchen-portland-closing-reopening |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> An sake buɗe kasuwancin a wani sabon wuri a kan titin Alberta na Arewa maso Gabas a cikin unguwar Concordia a cikin watan Agusta shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-16 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen {{!}} Ethiopian & Eritrean Cuisine {{!}} Portland, OR |url=https://abyssiniankitchen.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115114247/https://abyssiniankitchen.com/ |archive-date=2022-11-15 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Abyssinian Kitchen |language=en}}</ref> == liyafa == A cikin shekarar 2016, Michael Russell ya haɗa da Abyssinian Kitchen a cikin jerin sunayen gidajen abinci na ''Oregon'' na mafi kyawun birni goma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2016-09-10 |title=Portland's 10 best new restaurants of 2016 |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2016/09/portlands_10_best_new_restaura.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050311/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2016/09/portlands_10_best_new_restaura.html |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[The Oregonian]] |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ya haɗa da Kitchen Abyssinian a cikin bayyaninsa na shekara ta 2017 na mafi kyawun gidajen abinci 40 a kudu maso gabashin Portland, sannan kuma ya sanya Abyssinian Kitchen lamba 38 a cikin jerin shekarar 2019, mafi kyawun gidajen abinci na Portland 40. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2019-07-31 |title=Portland's 40 best restaurants, ranked |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/07/cfc9b36d2f3422/portlands-40-best-restaurants-ranked.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419112508/https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/07/cfc9b36d2f3422/portlands-40-best-restaurants-ranked.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017, Martin Cizmar ya haɗa da Kitchen Abyssinian a cikin jerin ''Makon Willamette'' na Mafi kyawun Gidan Abinci akan Sashen Portland da Titin Clinton. A cikin shekarar 2019, Alex Zielinski na ''Portland Mercury'' ya kuma rubuta, "Tsarin faranti, sabo, da kuma cika faranti sun isa don ci gaba da sa ido na farko na dawowa na ɗakika." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[Portland Mercury]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts "Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts"]. ''[[Portland Mercury]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts Archived] from the original on 2021-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Maya MacEvoy sun haɗa da gidan abinci a cikin Eater Portland's bayyani na 2022 na "Inda za a Nemo Abincin Habasha na Musamman a Portland". <ref>{{Cite web |last=MacEvoy |first=Maya |date=2018-03-30 |title=Where to Find Exceptional Ethiopian Food in Portland |url=https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013002/https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Afirka]] == Manazarta == g9fs0fuaps71997vyya5vwgnas6iy22 875360 875359 2026-07-03T19:15:50Z Saudarh2 14842 /* liyafa */ 875360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abyssinian Kitchen''' gidan cin abinci ne na Habasha da [[Abincin Eritrea|Eritrea]] a kasar Portland, Oregon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2022-08-05 |title=Portland's best Ethiopian-Eritrean restaurant will reopen after a two-year hiatus next week |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2022/08/abyssinian-kitchen-portlands-best-ethiopian-eritrean-restaurant-will-reopen-next-week.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806081910/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2022/08/abyssinian-kitchen-portlands-best-ethiopian-eritrean-restaurant-will-reopen-next-week.html |archive-date=2022-08-06 |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-10-05 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen |url=https://www.thrillist.com/venues/eat/portland/restaurants/abyssinian-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919141435/https://www.thrillist.com/venues/eat/portland/restaurants/abyssinian-kitchen |archive-date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[Thrillist]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abyssinian Kitchen |url=https://www.southeastexaminer.com/2016/02/abyssinian-kitchen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603043303/https://www.southeastexaminer.com/2016/02/abyssinian-kitchen/ |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Southeast Examiner |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-24 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Is Portland's Newest, Fanciest Ethiopian Spot |url=https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/10/24/abyssinian-kitchen-is-portlands-newest-fanciest-ethiopian-spot/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926030906/https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/10/24/abyssinian-kitchen-is-portlands-newest-fanciest-ethiopian-spot/ |archive-date=2020-09-26 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Willamette Week |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Review - Portland |url=https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/reviews/abyssinian-kitchen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529045105/https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/reviews/abyssinian-kitchen |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[The Infatuation]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakall |first=Samantha |date=2015-08-07 |title=Ethiopian restaurant Abyssinian Kitchen opening in former Sok Sab Bai space in Southeast Portland |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2015/08/ethiopian_restaurant_abyssian.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014134332/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2015/08/ethiopian_restaurant_abyssian.html |archive-date=2022-10-14 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani == Abubuwa na gidan cin abinci ya haɗa da [[rago]] a tafarnuwa da citta, da tilapia, tare da barkono serrano; mai cin ganyayyaki yana da kwalabe da lentil. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[Portland Mercury]] |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Kitchen Abyssinian a yankin Hosford-Abernethy na kudu maso gabashin kasar Portland a cikin shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2020-08-18 |title=One of Portland's best Ethiopian restaurants has closed |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2020/08/one-of-portlands-best-ethiopian-restaurants-has-closed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419152302/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2020/08/one-of-portlands-best-ethiopian-restaurants-has-closed.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, gidan abincin ya rufe yayin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|bala'in COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson-Glidden |first=Brooke |date=2020-08-17 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen Won't Reopen in its SE 21st Location |url=https://pdx.eater.com/2020/8/17/21372297/abyssinian-kitchen-portland-closing-reopening |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050307/https://pdx.eater.com/2020/8/17/21372297/abyssinian-kitchen-portland-closing-reopening |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> An sake buɗe kasuwancin a wani sabon wuri a kan titin Alberta na Arewa maso Gabas a cikin unguwar Concordia a cikin watan Agusta shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-16 |title=Abyssinian Kitchen {{!}} Ethiopian & Eritrean Cuisine {{!}} Portland, OR |url=https://abyssiniankitchen.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115114247/https://abyssiniankitchen.com/ |archive-date=2022-11-15 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Abyssinian Kitchen |language=en}}</ref> == liyafa == A cikin shekarar 2016, Michael Russell ya haɗa da Abyssinian Kitchen a cikin jerin sunayen gidajen abinci na ''Oregon'' na mafi kyawun birni goma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2016-09-10 |title=Portland's 10 best new restaurants of 2016 |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2016/09/portlands_10_best_new_restaura.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050311/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2016/09/portlands_10_best_new_restaura.html |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[The Oregonian]] |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ya haɗa da Kitchen Abyssinian a cikin bayyaninsa na shekara ta 2017 na mafi kyawun gidajen abinci 40 a kudu maso gabashin Portland, sannan kuma ya sanya Abyssinian Kitchen lamba 38 a cikin jerin shekarar 2019, mafi kyawun gidajen abinci na Portland 40. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2019-07-31 |title=Portland's 40 best restaurants, ranked |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/07/cfc9b36d2f3422/portlands-40-best-restaurants-ranked.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419112508/https://www.oregonlive.com/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/07/cfc9b36d2f3422/portlands-40-best-restaurants-ranked.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Oregonian |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017, Martin Cizmar ya haɗa da Kitchen Abyssinian a cikin jerin ''Makon Willamette'' na Mafi kyawun Gidan Abinci akan Sashen Portland da Titin Clinton. A cikin shekarar 2019, Alex Zielinski na ''Portland Mercury'' ya kuma rubuta, "Tsarin faranti, sabo, da kuma cika faranti sun isa don ci gaba da sa ido na farko na dawowa na ɗakika." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=[[Portland Mercury]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts "Celebrate the Best of America with 50 of Portland's Best Multi-Cultural Restaurants and Food Carts"]. ''[[Portland Mercury]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050309/https://www.portlandmercury.com/food-issue-2019/2019/07/04/26745781/celebrate-the-best-of-america-with-50-of-portlands-best-multi-cultural-restaurants-and-food-carts Archived] from the original on 2021-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Maya MacEvoy sun haɗa da gidan abinci a cikin Eater Portland's bayyani na 2022 na "Inda za a Nemo Abincin Habasha na Musamman a kasar Portland". <ref>{{Cite web |last=MacEvoy |first=Maya |date=2018-03-30 |title=Where to Find Exceptional Ethiopian Food in Portland |url=https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013002/https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Afirka]] == Manazarta == lq0mcxez8perbnazyun1a7ziqqkfi8w 0 88069 875362 545599 2026-07-03T19:16:32Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 875362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sarauniyar Sheba''' (wanda kuma akafi sani da '''Queen of Sheba Int'l Foods''') <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamman |first=Mattie John |date=2015-08-28 |title=This Weekend Marks Portland's First Support Black Restaurants Days |url=https://pdx.eater.com/2015/8/28/9220971/portland-support-black-restaurants-days-this-weekend |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419065018/https://pdx.eater.com/2015/8/28/9220971/portland-support-black-restaurants-days-this-weekend |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamman |first=Mattie John |date=2016-08-25 |title=This Weekend, Support Black Restaurant Days Returns to Portland |url=https://pdx.eater.com/2016/8/25/12642458/support-black-restaurants-Portland-August-2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013000/https://pdx.eater.com/2016/8/25/12642458/support-black-restaurants-Portland-August-2016 |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> gidan cin abinci ne na Habasha a kasar Portland, Oregon. == Tarihi == An buɗe gidan cin abinci na Black a cikin shekarun 1990s. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arden |first=Amanda |date=2021-02-22 |title=20+ places to try during Black Restaurant Week in Portland |url=https://www.koin.com/news/special-reports/20-places-to-try-during-black-restaurant-week-in-portland/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419065022/https://www.koin.com/news/special-reports/20-places-to-try-during-black-restaurant-week-in-portland/ |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=KOIN.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ham |first=Robert |date=2020-06-03 |title=Help Support Portland's Black-Owned Restaurants |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/blogtown/2020/06/03/28502713/help-support-portlands-black-owned-restaurants |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418065533/https://www.portlandmercury.com/blogtown/2020/06/03/28502713/help-support-portlands-black-owned-restaurants |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Portland Mercury |language=en}}</ref> Alem Gebrehiwot shi ne mai shi, har zuwa shekara ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorenson |first=Saundra |date=2020-12-03 |title=Black Restaurant Owners Keep Doors Open, Often at Great Loss |url=https://www.theskanner.com/news/northwest/30766-black-restaurant-owners-keep-doors-open-often-at-great-loss |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418014503/https://www.theskanner.com/news/northwest/30766-black-restaurant-owners-keep-doors-open-often-at-great-loss |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Skanner News |language=en-gb}}</ref> == liyafa == A cikin shekarar 2016, shekarar 2017, da shekarar 2020, masu karatu na Willamette Week sun kira Queen of Sheba babban gidan cin abinci na Habasha a cikin shekara-shekara "mafi kyawun Portland". A cikin wani bayyani game da abincin Habasha na "na musamman" na birnin, Maya MacEvoy na Eater Portland ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|text=The casual-but-lively Queen of Sheba introduced many unfamiliar Portlanders to Ethiopian food when it opened in the ‘90s, quickly snagging local accolades and distributing injera, berbere, and other Ethiopian imports at markets around town. The folks at Queen of Sheba don’t play, spice-wise; all dishes arrive at a solid medium-hot. Those who can’t handle the heat should order mild dishes like an aromatic alicha. Conversely, heat-seekers can expect a real kick by ordering dishes like tibbsi kinttishara, sauteed mushrooms in a spicy berbere sauce.<ref>{{Cite web|last=MacEvoy|first=Maya|date=2018-03-30|title=Where to Find Exceptional Ethiopian Food in Portland|url=https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean|access-date=2021-04-18|website=Eater Portland|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013002/https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean|url-status=live}}</ref>}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Afirka]] * Jerin gidajen cin abinci mallakar Baƙar fata == Manazarta == t694eavbq9ipbodbuxe9mel3zz4ca6b 875366 875362 2026-07-03T19:18:44Z Saudarh2 14842 /* liyafa */ 875366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sarauniyar Sheba''' (wanda kuma akafi sani da '''Queen of Sheba Int'l Foods''') <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamman |first=Mattie John |date=2015-08-28 |title=This Weekend Marks Portland's First Support Black Restaurants Days |url=https://pdx.eater.com/2015/8/28/9220971/portland-support-black-restaurants-days-this-weekend |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419065018/https://pdx.eater.com/2015/8/28/9220971/portland-support-black-restaurants-days-this-weekend |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamman |first=Mattie John |date=2016-08-25 |title=This Weekend, Support Black Restaurant Days Returns to Portland |url=https://pdx.eater.com/2016/8/25/12642458/support-black-restaurants-Portland-August-2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013000/https://pdx.eater.com/2016/8/25/12642458/support-black-restaurants-Portland-August-2016 |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> gidan cin abinci ne na Habasha a kasar Portland, Oregon. == Tarihi == An buɗe gidan cin abinci na Black a cikin shekarun 1990s. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arden |first=Amanda |date=2021-02-22 |title=20+ places to try during Black Restaurant Week in Portland |url=https://www.koin.com/news/special-reports/20-places-to-try-during-black-restaurant-week-in-portland/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419065022/https://www.koin.com/news/special-reports/20-places-to-try-during-black-restaurant-week-in-portland/ |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=KOIN.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ham |first=Robert |date=2020-06-03 |title=Help Support Portland's Black-Owned Restaurants |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/blogtown/2020/06/03/28502713/help-support-portlands-black-owned-restaurants |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418065533/https://www.portlandmercury.com/blogtown/2020/06/03/28502713/help-support-portlands-black-owned-restaurants |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Portland Mercury |language=en}}</ref> Alem Gebrehiwot shi ne mai shi, har zuwa shekara ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorenson |first=Saundra |date=2020-12-03 |title=Black Restaurant Owners Keep Doors Open, Often at Great Loss |url=https://www.theskanner.com/news/northwest/30766-black-restaurant-owners-keep-doors-open-often-at-great-loss |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418014503/https://www.theskanner.com/news/northwest/30766-black-restaurant-owners-keep-doors-open-often-at-great-loss |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Skanner News |language=en-gb}}</ref> == liyafa == A cikin shekarar 2016, shekarar 2017, da shekarar 2020, masu karatu na Willamette Week sun kira Queen of Sheba babban gidan cin abinci na Habasha a cikin shekara-shekara "mafi kyawun Portland". A cikin wani bayyani game da abincin Habasha na "na musamman" na birnin, Maya MacEvoy na Eater Portland ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|text=Gidan cin abinci na Queen of Sheba, mai yanayi na annashuwa amma cike da kuzari, ya gabatar da abincin Habasha (Ethiopia) ga mutane da yawa a Portland waɗanda ba su saba da shi ba lokacin da aka buɗe shi a shekarun 1990. Cikin ɗan lokaci kaɗan, ya sami yabo daga al'umma tare da rarraba injera, berbere, da sauran kayayyakin Habasha a kasuwanni daban-daban na birnin. Ma'aikatan Queen of Sheba ba sa wasa idan ana maganar yaji; kusan dukkan abincin da suke kawowa yana da ɗan zafi mai matsakaici zuwa sama. Waɗanda ba sa iya jure yaji sosai su yi odar abinci mai sauƙin yaji kamar alicha, mai ƙamshi na musamman. Amma ga masu son abinci mai yaji sosai, za su sami zafi na gaske idan suka yi odar tibbsi kinttishara, wato namomin kaza da aka soya a cikin miya mai yajin berbere..<ref>{{Cite web|last=MacEvoy|first=Maya|date=2018-03-30|title=Where to Find Exceptional Ethiopian Food in Portland|url=https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean|access-date=2021-04-18|website=Eater Portland|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013002/https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean|url-status=live}}</ref>}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Afirka]] * Jerin gidajen cin abinci mallakar Baƙar fata == Manazarta == 9t4smnca7nu5zi1m08umvbjxzqcc3fp 875368 875366 2026-07-03T19:19:18Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Tarihi */ 875368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sarauniyar Sheba''' (wanda kuma akafi sani da '''Queen of Sheba Int'l Foods''') <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamman |first=Mattie John |date=2015-08-28 |title=This Weekend Marks Portland's First Support Black Restaurants Days |url=https://pdx.eater.com/2015/8/28/9220971/portland-support-black-restaurants-days-this-weekend |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419065018/https://pdx.eater.com/2015/8/28/9220971/portland-support-black-restaurants-days-this-weekend |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamman |first=Mattie John |date=2016-08-25 |title=This Weekend, Support Black Restaurant Days Returns to Portland |url=https://pdx.eater.com/2016/8/25/12642458/support-black-restaurants-Portland-August-2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013000/https://pdx.eater.com/2016/8/25/12642458/support-black-restaurants-Portland-August-2016 |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> gidan cin abinci ne na Habasha a kasar Portland, Oregon. == Tarihi == An buɗe gidan cin abinci na Black a cikin shekarun 1990s. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arden |first=Amanda |date=2021-02-22 |title=20+ places to try during Black Restaurant Week in Portland |url=https://www.koin.com/news/special-reports/20-places-to-try-during-black-restaurant-week-in-portland/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419065022/https://www.koin.com/news/special-reports/20-places-to-try-during-black-restaurant-week-in-portland/ |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=KOIN.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ham |first=Robert |date=2020-06-03 |title=Help Support Portland's Black-Owned Restaurants |url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/blogtown/2020/06/03/28502713/help-support-portlands-black-owned-restaurants |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418065533/https://www.portlandmercury.com/blogtown/2020/06/03/28502713/help-support-portlands-black-owned-restaurants |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=Portland Mercury |language=en}}</ref> Alem Gebrehiwot shi ne mai gidan abincin, har zuwa shekara ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorenson |first=Saundra |date=2020-12-03 |title=Black Restaurant Owners Keep Doors Open, Often at Great Loss |url=https://www.theskanner.com/news/northwest/30766-black-restaurant-owners-keep-doors-open-often-at-great-loss |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418014503/https://www.theskanner.com/news/northwest/30766-black-restaurant-owners-keep-doors-open-often-at-great-loss |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-18 |website=The Skanner News |language=en-gb}}</ref> == liyafa == A cikin shekarar 2016, shekarar 2017, da shekarar 2020, masu karatu na Willamette Week sun kira Queen of Sheba babban gidan cin abinci na Habasha a cikin shekara-shekara "mafi kyawun Portland". A cikin wani bayyani game da abincin Habasha na "na musamman" na birnin, Maya MacEvoy na Eater Portland ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|text=Gidan cin abinci na Queen of Sheba, mai yanayi na annashuwa amma cike da kuzari, ya gabatar da abincin Habasha (Ethiopia) ga mutane da yawa a Portland waɗanda ba su saba da shi ba lokacin da aka buɗe shi a shekarun 1990. Cikin ɗan lokaci kaɗan, ya sami yabo daga al'umma tare da rarraba injera, berbere, da sauran kayayyakin Habasha a kasuwanni daban-daban na birnin. Ma'aikatan Queen of Sheba ba sa wasa idan ana maganar yaji; kusan dukkan abincin da suke kawowa yana da ɗan zafi mai matsakaici zuwa sama. Waɗanda ba sa iya jure yaji sosai su yi odar abinci mai sauƙin yaji kamar alicha, mai ƙamshi na musamman. Amma ga masu son abinci mai yaji sosai, za su sami zafi na gaske idan suka yi odar tibbsi kinttishara, wato namomin kaza da aka soya a cikin miya mai yajin berbere..<ref>{{Cite web|last=MacEvoy|first=Maya|date=2018-03-30|title=Where to Find Exceptional Ethiopian Food in Portland|url=https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean|access-date=2021-04-18|website=Eater Portland|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013002/https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean|url-status=live}}</ref>}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Afirka]] * Jerin gidajen cin abinci mallakar Baƙar fata == Manazarta == m2m73xsf96v5n95v5cbbjs39pcos4gk 0 88846 875594 555469 2026-07-04T05:07:40Z Merjoor 14653 875594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''James Charles Kellner''' (an haifeshi ne a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu,shekarata alif 1947 zuwa ranar 21 ga watan Yuni,shekarata 2024) babban jami'in gidan talabijin ne na Amurka. Ya kasance shugaba da ya kafa Fox Broadcasting kuma ya kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta WB. Kellner shi ne shugaba kuma Shugaba na Turner Broadcasting System, Inc., wani yanki na Time Warner wanda ya haɗa da TBS, TNT, da Cibiyar Cartoon daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa shekara ta 2003. Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar mallakar tashar ACME Communications, mukamin da aka yi tun kafa kamfanin har zuwa nada shi a shekarar 2016. ==Ratuwa da ilimi== An haifi Kellner a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1947 ga dangin Katolika na Irish a Brooklyn kuma ya girma a Long Island,<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/27/business/media/jamie-kellner-dead.html</ref><ref>Lieberman, Allyson (March 7, 2001). "KELLNER IS WELL-SUITED FOR NEW JOB". New York Post. Retrieved</ref>New York. ==Sana'a== Bayan koleji ya shiga cikin Shirin Horar da Harkokin Gudanarwa na CBS; bayan CBS ya watsar da sashin haɗin gwiwa, ya kai matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa don shirye-shirye na farko, haɓakawa, da tallace-tallace a Viacom. A cikin 1978, ya karɓi aiki a matsayin zartarwa na Filmways, mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin da rarrabawa.<ref> Newcomb, Horace (June 2005). Encyclopedia of Television. Booksurge. pp. 1243–44. ISBN 9781419608353.</ref> A cikin 1982, bayan da Orion Pictures ya karɓi Filmways, ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar Nishaɗi ta Orion, inda ya sa ido tare da kula da shirye-shiryensu da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa, gami da ƙaddamar da Cagney da Lacey.<ref>Newcomb, Horace (June 2005). Encyclopedia of Television. Booksurge. pp. 1243–44. ISBN 9781419608353.</ref> A cikin 1986, shi ne shugaban zartarwa na farko da Rupert Murdoch da Barry Diller suka yi hayar don haɓaka hanyar sadarwar talabijin ta huɗu don yin gogayya da manyan uku. A Fox, an tuhume shi da gina hanyar haɗin gwiwa, sayar da shirye-shirye ga masu talla, da kuma kulla dangantaka da masu shirya shirye-shirye. <ref>Newcomb, Horace (June 2005). Encyclopedia of Television. Booksurge. pp. 1243–44. ISBN 9781419608353.</ref> ===Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Fox=== Kellner ya kasance a wurin kafa Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Fox kuma ya rike matsayin shugaban gidan talabijin na Fox na 20th Century daga 1986 zuwa 1993.<ref>https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-01-05-fi-925-story.html</ref> Daga cikin abubuwan da suka fito a cikin shekaru bakwai na Kellner a Fox sun hada da Simpsons, Married ... tare da Yara, Beverly Hills, 90210, Melrose Place da In Living Color. Wa] annan nunin sun gudanar da "yanar gizo" masu tasowa tare har sai Fox ya gigice duniyar talabijin ta hanyar cin nasarar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ƙasa (NFL) a 1994 daga CBS; cewa, da kuma haɓaka tashoshi a kasuwanni da yawa saboda haɗin gwiwar Fox da haɗuwa da New World Communications, ya sa Fox ya zama hanyar sadarwa ta hudu.<ref>https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-01-05-fi-925-story.html</ref> Kellner ya yi murabus daga Fox a cikin Janairu 1993, ya bar shekara guda bayan tsohon shugaban Fox Inc Barry Diller shi ma ya bar kamfanin.<ref>https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-01-05-fi-925-story.html</ref> ===WB Television Network=== Kellner ya shafe shekaru bakwai yana shugabancin Gidan Talabijin na WB. Ya taimaka wajen ƙaddamar da sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta watsa shirye-shirye a cikin 1994. A lokacin aikinsa, Kellner ya fara da zakaran sitcom na birni, amma a ƙarshe ya jagoranci hanyar sadarwar zuwa hanyar samari da wasan kwaikwayo na dangi. Sama ta 7, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Gilmore Girls, Dawson's Creek, Felicity da Charmed duk an fara farawa a lokacin shugabancin Kellner. ===Tsarin Watsa Labarai na Turner=== An nada Kellner shugaban Tsarin Watsa Labarai na Turner a cikin 2000, wanda ya gaji Ted Turner bisa hukuma a cikin Maris 2001.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB983920915516944115</ref><ref>https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/jamie-kellner-dies-dead-fox-the-wb-obituary-1236044943/</ref> A ƙarshe shine wanda ya yanke shawarar soke shirye-shiryen Wrestling World Championship (WCW) akan hanyoyin sadarwar Turner a cikin 2001. WCW mai ƙarfi sau ɗaya shine babban haɓakar kokawa a cikin shaharar duniya-hikima a tsakiyar 1990s, mafi kyawun abokin hamayyarsa. Kungiyar kokawa ta Duniya (WWF, wacce aka fi sani da WWE) kan gaba da kai a daren Litinin na tsawon makonni 83 a jere daga 1996 zuwa 1998. A 2001, yana raguwa, kuma ya yi asarar kusan dala miliyan 60 a 2000.<ref>http://rsenreport.com/revisiting-the-failed-fusient-mediawcw-deal-from-2000/</ref> Tare da WCW ba ta da fa'ida, kuma AOL Time Warner (kamfanin iyaye na WCW) ba ya son komai da samfurin gaba (yana son motsawa ta wata hanya daban), Kellner ya soke duk shirye-shiryen WCW akan TBS Superstation da TNT. Wannan ya bar WCW ba tare da kwangilar talabijin ba, kuma ya hanzarta siyan kadarori ta shugaban WWF Vince McMahon. A cikin littafin Mutuwar WCW na Bryan Alvarez da RD Reynolds, an lissafta Kellner a matsayin "kisan" WCW na hukuma, gwargwadon yadda ya yi kiran hukuma don cire shi daga hanyoyin sadarwar Turner.<ref>http://bleacherreport.com/articles/35859-the-death-of-wcw-truth-lies-and-everything-in-between</ref> A cikin littafin NITRO: The Incredible Rise and Inevitable Collapse of Ted Turner's WCW by Guy Evans, an ce wani mahimmin yanayi a cikin yarjejeniyar siyan WCW da Fusient Media Ventures shine Fusient yana son sarrafa ramukan lokaci akan TNT da TBS Superstation, ba tare da la'akari da hakan ba. ko waɗannan ramummuka za su nuna shirye-shiryen WCW ko a'a. Wannan ya rinjayi shawarar Kellner na soke shirin WCW a ƙarshe. An rubuta asarar WCW ta hanyar lissafin siye; A cewar Evans: "a cikin yanayin bayan haɗe-haɗe, sabuwar ƙungiyar ta sami damar 'rubuta' ayyukan asarar kuɗi, da gaske ta kawar da waɗannan asarar saboda rashin dacewar su gaba."<ref>Evans, Guy (2018-07-06). NITRO: The Incredible Rise and Inevitable Collapse of Ted Turner's WCW. WCWNitroBook.com. ISBN 978-0692139172.</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sirri== Kellner da matarsa, Julie, suna da ɗa ɗaya, kuma yana da ɗiya daga auren da ya yi a baya. Kellner ya mutu daga cutar kansa a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2024, a Montecito, California, yana da shekaru 77. <ref>https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/jamie-kellner-dies-dead-fox-the-wb-obituary-1236044943/</ref> ==Manazarta== nlfol56u2lptp83ry5o1johfoa2eoa8 0 89302 875538 598664 2026-07-04T01:11:31Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 Baban gyaran 875538 wikitext text/x-wiki Ga cikakken bayani Mashur Abdallah Muqbil Ahmed Al Sabri (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1977) ɗan ƙasar Yemen ne, amma an haife shi ne a garin Makka na ƙasar Saudiyya. Ya shahara ne saboda kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da aka tsare na tsawon shekaru a sansanin tsare mutane na Guantanamo Bay da ke Cuba, wanda gwamnatin Amurka ke gudanarwa. A shekarar 2001, hukumomin Pakistan suka kama shi yayin da yake ƙoƙarin tsallaka iyaka bayan fara yaƙin Amurka a Afghanistan. Daga baya aka miƙa shi ga sojojin Amurka, waɗanda suka kai shi sansanin Guantanamo Bay a watan Mayun 2002. An ba shi lambar shaidar fursuna 324. A lokacin da yake tsare, gwamnatin Amurka ta yi zargin cewa yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Al-Qaeda da Taliban, kuma ta ce ya je Afghanistan domin tallafa wa Taliban. Sai dai ba a taɓa gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu ko yanke masa hukunci kan wani laifi ba. Shi da lauyoyinsa sun musanta zarge-zargen da ake masa, kuma ya shafe kusan shekaru 14 a tsare ba tare da shari'a ba. A shekarar 2014, kwamitin sake duba shari'un fursunonin Guantanamo ya sake nazarin lamarinsa, inda aka yi la'akari da yiwuwar a canja masa wurin zama. Bayan wannan tsari, a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2016, gwamnatin Amurka ta canja shi tare da wasu 'yan Yemen zuwa ƙasar Saudiyya domin ci gaba da shirin gyara hali da sa ido. Lamarin Mashur Abdallah Muqbil Ahmed Al Sabri ya kasance cikin shahararrun misalan muhawarar da aka yi a duniya game da tsare mutane na dogon lokaci ba tare da gurfanar da su a kotu ba, da kuma batun kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a sansanin Guantanamo Bay. c0bbgnrpe63a2blpo5e3z5m7mpwtpqk 0 92833 875147 802952 2026-07-03T16:32:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Esther Eillam (a mata-linkid="49" href="./Hebrew_language" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hebrew language">[[Ibrananci]]; 12 ga Yuli, 1939 - 29 ga Yuli, 2023) ta kasance muhimmiyar mace a Isra'ila tun daga farkonta. Ayyukan Eillam da rubuce-rubucenta game da mata da adalci na zamantakewa sun sami kyaututtuka da karbuwa, gami da digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima . Eillam ta kasance mai farawa kuma ta kafa The Feminist Movement a Tel Aviv (1971), kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Cibiyar Taimako ta Isra'ila ga Wadanda aka azabtar da Harin Jima'i, kuma ɗaya daga cikinsu sun kafa kungiyar mata ta Mizrahi, Ahoti - don Mata a Isra'ila (Ahoti / Achoti = 'yar'uwata).[my] Ta kasance mai aiki a fannoni daban-daban a cikin mata na Isra'ila, gami da siyasa, al'adu, da ilimi. Ita ce mai shirya manyan abubuwan da suka faru a Isra'ila game da cin zarafin jima'i da jima'i, kuma tana aiki sosai wajen kawo zaman lafiya. == Tarihi == An haifi Esther Saporta a ranar 12 ga Yuli, shekara ta alif dari tara da talatin da tara 1939, a [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]], ga iyayen asalin Sephardic daga Saloniki, Girka. Ita ce ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya hudu na Miriam (née De-Mayo) da Leon Saporta . 'Yan uwanta sune Yaacov (1938-2014), Rachel (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dari tara da arba'in 1940), da Aliza (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dari tara da arba'in da takwas 1948). A shekara ta 1964, ta auri abokin karatunta, Zohar Eillam, likita na [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]], mai kirkiro, marubuci, kuma mai shirya al'umma. Ta kammala karatun ta na BA a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da [[Falsafa|falsafar]] a Jami'ar Tel Aviv a shekarar 1972. <ref name="Migdar">{{Cite journal |last=Eillam |first=Esther |title=פמיניסטית באקדמיה בשנות השבעים |journal=Migdar - A Journal of Gender and Feminism |volume=1 |issue=December 2012 |page=118}}</ref> A shekara ta 1980, Eillam ta yi aiki a kan rubutun ta na biyu a fannin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Tel Aviv, tana binciken jinsi. Kafin wannan, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike ga farfesa Dafna Isra'ila, tana nazarin "Mata Shugabannin Zamanin Yishuv". Ta kuma kasance mai bincike a kan aikin ilimi, "Birane na Ci Gaban a cikin karkashin Isra'ila" (1978). A shekara ta 2002, ta kammala MA a fannin falsafar, tare da rubutun da ke binciken yiwuwar "Creating Feminist Science: Feminist Philosophy of Science in Light of the 'Public-Private' Distinction".<ref name="Migdar"/> A cewar Eillam, ta riga ta zama uwa ta biyu lokacin da ta fahimci, a cikin 1970, yadda kowane bangare na rayuwarta ya shafi gaskiyar cewa ita mace ce a cikin al'umma mai zaman kanta. Bayan wannan fahimtar, ta fara aiki don canji game da matsayin jinsi a cikin al'umma da cibiyoyinta, kuma ta ci gaba da inganta wannan burin a matsayin mai fafutuka, tana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi da kungiyoyi daban-daban, da kuma a cikin Academia.<ref name="Migdar"/> == Yunkurin Mata == [[Fayil:אסתר_עילם.jpg|thumb|Esther Eillam a wani bikin tunawa da zanga-zangar bayan kashe kansa na ma'aikacin jima'i (Tel Aviv, Agusta 18, 2016) ]] Eillam na daya daga cikin "mahaifiyar da ta kafa" [[Feminism|mata]] a Isra'ila.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Barry |date=December 8, 2011 |title=The Myth of Sexual Equality |url=https://www.jpost.com/In-Jerusalem/Features/The-myth-of-sexual-equality |access-date=11 February 2019 |publisher=Jerusalem Post}}</ref> A shekara ta 1972, ta kafa kungiyar mata ta farko a [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]], The Women's Liberation Group, wanda bayan shekaru uku ya zama kungiyar ba da riba, "The Feminist Movement in Israel". Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar har zuwa shekara ta 1992. Ayyukanta a cikin kungiyar sun hada da ƙirƙirar da jagorantar kungiyoyin haɓaka hankali, jagorantar shirye-shiryen ilimi, da PR. Bugu da kari, Eillam ta rubuta kuma ta shirya jaridar kungiyar, kuma ta wakilci kungiyar a matsayin mai magana da yawun a kafofin watsa labarai da kuma ziyarar wasu kungiyoyi da al'ummomi. Ta raba lokacinta tsakanin aikin ilimi - wanda ya haɗa da laccoci da horar da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da kwaleji - da kuma aiki don fadada jawabin mata da sanya shi a kan ajanda na jama'a. Daga cikin ayyukan siyasa da Eillam ya jagoranci sun kasance kamfen don gyara dokokin zubar da ciki da kuma karɓar Dokar Tushen kan Hakkin Daidaitawa ga Mata.<ref name="Parliament">{{Cite web |last=Keshet |first=Shula |date=April 16, 2017 |title=Dr. (hon.) Esther Eillam - Representing the Feminist Struggle in Israel Since the Early 1970s |url=http://womenparliament.org/%D7%93%D7%A8-%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93-%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A8-%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%92%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A7-%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210031431/http://womenparliament.org/%D7%93%D7%A8-%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93-%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A8-%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%92%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A7-%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0/ |archive-date=10 December 2019 |access-date=11 February 2019 |website=Women's Parliament |language=Hebrew}}</ref> A shekara ta 1975, Firayim Minista Yitzhak Rabin ya nada Eillam a Hukumar Namir kan Matsayin Mata a Isra'ila . Ta shiga cikin kungiyoyin "Mata a Siyasa" da "Mata a Ilimi". Rahoton karshe da hukumar ta fitar an gabatar da shi ga Firayim Minista Menachem Begin a shekarar 1977, kuma ya hada da binciken Eillam game da jinsi a cikin litattafan makarantar firamare, wanda ta shirya tare da Michal Beller. A shekara ta 1977, Eillam na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Cibiyar Taimako ga Wadanda aka azabtar da Harin Jima'i. Ta kasance mai kula da cibiyar a cikin shekaru hudu na farko na wanzuwar cibiyar, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai sa kai a cibiyar a duk shekarun 1980, tana aiki a kan hotline, horar da wasu masu sa kai, tana ba da lacca game da tashin hankali na jima'i, a matsayin mai magana da yawun, da kuma taimako / haɗin kai ga wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref name="Know">{{Cite web |date=August 17, 2006 |title=Someone You Should Know - Esther Eilam |url=http://jewishsurvivors.blogspot.com/2006/08/someone-you-should-know-esther-eilam.html |access-date=11 February 2019 |website=Jewish Survivors of Sexual Assault Speak Out}}</ref> Eillam ya shiga cikin rubuce-rubuce na tarihin cibiyar, wanda ya kasance kawai ɗaya daga cikin irin sa a Isra'ila, kuma ɗaya daga cikin kaɗan a duniya. Daga baya, Eillam kuma na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa hotline don maza da ke fama da cin zarafin jima'i.<ref name="Merkaz">{{Cite web |last=עילם |first=אסתר |date=2018 |title=מבט אישי על ארבעים שנה של מרכז הסיוע |url=https://www.1202.org.il/images/local/tel-aviv/event2018/28-%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9D.pdf |access-date=11 February 2019 |website=1202.org |publisher=איגוד ומרכזי הסיוע לנפגעות ולנפגעי תקיפה מינית |language=Hebrew}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1980s, Eillam ta ci gaba da kafawa da shiga cikin mata da sauran shirye-shiryen adalci na zamantakewa. Daga 1979 zuwa 1986, ta kasance memba na kwamitin daraktocin jam'iyyar siyasa ta Meretz, karkashin jagorancin Shulamit Aloni . A farkon shekaru goma, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da al'umma a unguwar Neve Ofer ta kudancin [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]], kuma shekaru da yawa ta kasance a kwamitin jagora na kungiyar Shatil na Asusun Sabon Isra'ila. Tsakanin 1982 da 1987, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa da masu shirya ƙungiyar Mata da ke Yaki da Tashin Jiki da Mata, wanda ke aiki don kawar da batsa, kuma ya fara ayyukan filin kamar "Take Back the Night" a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunkurin mata na duniya game da tashin hankali da kuma yaƙin neman zaɓe ga Mata, wanda ya inganta aminci ga mata a cikin sufuri. A shekara ta 1985 ta shirya zanga-zangar farko a Isra'ila game da fyade, da kuma zanga-zambe ta farko da ta faru a gaban kotun Tel Aviv game da hukuncin da aka yanke a cikin shari'ar fyade a Kibbutz Shomrat . Ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin Eillam a wannan lokacin shine kafa cibiyar ba da shawara ga mata, tare da rassa a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] da Ramat Gan, cibiyar farko ta irin wannan a Isra'ila, tana ba da maganin halayyar mata. Eillam memba ne na Yarjejeniyar Cibiyar Mata ta Isra'ila, ƙungiyar da ba ta da jam'iyya wacce ke aiki don inganta matsayin mata a Isra'ila ta hanyar inganta daidaito ta hanyar ayyuka da hanyoyin da yawa. Ta kasance memba mai kafawa kuma memba na kwamitin kungiyar mata tsakanin 1984 da 1989, kuma ta kafa kungiyar tsaron mata, kungiyar kare kai ga mata da ke zaune a arewacin Tel Aviv a 1985, a lokacin da sanannen "mai fyade na Arewacin Tel Aviv" ke aiki a yankin. Eillam ta zama mai fafutukar zaman lafiya bayan ta shiga taron [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kan Mata a [[Nairobi]] a shekarar 1985, tana wakiltar kungiyar mata ta Isra'ila da Cibiyar Mata. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Eillam ta kasance mai aiki a cikin Mata a cikin Baƙar fata kuma daga wannan lokacin har zuwa mutuwarta ta kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin shirye-shiryen zaman lafiya da tattaunawa daban-daban, musamman tare da matan [[Falasdinawa|Palasdinawa]]. A cikin 1990, Eillam ta fara kuma ta shiga cikin Operation Witnesses, wanda kungiyoyin mata da yawa suka gudanar wadanda suka tattara shaidu daga wadanda aka yi wa tashin hankali. A wannan shekarar, Eillam ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar Isra'ila ta farko don Sadarwa ba tare da tashin hankali ba, bisa ga hanyar Marshall Rosenberg, da kuma darussan sulhu da tarurruka na hadin gwiwa waɗanda suka haɗu da Yahudawa da Palasdinawa. Daga cikin sauran ayyukanta a wannan lokacin, Eillam na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa da masu fafutuka na Coalition Against Trafficking in Women <ref name="Know"/> da kuma kungiyar Tamar don mata a cikin karuwanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=תמר - הנשמה מתחת לבגדים (ע"ר) |url=https://www.guidestar.org.il/organization/580398410/people |access-date=11 February 2019 |website=Israel Ministry of Justice}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 1990s, Eilam da wani Ma'aikacin jima'i mai aiki tare sun kafa kungiyar "We Are Worthy," wanda ke aiki don taimakawa karuwanci, da kuma haifar da canji a halin jama'a game da ma'aikatan jima'i. Kungiyar ta gudanar da tafiye-tafiye, tarurruka, da sauran ayyukan ilimi, ta buga wata takarda, kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga bincike da labarai a kan batun. Eillam kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Makarantar Al'umma ta Mata, wacce ke da al'adu da yawa, kuma ta shirya litattafan adabi na mata a cikin Ibrananci da Ingilishi don ma'aikatar, da kuma tsarin karatu don darasi game da tashin hankali ga mata. A shekara ta 2000, tare da wasu masu gwagwarmayar mata, daga cikinsu Henriette Dahan Kalev, Vicki Shiran, Neta Amar da Shula Keshet, Eillam na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar "Ahoti - don Mata a Isra'ila" (Ahoti / Achoti = 'yar'uwata), suna mai da hankali kan inganta tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, siyasa da al'adu, da kuma inganta haƙƙoƙi da matsayin mata daga kungiyoyin da ba na addini ba a Isra'a.[my] Eillam ta kasance memba na kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitocin jagorantar ayyukan daban-daban a cikin motsi, kamar "Mata Gina Al'adun Zaman Lafiya," "Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Mata," "Curaren Jagorancin Mata,"" "A kan Cinikin Mata," 'Mata Rubuta Zaman Lafiya", "Jarkin Gidauniyar Mata," da sauransu. Tana wakiltar Ahoti a cikin dandamali daban-daban na mata, da kuma a cikin Knesset da kuma a wasu tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama da na bil'adarai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2017 |title=פרוטוקול מס' 442 מישיבת ועדת החינוך, התרבות והספורט, הכנסת העשרים |url=https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/Law103/20_ptv_390404.htm |access-date=11 February 2019 |website=Nevo Law |language=Hebrew}}</ref> A farkon zuwa tsakiyar 2000s, aikin Eillam na rigakafin cin zarafin jima'i an yi aiki a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta, shirin da aka aiwatar a makarantu ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Ilimi halayyar Ma'aikatun Ilimi.<ref name="Know"/> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, Eilam ta shiga cikin shirin "Mata a cikin Yellow", ƙungiyar mata da ke sintiri a titunan Kudancin Tel Aviv don tabbatar da lafiyar mata a cikin waɗannan unguwanni masu haɗari. Ortal Ben Dayan, mai fafutukar Mizrahi, ne ya kafa wannan shirin, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin ayyukan da aka tsara don kare mata daga tashin hankali, gami da rarraba fure. A cikin 2018 Eillam ta kasance mai aiki a cikin Mizrachi Men and Women Against Expulsion, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu magana a babban zanga-zangar da gwamnatin Isra'ila ta yi a Kudancin Tel Aviv game da fitar da 'yan gudun hijirar Afirka, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018. == Siyasa == Tsakanin shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2014, Eillam ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar siyasa ta gari [[Ir Lekulanu]] (Birni ga dukkanmu). A watan Satumbar 2018, Eillam ya shiga jerin sunayen Anachnu HaIr (Mu ne birni) a zaben birni. Jam'iyyar ta sami kujeru 5 a majalisar birni, kodayake Eillam ba ta cikin su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 29, 2018 |title=בת"א-יפו הוקמה הרשימה היהודית-ערבית "אנחנו העיר" בשותפות עם חד"ש |url=http://hadash.org.il/%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%90-%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95-%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%A0/ |access-date=11 February 2019 |website=Hadash |language=Hebrew |archive-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128035001/http://hadash.org.il/%d7%91%d7%aa%d7%90-%d7%99%d7%a4%d7%95-%d7%94%d7%95%d7%a7%d7%9e%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%a8%d7%a9%d7%99%d7%9e%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%99%d7%94%d7%95%d7%93%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%a2%d7%a8%d7%91%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%90%d7%a0/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bincike da Rubuce-rubuce == Dukkanin ayyukan Eillam, a ciki da waje da cibiyoyin ilimi, sun haɗa da abubuwa na rubuce-rubucen mata da bincike. Batutuwa sun haɗa da siyasa, hanyar bincike, nazarin matani daga fannoni daban-daban daga hangen nesa na mata, tashin hankali na jima'i, al'adu, da sauransu. Eillam tana sukar maganganun mata masu rinjaye, wanda aka shigo da shi zuwa Isra'ila daga Amurka a cikin mahallin mulkin mallaka na al'adu, kuma wanda ta yi iƙirarin ci gaba da rarraba aji tsakanin mata. Wani muhimmin ka'idar mata ga Eillam, da kuma [[Mizrahi Feminism]], shine fahimtar cewa ba kawai shugabanci da cibiyoyinsa ne ke sanya maza a matsayin masu riƙe da ikon dangi a kan mata ba, amma kuma akwai bambance-bambance na dangi a cikin ikon da mata ke riƙe da kuma samun damar albarkatu, bisa ga kabilanci, aji, da sauran haɗuwa da ainihi da matsayi na zamantakewa. A cikin ayyukanta na ilimi, Eillam ta yi aiki don gabatar da mata ga cibiyoyin, ta san ɗalibai da furofesoshi da horo. Koyaya, ta soki "ƙwarewa" na maganganun mata, wanda bisa ga bincikenta ya dace da mata daga fagen, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga yin shiru ga mata waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyoyi masu banƙyama waɗanda ba a jin muryoyin su sosai ba, kodayake gwagwarmayarsu yawanci shine inda mata ke tasowa.<ref name="Quarters">{{Cite web |last=עילם |first=אסתר |date=October 2003 |title=העידן שמעבר ל'שיטת הרבעים' - השלב הבא בהתמודדות של פמיניסטיות בישראל עם אי השוויון בין נשים |url=http://www.ha-keshet.org.il/1257/ |access-date=11 February 2019 |website=הקשת |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004205604/http://www.ha-keshet.org.il/1257/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mutuwa == Esther Eillam ta mutu a ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2023, tana da shekaru 84. == Littafan da aka wallafa == === Littattafai === * ''Mata da aka yi wa fyade, fyade, da Hukumomi a Isra'ila''; Cibiyar Nazarin Isra'ila ta Urushalima, 1995. (An yi ƙaulin a cikin hukuncin Kotun Koli ta marigayi Mai Shari'a Mishal Heshin) ** {{Lang|he|'''{{ill|נאנסות, אונס והרשויות בישראל|he|מכון ירושלים למחקרי מדיניות|vertical-align=sup}}''', הוצאת מכון ירושלים לחקר ישראל, 1994}} === Babi a cikin Littattafai === * [Hasiya] Hotunan batsa na Holocaust - Abin da ya faru da darussan, a cikin nama da jini, batsa da karuwanci a Isra'ila. Eds., Herzog, Esther da Shadmi, Ariela. Ina da mashaya. Tel Aviv, shafuffuka na 127-140.&nbsp; * Eillam, Esther. 2011. Ritzpa Bat Aya - Tunanin a kan Jarumiyar Mace, A cikin: A-Mythical - Adalci na Jama'a da Jima'i a cikin Tushen Yahudawa. Eds., Henriette Dahan Kalev, Dafna Horev-Betzalel, Eli Bareket, Avigdor Shinan. Miskal - Littattafan Yedioth Aharonoth da Littattafan Chemed, Tel Aviv, Isra'ila, shafuffuka na 157-64.&nbsp; * Eillam, Esther. 2007. '''Amfani da Harshe tsakanin Mata da Tasirinta na Siyasa''', A cikin Shlomith Lir, Ed., Ga 'yar uwata, Mizrahi Feminist Siyasa, Bavel pub., Tel Aviv, Isra'ila, shafuffuka na 197-205.&nbsp; * Eillam, Esther. 2002. '''Esperanza'<nowiki/>'', wani ɗan gajeren labari. '' ''A cikin:'' Azut-Metzah: Mizrahi Feminism'''[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Tzah, Dalibai Babi na Adalci na Jama'a, Winter, 2002. shafi na 92-98.&nbsp; * Eillam, Esther. 1994. Wadanda suka tsira daga fyade da fyade a cikin kungiyoyi na musamman a Isra'ila: Bincike da Kwatanta. A cikin: Eds: Wozner, Y., Golan, M., Hovav, Laifi da Ayyukan Jama'a: Ilimi da Shiga baki. Mista Ramot mashaya, Jami'ar Tel Aviv. shafi na 124-40.&nbsp; * Eillam, Esther. 1991. "Rape and Rape Survivors in Israel," wanda Sharon Ne'eman ya fassara, A cikin: Eds: Barbara Swirksi da Marilyn P. Safir, ''Kira Daidaitawa Bluff: Mata a Isra'ila''. New York: Pergamon Press, shafi na 312-18.&nbsp; * Eillam Esther, '''Rahoton Farko game da Isra'ila'''. A cikin: Gail Peterson (edita), Margo St. James (Foreword) Bayyanawa na 'Yancin karuwai, Seattle, Washington, Seal Press, 1989, shafuffuka 277-280.&nbsp; === Rahotanni da Labarai === * {{Lang|he|"בשירות הממסד", '''נגה''', גיליון 30 (1996): 16–19}} *: ("A cikin hidimar Cibiyar", Noga (Jaridar) * {{Lang|he|"סטראוטיפים מיניים בספרי הלימוד בבית הספר היסודי", עם מיכל בלר, פרק בדו"ח הסופי ל'''וועדת הממשלה למעמד האישה בישראל''', 1978}} *: ("Gender Stereotypes in Elementary School Textbooks", wani rahoto da aka kirkira tare da Michal Beller, don Hukumar kan Matsayin Mata a Isra'ila, kamar yadda gwamnatin Isra'ila ta nada * {{Lang|he|"[http://www.gendersite.org.il/2015/07/28/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A8-%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9D-%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%9E/ התוצאות ההרסניות של זיהוי המושג 'מגדר' עם המושגים 'נשים' ו'פמיניזם']", האגודה הישראלית ללימודים פמיניסטיים ולחקר המגדר, 28 ביולי 2015}} *: ("Sakamako masu lalacewa na Haɗakar da Kalmar 'Jima'i' tare da 'Mata' da 'Jima" - Ƙungiyar Isra'ila don Nazarin Mata da Jima'i) * {{Lang|he|"[http://blogdebate.org/gender/journal/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A8-%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9D.pdf פמיניסטית באקדמיה בשנות השבעים]", מגדר - כתב עת למגדר ופמיניזם, דצמבר 2012}} *: ("A Feminist in Academe in the 1970s" - Migdar: A Journal of Gender and Feminism) * {{Lang|he|[http://www.ha-keshet.org.il/articles/feminisim/idan_ester.htm העידן שמעבר ל'שיטת הרבעים' – השלב הבא בהתמודדות של פמיניסטיות בישראל עם אי השוויון בין נשים], מאמרה של עילם באתר הקשת}} *: ("The Era Beyond 'The Quarters System': Mataki na gaba ga Mata na Isra'ila a cikin Gwagwarmayar Daidaitawa" - HaKeshet) * {{Lang|he|[http://www.haokets.org/2012/07/08/%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9A-%D7%91%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9F/ במציאות פמיניסטית אין צורך בביטחון], העוקץ, 8 ביולי 2012}} *: ("A cikin Gaskiyar Mata Babu Bukatar Tsaro" - Ha'Oketz Magazine) * {{Lang|he|[https://www.1202.org.il/images/local/tel-aviv/event2018/28-%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9D.pdf מבט אישי על ארבעים שנה של מרכז הסיוע], 1202.org}} *: ("Binciken Mutum a Shekaru arba'in na Cibiyar Rikicin Jima'i" - 1202.org) * {{Lang|he|2=[http://www.fightracism.org/Article.asp?aid=18 גזענות – האומנם אפשר למגר אותה?], המטה למאבק בגזענות בישראל}} *: ("Racism - za a iya kawar da shi?" - The Coalition Against Racism Israel) == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == * 1995: Kyautar girmamawa ta '''Cibiyar Mata ta Isra'ila''' * 2000: Mai Girma Mai Girma ta 'Ha-ir', jaridar mako-mako ta gida * 2001: '''Kyautar 'Dor-Shalom'''' ga masu sa kai. * 2002: '''Ph.D. mai daraja''' daga [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima]] * 2004: Kyautar hadin gwiwa ta shekara-shekara don aikin sa kai tare da Cibiyar Rikicin Jima'i <ref>{{Cite web |date=2005 |script-title=he:פרסי לאונור ולארי זוסמן-ג'וינט למצוינות בתחום השירותים החברתיים בישראל |url=http://www2.jdc.org.il/he/node/853 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004185710/http://www2.jdc.org.il/he/node/853 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |access-date=11 February 2019 |website=ג'וינט ישראל |language=Hebrew}}</ref> * 2006: '''Dan takarar da aka ba da shawarar ga shugabancin Isra'ila''' a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen don zabar mace shugaban kasa a Isra'ila * 2010: Babban Dan kasa na Karamar Hukumar [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv-Yafo]], saboda aikinta na rayuwar mata <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |script-title=he:יקירי תל אביב-יפו |url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Forms/%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%20%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%20%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA%202010.pdf |access-date=11 February 2019 |website=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |language=Hebrew}}</ref> * 2011: '''Daraja ta musamman don gudummawa ga al'adun Mizrahi''' - 'Zuciyata tana Gabas' hadin gwiwa * 2014: Kyautar Rappaport don Mace mai ban sha'awa a cikin al'ummar Isra'ila'''Kyautar Rappaport don Mace mai Girma a cikin Ƙungiyar Isra'ila''' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commons-inline|Category:Esther Elam|Esther Eillam}} * {{Lang|he|[http://www.erev-rav.com/archives/22498 '''נשים זקנות וזועמות:'''] ראיון עם אסתר עילם, טל דקל ואורה ראובן; חוה ראוכר, ערב רב, 7 במרץ 2013}} *: ("Tsohon Mata masu fushi" - Tattaunawa da Esther Eillam, Tal Dekel da Ora Reuven" - Erev Rav, ta Hava Raucher) * {{YouTube|j-qTvH1jyig|עושות סדר - נשים בארגוני שלום, פאנל בטלוויזיה החברתית}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cvotsqafa5stmees7f6t1hfswju1m0j 0 94462 875019 790738 2026-07-03T14:08:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Emilia Augusta Clementina Broomé''', née Lothigius (13 ga Janairu 1866 - 2 ga Yuni 1925), 'yar siyasar Sweden ce ([[Liberalism|mai sassaucin ra'ayi]]), mai fafutukar mata kuma mai fafutuka da zaman lafiya. Ita ce mace ta farko a majalisar dokoki ta Sweden (1914). == Rayuwa == Ta kasance shugabar Stockholmsföreningen för kvinnans négoci rösträtt (sashen Stockholm na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa) daga kafuwarta a 1902 har zuwa 1906. <ref name="Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek">{{Cite web |title=Emilia Broomé |url=http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/fred/biografier/broome.xml |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617043038/http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/fred/biografier/broome.xml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance memba na kwamitin daraktoci na {{Interlanguage link|Centralförbundet för Socialt Arbete|sv}} [sv] (The Society for Social Welfare) daga 1904 zuwa 1925, kuma memba na Darakta na Ilimi na Stockholm . <ref name="Steinrud">{{Cite web |last=Steinrud |first=Marie |title=Emilia Augusta Clementina Broomé |url=https://www.skbl.se/en/article/EmiliaBroome |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance shugabar {{Interlanguage link|Sveriges Kvinnliga Fredsförening|sv}} [sv] (Kungiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Mata ta Sweden) <ref name="Women In Peace">{{Cite web |title=Emilia Broomé |url=https://www.womeninpeace.org/b-names/2017/4/24/emilia-broome |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=Women In Peace}}</ref> daga shekarar da ta kafa ta a 1898 har sai da ta haɗu da Kungiyar Zaman Lafiyar Sweden a 1911, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Sweden a taron zaman lafiya na duniya a The [[Hague]] a 1899. <ref name="Rosengren">{{Cite web |last=Rosengren |first=H. |title=Emilia A C Broomé (f. Lothigius) |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Mobil/Artikel/17035 |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=Riksarkivet |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008130023/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Mobil/Artikel/17035 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabi Broomé a Majalisar Birnin Stockholm a 1910 da kuma a 1911. An zabe ta a majalisar birni a lokacin zaben na karshe kuma ta yi aiki daga 1911 zuwa 1924. Ta kasance shugabar mata masu sassaucin ra'ayi daga 1917 zuwa 1920. {{Cite web |last=Steinrud |first=Marie |title=Emilia Augusta Clementina Broomé |url=https://www.skbl.se/en/article/EmiliaBroome |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSteinrud">Steinrud, Marie. [https://www.skbl.se/en/article/EmiliaBroome "Emilia Augusta Clementina Broomé"]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Broomé ita ce mace ta farko ta Sweden da ta kasance wani ɓangare na kwamitin majalisa na jihar Sweden (Lagberedningen), wanda ya shirya don sabbin dokoki kuma a ciki ta yi aiki a matsayin memba daga 1914 zuwa 1918. Ta shiga cikin rubuce-rubucen dokar aure a cikin 1920, inda aka sanya maza da mata daidai kuma an ayyana mata masu aure a cikin mafi rinjaye na doka; a cikin dokar daidaito ga maza da mata a cikin 1921; da kuma dokar (Behörighetslagen) wanda ya ba mata damar samun dukkan ayyukan hukuma a cikin 1923. [1] == Dubi kuma == * Hanna Lindberg * Jerin masu fafutukar zaman lafiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen == * [http://www.ub.gu.se/fasta/laban/erez/kvinnohistoriska/tidskrifter/idun/1911/pdf/1911_11.pdf Ub.gu.se] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412221725/http://www2.ub.gu.se/fasta/laban/erez/kvinnohistoriska/tidskrifter/idun/1911/pdf/1911_11.pdf |date=2021-04-12 }} * [http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinndata/digtid/03/1911/dagny1911_11.pdf Ub.gu.se] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412220145/http://www2.ub.gu.se/kvinndata/digtid/03/1911/dagny1911_11.pdf |date=2021-04-12 }} * Historisktidskrift.se An adana shi 2012-04-02 a * Barbro Hedvall (2011). Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist. ja. Vårmätiga filaye. An yi amfani da shi sosai. Förlag Bonnier   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-91-7424-119-8|978-91-7424-119-8]] == Ƙarin karantawa == * Emilia BrooméaMutanen da ke cikin mutanen da ke cikin rayuwarsu [[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1866]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1925]] g9o88c1ujn19bpkz1oeb5vat3e5wxhm 0 94663 875539 824833 2026-07-04T01:16:25Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 Babban gyar 875539 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daular Sakkwato''' (wacce kuma ake kira '''Khalifancin Sakkwato''') wata babbar daular Musulunci ce da ta kasance mafi girma a Yammacin Afirka a ƙarni na 19. ne ya kafa ta a shekarar 1804 bayan fara Jihadin Fulani, wanda ya yi nufin gyara al'amuran addini, siyasa da zamantakewa a ƙasar Hausa. Bayan nasarar jihadin, an kafa khalifanci wanda ya haɗa da masarautu da dama ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sarkin Musulmi na Sakkwato. Babban birnin daular shi ne , yayin da wasu manyan cibiyoyi irin su suka kasance muhimman cibiyoyin gudanar da mulki. An raba daular zuwa masarautu da dama, inda kowace ke da sarki ko hakimi, amma duk suna ƙarƙashin ikon Sarkin Musulmi. Daular ta bunƙasa wajen yaɗa addinin Musulunci da ilimin addini. An kafa makarantu da cibiyoyin koyarwa, kuma malamai sun rubuta littattafai masu yawa a fannonin fikihu, tafsiri, hadisi, tauhidi da harshen Larabci. Mata ma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ilimi, musamman ta hanyar ayyukan , 'yar Usman ɗan Fodiyo, wacce ta shahara wajen koyarwa, rubuce-rubuce da wayar da kan mata. Tattalin arzikin daular ya ta'allaka ne kan noma, kiwo, kasuwanci da sana'o'i. Ana noma hatsi irin su gero, dawa da shinkafa, tare da kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki. Haka kuma, kasuwanci tsakanin Yammacin Afirka da Arewacin Afirka ya bunƙasa, inda ake safarar gishiri, fata, kayan masarufi da sauran kayayyaki. A mafi girman faɗinta, daular ta mamaye yankunan da suke cikin , , da na yau. Ana kiyasin cewa yawan jama'arta ya kai tsakanin miliyan 10 zuwa 20 a farkon ƙarni na 19, lamarin da ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan daulolin Afirka a wancan lokaci. Bayan rasuwar Usman ɗan Fodiyo a shekarar 1817, ɗansa ya gaje shi, inda ya ci gaba da ƙarfafa mulki, ilimi da ci gaban daular. Bayan haka, wasu Sarakunan Musulmi suka ci gaba da jagoranci har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20. A shekarar 1903, sojojin mulkin mallaka na ƙarƙashin jagorancin suka mamaye Sakkwato. Wannan ya kawo ƙarshen ikon siyasar Daular Sakkwato, duk da cewa masarautar Sarkin Musulmi ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin cibiyar addini da al'adu. Har zuwa yau, Sarkin Musulmi na Sakkwato yana daga cikin manyan shugabannin Musulmi mafi tasiri a Najeriya da ma Yammacin Afirka. axrp3etk3ir1lu41zohhthwsay8rwpe 0 94848 875015 790729 2026-07-03T12:45:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Elizabeth Frances Churchill''' masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Burtaniya wadda ke da ƙwarewa a cikin hulɗar mutum da kwamfuta (HCI) da lissafin zamantakewa. Ita ce Daraktan Kwarewar Mai Amfani a [[Google]] . Ta rike mukamai da yawa a cikin ACM ciki har da Sakataren Baitulmalin daga 2016 zuwa 2018, da Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa daga 2018 zuwa 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACM Elects Cherri Pancake as President |url=https://www.acm.org/articles/bulletins/2018/may/acm-new-officers-2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2016 |title=Citris Athena Award for Executive Leadership |url=http://citris-uc.org/2016-athena-award-recipients/ |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=CITRUS and the Banatao Institute}}</ref> == Ilimi da rayuwar farko == An haifi Churchill a [[Kolkata|Calcutta, Indiya]] kuma ta koma [[Newcastle|Newcastle a kan Tyne]] tun tana yarinya. Ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin Ilimin Jaraba da kuma Jagoran Kimiyya a Tsarin Ilimi daga Jami'ar Sussex a Ƙasar Ingila inda ta yi aiki a kan simulations na Soar . Ta kammala digirinta na PhD a 1993 a Jami'ar Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=People of ACM - Elizabeth Churchill |url=https://www.acm.org/articles/people-of-acm/2015/elizabeth-f-churchill |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=www.acm.org |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka da bincike == Bayan ta PhD ta shiga Jami'ar Nottingham a matsayin Mai bincike na postdoctoral.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bealing |first=Jacqui |title=Elizabeth Churchill |url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/broadcast/read/45400 |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=The University of Sussex |archive-date=2022-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104084338/https://www.sussex.ac.uk/broadcast/read/45400 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1997, ta koma California, Amurka don shiga FXPAL inda ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci kungiyar Social Computing Group. A shekara ta 2004, Churchill ya shiga Cibiyar Bincike ta Palo Alto (PARC). Ta shiga [[Yahoo!]] a shekara ta 2006 a matsayin babbar masaniyar kimiyya ta bincike, inda ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci kungiyar Intanet Experiences Group a cikin sashen Microeconomics da Social Systems na Yahoo! Labs (wadda yanzu ita ce Yahoo! Research). Kungiyarta da bincike sun kasance masu yawa, suna magance haɗuwa da kimiyyar kwamfuta, ilimin halayyar mutum da zamantakewa, kimiyyar ƙira, kimiyyyar kwakwalwa, nazari, da ilimin ɗan adam. Ta kasance a baya Darakta na Hulɗa da Kwamfuta na Mutum don Laboratories na Bincike na eBay a San Jose, CA. A halin yanzu, ita ce Daraktan Kwarewar Mai Amfani a [[Google]] a Mountain View, CA. A shekara ta 2009, an zabe ta a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban ACM SIGCHI a zaben hadin gwiwa tare da Gerrit van der Veer, shugaban SIGCHi. An san Churchill da aikinta a kan Embodied Conversational Agents kuma ta hada da wani littafi na wannan sunan, wani yanki na HCI wanda ke amfani da wakilai masu amfani da kwamfuta tare da samfurin alama da fuska don ba da damar sadarwa ta fuska da fuska tare da mutane. An kuma san ta da aikinta a kan hadin gwiwar mahalli na kama-da-wane, da kuma a kan nune-nunen jama'a da shigarwa.A shekara ta 2011, ta hada da wani mujallar mujallar musamman kan Feminism da HCI tare da Shaowen Bardzell a Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington .Ayyukanta na baya-bayan nan suna mai da hankali kan tsarin ƙira da kayan aikin mai tsarawa da mai haɓaka. Churchill ta jagoranci kuma ta gudanar da shirin fasaha a manyan tarurruka da yawa kuma tana bugawa a kai a kai a cikin manyan mujallu na ilimi da tarurruka a kimiyyar kwamfuta, hulɗar mutum da kwamfuta, ilimin zamantakewa, da fannoni masu alaƙa. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin jaridu da mujallu daban-daban a duniya ciki har da Scientific American <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenemeier, Larry |date=September 29, 2010 |title=Sentiment-sensing software could aid in weeding hostile online comments |url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2010/09/29/sentiment-sensing-software-could-aid-in-weeding-hostile-online-comments/ |access-date=March 19, 2012 |publisher=Scientific American}}</ref> da SFGate . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Temple, James |date=January 11, 2010 |title=Social science meets computer science at Yahoo |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/01/10/BUQP1BEDSM.DTL&ao=all |access-date=March 19, 2012 |publisher=SF Gate |archive-date=December 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209121034/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/01/10/BUQP1BEDSM.DTL&ao=all |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kyaututtuka da girmamawa === A cikin 2016, an ba Churchill lambar yabo ta Athena don Kyautar Shugabanci daga Cibiyar Nazarin Fasahar Bayanai ta Jami'ar California a cikin Sha'awar Al'umma (CITRIS) da Cibiyar Banatao . <ref name="CBAward">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2016 |title=Announce inaugural CITRIS Athena Awards for Women in Tech |url=https://citris-uc.org/2016-athena-award-recipients/}}</ref> An zabi Churchill a matsayin Fellow na Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) a cikin 2019 don "haɗin kai ga hulɗar mutum da kwamfuta da sabis ga ACM".<ref name="facm">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Frances Churchill |url=https://awards.acm.org/award_winners/churchill_4552865}}</ref> Ta sami digirin digirin digirgir na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Sussex a Burtaniya (2018), da kuma daga Jami'an Stockholm a Sweden (2019) don gudummawa mai ɗorewa ga fannonin Hulɗa da Kwamfuta na Jama'a. <ref name="Sussex">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Churchill |url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/broadcast/read/45400 |access-date=2025-03-03 |archive-date=2022-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104084338/https://www.sussex.ac.uk/broadcast/read/45400 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Stockholm">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Churchill appointed Honorary Doctor at Stockholm University - DSV, Department of Computer and Systems Sciences - Stockholm University |url=https://dsv.su.se/en/about/news/elizabeth-churchill-appointed-honorary-doctor-at-stockholm-university-1.434366 |access-date=2025-03-03 |archive-date=2023-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313222413/https://dsv.su.se/en/about/news/elizabeth-churchill-appointed-honorary-doctor-at-stockholm-university-1.434366 |url-status=dead }}</ref>A cikin 2023, Churchill ya sami lambar yabo ta SIGCHI ta Lifetime Service.<ref name="sigchiAwards2023">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Neha |date=14 February 2023 |title=SIGCHI AWARDS 2023 |url=https://sigchi.org/sigchi-awards-2023/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214202849/https://sigchi.org/sigchi-awards-2023/ |archive-date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7gxhberyppyuzdehoqyuj4sr52royfc 0 95636 875016 852995 2026-07-03T12:49:43Z Nura Bello 24854 875016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nancy Ellen Cantor''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun a shekara ta 1952) ita ce mai kula da ilimi ta Amurka, shugabar Jami'ar Rutgers-Newark, a Newark, [[New Jersey]], kuma shugabar Kwalejin Hunter mai shigowa. A baya, Cantor ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar Jami'ar Syracuse. Kafin wannan ita ce mace ta farko da ta kasance shugabar Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign . Tun da farko, ta kasance provost a Jami'ar [[Michigan]] . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Cantor a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1986 |title=Distinguished scientific awards for an early career contribution to psychology: Nancy E. Cantor. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/h0092136 |journal=American Psychologist |language=en |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=365–368 |doi=10.1037/h0092136 |issn=1935-990X}}</ref> Ta sami A.B. a 1974 daga Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence da Ph.D. a cikin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]] a 1978 daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . A Stanford, Cantor ya fara shirin bincike kan samfurori na mutum tare da Walter Mischel wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar binciken rarraba Eleanor Rosch da [[Carolyn Mervis]]. == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === Da farko a cikin aikinta, Cantor ta rike mukaman koyarwa a Jami'ar Michigan da Jami'ar Princeton. A matsayinta na mai gudanar da ilimi, ta yi aiki a matsayin provost da mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na harkokin ilimi a Jami'ar Michigan sannan kuma shugabar Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign . === Jami'ar Syracuse === A shekara ta 2004, an zabi Cantor a matsayin shugaban Jami'ar Syracuse . Kwamitin amintattu na jami'ar ne suka yanke hukunci game da shekaru biyar na farko da suka ci nasara sosai, suna nuna aikinta tare da dalibai, ma'aikata da ma'aikatan da suka yi amfani da ƙarfin tarihi na jami'a, sun inganta kirkire-kirkire da kerawa, kuma sun haɗa ma'aikatar ta hanyoyi tare da al'umma, dukansu sun kara ingancin jami'ar da hangen nesa na kasa. Cantor ta sami zargi saboda lalacewar gaba ɗaya a matsayin jami'ar ilimi a matsayin cibiyar bincike wanda ya haifar da raguwar ƙa'idodin shiga, tare da karɓar karɓa daga tsakiyar 50 zuwa sama da kashi 60. Wasu ma'aikatan ma'aikata sun yi jayayya da abin da aka gani a matsayin"mulkin mulkin mallaka". Farfesa na tarihin Syracuse David H. Bennett ya yi sharhi, "Tsoro na shine jami'ar tana motsawa daga zaɓaɓɓu zuwa hadawa. "<ref> name="SLIDE">{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Robin |date=October 2, 2011 |title=Syracuse's Slide |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/syracuses-slide/ |access-date=March 29, 2023 |website=www.chronicle.com |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> Bayan tashi daga Syracuse shekaru tara bayan haka, Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattun Richard L. Thompson ya ce game da Cantor, "Kwamitin Rutgers-Newark da al'umma suna samun daya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin ilimi na kasar kuma kwamitin Rutgers yana samun abokin tarayya mai zurfi, mai kuzari da sadaukarwa. Nancy ta kasance jagora mai girma, tana ganin Jami'armu ta sami nasara mai ban mamaki kuma tana taimaka mana gina waɗannan girmanmu da cimma sabbin matakan". Cantor ta da aka tayar da shi a shekaru 2 kafin ta tashi daga ƙarshen kwangilar.<ref>name="HOUSE">{{Cite web |last=Archive |first=qgao07 |date=May 13, 2020 |title=A look back on Nancy Cantor's career |url=https://www.thenewshouse.com/nharchive/a-look-back-on-nancy-cantors-career/ |access-date=March 29, 2023 |website=www.thenewshouse.com |publisher= |quote= |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328131238/https://www.thenewshouse.com/nharchive/a-look-back-on-nancy-cantors-career/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jami'ar ta sami zargi don janyewa daga membobin Association of American Universities don "ba ta cika ka'idodin AAU don samar da bincike ba".<ref> name="SLIDE">{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Robin |date=October 2, 2011 |title=Syracuse's Slide |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/syracuses-slide/ |access-date=March 29, 2023 |website=www.chronicle.com |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> Cantor ta jagoranci babban kamfen na tara kuɗi a Syracuse kuma yana da alhakin ci gaban Jami'ar Scholarship in Action, wanda ya jaddada rawar da jami'ar ke takawa a matsayin amfanin jama'a. An lura cewa Scholarship in Action ya shahara kuma ya raba a lokaci guda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=David |date=November 10, 2013 |title=Nancy Cantor's vision: Good for the city, divisive on campus (David M. Rubin) |url=https://www.syracuse.com/opinion/2013/11/nancy_cantor_legacy_at_syracuse_university.html |access-date=May 27, 2019 |website=syracuse.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial Board |date=December 8, 2013 |title=As fans and foes debate Nancy Cantor's legacy, they can't argue with this: She was good for Syracuse |url=https://www.syracuse.com/opinion/2013/12/nancy_cantor_leaves_syracuse_university_editorial.html |access-date=May 27, 2019 |website=syracuse.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The Connective Corridor shi ne bangare na zahiri na Scholarship in Action wanda ke da niyyar kawar da gibin tsakanin jami'a mai arziki da birni mai fama da kewaye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wasilewski |first=Walt |date=December 11, 2013 |title=The Cantor Legacy |url=https://www.syracusenewtimes.com/cantor-legacy/ |access-date=May 27, 2019 |website=Syracuse New Times |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, biyo bayan sassan abubuwan nuna bambancin launin fata da aka watsa a gidan talabijin na HillTV, Cantor ya dakatar da samarwa don kwamitin jami'a ya iya sake nazarin abun ciki daidai da ka'idar halayyar jami'a. "Tare da 'yancin magana ya zo da alhakin kasancewa wani ɓangare na al'ummar harabar, "in ji Cantor a cikin wata hira. "Muna da ka'idojin halayyar. Ba na tsammanin ba za a iya tambaya ba don tambayar mutanen da ke cikin al'ummomin harabar daban-daban su bi waɗancan ka'idoji. " Wasu jami'an jami'a sun nuna damuwa cewa an haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin masu ba da 'yancin magana da magoya bayan shugaban. "Akwai tashin hankali", in ji farfesa a fannin jarida Charlotte Grimes. "Ina tsammanin mutane suna ƙara yin taka tsantsan game da abin da suke fada a fili, musamman idan ba su da matsayi. Akwai ma'anar cewa idan ka yi magana za ka iya samun kiran waya daga ikon da ke akwai." Fiye da furofesoshi 60 da ma'aikata sun sanya hannu kan wasika mai budewa suna nuna rashin amincewa da matakin da kuma shawarar Cantor. Daga ƙarshe, kwamitin jami'a ya ba da izinin sake buɗe tashar. A shekara ta 2014, Cantor ta bar Syracuse kuma ta ɗauki matsayi a matsayin shugaban Jami'ar Rutgers-Newark . === Lamarin 'yan sanda na Rutgers === A ranar 4 ga Maris, 2019, an rubuta Cantor tana fuskantar 'yan sanda a harabar a lokacin wani karamin binciken hatsarin mota wanda ya shafi motar direbanta da motar' yan sanda a harajin Jami'ar Rutgers.<ref>name="NBC">{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2019 |title='I'm the Chancellor!' Rutgers Official Apologizes After Video Shows Her Yelling at Campus Police |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Rutgers-University-Newark-New-Jersey-Nancy-Cantor-Yell-Police-March-Video-511727051.html |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=NBC New York}}</ref><ref> name="FOX">{{Cite web |last=Calicchio |first=Dom |date=June 27, 2019 |title='I'm the chancellor!' university leader, a former Cuomo appointee, tells campus cops after traffic accident |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/im-the-chancellor-university-leader-a-former-cuomo-appointee-tells-campus-cops-after-traffic-accident |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=FOX News}}</ref> Wasu sassan Cantor yana ihu "Ni ne shugaban majalisa!" sun bazu a kan layi.<ref> name="CHRONICLE">{{Cite web |last=Elletson |first=Grace |date=June 24, 2019 |title=Rutgers Chancellor Apologizes After Body-Cam Footage Shows Her Berating Campus Police Officers |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Rutgers-Chancellor-Apologizes/246554 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=Chronicle.com}}</ref> Cantor ta nemi gafara saboda halinta, bayan da buƙatar bude rikodin ya kawo bidiyon bayan watanni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carrera |first=Catherine |date=June 24, 2019 |title='I was not my best self,' Rutgers chancellor says of her outburst at campus police |url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/new-jersey/2019/06/24/rutgers-newark-chancellor-nancy-cantor-apologizes-police-outburst/1549540001/ |access-date=September 4, 2019 |website=North Jersey |language=en}}</ref> === Kwalejin Hunter === A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu, na shekara ta 2024, an nada Cantor a matsayin Shugaban 14 ta Kwalejin Hunter, tare da wa'adin da ya fara a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2024 |title=City University of New York: CUNY Names National Higher Education Leader Nancy Cantor as 14th President of Hunter College |url=https://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2024/02/13/cuny-names-national-higher-education-leader-nancy-cantor-as-14th-president-of-hunter-college/ |access-date=February 13, 2024 |archive-date=February 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214012716/https://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2024/02/13/cuny-names-national-higher-education-leader-nancy-cantor-as-14th-president-of-hunter-college/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Cantor memba ce ta Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nancy E. Cantor |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/nancy-e-cantor |access-date=2021-09-13 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> kuma memba ne na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nancy Cantor, Board of Governors, New York Academy of Sciences |url=https://www.nyas.org/bios/board-of-governors/nancy-cantor/}}</ref> Ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta American Psychological Association Award a shekarar 1985 don Kyautattun Ayyukan Kimiyya na Farko a fannin ilimin halayyar mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APA Distinguished Scientific Awards for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology |url=https://www.apa.org/about/awards/early-career-contribution?tab=4 |access-date=2021-09-13 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref> Bayanan lambar yabo ta jaddada gudummawar da ta bayar ga nazarin rarraba zamantakewa, musamman, yadda ake tsara ra'ayoyi dangane da [[Yiwuwar abu (Lissafi)|yiwuwar]] a matsayin saiti.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1986 |title=Distinguished scientific awards for an early career contribution to psychology: Nancy E. Cantor. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/h0092136 |journal=American Psychologist |language=en |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=365–368 |doi=10.1037/h0092136 |issn=1935-990X}}</ref> Sauran kyaututtuka sun haɗa da Kyautar Mata ta Nasarar daga Kungiyar Anti-Defamation, Kyautar Yin Bambanci ga Mata daga Majalisar Kasa don Bincike kan Mata, Kyautar Jagoranci ta Reginald Wilson daga Majalisar Amurka kan Ilimi, da Kyautar Jagora ta Frank W. Hale, Jr. daga Ƙungiyar Jami'an Dabbobi a Ilimi mafi Girma. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nancy Cantor – 150 for 150 |url=https://gec150.web.illinois.edu/after-2000/nancy-cantor/ |access-date=2021-09-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> An baiwa Cantor lambar yabo ta shekarar 2008 Carnegie Corporation Academic Leadership Award. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2008 |title=Syracuse University Chancellor and President Nancy Cantor honored by Carnegie Corporation with national Academic Leadership Award, $500,000 grant |url=https://news.syr.edu/blog/2008/06/17/syracuse-university-chancellor-and-president-nancy-cantor-honored-by-carnegie-corporation-with-national-academic-leadership-award-500000-grant/ |access-date=May 27, 2019 |website=SU News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Cantor ta auri farfesa a fannin zamantakewa Steven R. Brechin, wanda ke koyarwa a Jami'ar Rutgers-New Brunswick . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c39rw7pieiwc0sg0xnytcpoo96ttyfg 0 96786 875173 605840 2026-07-03T16:44:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Esther de Mézerville Ossaye (29 Afrilu 1885 - 1971) malama ce ta Guatemala, ƴan mata, ɗan takara kuma mai fafutuka wacce ta yi aiki don taimakawa mata su sami ƙuri'a a Costa Rica. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Esther de Mézerville Ossaye a Guatemala a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1885 ga mahaifin baƙi Bafaranshe, Émile de Mézerville Coupé da matarsa haifaffen Kanada, Noémie Ossaye Millelot. Lokacin da mahaifinta ya mutu, mahaifiyar Esther ta yi hijira tare da 'ya'yanta zuwa Costa Rica a 1898. <ref name="parentage">{{Cite web |title=Brief genealogy of the Mézerville in Costa Rica |url=http://www.chateau-de-mezerville.org/Complements-historiques/de_mezerville_costa_rica_EN.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123071618/http://www.chateau-de-mezerville.org/Complements-historiques/de_mezerville_costa_rica_EN.php |archive-date=23 January 2019 |access-date=15 August 2015 |website=Chateau de Mezerville |publisher=The Mézerville Castle Cultural Association}}</ref> Tun tana yarinya, ta yi tafiya kuma ta yi karatu a Faransa, Belgium da Switzerland. A 1907, ta koma Costa Rica kuma ta fara koyar da Faransanci a [[San José|San José, Costa Rica]] . A cikin 1908, ta zama shugabar Escuela Superior de Niñas na tsawon shekaru bakwai kuma a cikin 1917 aka nada Inspector Technical Inspector of Schools na San José. Ta kasance mai aiki a cikin 1919 motsi a kan manufofin aiki na Shugaba Federico Tinoco Granados, wanda ya ƙare a cikin yajin aikin malami kuma malamai sun kunna wuta ga ''La Información'', ofishin jaridar gwamnati. <ref name="timeline">{{Cite web |last=Rodríguez S |first=Eugenia |title=Participación Socio¬política Femenina en Costa Rica (1890 – 1952) |url=http://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/dialogos/article/viewFile/6254/5956 |access-date=13 August 2015 |publisher=Universidad de Costa Rica |language=Spanish |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305184427/http://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/dialogos/article/viewFile/6254/5956 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yajin aikin, wanda Ángela Acuña Braun ya jagoranta ya haɗa da malamai kamar kuma Matilde Carranza, Ana Rosa Chacón, Lilia González, Carmen Lyra, Victoria Madrigal, Vitalia Madrigal, María Ortiz, [[Teodora Ortiz]], [[Ester Silva]] da [[Andrea Venegas]] . <ref name="Solano Arias (2014)">{{Cite journal |last=Solano Arias |first=Marta E. |date=January–June 2014 |title=A 90 años de la fundación de la Liga Feminista Costarricense: los derechos políticos |url=http://www.tse.go.cr/revista/art/17/solano_arias.pdf |journal=Revista Derecho Electoral |language=Spanish |location=San José, Costa Rica |publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones República de Costa Rica |issue=17 |pages=357–375 |issn=1659-2069 |access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref> Bayan da aka hambarar da mulkin kama-karya na Tinoco, an nada ta a matsayin darekta, a cikin 1922, na Colegio Superior de Señoritas kuma shekara ta gaba ta shiga tare da Acuña wajen kafa La Liga Feminista Costarricense (LFC), ƙungiyar mata ta farko a Costa Rica. Ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar kuma ta taimaka wajen ja-gorancin dogon gwagwarmayar neman zaɓe a Costa Rica. <ref name="Camacho De la O">{{Cite book|edition=Gina}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCamacho_De_la_OValitutti_Chavarría2007">Camacho De la O, Ana Lorena; Valitutti Chavarría, Gina, eds. (2007). [http://www.inamu.go.cr/documents/10179/11401/Mujeres+destacadas+2007.pdf/9ea1bbeb-3460-4e89-9e22-826db1ae88c6 ''Mujeres destacadas de Costa Rica''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814172934/http://www.inamu.go.cr/documents/10179/11401/Mujeres+destacadas+2007.pdf/9ea1bbeb-3460-4e89-9e22-826db1ae88c6 |date=2018-08-14 }} (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica: Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">27–</span>31. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-9968-25-102-0|<bdi>978-9968-25-102-0</bdi>]].</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> De Mezerville ya yi murabus daga mukamin darektan makaranta a 1926 kuma ya fara rangadin Turai da Arewacin Afirka ciki har da Aljeriya, Faransa Morocco, Faransa, Italiya da Spain. Dawowa, a cikin 1931, ta sake shiga tare da Acuña wajen gabatar da gyara ga majalisar dokoki don baiwa mata 'yancin jefa kuri'a. De Mezerville ya yi aiki a kan hukumar da kwamitocin kungiyoyi masu yawa. Ta shiga cikin majalisa don kafa kudaden ritaya ga malamai a 1934 kuma memba na Kwamitin Archaeology da Pre-Columbian Art a wannan shekarar. A cikin 1940s, ta yi aiki tare da Anti-Nazi National Front kuma ta kasance wakili a taron zaman lafiya na Inter-American da aka gudanar a Chapultepec, Mexico City a 1945. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyoyin White Cross da Red Cross na Costa Rica kuma a cikin 1948 ta sami Medal of Merit daga reshen Costa Rica na Red Cross. <ref name="Camacho De la O"/> Daga 1946 zuwa 1950, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar kwamitin bankin na kungiyar malamai ta kasa. A cikin 1949, an zaɓi ta a matsayin "Mace ta Shekara" ta sashin Costa Rica na Unión de Mujeres Americanas . <ref name="INAMU bio">{{Cite web |title=Esther De Mezerville |url=http://www.inamu.go.cr/web/inamu/ester-de-mezerville |access-date=15 August 2015 |website=Institute Nacional de la Mujeres |publisher=Institute Nacional de la Mujeres |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.inamu.go.cr/web/inamu/ester-de-mezerville "Esther De Mezerville"]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Institute Nacional de la Mujeres'' (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica: Institute Nacional de la Mujeres<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> De Mezerville ya mutu a 1971 a San José, Costa Rica. <ref name="INAMU bio"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1885]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1971]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sqpvk4yvous72jisdh1e4tw3pngn6vp 0 97359 875230 833828 2026-07-03T18:07:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Evelyn Anite Kajik''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Evelyn Anite''', 'yar jarida ce kuma 'yar siyasa [[Uganda|ta Uganda]]. Ita ce Ƙaramar Ministar Kuɗi da Zuba Jari da Ba da Tallafi a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda tun daga ranar 6 ga watan Yuni 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Uganda State House |date=6 June 2016 |title=Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016 |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%2527s+cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref> A baya, ta kasance ƙaramar ministar matasa. An naɗa ta a wannan matsayi a ranar 1 ga watan Maris 2015, inda ta maye gurbin Ronald Kibuule, wanda aka naɗa shi Karamin Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa. <ref name="Shuffle">{{Cite web |last=Uganda State House |date=1 March 2015 |title=Full Cabinet List As At 1 March 2015 |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709092825/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2017 |access-date=2 March 2015}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance zaɓaɓɓiyar ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar ƙaramar hukumar Koboko, a yankin West Nile, a yankin Arewacin Uganda, muƙamin da ta riƙe daga shekarun 2011 har zuwa 2021. <ref name="Palm">{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |date=2016 |title=Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Evelyn Anite, Member of Parliament for Koboko Municipality |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=203 |access-date=19 April 2020 |website=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}</ref> A zaɓen fidda gwani na shekarar 2020 National Resistance Movement (NRM), Anite ta sha kaye a hannun Dr Charles Ayume, ɗan tsohon kakakin majalisar dokokin Uganda, Marigayi Francis Ayume. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayume's Son Challenges Anite for Koboko Municipality NRM Party Ticket |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/ayumes-son-challenges-anite-for-koboko-municipality-nrm-party-ticket |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Uganda Radio Network |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jjingo |first=Ernest |title=Anite: President's order sank me |url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/66490-anite-president-s-order-sank-me |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mafias Stole my Victory, Minister Anite Cries Foul {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/mafias-stole-my-victory-minister-anite-cries-foul |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=kampalapost.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister Evelyn Anite loses in Koboko |url=https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/national/minister-evelyn-anite-loses-in-koboko-2450118 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=NTV Uganda |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220194500/https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/national/minister-evelyn-anite-loses-in-koboko-2450118 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haifi Anite a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba 1984, a kauyen Adakado, gundumar Koboko, ɗiya ce ga Steven Dravu, ma'aikacin gwamnati, da Sarah Wokoru Dravu, 'yar kasuwa. Ita 'yar ƙabilar Lugbara ce 'yan Ugandan da yankinsu na asali ya malalo zuwa [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]. Tana iya yaren Lugbara da Kakwa duka. Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Arua Hill don karatun firamarenta. Ta yi karatu a Sakandare na Saint Mary's Ediofe don karatunta na O-Level. Ta koma Muni Girls' Secondary School, domin karatunta na A-Level. Tana da digiri na farko a Arts a Mass Communication, wanda [[Jami'ar Kirista ta Uganda]] ta bayar a shekarar 2008. <ref name="Palm"/> <ref name="Making">{{Cite web |last=Tumusiime |first=Abdulaziizi |date=16 November 2013 |title=The Making of Northern Youth MP Evelyn Anite |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/The-making-of-Northern-Youth-MP-Evelyn-Anite/-/689842/2075006/-/item/1/-/c1sl95z/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306184818/https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Full-Woman/The-making-of-Northern-Youth-MP-Evelyn-Anite/-/689842/2075006/-/item/1/-/c1sl95z/-/index.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=2 March 2015}}</ref> A cikin watan Janairu 2018, Evelyn Anite ta sami shiga Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy na Jami'ar Tufts, a Medford, [[Massachusetts]], a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], don neman Masters a Tsarin Harkokin Ƙasa da Ƙasa da Diflomasiya. <ref name="Stu">{{Cite web |last=Asiimwe |first=Brian |date=13 July 2018 |title=Minister Anite Takes Leave To United States Amid USh28 Billion Bribe Saga |url=https://www.softpower.ug/minister-anite-takes-leave-to-u-s-amid-shs-28bn-bribe-saga/ |access-date=6 August 2018 |publisher=Softpower Uganda}}</ref> A cikin watan Yuli 2019, Anite ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Tufts, bayan ta cika duk buƙatun shirin Masters of Arts. <ref name="GradR">{{Cite web |last=Monitor Reporter |date=21 July 2019 |title=Minister Anite graduates from US university |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Minister-Anite-graduates-Parliament-US-university-Kajik/688334-5204372-gasb86/index.html |access-date=21 July 2019 |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Sana'a == Tun daga makarantar sakandare a shekarar 2005, Anite ta fara aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da rediyo a gidan rediyo a Arua, tana ci gaba da wannan aiki na ɗan lokaci har zuwa 2007. Tun daga shekarar 2006 zuwa 2010, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da rediyo a Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Uganda da ke [[Kampala]], babban birnin Uganda kuma birni mafi girma. Daga shekarar 2008 zuwa 2010, ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Uganda a matsayin mataimakiyar Hulɗa da Jama'a kan Hulɗa da Ƙasa da Ƙasa. A shekara ta 2011, ta tsaya takarar kujerar majalisar wakilai ta Wakiliyar Matasa a Arewacin Uganda. Ta doke wasu ‘yan takara tara don lashe kujerar. Ita ce mai mulki a halin yanzu. <ref name="Palm"/> <ref name="Making"/> A ranar 6 ga watan Yuni 2016, an naɗa ta a matsayin ministar zuba jari da kamfanoni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Uganda State House |date=6 June 2016 |title=Uganda's New Cabinet As At 6 June 2016 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/314964607/New-Cabinet |access-date=20 June 2016 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> == Rigingimu == A cikin shekarar 2014, Evelyn Anite ta shiga cikin muhawara da [[Margaret Baba Diri]] tare da ikirarin cewa Evelyn Anite na neman kujerar siyasa a Koboko a babban zaɓen shekarar 2016. <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Deo Walusimbi |date=2 May 2014 |title=Anite Is A Foreigner, Fellow MP Charges |url=https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=31542:anite-is-a-foreigner-fellow-mp-charges |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015150715/https://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=31542:anite-is-a-foreigner-fellow-mp-charges |archive-date=15 October 2022 |access-date=19 April 2020 |place=Kampala}}</ref> A cikin wannan takaddama, Margaret Baba Diri ta yi iƙirarin cewa Evelyn Anite "baƙi ce mai shuka ruɗani a Koboko da NRM". A martanin da ta mayar, Evelyn Anite ta yi ikirarin cewa ta na yakin neman zabe ne kawai a Koboko don "tauye" "mahaifiyarta" Baba Diri daga nauyin "siyasa mai tsauri". <ref name="8R" /> A cikin watan Fabrairun 2014, a lokacin taron majalisar dokokin NRM, gabanin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2016, Evelyn Anite ta gabatar da kudurin ayyana shugaba Yoweri Kaguta Museveni a matsayin mai riƙe da tutar jam'iyyar. Kudurin da aka fi sani da [https://www.scribd.com/document/206403678/NRM-Caucus-2016-resolutions Kyankwanzi Resolution], ya fuskanci turjiya. <ref name="9R">{{Cite web |last=Alfred Tumusabe and Arans Tabaruka |date=24 April 2014 |title=Kanungu Opposes NRM Caucus Resolution |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kanungu-opposes-NRM-Caucus-resolution/688334-2290552-i25tmd/index.html |access-date=19 April 2020 |place=Kampala}}</ref> <ref name="10R">{{Cite web |last=Olive Eyotaru |date=14 July 2020 |title=NRM Electoral Commission Disowns Museveni Sole Candidate Project |url=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/nrm-caucus-electoral-commission-clash-over-sole-candidate-project |access-date=19 April 2020 |publisher=[[Uganda Radio Network]]}}</ref> Dangane da goyon bayanta na kawar da lissafin iyaka shekarun, <ref name="11R">{{Cite web |last=SoftPower |date=10 October 2017 |title=Minister Anite Pulls Idi Amin Like Stunt To Promote Anti-Age Limit Campaign |url=https://www.softpower.ug/minister-anite-pulls-idi-amin-like-stunt-to-promote-anti-age-limit-campaign/ |access-date=19 April 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> Evelyn Anite ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta sami barazanar kisa da yawa. <ref name="12R">{{Cite web |last=The Insider |date=21 September 2017 |title=People Threatening To Kill Me Like Kaweesi – Anite |url=https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/09/21/people-threatening-to-kill-me-like-kaweesi-anite/ |access-date=19 April 2020 |publisher=The Insider Uganda |archive-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617194554/https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/09/21/people-threatening-to-kill-me-like-kaweesi-anite/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="13R">{{Cite web |last=Marion Ayebazibwe |date=19 July 2017 |title=Anite Receives Death Threats Over Age Limit Amendment |url=https://thetowerpost.com/tag/anite-receives-death-threats-over-age-limit-amendment/ |access-date=19 April 2020 |publisher=The Tower Post}}</ref> <ref name="14R">{{Cite web |last=Edge Uganda |date=30 September 2017 |title=Anite: I'm taking screenshots of those who want to kill me |url=https://edge.ug/2017/09/30/anite-im-taking-screenshots-of-those-who-want-to-kill-me/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219094303/http://edge.ug/2017/09/30/anite-im-taking-screenshots-of-those-who-want-to-kill-me/ |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=19 April 2020 |publisher=Edge Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> Hakan ya sa gwamnati ta yi mata bayanin tsaro. <ref name="15R">{{Cite web |last=The Sunrise Uganda |date=29 June 2018 |title=Army patrols to guard Age limit top backers |url=http://www.sunrise.ug/news/201806/army-patrols-to-guard-age-limit-top-backers.html |access-date=19 April 2020 |publisher=The Sunrise Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> <ref name="16R">{{Cite web |last=Josephine Namuloki |date=12 July 2018 |title=Why Policemen Hate Guarding MPs |url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/58158-why-policemen-hate-guarding-mps.html |access-date=19 April 2020 |place=Kampala |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015150705/https://observer.ug/news/headlines/58158-why-policemen-hate-guarding-mps.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma bayyana ‘yan majalisar da ke adawa da kudirin a matsayin ‘yan iska masu son kai. <ref name="17R">{{Cite web |last=The Insider Uganda |date=27 September 2017 |title=Anite describes MPs against Age limit removal as 'Selfish Hooligans' |url=https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/09/27/anite-describes-mps-against-age-limit-removal-as-selfish-hooligans/ |access-date=19 April 2020 |publisher=The Insider Uganda |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416075822/https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/09/27/anite-describes-mps-against-age-limit-removal-as-selfish-hooligans/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Da take magana don goyon bayan cire dokar kayyade shekarun, Evelyn Anite cewa jam'iyya mai mulki tana da "lambobi da sojojin ƙasa a ɓangarensu". <ref name="18R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda Radio Network |date=14 September 2017 |title=Age limit: Army is on our side, says minister Evelyn Anite |url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/54938-age-limit-army-is-on-our-side-says-minister-anite |access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> Tuni dai rundunar sojin Uganda ta nesanta kanta da wannan furuci. <ref name="19R">{{Cite web |last=Mivule Gyagenda |date=14 March 2018 |title="Don't Talk For Us," UPDF Distances Self From Anite "Majje" Bluff |url=https://www.softpower.ug/dont-talk-for-us-updf-distances-self-from-anite-age-limit-bluff/ |access-date=19 April 2020 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda}}</ref> A cikin wata wasika da ta aikewa [[Yoweri Museveni|shugaban ƙasar Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]] a watan Yulin 2018, ''Hamilton Telecom'' ya zargi Evelyn Anite da bata sunan kamfanin sadarwa daga neman sayan kamfanin sadarwa na Uganda Telecom (UTL). <ref name="20R">{{Cite web |last=Kim Aine |date=9 July 2018 |title=Anite Accused of Failing Bidder as UTL Storm Rages On |url=https://chimpreports.com/anite-accused-of-failing-bidder-as-utl-storm-rages-on/ |access-date=19 April 2020 |publisher=ChimpReports}}</ref> <ref name="21R">{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=9 July 2018 |title=Hamilton lawyers take on minister Anite after Cabinet fallout in UTL saga |url=http://www.pmldaily.com/news/2018/07/hamilton-lawyers-take-on-minister-anite-after-cabinet-fallout-in-utl-saga.html |access-date=19 April 2020 |publisher=PML Daily |place=Kampala}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Koboko district officials shocked at MP's decision |url=https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/national/koboko-district-officials-shocked-at-mp-s-decision-3278434 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=NTV Uganda |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223041009/https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/national/koboko-district-officials-shocked-at-mp-s-decision-3278434 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin watan Yulin 2018, an yi zargin cewa Evelyn Anite ta tsere daga ƙasar, <ref name="22R">{{Cite web |last=The Insider Uganda |date=18 July 2020 |title=Bribery Saga: Minister Anite Flees Country With Entire Family |url=https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2018/07/18/bribery-saga-minister-anite-flees-country-with-entire-family/ |access-date=19 April 2020 |publisher=The Insider Uganda |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511005254/https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2018/07/18/bribery-saga-minister-anite-flees-country-with-entire-family/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> saboda ana gudanar da bincike bayan rahotannin da ake zargin sun nemi cin hancin dala miliyan 8 (Shs 28.8billion) daga wasu gungun masu zuba jari na Larabawa. <ref name="23R">{{Cite web |last=Sadab Kitatta Kaaya |date=4 May 2018 |title=Anite runs to Museveni over Shs 29bn bribe |url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/57601-anite-runs-to-museveni-over-shs-29bn-bribe.html |access-date=19 April 2020 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123082826/https://observer.ug/news/headlines/57601-anite-runs-to-museveni-over-shs-29bn-bribe.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita kuma ta kai ƙarar wata jaridar ƙasar saboda buga labarinta. <ref name="24R">{{Cite web |last=Vicky Wandawa |date=4 August 2018 |title=Anite sues local newspaper for Sh500 million |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1482774/anite-sues-local-newspaper-sh500m |access-date=19 April 2020 |place=Kampala}}</ref> Bayan shigarta Jami'ar Tufts, wani sashe na 'yan Uganda mazauna [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] sun fara gabatar da koke tare da gudanar da zanga-zangar neman a soke shigarta jami'ar. <ref name="25R">{{Cite web |last=David Mujuni |date=24 July 2018 |title=Inside Minister Evelyn Anite's UGX 342 Million Scholarship in America |url=https://campusbee.ug/news/inside-minister-evelyn-anites-ugx-342-million-scholarship-in-america/ |access-date=19 April 2020 |publisher=Campus Bee Uganda}}</ref> Sun yi zargin cewa bai kamata Amurka ta bai wa jami’an cin hanci da rashawa mafaka ba a ƙarƙashin inuwar ci gaba da karatu. Jami’ar Tufts ta yi watsi da buƙatar inda ta bayyana cewa ba ta yi wani laifi ba da ya sa a kore ta. Sun kuma ƙara da cewa a matsayinta na ɗaliba a makarantar shari’a an kare sirrin ta. <ref name="27R">{{Cite web |last=Alex Otto |date=11 August 2018 |title=Tufts University Declines to Expel Anite |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/tufts-university-declines-to-dismiss-minister-evelyn-anite |access-date=19 April 2020 |publisher=[[Uganda Radio Network]] |place=Kampala}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2021 bayan Anite ta sha kaye a zaɓen mai riƙe da tutar kungiyar juriya ta ƙasa ga Dr Charles Ayume, ta janye motar ɗaukar marasa lafiya da ta bayar a baya ga ''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Koboko IV''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister Evelyn Anite withdraws her ambulance as Koboko rejects her leadership bid |url=https://weareuganda.com/uganda-news/anite-ambulance-withdraw.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202111745/https://weareuganda.com/uganda-news/anite-ambulance-withdraw.html |archive-date=2 February 2021 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=weareuganda.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadab Kitatta Kaaya |title=Angry losing MPs withdraw ambulances |url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/68601-angry-losing-mps-withdraw-ambulances |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=The Observer - Uganda}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-03 |title=Minister Anite withdraws ambulance she donated to Koboko |url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/2021/02/03/minister-anite-withdraws-ambulance-she-donated-to-koboko/ |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Matooke Republic |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303174736/https://www.matookerepublic.com/2021/02/03/minister-anite-withdraws-ambulance-she-donated-to-koboko/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Evelyn Anite ta auri Allan Kajik, tsohon mataimakin shugaban gundumar [[Kampala]]. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 2011 kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya 2 tun daga shekarar 2018. <ref name="22R"/> == Duba kuma == * Gundumar Koboko * Lugbara * Harshen Lugbara * Majalisar ministocin Uganda == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q2vwfppdbql7g6tav321e78tcgq9dzd 0 98380 875841 731467 2026-07-04T11:17:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ockert Potgieter (Ukrainian; an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba 1965 - 11 Oktoba 2021) ya kasance mishan na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a [[Ukraine]] kuma darektan fim. == Ilimi == Potgieter ya kammala karatunsa a Potchefstroom Gimnasium . <ref>{{Cite web |last=de Bruyn,P.P |title=Potchefstroom Gimnasium 1907-1982 |url=https://dspace.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/10087/De_Bruyn_PP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=5 July 2018 |language=af |archive-date=4 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213609/https://dspace.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/10087/De_Bruyn_PP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya ci gaba da karatu a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Potchefstroom don Ilimi mafi girma na Kirista kuma bayan kammala karatunsa na farko ya yi PhD a fannin Shari'a. An ba shi lambar yabo ta zama mafi kyawun ɗaliban Shari'a a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=Die reg op arbeid : 'n regsvergelykende perspektief |trans-title=The right to work : view out of a law point |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/33937829 |access-date=5 July 2018 |publisher=Potchefstroom University}}</ref> Ya sami lambar yabo ta dalibi a shekarar 1989 daga Asusun Aminci . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prokureursstudent · Toekenning 1989 (Lawyer's student award – 1989) |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA02500329_2534 |access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> Ya kammala difloma a fannin Shari'ar Jama'a a "Rijkuniversisteit" Ghent, Belgium tare da [[Jami'ar Stellenbosch]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1990 |title=De bescherming van de rechten van werknemers in Zuid-Afrika en België |trans-title=Workers rights protection in South Africa and Belgium |url=https://lib.ugent.be/en/catalog/rug01:000228838?i=0&q=%22Ockert+Potgieter%22&search_field=author |access-date=5 July 2018 |publisher=Universiteit Bibliotheek Gent |language=nl}}</ref> == Ayyukan wa'azi a ƙasashen waje == Bayan da Potgieter ya jagoranci ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta Ukraine, shi da matarsa sun yanke shawarar kafa coci a Reni, Ukraine. Reni wani gari ne a cikin lardin Odessa Oblast . Birni ne na kudu maso yammacin Ukraine kusa da iyakar Romania kusa da Kogin Danube .Shi da matarsa Michelle sun kafa coci da ake kira "Hasken Duniya" a cikin 1990. Sun kasance suna gudanar da shirye-shiryen inganta al'umma tun daga lokacin. Sun mayar da hankali ga ɓangaren Reni wanda ba shi da kyau kuma ba shi da kayan aikin da ba a kula da su. A yankin da suka yi aiki, yawancin gidaje ba su da wutar lantarki, ko bayan gida a cikin gidan. Yawancin gidajen wanka suna waje. Amfani da ruwa mai kyau yana da iyaka, kuma wutar lantarki tana samuwa ne kawai 6 hours a rana. Potgieter ya fara kamfen da ake kira "Ina son Reni". Aikin ne wanda ke kula da gyaran ababen more rayuwa, yana tsaftace birni, yana samar da ruwa, yana inganta hanyoyi kuma yana yin aikin fenti. Ma'aikatan zamantakewa na sa kai daga Burtaniya suna taimakawa sau ɗaya a shekara. Don waɗannan ayyukan ya haɗu da Jubilee Church Maidstone, Burtaniya da kuma Magajin garin Reni, Igor Plegov . An kafa makarantar sakandare da kuma shirin don wadatar da rayuwar yara ta hanyar fallasa su ga ƙasashe da al'adu daban-daban. Mutanen da ke dauke da makamai sun kai hari kan Potgieters a baya amma sun tsira daga ciki kuma sun ci gaba da yin aikin mishan a can. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Hope where there seems to be none |url=https://novidien.weebly.com/ |access-date=5 July 2018 |publisher=Novidien |archive-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803133917/https://novidien.weebly.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=van der Merwe,J. |date=9 April 2014 |title=SA gesin het roeping in Oekraine |trans-title=SA family has calling in the Ukraine |url=https://www.netwerk24.com/Nuus/SA-gesin-het-roeping-in-Oekraine-20140410 |access-date=5 July 2018 |publisher=Netwerk24 |language=af}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2010 |title=One church many locations |url=https://issuu.com/tyeller/docs/december_2010_issuu_final |access-date=5 July 2018 |publisher=Discover Life Magazine }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2002 |title=Людям нужна любовь |script-title=ru:Людям нужна любовь |trans-title=Love is needed |url=http://u-osho.com.ua/news/89/11.php |publisher=Часпик Magazine No43(89) |language=ru-UA |access-date=11 April 2025 |archive-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204134222/http://u-osho.com.ua/news/89/11.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2013 |title=Vader vir die vaderlose (translated: Father for the ones that do not have a father |url=https://www.juig.co.za/article.php?id=302 |access-date=5 July 2018 |publisher=Juig |language=af |archive-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417011547/http://juig.co.za/article.php?id=302 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2018 |title=Волонтёры из Англии приехали на встречу с социальными работниками в Рени |trans-title=Volunteers from the UK met with Social workers in Reni, Ukraine |url=http://topor.od.ua/volontr-iz-anglii-priehali-na-vstretchu-s-sotsialynmi-rabotnikami-v-reni/ |access-date=12 July 2018 |publisher=ToПop (magazine) |language=ru-UA}}</ref> [5] [6] [7] [4] [5] [6] [5] [6] [7] [7]<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Woord en Daad |trans-title=Word and Action |url=http://journals.co.za/content/woord/47/399/EJC117806 |access-date=10 July 2018 |publisher=Reformation Movement of South Africa (REMSA) |page=32 – 35 |language=af}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Андрей ПОТЫЛИКО (Potylyko,Andrei |date=10 May 2018 |title=Ренийский Старый пляж "обновили" |trans-title=Beach road in Reni upgraded |url=http://izmail.es/print_version/article/33870/ |access-date=12 July 2018 |language=ru |archive-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519070142/http://izmail.es/print_version/article/33870/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Masada Youth Camp Ukraine |url=https://www.givesendgo.com/GE1K |access-date=10 July 2018 |publisher=Give Send Go |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819090314/https://www.givesendgo.com/GE1K |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergström, A. |date=17 April 2018 |title=(Swedish) Love Reni |url=https://barnenshopp.wordpress.com/2018/04/17/i-love-reni/ |access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2018 |title=обновили |trans-title=upgraded |url=https://issuu.com/izmail.es/docs/kn40-2018 |access-date=12 July 2018 |publisher=КУРЬЕР НЕПЕАИ (KH Magazine) |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reni News |date=12 July 2018 |title=(Russian)Церковь "Свет миру" отправила 85 детей смотреть мир (translated: "Light of the World" helped 85 children to see the world) |trans-title="Light of the World" helped 85 children to see the world |url=http://reni-odessa.od.ua/cerkov-svet-miru-otpravila-85-detej-smotret-mir.html |access-date=14 July 2018 |publisher=Oпegga Рени Magazine |language=ru-UA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2013 |title=Волонтёрыtr |trans-title=Volunteers |url=http://radar24.info/news/volontery_iz_anglii_priehali_na_vstrechu_s_sotsialnymi_rabotnikami_v_reni |access-date=23 July 2018 |publisher=РАДАР 24 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Daraktan fim == Potgieter shi ne darektan kuma marubucin fim din "Enough" (Russian) fim din Rasha da aka fitar a shekarar 2013. Fim ne da New Day Films ta yi. Taken shi ne: A kowane rayuwa, akwai lokacin da za a bar shi. " Fim din labarin ƙiyayya ne, yaƙi da cin amana, tare da ƙauna ita ce kawai hanyar da za a shawo kanta. An kafa shi a Rasha a cikin 1917. Yara biyu sun tsere daga yaƙin kuma dole ne su tsira da kansu. Shekaru bayan haka, daya daga cikin wadanda suka tsira ya sake komawa matakansa don samun zaman lafiya. An yi fim din ne a Ukraine <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2013 |title=Movie enough |url=http://watchenough.blogspot.com/2013/08/full-movie-enough-2013-russian-with-en.html |access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Хватит — новый русский фильм (2013) |trans-title=Enough a new Russian film |url=https://gag.news2.ru/story/389374/ |access-date=11 July 2018 |language=ru}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=A good movie to watch |url=https://postersfilm2.gq/art/whats-a-good-movie-to-watch-high-enough-ukraine-by-ockert-potgieter-avi.html |access-date=10 July 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ockert Potgieter |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5685537/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Enough |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDjLBOLFeXY |access-date=11 July 2018 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Potgieter ya mutu daga cutar huhu ta [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] a lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Afirka ta Kudu, yana da shekaru 55. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumnus Ockert Potgieter passed away |url=https://law.nwu.ac.za/node/29647 |access-date=16 October 2021 |publisher=NWU University}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i8v7v3p1v9f3756ncat3mplvii28uw7 0 98688 875544 611867 2026-07-04T01:42:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Frank Opperman''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1960) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma mawaƙi na Afirka ta Kudu. Bayan ya halarci makarantu da yawa a duk faɗin Afirka ta Kudu a Worcester, Benoni, Hermanus da Middelburg. Opperman daga karshe ya yi karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Silverton da ke [[Pretoria]] a shekarar 1978.<ref>http://www.frankopperman.co.za/about-frank/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008215324/http://www.frankopperman.co.za/about-frank/ |date=8 October 2011 }} Frank Opperman Retrieved 25 June 2011</ref> == Ayyuka == An haife shi a [[Johannesburg]], Opperman ya fara karatun shari'a a 1979 a [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] amma nan da nan ya rasa sha'awa kuma ya shiga rundunar tsaro ta Afirka ta Kudu a 1980, inda ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyar sojoji.<ref>http://www.frankopperman.co.za/about-frank/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008215324/http://www.frankopperman.co.za/about-frank/ |date=8 October 2011 }} Frank Opperman Retrieved 25 June 2011</ref> Bayan barin aikin, ya yi soyayya da wata daliba ta wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya zama mai sha'awar yin aiki a matsayin zaɓi na aiki. Daga baya ya sami difloma na kasa na shekaru uku a wasan kwaikwayo a Pretoria Technikon kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Pretoria Trust don ɗalibi mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=10214|title=Frank Opperman {{!}} TVSA|website=www.tvsa.co.za|language=en|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref> Shekaru biyu masu zuwa ya yi aiki ga '''PACT''' (Performing Arts Council Transvaal) kuma ya yi aiki a cikin shirye-shirye irin su Spring awakening da Caspar in my Tui . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu Arnold Vosloo a cikin fim mai suna Boetie gaan border toe, amma ya sami shahara a cikin wani sitcom na Afrikaans da ake kira ''Orkney Snork Nie'', wanda [[Willie Esterhuizen]] ya kirkira, yana wasa da halin da ake kira ''Ouboet van Tonder'' . A cikin shekarun 1990s, ya fito a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu The Big Time a matsayin Chris Karedes, mai ƙaura na Cyprus. Jerin ya sami kyaututtuka masu yawa na SABC Artes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Opperman {{!}} TVSA |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=10214 |access-date=15 November 2017 |website=www.tvsa.co.za |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, ya taka rawar gani a cikin sitcom na SABC2 Die Uwe Pottie Potgieter . A shekara ta 2014 ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na kykNET Pandjieswinkelstories .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=10214|title=Frank Opperman {{!}} TVSA|website=www.tvsa.co.za|language=en|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref> A cikin 2018, Frank ya shiga cikin Dancing tare da Stars Afirka ta Kudu tare da ƙwararren mai rawa, Jeanné Swart . == Kiɗa da ƙari == A shekara ta 1993 ya koma Amurka na 'yan shekaru amma daga baya ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don ya zama mai mallakar kulob din jazz da ake kira Bassline a Johannesburg. Ya kuma fitar da kundin dutse mai suna Serial Boyfriend . A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya shiga cikin ayyukan daban-daban, da sauransu ''Gauteng-Aleng'', sitcom inda ya sake aiki tare da [[Willie Esterhuizen]] . Ya kuma bayyana a cikin Dryfsand, wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na Afrikaans wanda P.G. du Plessis ya rubuta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Showmax |url=https://www.showmax.com/eng/tvseries/getauloz-dryfsand |access-date=15 November 2017 |website=[[Showmax]] |archive-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115202858/https://www.showmax.com/eng/tvseries/getauloz-dryfsand |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan shekaru goma sha biyu, ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ya fito a cikin Die Uwe Pottie Potgieter, wasan kwaikwayo na mutum daya da Dana Snyman ya rubuta masa. == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.frankopperman.co.za/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [http://www.tvsa.co.za/default.asp?blogname=premieres&ArticleID=12651 www.tvsa.co.za] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rft9hfskqije53rqzux4scrt4hvef6q 0 99656 875374 856146 2026-07-03T19:21:35Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 875374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1953 - 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kuma kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi, an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6, kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhaki a kan harin. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin shekarar 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] r0h5mddvty8bv31k1y31thnfrlh1xn5 875376 875374 2026-07-03T19:22:04Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 875376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1953 - Ya muta 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kuma kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi, an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6, kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhaki a kan harin. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin shekarar 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] he6njs9f0186aux0k1tdhq4b2qo3q6n 875377 875376 2026-07-03T19:22:32Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 875377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1953 - Ya muta 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Jameel Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kuma kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi, an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6, kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhaki a kan harin. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin shekarar 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] nwqdnpal875db6kdx652fmpa7izvzs0 875379 875377 2026-07-03T19:22:43Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 875379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1953 - Ya muta 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Jameel Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kuma kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jamiar Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi, an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6, kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhaki a kan harin. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin shekarar 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] moimi1ommtp6sy63u1hu24nt1elxs0j 875380 875379 2026-07-03T19:22:53Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 875380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1953 - Ya muta 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Jameel Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kuma kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jami'ar Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi, an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6, kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhaki a kan harin. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin shekarar 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] 9173v5huqcx5ubonylppbxcdrsuahnm 875381 875380 2026-07-03T19:23:31Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Ayyuka */ 875381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1953 - Ya muta 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Jameel Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kuma kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jami'ar Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun shekarar 1984. Tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi, an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6, kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhaki a kan harin. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin shekarar 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] ha0yb2hpzr1ay2d738vquh7hf8pw9x9 875382 875381 2026-07-03T19:23:42Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust */ 875382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1953 - Ya muta 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Jameel Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kuma kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jami'ar Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun shekarar 1984. Yana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi, an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi 6, kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhaki a kan harin. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin shekarar 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] pbn4m7gt648k7j8ekuo34n992cc2vv3 875384 875382 2026-07-03T19:24:08Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Kashewa */ 875384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jameel Khan''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1953 - Ya muta 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2004) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na kasar Pakistan, marubuci kuma co-kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun, Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat.<ref name=Dawn/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Jameel Khan ya yi karatu a [[Madrasa Ashraf Uloom Gujranwala]]. Ya kuma kasance daga dangin Popalzai na Peshawar, wanda iyali ne na kasuwanci amma mahaifinsa ya keɓe shi ga ilimin addini da sabis ga Islama. Ya koma [[Karachi]] kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri|Muhammad Yusuf Banuri]] a Jami'ar Uloom-ul-Islamia. <ref name="zahidrashdi">{{Cite news|url=http://zahidrashdi.org/1053|title=مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ|trans-title=Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary) |author=[[Zahid Ur Rashdi]]|newspaper=Daily Islam (daily newspaper) website|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/829439|title=مجاہدِ ختم بنوت.... مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہید رحمۃ اللہ|trans-title=Mujahid-i-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat... Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed (obituary)|author=Khalid Mahmood|newspaper=Jang (Urdu-language daily newspaper)|date=9 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga koyarwa da Darul Ifta a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. Yana da alaƙa da siyasa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ya shiga Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Bayanai na Tsakiya na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=Dawn/> An haɗa shi akai-akai tare da Daily Jang, kuma ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen shirya shafukan Islama da wallafe-wallafe na musamman kan batutuwan addini da mutane.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseerah.com.pk/viewArticle.php?articleId=1820&title=%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%92+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%92|title=حضرت مولانا سرفراز صفدرؒ اور مفتی محمد جمیل خان شہیدؒ &#124; Baseerah|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Sarfraz Safdar and Mufti Muhammad Jameel Khan Shaheed|website=Baseerah Institute website|date=1 July 2009|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> === Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust === Ya kafa Iqra Rauzatul Atfal Trust tare da Wali Hasan Tonki a watan Afrilun shekarar 1984. Yana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="zahidrashdi"/> == Kashewa == Mufti Jameel Ahmed Khan da abokinsa Maulana Nazir Taunsvi, an harbe su da bindigogi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2004 kusa da Guru Mandir Chorangi, [[Karachi]]. An kashe shi yayin da ake amfani da mafi yawan 'yan sanda a cikin birni don kare Firayim Minista Shaukat Aziz, wanda ke cikin birni.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/397173/mufti-jameel-associate-shot-dead |title=Mufti Jameel, associate shot dead | date=10 October 2004|access-date=13 November 2022|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Maulana Nazir ya zauna kusa da Mufti Jameel, wanda ke tuka motar. Mutane biyu da ke dauke da makamai a kan babur sun dakatar da motar, suka bude wuta a kanta, sannan suka gudu bayan ta. An kai Jameel Asibitin Kasa na Liaquat, likita ya ce ya sami harsashi har guda 6, kuma ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti. === Bincike === Wata ƙungiyar masu bincike karkashin jagorancin DIG Investigation Manzoor Mughal ta taru da gwamnatin lardin don bincika lamarin ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Sindh ta ba da lada na Rs 2 miliyan ga duk wanda zai iya gano mayakan da ke da alhaki a kan harin. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2022, wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci Haider Zaidi wanda aka fi sani da Salim Bhai, memba na kungiyar da aka haramta, ya tsare shi da Sashen Yaki da Ta'addanci (CTD), Civil Line yayin wani aiki a unguwar Mosumiyat ta Karachi. A cewar mai kula da CTD, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe baƙi da muftis da malaman Islama. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya kashe Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai . A shekara ta 2004, wadanda ake zargi sun kuma kashe Mufti Jameel Khan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> Wadanda ake zargi sun kai hari masallatai da zanga-zangar tsakanin shekarar 1993 da 1995, a cewar hukumomin CTD. A shekara ta 2004, wanda ake tuhuma ya fashe bam din babur a gaban [[Jamia Binoria|Jamia Banuria]]. Littafin Red Book ya lissafa Haider Zaidi; wanda ake zargi yana da horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar; kuma wanda ake zarge shi ya shiga cikin fashewar bam na Maulana Ziaur Rehman a Lahore. An haɗa sunansa a cikin Red Book, wanda ake zargi ya sami horo na ta'addanci daga Para Chinar, wanda ake zargin ya shiga cikin harin bam a kan Zia ur Rehman Farooqi a Lahore. An dawo da makamai daga mallakarsa yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=خان |first=افضل |date=10 February 2020 |title=مفتی شامزئی اور مفتی جمیل کا مبینہ قاتل گرفتار - |trans-title=Alleged killer of Mufti Shamzai and Mufti Jameel arrested |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/alleged-killer-of-religious-clerics-arrested-in-karachi/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=ARY TV News website |language=ur}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] d2bhfct0hwoo02n5xpuqe8oe9zddrkr 0 99854 875017 618802 2026-07-03T13:14:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ellen 'Maposholi Molapo''' 'yar siyasa ce ta Mosotho. Mace ta farko da ta taka rawar gani a siyasa a [[Lesotho]], ta zama 'yar majalisa mace ta farko lokacin da aka naɗa ta Majalisar Dattawa a shekarar 1965. == Tarihin Rayuwa == A cikin shekarun 1950 Molapo ta zauna a unguwar [[Newclare]] a [[Johannesburg|birnin Johannesburg]], inda ta kasance memba na kungiyar ma'aikatan tufafi kuma ta zama mai fafutuka ga majalisar dokokin Afirka ta ƙasa.<ref>Gail M. Gerhart (1977) ''From Protest to Challenge a Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa 1882-1964: Challenge and Violence 1953-1964'', p372</ref><ref name=MSS/> Bayan da ta halarci taron farko na jam'iyyar Basutoland Congress Party (BCP),<ref name=ME2>Marc Epprecht (1992) ''[https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/55320/NN80122.PDF?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Women, Class and Politics in Colonial Lesotho, 1930-1965] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427005058/https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/55320/NN80122.PDF?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=2024-04-27 }}'', pp345–346</ref> ta fara yakin neman zaɓen jam'iyyar a tsakanin sauran 'yan ƙasashen waje na Basutoland da ke aiki a Transvaal, ta zama mace ta farko a cikin shugabancin jam'iyyar.<ref name=MSS>Martin S. Shanguhyia & Toyin Falola (2018) [https://books.google.com/books?id=jUJJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 The Palgrave Handbook of African Colonial and Postcolonial History], p177</ref><ref name=ME>Marc Epprecht (1995) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/183253.pdf "Women's 'conservatism' and the politics of gender in late colonial Lesotho"], '' Journal of African History'', issue 36, pp29–56</ref> Ta kuma shiga jam'iyyar Pan Africanist Congress kuma aka zaɓe ta ma'ajin. A shekarar 1960 ta bar jam'iyyar BCP bayan takun saka da shugaban jam'iyyar [[Ntsu Mokhehle]]. Kotunan Afirka ta Kudu ta same ta da wasu shugabannin PAC da dama a shekarar 1961 saboda gudanar da haramtacciyar kungiya, inda aka yanke wa Molapo hukuncin watanni goma sha biyu. A shekara ta gaba hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu suka kore ta.<ref>[http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/inventories/inv_pdfo/AG2887/AG2887-A9-9-003-jpeg.pdf Welcome For Mrs. Molapo] ''New Age'', 1 March 1962</ref> Daga bisani ta zama memba a Jam'iyyar Marematlou Freedom Party ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan uwanta [[Seth Matotoko]], wanda ya zauna tare da ita a lokacin da ta kasance a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta yawaita tada zaune tsaye a wurin gangamin kamfen Matotoko tare da maganganunta da waka, kuma ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu yakin neman zaɓe na jam'iyyar. A watan Afrilun 1965 aka naɗa ta a Majalisar Dattawa, inda ta zama mace ta farko a majalisar dokokin ƙasar.<ref>Mart Martin (2000) ''The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics'', p229</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] 1mfalbo6vvjyopb1802ees1c3uv74pq 0 100744 875220 817204 2026-07-03T17:28:05Z Jefunky 23039 doublon 875220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:SLATIN(1896)_p479_A_SLAVE_DOWE_ON_THE_NILE.jpg|thumb| Slatin (1896): ''Bawan Dhow akan Kogin Nilu'']] [[Fayil:Egipto,_1882_"Mercado_de_esclavos"_(21663624022).jpg|thumb| Egipto, 1882 "Mercado de esclavos" (21663624022)]] [[Fayil:The_Slave_Trade_In_Egypt_-_Negresses_From_Siwah_1894.jpg|thumb| Kasuwancin Bawa A Masar - Ci gaba Daga Siwah 1894]] [[Fayil:Courtisane_au_Caire.jpg|thumb| Courtisane au Caire]] [[Fayil:Certificate_of_slavery_liberation_-_Police_of_Egypt_1900.jpg|thumb| Certificate na 'yantar da bauta - 'Yan sanda na Misira 1900.]] An yi '''bauta a Masar''' har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20. Ya bambanta da bautar da aka yi a zamanin d Misira, ana gudanar da shi bisa [[Shari'a|tsarin shari'ar Musulunci]] tun daga mamayar [[Khalifofi|halifanci]] a ƙarni na 7 har zuwa lokacin da wannan al'adar ta tsaya a farkon karni na 20, wanda a hankali aka kau a lokacin da aka hana cinikin bayi a karshen karni na 19. A tarihin Musulunci na ƙasar Masar, bayi sun kasu kashi uku ne: bayi maza da ake amfani da su wajen aikin soja da masu rike da mukamai, da kuyangi mata da ake amfani da su wajen yin zina a matsayin kuyangi, da kuyangi da labbai da ake amfani da su wajen hidimar gida a cikin gidajen barayi da masu zaman kansu. A ƙarshen zamani, an sami karuwar bautar noma. Mutanen da aka yi bauta a Masar a lokacin Islama galibi sun fito ne daga Turai da Kaucasus (wadanda ake kira "fararen fata"), ko kuma daga [[Sudan]] da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ta hanyar [[Cinikin bayi na Sahara|cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara]] (wadanda ake kira "baƙar fata"). Matsin lamba na Burtaniya ya haifar da kawar da cinikin bayi tsakanin 1877 da 1884. Ba a daina bautar da kanta ba, amma sannu a hankali ta mutu bayan an daina cinikin bayi, tun da ba za a iya samun sabbin bayi a bisa doka ba, kuma an ba bayin da ke da ’yancin neman ’yanci. Har yanzu ana riƙe mutane a matsayin bayi a ƙarshen 1930s. Har wala yau, Masar ta kasance tushe, hanyar wucewa, da kuma ƙasar da ake zuwa don fataucin mutane, musamman ma aikin tilastawa da karuwanci (cf. fataucin mutane a Masar ), kodayake gwamnati ta ɗauki matakai don murkushe irin waɗannan ayyuka a ƙarni na 21st. == Abbasid Misra: 750-935 == Masar ta kasance karkashin [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Khalifancin Abbasiyawa]] a 750-935. Don haka cibiyar bautar ta bi tsarin bautar da aka yi a khalifancin Abbasiyawa, duk da cewa tana da nata halin gida. === cinikin bayi === Wata hanyar bawa ta fito ne daga mutanen da Masar ta yi yarjejeniya da su. Masar da Nubia sun ci gaba da zaman lafiya bisa shahararriyar yarjejeniyar Baqṭ, wadda Nubia ke ba da bayi ga Masar kowace shekara, da Masarautar Masarautar Nubia. [1] Baqt din bai ba da damar kai hare-haren bayi zuwa Nubia ba, duk da haka Masar ta sayi bayin Nubian da kabilun Buja da ke zaune a Hamada ta Gabas ta Nubia suka kama, da kuma bayin Buja da Nubian suka kama; Masar ta kuma kai hare-haren bayi zuwa Nubia ko Buja a duk lokacin da suka karya sharuddan yarjejeniyar. Masu fataucin bayi na Masar masu zaman kansu sun kuma kai farmakin bayi daga yankin Afirka ta Masar ta hanyar amfani da keta yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya na cikin gida a matsayin hujja. [1] Masu fataucin bayi na Masar sau da yawa suna ba da asalin kamammu a kasuwar bayi, wanda hakan ya sa ba za a iya sanin ko an ƙwace bayin daga mutanen da Masar ta yi yarjejeniya da su ba. [1] Hanya ta biyu kuma ta fito ne daga yankunan da Masar ba ta da wata yarjejeniya da su, wanda a cikin shari'ar Musulunci ya halatta hare-haren bayi. Masu fataucin bayi kuma suna cinikin mutanen da aka kama daga al'ummomin da hukumomin musulmi ba su da wata yarjejeniya ta zaman lafiya da su. Tarihin Magabata ya yi nuni da cewa, an kai hare-haren bayi a gabar tekun Rumawa na Asiya Ƙarama da Turai, a lokacin da "Musulmai suka kwashe Rumawa daga ƙasashensu suka kawo da yawa daga cikinsu zuwa Masar (ko Fusṭāṭ [Miṣr])". Hudud al-ʿālam na ƙarni na 10 ya yi iƙirarin cewa ’yan kasuwa Masar sun sace yara daga “Baƙaƙe” a kudancin Nubia, inda suka jefa yaran kafin su yi safarar su zuwa Masar. <ref name=":0" /> Hanya ta uku ita ce lokacin da dillalan bayi suka kama wasu Masarawa ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda doka ta haramta. Masarawan da aka kama galibi ko dai Masarawa ba musulmi ba ne, irin su Kiristocin Koftik, ko kuma ’ya’yan baƙar fata tsoffin bayi. === Kasuwar bayi === A cikin wannan lokacin, watakila mafi mahimmancin wurin kasuwar bayi a Masar shine Fusṭāṭ . Masu fataucin bayi daga Gabas Kusa da Byzantium da Turai da Arewacin Afirka da kuma tsibiran Bahar Rum sun yi fatauci da sayar da bayi a Masar, inda a cewar masanin fikihu [[Aṣbagh b. al-Faraj]] (d. 839) "mutane suna sha'awar sama da duk bayin da aka shigo da su", kuma daga cikin bayin da aka yi fataucin akwai bayin Slavic, Bature ko Anatoliya, Berber, da asalin Afirka Sudan. <ref name=":0" /> ’Yan kasuwa sun sayar da eunuch da “matan bayi ( [[Jarya|jawārī]] ) da bayi mata (waṣāʾif)”, kuma an ambaci bayi a matsayin masu yin ayyuka na gida, gudanar da ayyuka, isar da sako ko tattara saƙo ko kaya, suna taimaka wa iyayengijinsu a tafiye-tafiyen kasuwanci ko harkokin gudanarwa a lokacin da iyayengijinsu ba su nan, kuma an yi amfani da su a matsayin bayi (ƙuragizai). <ref name=":0" /> A cikin wannan zamani, an haifi bayi a Masar a cikin bauta, ko kuma fursunonin bayi da suka shigo da su daga wajen daular Musulunci, kuma takardun da aka adana sun nuna cewa bayi ne da suka mamaye kasuwar bayi ta Masar. Ƙarfafawa da Musulunci ya yi game da cin zarafin bayi, da kuma matsayin 'yantacce da aka bai wa ƴaƴa bawa da ubangiji (haɗe da kasancewar yawancin ƴaƴan da aka haifa ga bayi suna da ubanni 'yantacce), yana nuni da cewa ƙasar Masar ta dogara ne akan ci gaba da kwararar sabbin bayi don riƙon yawan bayi, tun da ƴan bayin da aka haifa ga bayi sun zama bayi da kansu <ref name=":0" /> sai dai idan an haife su ga bayi biyu maimakon mace da bawa. == Khalifan Fatimid: 909–1171 == A lokacin [[Halifancin Fatimid|Khalifancin Fatimid]] (909-1171) an yi safarar bayi zuwa Masar ta hanyoyi da dama daga kasashen da ba na Musulunci ba a Kudu, Arewa, Yamma da Gabas. Tsarin bautar soja ya faɗaɗa a wannan lokacin, wanda ya haifar da babbar buƙata ga bayi maza don amfani da bautar soja. An yi amfani da bayi mata don bautar jima'i a matsayin ƙwaraƙwara ko kuma a matsayin bayin gida. === cinikin bayi === An ci gaba [[Cinikin bayi na Sahara|da cinikin bayi a yankin Sahara]] a lokacin daular Mamluk Sultanate. An azurta Masar da Bakar fata Bakar fata daga Sudan ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Baqt da suka yi shekaru aru-aru har zuwa karni na 14. Mafi kusancin dangantaka ta kasance a zamanin [[Halifancin Fatimid|Fatimid]] a Masar. 'Yan [[Shi'a]] Fatimidawa suna da 'yan kawaye a duniyar Islama wadda galibinsu [[Mabiya Sunnah|'yan Sunna ne]], kuma Nubia babbar abokiyar kawance ce. Bayin da aka aiko daga Nubia sun kasance kashin bayan sojojin Fatimid. An ba wa Turawa saqaliba bayi zuwa Masar ta hanyoyi da dama. Kasuwancin bayi na Venetian Balkan ya faɗaɗa sosai a wannan lokacin. Har ila yau , cinikin bayi na Andalus ya ba da bayi na Turai, waɗanda aka samo asali ta hanyar cinikin bayi na Prague . === Kasuwar bayi === ==== Bayi mata ==== An yi amfani da bayi mata da farko a matsayin bayin gida, ko kuma ƙwaraƙwara (bayin jima'i) . Kasuwar bayi ta rarraba bawa bisa ga ra’ayin kabilanci; Ana ganin matan bayi [[Abzinawa|na Berber]] a matsayin manufa don aikin gida, hidimar jima'i da haihuwa; baƙar fata bayi mata a matsayin docile, robust da kyau kwarai rigar ma'aikatan jinya ; Byzantine (Girkanci) a matsayin bayi waɗanda za a iya ba da amana da kayayyaki masu daraja; Matan Farisa a matsayin masu kula da yara nagari; Matan bayi [[Larabawa]] a matsayin ƙwararrun mawaƙa, yayin da 'yan matan Indiya da Armeniya ana ganin suna da wuyar sarrafawa da sarrafawa; 'yan matan, mafi kyawun kasuwa. ==== Bayi Maza ==== An yi amfani da bayi maza duka biyu don aiki tuƙuru, hidimar eunuch, da bautar soja. Tsarin bautar soja ya girma cikin mahimmanci a wannan lokacin. A cikin khalifancin Isma'ili [[Halifancin Fatimid|Fatimid]] (909-1171 CE), eunuchs sun taka rawa sosai a siyasar kotun khalifanci a cikin cibiyar bauta a cikin khalifancin Fatimid . An saba siyan waɗannan eunuchs daga gwanjon bayi kuma galibi sun fito ne daga kabilu marasa rinjaye na Larabawa da waɗanda ba Larabawa ba. A wasu lokuta, an sayo su daga iyalai masu daraja daban-daban na daular, wanda hakan zai hada wadannan iyalai da halifa. Gabaɗaya, ko da yake, an fi son bayi na kasashen waje, wanda aka kwatanta da "masu hidima na kwarai". Da zarar an bautar da eunuch sau da yawa ana sanya su cikin matsayi mai mahimmanci a ɗaya daga cikin fagage huɗu: hidimar membobin kotuna; hidimar Fatimid harem, ko kuma mata na kotu; mukaman gudanarwa da na malamai; da aikin soja. Misali, a lokacin mamayar Fatimid na Alkahira, eunuchs na Masar sun mallaki garrison soja ( ''shurta'' ) da kasuwanni ( ''Hisba'' ), mukamai biyu a karkashin alkalin alkalai kawai. Sai dai kuma fasihin Fatimid da suka fi yin tasiri su ne waxanda suka yi wa halifa da gidan sarauta hidima kai tsaye a matsayin ‘yan majalisa, ma’aji, hakimai da hakimai. Kusancinsu kai tsaye da halifa da iyalansa ya ba su damammakin siyasa. Wani bābā, Jawdhar, ya zama ''hujja'' ga Imam-Khalifa al-Qa'im, matsayi mai tsarki a cikin Shi'a Islama da aka damƙa wa liman ya zaɓi wanda zai gaje shi bayan mutuwarsa. Akwai wasu manyan labbai da yawa a tarihin Fatimid, musamman Abu'l-Fadi Rifq al-Khadim da Abu'l-Futuh Barjawan al-Ustadh . Rifq wani eunuch janar ne na Afirka wanda ya zama gwamnan Damascus har zuwa lokacin da ya jagoranci sojoji 30,000 a yakin neman fadada ikon Fatimid a arewa maso gabas zuwa birnin Aleppo na kasar Syria. An lura da shi don samun damar haɗa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na Afirka, Larabawa, Badawiyya, Berbers, da Turkawa cikin runduna guda ɗaya wacce ta sami nasarar yaƙi da Mirdasids, Badawiyya, da Rumawa. Barjawan bature ne a zamanin marigayi Fatimidu wanda ya samu mulki ta hanyar soja da basirar siyasa wanda ya kawo zaman lafiya a tsakanin su da daular Rumawa. Haka kuma, ya murkushe tawaye a Libiya da Levant. Bisa la'akari da kimarsa da karfinsa a kotu da soja sai ya karbe ragamar halifancin daga hannun dalibinsa na lokacin al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ; sannan yayi mulki a matsayin de facto Regent 997 CE. Kwace mulki daga hannun halifa ya haifar da kashe shi a shekara 1000 Miladiyya bisa umarnin al-Hakim. ====Haremin Fatimid==== [[Daular Fatimiyya]] (909–1171) ta gina tsarin haremi bisa tsarin da [[Daular Abbasiyawa]] ta kafa tun farko. Tsarin haremin Abbasiyawa ya zama abin koyi ga haremin sauran shugabannin Musulmi da suka zo daga baya, kuma irin wannan tsari ya ci gaba da kasancewa a wasu daulolin Musulunci na zamanin Tsakiya, ciki har da haremin [[Daular Fatimid]] a Masar. Haremin Fatimid ya yi kama da na Abbasiyawa, inda mahaifiyar halifa ke daukar matsayi mafi girma, sai kuma bayi mata da suka haifi 'ya'ya (wanda ke basu matsayin [[umm walad]]); bayi mata masu nishadantarwa [[Jawaris]], bayi mata masu kula da gida da ake kira [[qahramana]]s, da kuma [[kwarararrun bayi maza]] ([[eunuch]]s).<ref>El-Azhari, Taef. *Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661–1257.* Edinburgh University Press, 2019. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvnjbg3q. Accessed 27 Mar. 2021.</ref> Mace mafi girma a haremin Fatimid galibi ita ce mahaifiyar Halifa, ko kuma mahaifiyar magajin gado ko wata danginsa ta jini, wacce ake kira da ''sayyida'' ko ''al-sayyida al-malika'' ("Sarauniya").<ref name="Cortese, D. 2006 p. 75">Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). *Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam.* Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. shafi na 75</ref> Mata na musamman ga Halifa asali bayi ne mata da Halifa zai iya aurewa ko amfani da su a matsayin [[mata a matsayin bayi a Musulunci|matan gado]]; a kowane hali, ana kiranta da ''jiha'' ko ''al-jiha al-aliya'' ("Mai Girma").<ref name="Cortese, D. 2006 p. 75"/> Galibin matan gado na Halifan Fatimid sun kasance asalin Kiristoci ne, ana bayyana su a matsayin kyawawan mawaka, masu rawa da masu kida; ana yawan rubuta wakokin soyayya a kansu, amma kuma sukan fuskanci zargin shawo kan halifa.<ref>Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). *Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam.* Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. shafi na 76</ref> Mataki na uku a haremin mata shi ne bayi mata da aka horas da su wajen waka, rawa da kiɗa domin su nishadantar da sarauta; wasu daga cikinsu ana bayar da su a matsayin kyauta tsakanin masu mulki. Mafi ƙasƙancin mataki a cikin haremin mata sun kasance bayi mata da aka tanada don aikin gida daban-daban a cikin harem da fadar sarauta; waɗannan mata ana kiran su da ''shadadat'' kuma suna da damar hulɗa da waje, domin su ke safarar kaya daga waje zuwa harem ta cikin ramin ƙasa da ake kira ''saradib''.<ref>Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). *Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam.* Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. shafi na 82</ref> Dukkan mata (bayi) da ke aiki a fada ana kiran su da *mustakhdimat* ko *qusuriyyat*; wadanda ke aiki a cikin gidan sarauta ana kiran su *muqimat* yayin da wadanda ke aiki a cikin taraktocin sana’a a Fustat ko Qarafa ake kiran su *munqaqitat*.<ref name="Cortese, D. 2006">Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). *Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam.* Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. shafi na 80</ref> Bayi mata suna aiki a taraktocin sarauta, *arbab al-san'i min al-qusuriyyat*, inda ake sarrafa tufafi da abinci; wadanda ke aiki a taraktocin jama'a ana kiran su *zahir* kuma wadanda ke aiki don kayan da ake tanada don fadar sarauta kawai ana kiran su *khassa*.<ref name="Cortese, D. 2006"/> Akwai kusan mata bayi talatin a kowace taraktoci, karkashin jagorancin wata bayi mace mai suna *zayn al-khuzzan*, matsayi da galibi ake ba bayi mace daga Girka.<ref name="ReferenceC">Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). *Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam.* Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. shafi na 81</ref> Bayin [[kwararrun maza]] (eunuchs) su ke kula da haremin mata, suna tsare su, sanar da su, kawo rahoto game da su ga Halifa, kuma su ne hanyarsu ta tuntuba da waje.<ref>Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). *Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam.* Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. shafi na 80</ref> Haremin Halifa da kuma na sauran mazajen manyan sarakuna na iya kunshe da dubban bayi: misali, vizier Ibn yana da matan gado har 800 da kuma masu tsaro maza 4,000.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> ==Sarkin Ayyubid: 1171–1250== [[Sarkin Ayyubid]] (1171–1250) ya haɗa da Masar da Siriya, don haka tsarin bauta a waɗannan yankuna yana da tarihin da ya haɗu a lokacin [[Daular Ayyubid]]. ===Kasuwancin bayi=== [[File:ChristiansBeforeSaladin.jpg|thumb|Kiristoci a gaban [[Salahuddin]]: yawancin mazauna birnin Urushalima an sayar da su cikin bautar jima'i bayan [[Kame Urushalima (1187)]].]] Bayin Afirka ana jigilar su zuwa Masar ta hanyar kasuwancin bayi daga Sudan. Yarjejeniyar [[baqt]] tana ci gaba da aiki a wannan lokaci. Duk da haka, dangantaka ta kara tabarbarewa a karkashin mulkin [[Ayyubids]], wanda hakan ya shafi aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Baqt. Kasuwancin bayi ta hamadar Sahara ya kawo bayin Afirka daga yammacin Afirka. Kasuwancin bayi ta Tekun Ja ya samar da bayi zuwa gabar gabas ta Masar. Wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance Afirkawa, amma akwai bayanai da ke nuna cewa an kawo wasu Indiyawa zuwa Masar ta wannan hanya. Kasuwancin bayi na [[Venice]] ya fitar da bayi zuwa Masar ta hanyar da yanzu ake kira [[kasuwancin bayi na Balkan]] a wannan zamani. Bayin Turawa da na Asiya an fitar da su daga Asiya ta Tsakiya zuwa Masar ta hanyar [[kasuwancin bayi na Bukhara]]. Maza Turawa sun fi samun daraja a matsayin sojojin bayi. ===Fursunonin yaƙi=== {{See also|Ra'ayin Musulunci kan fursunonin yaƙi|Dar al-Harb|Kafir}} Fursunonin Kirista daga [[kasar Salibiyawa]] an san an mai da su bayi a cikin shekaru biyu na mulkin Salibiyawa. Wannan ya haɗa da sojoji maza da kuma fararen hula kamar mata da yara. Wani shahararren lamari shine [[Kame Urushalima (1187)]]. Daga cikin mutanen da ba su iya biyan fansa ba, 15,000 an sayar da su a matsayin bayi. A cewar [[Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani]], 7,000 daga cikinsu maza ne kuma 8,000 mata da yara.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hGR5M0druJIC&q=al+adil+jerusalem+8%2C000+women&pg=PA277|title= Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War|author= Malcolm Cameron Lyons, D. E. P. Jackson|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]|year= 1984|isbn= 9780521317399|page= 277}}</ref> Madan da Musulmai na lokacin sun bayyana yi wa mata da 'yan mata na ƙasashen da ba Musulmi ba fyade da kuma bautar jima'i bayan faduwar birnin Urushalima: {{blockquote|Mata da yara sun kai 8,000 kuma an raba su cikin gaggawa a tsakaninmu, inda muke murmushi yayin da suke kuka. Yaya mata da yawa masu tsari aka wulakanta, da wadanda suka rufe kansu aka cire musu kunya, da budurwai aka bata, da masu girman kai aka cinye su, da lebbun ja na kyawawan mata aka sumbata, da masu farin ciki aka sa su kuka. Yaya manya suka ɗauki su a matsayin ''ƙonƙubina'', yaya masu sha'awa suka ƙone saboda su, da wadanda ba su da aure suka more, da masu ƙishirwa suka gamsu, da masu tashin hankali suka samu damar sauke fushinsu.|source=— Fassarar bayanin [[Salahuddin]] daga sakatarensa [[Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani]] game da halin da matan fursuna suka shiga bayan kame Urushalima <ref>Gabrieli, Francesco (1969). Arab Historians of the Crusades. University of California Press. pp 162–163</ref> }} ===Kasuwar bayi=== Mata bayi sun fi yawa fiye da maza bayi a Masar.<ref>Hagedorn, J. H. (2019). [https://www.google.se/books/edition/Domestic_Slavery_in_Syria_and_Egypt_1200/jKrkEAAAQBAJ?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=Ayyubid+egypt+slavery&printsec=frontcover|Domestic Slavery in Syria and Egypt, 1200–1500]. Tyskland: Bonn University Press.30</ref> Mata bayi galibi ana amfani da su a matsayin ''mata aikatau'' ko kuma ''ƙonƙubina'' (mata bayi masu jima'i). [[Shajar al-Durr]] ta zama daya daga cikin fitattun mata bayi ƙonƙubina na fadar Ayyubid. Babban kasuwa ga bayin maza a Masar shine tsarin sojojin bayi ''mamluki'', wanda ke da matuƙar muhimmanci a zamanin mulkin Ayyubid. Yawancin sojojin bayi sun fito ne daga asalin Turkiyya ko Sifaniya (Circassia). ====Harami na Ayyubid==== ''Harami'' na sarakunan [[Daular Ayyubid]] a Masar da Sham (1171–1250) yana kama da wanda ya gabata a zamanin Fatimid. Mata, uwa da 'yan uwan matan sarakunan Ayyubid ba a san su da yawa ba a tarihin. A wasu lokuta, sarakunan Ayyubid suna auren 'yantattu mata Musulmi: Sarki [[Salahuddin]] ya auri mata da dama, wanda aka fi sani da su su ne [[Ismat ad-Din Khatun]], da kuma [[Sitti Sawda]]. Amma galibi, sarakunan sun fi son amfani da ''ƙonƙubina'' mata bayi don haihuwa. Mata bayi wadanda ba Musulmi ba ana shigo da su a matsayin ''kafirai'' daga [[dar al-harb]] (ƙasashen da ba Musulmi ba) kuma ana tilasta musu su karɓi addinin Musulunci da zarar sun iso.<ref name="muse.jhu.edu">Ruggles, D. Fairchild. "The Geographic and Social Mobility of Slaves: The Rise of Shajar Al-Durr, a Slave-Concubine in Thirteenth-Century Egypt." The Medieval Globe, vol. 2 no. 1, 2016, p. 41–55. Project MUSE, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/758524.</ref> A cikin harami, mata bayi suna aiki a matsayin ''aikatau'' ko kuma ana zaɓe su don bautar jima'i a matsayin ''ƙonƙubina''. Wasu matan bayi suna samun horo a fannoni daban-daban na fasaha don yin nishaɗi a matsayin ''qiyan''-masu nishaɗi, kuma wasu daga cikin ƙonƙubina mafi soyuwa a fadar Ayyubid sun kasance ''qiyan'', irin su [[Surur (qiyan)]]<ref>Yasemin Gökpinar: Der ṭarab der Sängersklavinnen: Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār von Ibn Faḍlallāh al-ʿUmarī (gest. 749/1349): Textkritische Edition des 10. Kapitels Ahl ʿilm al-mūsīqī mit kommentierter Übersetzung, Ergon Verlag, Baden-Baden 2021, S. 260–263.</ref> da [[Adschība (qiyan)]].<ref>Yasemin Gökpinar: Der ṭarab der Sängersklavinnen: Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār von Ibn Faḍlallāh al-ʿUmarī (gest. 749/1349): Textkritische Edition des 10. Kapitels Ahl ʿilm al-mūsīqī mit kommentierter Übersetzung, Ergon Verlag, Baden-Baden 2021, S. 268–277.</ref> Sarki bai tilasta masa yin aure ba, kuma wasu daga cikinsu ba su taɓa aure ba. Maimakon haka, suna haihuwa ne ta hanyar ƙonƙubina. Idan ƙonƙubina ta haifi ɗa kuma Sarki ya amince da ɗan a matsayin nasa, ana ɗaukarta matsayin ''Umm Walad'', kuma a matsayin uwa ga ɗan sarki, ana ɗaukarta cikakkiyar memba ta gidan sarauta.<ref name="muse.jhu.edu"/> Sarki na iya ‘yantar da ƙonƙubina sannan ya aure ta, amma ba lallai bane, domin a cikin dokar Musulunci, ɗan da ƙonƙubina ta haifa yana da dukkan haƙƙin shari’a idan mahaifinsa ya amince da shi. Fitacciyar memba a cikin haramin Ayyubid ita ce [[Shajar al-Durr]], wadda ta shigo a matsayin ƙonƙubina, aka ‘yantar da ita bayan haihuwar ɗa, sannan a wani lokaci na musamman, ta hau karagar mulki bayan mutuwar wanda ya mallake ta. Matar ko ƙonƙubinar da ta haifi magajin sarauta, ita ce mafi daraja a cikin harami. Baya ga matan bayi, matan harami suna samun taimako daga ''khawaji'' (bayin eunuƙ). ==Masarautar Ayyubiyya: 1171–1250== [[Masarautar Ayyubiyya]] (1171–1250) ta haɗa da Masar da Siriya, don haka tsarin bauta a waɗannan yankuna yana da tarihin da ya haɗu a lokacin [[diyar Ayyubiyya]]. ===Kasuwar bayi=== [[File:ChristiansBeforeSaladin.jpg|thumb|Kiristoci a gaban [[Saladin]]: yawancin mazauna birnin Urushalima sun shiga bautar jima'i bayan [[Sallar Urushalima (1187)]]]] An kawar da bayi daga Afirka zuwa Masar ta hanyar cinikin bayi daga Sudan. Yarjejeniyar [[baqt]] har yanzu tana aiki a wannan lokacin, duk da cewa dangantaka ta tsananta a ƙarƙashin [[Ayyubiyya]] wanda hakan ya shafi yadda ake aiwatar da baqt ɗin. Cinikin bayi na [[Trans-Saharan]] yana kawo bayi daga yammacin Afirka. Cinikin bayi ta [[Tekun Ja]] yana kawo bayi zuwa gabar gabas ta Masar. Waɗannan yawanci 'yan Afirka ne, sai dai an ambaci cewa wasu Indiyawa ma sun shiga cikin wannan ciniki zuwa Masar. Cinikin bayi na [[Venice]] yana fitar da bayi zuwa Masar ta hanyar da yanzu ake kira [[Cinikin bayi na Balkan]] a wannan zamani. Bayi Turawa da daga Asiya suna zuwa daga Tsakiyar Asiya zuwa Masar ta hanyar [[Cinikin bayi na Bukhara]]. Bayin Turawa maza sun fi daraja a matsayin sojojin bayi. ===Fursunonin yaƙi=== {{See also|Ra'ayin Musulunci kan fursunonin yaƙi|Dar al-Harb|Kafir}} An sani cewa an yi bautar Kiristoci daga [[Ƙasashen yaƙin Salibi]] a cikin shekaru biyu na mulkin Kiristoci. Wannan bai haɗa da maza sojoji kaɗai ba har da fararen hula mata da yara. Shahararren abin da ya faru shi ne [[Sallar Urushalima (1187)]]. Mutane 15,000 da ba su iya biyan fansa ba an sayar da su a matsayin bayi. A cewar [[Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani]], 7,000 daga cikinsu maza ne, 8,000 kuma mata da yara ne.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hGR5M0druJIC&q=al+adil+jerusalem+8%2C000+women&pg=PA277|title=Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War|author=Malcolm Cameron Lyons, D. E. P. Jackson|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1984|isbn=9780521317399|page=277}}</ref> Tarihin Musulunci na wannan lokaci ya bayyana fyade da bautar mata ba Musulmi ba bayan faduwar Urushalima: {{blockquote|Mata da yara 8,000 aka ware su da sauri a tsakanin mu, hakan ya kawo farin ciki ga Musulmi da kuka na waɗanda aka kama. Nawa daga cikin mata masu tsare kansu aka ƙasƙantar, waɗanda aka ɓoye aka ɓalle musu sutura, budurwai aka ci mutuncinsu, da matan kirki aka zubar musu da daraja, da leɓun jar matan da aka sumbata, da waɗanda ke murna aka sa kuka. Nawa daga cikin mashahuran mutane suka ɗauke su a matsayin ''surukai'', nawa daga cikin matasa masu zafi suka sha’anta su, da marasa aure suka gamsu da su, da masu sha’awa suka bugu da su.|source=— Fassarar bayanin sakataren [[Saladin]], [[Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani]], game da abin da ya faru da matan da aka kama bayan sallar Urushalima<ref>Gabrieli, Francesco (1969). Arab Historians of the Crusades. University of California Press. shafi 162-163</ref>}} ===Kasuwar bayi=== Akwai rinjaye a yawan bayin mata akan bayin maza da aka kawo Masar.<ref>Hagedorn, J. H. (2019). [https://www.google.se/books/edition/Domestic_Slavery_in_Syria_and_Egypt_1200/jKrkEAAAQBAJ?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=Ayyubid+egypt+slavery&printsec=frontcover|Domestic Slavery in Syria and Egypt, 1200–1500]. Bonn University Press. shafi 30</ref> Bayin mata ana amfani da su ne musamman a matsayin ''yan aiki a gida'' ko kuma ''surukai'' (bayin jima'i). [[Shajar al-Durr]] ta shahara a matsayin tsohuwar baiwar da ta kasance surukiya a haram din sarakunan Ayyubiyya. Kasuwar bayi maza a Masar ita ce ta tsarin sojojin bayi na mamluki, wanda ya kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare a mulkin Ayyubiyya. Yawancin waɗannan sojojin bayi sun fito ne daga Turkiyya ko Circassia. ====Haram din Ayyubiyya==== Haram ɗin sarakunan [[diyar Ayyubiyya]] na Masar da Levant (1171–1250) yana kama da na gabansa, wato haram ɗin Fatimiyya. Mata da 'yan uwa mata na sarakunan Ayyubiyya ba su da cikakken bayani. A wasu lokuta, sarakunan Ayyubiyya sun auri mata Musulmai 'yantattu: Sultan [[Saladin]] ya auri mata da dama, shahararriya daga cikinsu ita ce [[Ismat ad-Din Khatun]], sannan wani sarki ya auri [[Sitti Sawda]]. Duk da haka, mafi yawan lokaci, sarakuna sun fi son amfani da bayin surukai wajen samun zuri'a. Bayin mata ba Musulmai an shigo da su daga [[dar al-harb]] (kasashen ba Musulmai) a matsayin ''kafirai'', kuma dole sai an musuluntar da su da zarar sun isa.<ref name="muse.jhu.edu"/> A cikin haram, bayin mata suna yi wa sarakuna hidima a matsayin 'yan aiki ko kuma a zabesu a matsayin ''surukai''. Wasu daga cikin bayin mata ana koyar da su fasahohi irin na kiɗa da waka don su zama ''qiyan'' masu nishaɗantarwa. Daga cikin shahararrun bayin surukai masu fasaha a haram ɗin Ayyubiyya akwai [[Surur (qiyan)]]<ref>Yasemin Gökpinar: Der ṭarab der Sängersklavinnen: Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār von Ibn Faḍlallāh al-ʿUmarī (gest. 749/1349): Textkritische Edition des 10. Kapitels Ahl ʿilm al-mūsīqī mit kommentierter Übersetzung, Ergon Verlag, Baden-Baden 2021, S. 260–263.</ref> da [[Adschība (qiyan)]].<ref>Yasemin Gökpinar: Der ṭarab der Sängersklavinnen: Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār von Ibn Faḍlallāh al-ʿUmarī (gest. 749/1349): Textkritische Edition des 10. Kapitels Ahl ʿilm al-mūsīqī mit kommentierter Übersetzung, Ergon Verlag, Baden-Baden 2021, S. 268–277.</ref> Sarki ba lallai ne ya yi aure ba, kuma wasu ba su yi ba. Maimakon haka, suna haifar da 'ya'ya ta hanyar surukai. Idan surukiya ta haifi ɗa kuma sarki ya amince da mahaifancinsa, to tana samu matsayin ''Umm Walad'', kuma a matsayin mahaifiyar ɗan sarki, ana ɗaukarta a matsayin cikakkiyar mamba a gidan sarauta.<ref name="muse.jhu.edu"/> Sarkin zai iya 'yantar da surukiyarsa ya auri ta, amma babu buƙatar sai ya yi hakan, domin a shari’ar Musulunci, ɗan da surukiya ta haifa ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin haramun muddin mahaifi ya amince da shi. Shahararriyar baiwar da ta fi kowa fice a haram ɗin Ayyubiyya ita ce [[Shajar al-Durr]], wadda ta shigo a matsayin surukiya, aka 'yantar da ita bayan ta haifi ɗa da aka amince da shi, sannan a cikin wani lamari na musamman ta hau karagar mulki bayan mutuwar wanda ya mallake ta. Matar ko surukiyar da ta haifi magajin gado, ita ce ke da mafi girman matsayi a haram. Baya ga bayin mata, akwai kuma bayi 'yan daudu da ke hidima a cikin haram. ==Hoton Tarihi== <gallery> File:Map of the route of the Soudan Caravan from Assiut to Darfur.jpg|Baturen Ingila [[William George Browne]] ya bi karawan [[Darb Al Arbain]] a shekarun 1790; tana kai “Bayin da maza da mata” zuwa Masar<ref>{{Cite web |title=DARB EL ARBA'IN. THE FORTY DAYS' ROAD {{!}} W. B. K. Shaw {{!}} download |url=https://ur.booksc.me/book/51463083/09c5c1 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=ur.booksc.me |archive-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927220304/https://ur.booksc.me/book/51463083/09c5c1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> File:A long line of men are marching with their hands thrust thro Wellcome V0041263.jpg|Zanen yadda ake jigilar bayi ta [[Sahara Desert|Sahra]] File:Modern Slave Boat on the Nile (1884) - TIMEA.jpg|Jirgin bayi na zamani a Kogin Nilu (1884) File:The slave market in Cairo. Wellcome V0050649.jpg|Kasuwar bayi a birnin Alkahira. Wellcome V0050649 File:A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg|Kasuwar bayi a Alkahira. Zane na [[David Roberts (painter)|David Roberts]], kimanin 1848. File:Group of Soudanese slave-girls, recently captured at Cairo.jpg|Kungiyar ‘yan mata ‘yan Sudan da aka kama kwanan nan a Alkahira File:Gérôme - the life and works of Jean Léon Gérôme (1892) (14740175136).jpg|Gérôme - rayuwa da ayyukan Jean Léon Gérôme (1892) File:Negress waiting to be sold in the Slave Bazaar, Cairo - Curzon Robert - 1849.jpg|Bakar fata tana jiran a sayar da ita a kasuwar bayi, Alkahira - Curzon Robert - 1849 File:Abu Nabut and Negro Slaves in Cairo MET DP138840.jpg|Abu Nabut da bayin bakar fata a Alkahira File:Abyssinian Female Slave (1878) - TIMEA.jpg|Baiwar Abyssinia (1878) - TIMEA </gallery> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3o5v9ocdyh0mgg8kh2ub03qk1nsb4ac 0 101992 875096 631841 2026-07-03T15:49:50Z Inertia6084 10409 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Egyptian stela from Maydaa near Damaacus dedicated by an officer in the army of pharaoh Sethy I.png]] → [[File:Egyptian stela from Maydaa near Damascus dedicated by an officer in the army of pharaoh Sethy I.png]] [[c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) 875096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stelae na Masar a cikin Levant''' sune kusan 25 Tsohuwar [[Tsohuwar Masar|Masarawa]] da aka gano a cikin Levant, a yau da ake kira [[Siriya]], [[Lebanon]], [[Isra'ila]], [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Falasdinu]] da [[Jodan|Jordan]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wimmer |first=Stefan Jakob |author-link=:de:Stefan Jakob Wimmer |year=2002 |title=A New Stela of Ramesses II in Jordan in the Context of Egyptian Royal Stelae in the Levant |url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/14236 |journal=Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München |doi=10.5282/UBM/EPUB.14236 |access-date=2023-04-17}}</ref> Mafi shaharar misalan su ne Stelae na Nahr el-Kalb da Beisan steles . Fir'auna biyar ne kawai aka wakilta: Thutmosis III da dansa Amenophis II (1479 - 1401 BC, duka daular 18th), Seti I da dansa Ramesses II da (1290 BC zuwa 1213 BC, duka daular 19th), da Shoshenq I (2nd 943–92 BC). == Jerin sanannun steela == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Original location !Image !Pharaoh / year !Preservation !Discovery date !Current location !Ref. |- | rowspan="3" |'''Stelae of Nahr el-Kalb''' |[[Fayil:Twee_reliëfs_in_de_rotsen_van_de_vallei_van_Nahr_el_Kelb,_Bestanddeelnr_255-6445.jpg|alt=An Egyptian stele|frameless|100x100px]] |Ramesses II, year 4 |rock-stela, eroded |1697 | rowspan="3" |in situ | rowspan="3" | |- |[[Fayil:Twee_reliëfs_in_de_rotsen_van_de_vallei_van_Nahr_el_Kelb,_Bestanddeelnr_255-6446.jpg|alt=An Egyptian stele|frameless|100x100px]] |Ramesses II, year 10 |rock-stela, eroded |1697 |- |[[Fayil:Northernmost_Egyptian_Stelae_of_Nahr_el-Kalb_(destroyed_in_1860-61)_in_Lepsius'_Denkmaler_(cropped).jpg|alt=An Egyptian stele|frameless|130x130px]] |Ramesses II |rock-stela, eroded, vandalized in 1860/61 |1697 |- |'''Aadloun stele''' |[[Fayil:Aadloun_Stele_02.jpg|alt=An Egyptian stele|frameless|100x100px]] |Ramesses II |rock-stela, eroded since destroyed |? |in situ, now destroyed | |- |'''Al-Shaykh Saad''' |[[Fayil:Al-Shaykh_Saad_Egyptian_stele_discovered_in_1891.png|alt=An Egyptian stele|frameless|159x159px]] |Ramesses II |complete, eroded |1891 |(unknown) |<ref name="Schumacher 1891 pp. 142–147">{{Cite journal |last=Schumacher |first=G. |year=1891 |title=Der Hiobstein, Sachrat Eijub, im Hauran |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27928608 |journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins |publisher=Deutscher verein zur Erforschung Palästinas |volume=14 |pages=142–147 |issn=2192-3124 |jstor=27928608 |access-date=2023-04-18}}</ref> |- |'''Tell Shihab''' |[[Fayil:Stele_of_Seti_I_from_Tell_es_Shihab_in_the_Ancient_Orient_Museum,_Istanbul.png|alt=An Egyptian stele|frameless|100x100px]] |Seti I |Fragment |1901 |Istanbul | |- |'''Byblos''' |[[Fayil:Stele_of_Ramesses_II_from_Byblos.jpg|alt=An Egyptian stele|frameless|100x100px]] |Ramesses II, year 4 |Two fragments |1919 |Beirut | |- |'''Tell al-Nabi Mando''' |[[Fayil:Seti_I_stele_fragment_from_Tell_Nebi_Mend.jpg|alt=An Egyptian stele|frameless|100x100px]] |Seti I |Fragment |1921 |Aleppo | |- | rowspan="4" |'''Beisan steles''' |[[Fayil:Victory_Stela_of_Seti_I_-_second_stela_-_Beth_Shean_-_1294-1290_BCE.jpeg|alt=An Egyptian stele|frameless|133x133px]] |Seti I |Fragment |1921 | rowspan="2" |Rockefeller Archeological Museum | |- |[[Fayil:Victory_Stela_of_Seti_I_-_first_stela_-_Beth_Shean_-_1294_BCE_-_image_of_Seti_I.jpeg|alt=An Egyptian stele|frameless|133x133px]] |Seti I, year 1 |Complete |1923 | |- |[[Fayil:Basalt_triumphal_stela_of_Ramesses_II_excavated_at_Beth_Shean,_1290-1224_BCE_(19th_Dynasty)_Egypt_Penn_Museum.jpg|alt=An Egyptian stele|frameless|162x162px]] |Ramesses II, year 18 |Complete |1923 |Penn Museum | |- | |Ramesses II |Two fragments |1923, 1925 |Jerusalem and Penn Museum | |- |'''Tel Megiddo''' |[[Fayil:Shoshenq_I_stele_fragment_from_Meggido_03.png|alt=An Egyptian stele|frameless|115x115px]] |Sheshonq I |Fragment |1925-29 |Jerusalem |<ref name="Chapman III 2009 pp. 4–17">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman III |first=Rupert L. |year=2009 |title=Putting Sheshonq I in his Place |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |publisher=Informa UK Limited |volume=141 |issue=1 |pages=4–17 |doi=10.1179/174313009x387617 |issn=0031-0328 |s2cid=218661383}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OIC 4. The Excavation of Armageddon |url=https://isac.uchicago.edu/research/publications/oic/oic-4-excavation-armageddon |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures}}</ref> |- |'''Tell el-'Oreimeh''' | |Thutmosis III or Amenophis II |Fragment |1928 |Deganya |<ref name="Albright Rowe 1928 pp. 281–287">{{Cite journal |last=Albright |first=W. F. |last2=Rowe |first2=Alan |year=1928 |title=A Royal Stele of the New Empire from Galilee |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3854305 |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |publisher=Egypt Exploration Society |volume=14 |issue=3/4 |pages=281–287 |doi=10.1177/030751332801400157 |issn=0307-5133 |jstor=3854305 |s2cid=194005637 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-04-18}}</ref> |- |'''Byblos''' | |Thutmosis III (?) |Fragment |1933-38 | rowspan="4" |Beirut | |- | rowspan="3" |Tyre | |Seti I |Two fragments |1960s | |- | |Ramesses II |Fragment |1960s | |- |[[Fayil:NationalMuseumBeirut_RamsesII-BasaltStele-Tyre-13cBC_RomanDeckert31102019.jpg|alt=An Egyptian stele|frameless|100x100px]] |Ramesses II |Fragment |prior to 1975 | |- |'''Al-Kiswah''' | |Ramesses II, year 56 |Fragment |1994 |Damascus | |- |'''[[:ar:الطرة (إربد)|at-Turra]]''' | |Ramesses II |Fragment |1999 |in situ | |- |Maydaa |[[Fayil:Egyptian stela from Maydaa near Damascus dedicated by an officer in the army of pharaoh Sethy I.png|alt=An Egyptian stele|frameless|144x144px]] | | |2010 | |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lagarce |first=Bérénice |year=2010 |title=UNE STÈLE RAMESSIDE À MEYDAA (RÉGION DE DAMAS) ET LA PRÉSENCE ÉGYPTIENNE EN UPÉ |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41681330 |journal=Syria |publisher=Institut Francais du Proche-Orient |volume=87 |issue=87 |pages=53–68 |doi=10.4000/syria.652 |issn=0039-7946 |jstor=41681330 |s2cid=193681904 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-04-17 |doi-access=free}}<</ref> |} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} ==Bibiyar Tarihi== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal | last=Wimmer | first=Stefan Jakob | authorlink=:de:Stefan Jakob Wimmer| title=A New Stela of Ramesses II in Jordan in the Context of Egyptian Royal Stelae in the Levant | journal=Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München | year=2002 | doi=10.5282/UBM/EPUB.14236 | url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/14236 | access-date=2023-04-17}} * {{cite journal | last=Weinstein | first=James M. | title=The Egyptian Empire in Palestine: A Reassessment | journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research | publisher=American Schools of Oriental Research | issue=241 | year=1981 | issn=0003-097X | eissn=2161-8062 | jstor=1356708 | pages=1–28 | doi=10.2307/1356708 | s2cid=164015977 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1356708 | access-date=2023-04-23| url-access=subscription }} {{refend}} 4l1yjbv7uyvttgw5n0hbq7d0ucmu0bf 0 102228 875576 720428 2026-07-04T03:01:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Félix-Roland Moumié''' (1 Nuwamba 1925 - 3 Nuwamba 1960)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nj4jmvPndXwC&q=F%C3%A9lix-Roland+Moumi%C3%A9+1926&pg=PA251|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon|isbn=9780810873995|last1=Delancey|first1=Mark Dike|last2=Mbuh|first2=Rebecca Neh|last3=Delancey|first3=Mark W.|date=3 May 2010}}</ref> wani shugaban [[Kamaru]] ne mai adawa da ƴan mulkin mallaka, wanda wakilin SDECE (sabis na sirri na Faransa) ya kashe shi a [[Geneva]] a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba 1960 tare da thallium, bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa a farkon wannan shekarar.<ref name=":0">[[Jacques Foccart]], counsellor to [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Georges Pompidou]] and [[Jacques Chirac]] for African matters, recognized it in 1995 to ''[[Jeune Afrique]]'' review. See also ''Foccart parle, interviews with Philippe Gaillard'', Fayard - ''[[Jeune Afrique]]'' {{in lang|fr}} and also [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_n49/ai_20319603 "The man who ran Francafrique - French politician Jacques Foccart's role in France's colonization of Africa under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle - Obituary"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052053/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_n49/ai_20319603|date=2015-09-24}} in ''[[The National Interest]]'', Fall 1997; [http://www.ictv-solferino.com/Va/programme.asp?prog_id=36703&origine=docs.asp&pos=8&nb=39&recherche=&categ_id=72&sur=&cpt=0 Documentary : DEATH IN GENEVA - The Poisoning of Félix Moumié] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007101808/http://www.ictv-solferino.com/Va/programme.asp?prog_id=36703&origine=docs.asp&pos=8&nb=39&recherche=&categ_id=72&sur=&cpt=0|date=2011-10-07}}</ref> Félix-Roland Moumié ya gaji [[Ruben Um Nyobè|Ruben Um Nyobé]], wanda aka kashe a watan Satumba na 1958, a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar ''Union des Populations du Cameroun'' (UPC - ko kuma ''Union du Peuple Camerounais'' &#x2014; "Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Kamaru"). == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Félix Moumié a cikin shekarar 1925 a asibitin Furotesta na Njissé a Foumban, ɗa ne ga Samuel Mekou Moumié, mai bishara a aikin Furotesta, da Suzanne Mvuh. Ya fara karatun firamare a makarantar Bandjo, ya ci gaba da su a makarantar Furotesta da ke Njissé, sannan a makarantar gwamnati da ke Bafoussam (CMI), sannan ya kammala su a makarantar yankin Dschang (CMII) inda ya samu takardar shedar firamare da hazaka.<ref>[[Jacques Foccart]], counsellor to [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Georges Pompidou]] and [[Jacques Chirac]] for African matters, recognized it in 1995 to ''[[Jeune Afrique]]'' review. See also ''Foccart parle, interviews with Philippe Gaillard'', Fayard - ''[[Jeune Afrique]]'' {{in lang|fr}} and also [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_n49/ai_20319603 "The man who ran Francafrique - French politician Jacques Foccart's role in France's colonization of Africa under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle - Obituary"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052053/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_n49/ai_20319603|date=2015-09-24}} in ''[[The National Interest]]'', Fall 1997; [http://www.ictv-solferino.com/Va/programme.asp?prog_id=36703&origine=docs.asp&pos=8&nb=39&recherche=&categ_id=72&sur=&cpt=0 Documentary : DEATH IN GENEVA - The Poisoning of Félix Moumié] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007101808/http://www.ictv-solferino.com/Va/programme.asp?prog_id=36703&origine=docs.asp&pos=8&nb=39&recherche=&categ_id=72&sur=&cpt=0|date=2011-10-07}}</ref> An wayar da kan shi ga ra'ayoyin masu adawa da mulkin mallaka da gurguzu a lokacin karatunsa, musamman tare da [[Gabriel d'Arboussier]] (Mai Gabatar da Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Democratic Rally) da kuma masanin tarihi Jean Suret-Canale. A watan Afrilun 1958, ya halarci taron "Conference of Independent African States" wanda shugaban Ghana [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ya shirya. Ya yi abota da [[Frantz Fanon]], wanda ya wakilci FLN na Aljeriya. Tare da rakiyar Osendé Afana, ya je Kongo a shekara ta 1960 don ganawa da shugaba [[Patrice Lumumba]], wanda ya nuna juyayi ga jam'iyyar UPC, amma sojojin Kanar Mobutu suka yi masa juyin mulki, suka kore su daga ƙasar.<ref name=":0" /> Sanin cewa har kullum jami'an leken asirin Faransa suna sa ido a kai, ya tabbatar da cewa bai taɓa shawagi a cikin ƙasar Faransa ba kuma ya kauce wa sararin samaniyar ƙasashen da ke cikin kungiyar Faransawa. Ya ji tsoron kada a katse jirginsa, kamar yadda jirgin [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] da shugabannin FLN ke cikin shekarar 1956. Ya zauna ne a tsakanin [[Ghana]] da [[Gini|Guinea]] inda ya nemi goyon bayan jam'iyyar UPC.<ref>[[Jacques Foccart]], counsellor to [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Georges Pompidou]] and [[Jacques Chirac]] for African matters, recognized it in 1995 to ''[[Jeune Afrique]]'' review. See also ''Foccart parle, interviews with Philippe Gaillard'', Fayard - ''[[Jeune Afrique]]'' {{in lang|fr}} and also [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_n49/ai_20319603 "The man who ran Francafrique - French politician Jacques Foccart's role in France's colonization of Africa under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle - Obituary"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052053/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_n49/ai_20319603|date=2015-09-24}} in ''[[The National Interest]]'', Fall 1997; [http://www.ictv-solferino.com/Va/programme.asp?prog_id=36703&origine=docs.asp&pos=8&nb=39&recherche=&categ_id=72&sur=&cpt=0 Documentary : DEATH IN GENEVA - The Poisoning of Félix Moumié] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007101808/http://www.ictv-solferino.com/Va/programme.asp?prog_id=36703&origine=docs.asp&pos=8&nb=39&recherche=&categ_id=72&sur=&cpt=0|date=2011-10-07}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Mulkin mallaka * Jerin jagororin adawa da mulkin mallaka da aka kashe daga labarin ''Decolonization'' * Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Kamaru (UPC) * [[Jacques Foccart]] * Marthe Ekemeyong Moumié == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051028/http://www.marianne-en-ligne.fr/dossier/e-docs/00/00/3D/EA/document_article_dossier.phtml?cle_dossier=15851 "Cameroun: Il faut tuer l'UPC et Félix Moumié"], daga mujallar ''Marianne'', Maris 30, 2005 * [http://www.dibussi.com/2006/10/frances_dirty_w.html "Yakin Datti na Faransa a Kamaru: Kisan Félix-Roland Moumié"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611075847/https://www.dibussi.com/2006/10/frances_dirty_w.html |date=2025-06-11 }} daga ''[http://www.dibussi.com/ Scribbles daga Den]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] tr0svpkvgy1tb7d3e41pyidcq33qvf8 0 105770 875512 661047 2026-07-03T22:11:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Felix Ovudoroye Ibru''' (7 Disamba 1935 - 12 Maris 2016) ɗan kasuwa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], masanin gine-gine kuma ɗan siyasa. Shi ne na farko da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya Gwamna na [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] kuma Sanata na [[Delta Central|Gundumar Sanata ta Tsakiya ta Delta]] . <ref name="Jojo Naija 2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-26 |title=Meet The 11 Men That Have Governed Delta State |url=https://jojonaija.com/meet-the-11-men-that-have-governed-delta-state/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Jojo Naija |archive-date=2023-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609053940/https://jojonaija.com/meet-the-11-men-that-have-governed-delta-state/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har zuwa mutuwarsa ya rike mukamin Shugaban Janar na Urhobo Progressive Union (UPU).A matsayinsa na shugaban gargajiya na ƙasarsa, Ibru ya ɗauki girmamawar ƙabilar '''Olorogun''' kuma sau da yawa yana amfani da shi azaman salon pre-nominal. Wannan lakabin kuma yana dauke da manyan danginsa ta wannan hanyar. == Tarihi == An haifi Ibru a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1935 a Agbarha-Otor a yankin karamar hukuma ta [[Ughelli ta Arewa]] ta Jihar Delta ga Cif Peter Epete Ibru da Cif (Mrs). Janet Omotogor Ibru, ta biyu cikin yara bakwai.Ɗan'uwansa [[Michael Ibru]] shine wanda ya kafa [[Kungiyar Ibru|Ƙungiyar Ibru]], babban kamfani.Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Methodist ta Yaba, sannan daga baya Kwalejin Igbobi inda ya kasance Shugaban Yaro a shekarar 1955. Ya lashe kyautar Elder Dempster Lines Scholarship don tafiya zuwa Ingila. Bayan karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Igbobi, Ibru ya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Gine-gine ta Nottingham a Ingila inda ya cancanci zama Architect a shekarar 1962. Yayinda yake dalibi a [[Nottingham]], an zabe shi Shugaban Black na farko na Majalisar Burtaniya tare da alhakin Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Lincolnshire da Leicestershire. A sakamakon haka, yana da masu sauraro tare da Sarauniya Elizabeth II da [[Philip Mountbatten|Yarima Philip, Duke na Edinburgh]] a wani bikin a Fadar Buckingham a cikin 1960 Ba da daɗewa ba bayan cancanta a matsayin masanin gine-gine a cikin 1962, ya yi aiki a takaice tare da Hukumar Yahudawa SOCHNUT, a kan ayyuka daban-daban da suka shafi ƙauyukan gona (kibbutzim da moshavim) da gine-ginen da aka riga aka gina a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] da Haifa. Daga baya ya shiga Technion - Cibiyar Fasaha ta Isra'ila don karatun digiri kuma ya cancanci MSc (Arch) a 1963. Ya koma [[Najeriya]] a ƙarshen wannan shekarar kuma ya ɗauki alƙawari tare da [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayyan Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayyar Najeriya]] a matsayin Malami na farko a cikin Gine-gine a [[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]]. An zabe shi memba na Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Najeriya (NIA) a shekarar 1969, wanda Majalisar Rijistar Gine-gine na Najeriya (ARCON) ta yi rajista a shekarar 1971, an zabe shi Fellow na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine a shekarar 1995 da kuma Fellowship na Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Najeriya (NIPR).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-13 |title=Life and Times of Felix Ibru |url=https://guardian.ng/news/life-and-times-of-felix-ibru/ |access-date=2020-05-19 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasuwanci == Ibru ta kafa wani kamfani na gine-gine, Roye Ibru Associates, wanda, a cikin 1971, ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Alan Vaughan-Richard|Alan Vaughan-Richards]] da Associates don kafa kamfanin Ibru Vaughan da Associates (Planning Partnership). A matsayinsa na daya daga cikin manyan abokan hulɗa guda biyu na kamfanin, Cif Ibru ya shiga cikin ƙira da kula da ayyukan sama da 40 a duk faɗin ƙasar. Sun hada da: Cibiyar Wasanni ta [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], Oguta Lake Resort, Cibiyar Civic ta Diette-Spiff, Port Harcourt, fadada Ofishin Elf Nig. Ltd. Victoria Island, Babban shirin Jami'ar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Sabon Kasuwar Layout, Port Harcourt, Mile 3 Kasuwar [[Diobu, Fatakwal|Diobu]], Port Harcaurt, Sheraton Lagos Hotel & Towers, Ikeja, Cibiyar Wasanni ta [[Jami'ar Benin]], Babban shirin, Gine-ginen Kwalejin Kimiyya, [[Jami'ar Benin]] & Jihar Ogun da kuma Babban shirin Polytechnic na Jihar O gun. A matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga Ibru Prefabs Limited, shi ne ke da alhakin ƙira da kuma kula da ɗakunan geodesic da yawa na girma daban-daban a sassa da yawa na ƙasar.A shekara ta 1971, a karkashin jagorancin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], an gayyace shi zuwa [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], a matsayin memba na kwamitin saka hannun jari na kasashen waje. A shekara ta 1974, ya ba da lacca a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kan Multinationals . An kira shi "Rashin Matsayi na Dan kasuwa na Afirka A cikin Tattalin Arziki da Dangantakarsa tare da Kamfanoni na Ƙasa: Gasar, Haɗin Kai, Haɗin kai da Absorption".<ref name=":0"/> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ayyukan siyasa na Ibru sun fara ne a shekarar 1983, lokacin da ya yi takara ba tare da nasara ba don zama a Majalisar Dattijai.<ref name=":0"/>Ya yi takarar gwamna na [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] a shekarar 1991 kuma ya fito a matsayin gwamnan zartarwa na farko na sabuwar [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] da aka kirkira a shekarar 1992. Ya lashe zaben Sanata na 2003 na Delta Central . == Rayuwa ta mutum == Felix Ibru ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Maris 2016 yana da shekaru 80. [1] Ibru ya yi aure tare da yara 6 da jikoki 6 dukansu sun mutu..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Delta state governor, Felix Ibru, dies |url=http://www.tv360nigeria.com/former-delta-state-governor-felix-ibru-dies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314185256/http://www.tv360nigeria.com/former-delta-state-governor-felix-ibru-dies/ |archive-date=2016-03-14 |access-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Delta]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sokz7ghhfgxbmaqe64v309tdogyl9wx 4 106508 875543 735392 2026-07-04T01:25:12Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 875543 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhimman Labarai na Duniya Kotun Bangladesh ta yanke wa Sheikh Hasina hukuncin kisa Sheikh Hasina, tsohuwar Firaministar Bangladesh, ta sami hukuncin kisa daga wata kotu ta musamman a Bangladesh bayan an same ta da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da suka shafi yadda aka murƙushe zanga-zangar adawa a lokacin mulkinta. Kotun ta ce an samu isassun hujjoji da ke nuna cewa an aikata kisan gilla da take hakkin ɗan Adam a lokacin rikicin siyasa. Hasina ta musanta zarge-zargen, yayin da magoya bayanta suka bayyana hukuncin a matsayin mai nasaba da siyasa. Kotun Landan ta yanke hukunci kan bala'in Mariana BHP ta kasance da alhakin bala'in fashewar madatsar ruwan Mariana da ya faru a shekarar 2015 a Minas Gerais, kamar yadda High Court of Justice da ke Landan ta yanke hukunci. Bala'in ya faru ne bayan madatsar sharar ma'adinai ta rushe, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 19 tare da gurbata koguna da muhalli a wani babban yanki na Brazil. Hukuncin ya buɗe ƙofa ga dubban waɗanda abin ya shafa domin neman diyya. Harin kunar bakin wake a Islamabad Wani harin kunar bakin wake ya afku a Islamabad, babban birnin Pakistan, inda ya kashe akalla mutane 12 tare da jikkata wasu da dama. Harin ya auku ne a wani wurin da jama'a ke taruwa, kuma jami'an tsaro sun fara bincike domin gano waɗanda suka shirya harin. Har yanzu babu wata ƙungiya da ta ɗauki alhakin kai harin. Guguwar Fung-wong ta afkawa Philippines Typhoon Fung-wong ta haddasa ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa a sassa daban-daban na Philippines. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa sama da mutane 27 sun mutu, yayin da dubban mutane suka rasa matsugunansu. Hukumomi sun gudanar da aikin ceto tare da kwashe mazauna yankunan da abin ya fi shafa. Ana ci gaba da Gaza genocide Russian invasion of Ukraine Sudanese civil war Mutuwar fitattun mutane kwanan nan Juan Ponce Enrile Thomas Daniel Schlee Carmen Moreno Kenny Easley Steefka Evstatieva Herzl Bodinger Lura: An yi gyaran ƙarshe na wannan shafi a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2025, da ƙarfe 21:17 UTC. 5yplf5u55pe5m6thilhk0ap2cihelyy 875581 875543 2026-07-04T04:48:53Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875581 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhimman Labarai na Duniya Kotun Bangladesh ta yanke wa Sheikh Hasina hukuncin kisa Sheikh Hasina, tsohuwar Firaministar Bangladesh, ta sami hukuncin kisa daga wata kotu ta musamman a Bangladesh bayan an same ta da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da suka shafi yadda aka murƙushe zanga-zangar adawa a lokacin mulkinta. Kotun ta ce an samu isassun hujjoji da ke nuna cewa an aikata kisan gilla da take hakkin ɗan Adam a lokacin rikicin siyasa. Hasina ta musanta zarge-zargen, yayin da magoya bayanta suka bayyana hukuncin a matsayin mai nasaba da siyasa. Kotun Landan ta yanke hukunci kan bala'in Mariana BHP ta kasance da alhakin bala'in fashewar madatsar ruwan Mariana da ya faru a shekara 2015 a Minas Gerais, kamar yadda High Court of Justice da ke Landan ta yanke hukunci. Bala'in ya faru ne bayan madatsar sharar ma'adinai ta rushe, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 19 tare da gurbata koguna da muhalli a wani babban yanki na Brazil. Hukuncin ya buɗe ƙofa ga dubban waɗanda abin ya shafa domin neman diyya. Harin kunar bakin wake a Islamabad Wani harin kunar bakin wake ya afku a Islamabad, babban birnin Pakistan, inda ya kashe akalla mutane 12 tare da jikkata wasu da dama. Harin ya auku ne a wani wurin da jama'a ke taruwa, kuma jami'an tsaro sun fara bincike domin gano waɗanda suka shirya harin. Har yanzu babu wata ƙungiya da ta ɗauki alhakin kai harin. Guguwar Fung-wong ta afkawa Philippines Typhoon Fung-wong ta haddasa ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa a sassa daban-daban na Philippines. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa sama da mutane 27 sun mutu, yayin da dubban mutane suka rasa matsugunansu. Hukumomi sun gudanar da aikin ceto tare da kwashe mazauna yankunan da abin ya fi shafa. Ana ci gaba da Gaza genocide Russian invasion of Ukraine Sudanese civil war Mutuwar fitattun mutane kwanan nan Juan Ponce Enrile Thomas Daniel Schlee Carmen Moreno Kenny Easley Steefka Evstatieva Herzl Bodinger Lura: An yi gyaran ƙarshe na wannan shafi a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2025, da ƙarfe 21:17 UTC. czr34stzp890n2j8bcfz5koe6j1r8gg 875582 875581 2026-07-04T04:49:13Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875582 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhimman Labarai na Duniya Kotun Bangladesh ta yanke wa Sheikh Hasina hukuncin kisa Sheikh Hasina, tsohuwar Firaministar Bangladesh, ta sami hukuncin kisa daga wata kotu ta musamman a Bangladesh bayan an same ta da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da suka shafi yadda aka murƙushe zanga-zangar adawa a lokacin mulkinta. Kotun ta ce an samu isassun hujjoji da ke nuna cewa an aikata kisan gilla da take hakkin ɗan Adam a lokacin rikicin siyasa. Hasina ta musanta zarge-zargen, yayin da magoya bayanta suka bayyana hukuncin a matsayin mai nasaba da siyasa. Kotun Landan ta yanke hukunci kan bala'in Mariana BHP ta kasance da alhakin bala'in fashewar madatsar ruwan Mariana da ya faru a shekara a 2015 a Minas Gerais, kamar yadda High Court of Justice da ke Landan ta yanke hukunci. Bala'in ya faru ne bayan madatsar sharar ma'adinai ta rushe, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 19 tare da gurbata koguna da muhalli a wani babban yanki na Brazil. Hukuncin ya buɗe ƙofa ga dubban waɗanda abin ya shafa domin neman diyya. Harin kunar bakin wake a Islamabad Wani harin kunar bakin wake ya afku a Islamabad, babban birnin Pakistan, inda ya kashe akalla mutane 12 tare da jikkata wasu da dama. Harin ya auku ne a wani wurin da jama'a ke taruwa, kuma jami'an tsaro sun fara bincike domin gano waɗanda suka shirya harin. Har yanzu babu wata ƙungiya da ta ɗauki alhakin kai harin. Guguwar Fung-wong ta afkawa Philippines Typhoon Fung-wong ta haddasa ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa a sassa daban-daban na Philippines. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa sama da mutane 27 sun mutu, yayin da dubban mutane suka rasa matsugunansu. Hukumomi sun gudanar da aikin ceto tare da kwashe mazauna yankunan da abin ya fi shafa. Ana ci gaba da Gaza genocide Russian invasion of Ukraine Sudanese civil war Mutuwar fitattun mutane kwanan nan Juan Ponce Enrile Thomas Daniel Schlee Carmen Moreno Kenny Easley Steefka Evstatieva Herzl Bodinger Lura: An yi gyaran ƙarshe na wannan shafi a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2025, da ƙarfe 21:17 UTC. iozfc53an2kcpbw4nmidc539k1b3ngv 875583 875582 2026-07-04T04:49:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875583 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhimman Labarai na Duniya Kotun Bangladesh ta yanke wa Sheikh Hasina hukuncin kisa Sheikh Hasina, tsohuwar Firaministar Bangladesh, ta sami hukuncin kisa daga wata kotu ta musamman a Bangladesh bayan an same ta da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da suka shafi yadda aka murƙushe zanga-zangar adawa a lokacin mulkinta. Kotun ta ce an samu isassun hujjoji da ke nuna cewa an aikata kisan gilla da take hakkin ɗan Adam a lokacin rikicin siyasa. Hasina ta musanta zarge-zargen, yayin da magoya bayanta suka bayyana hukuncin a matsayin mai nasaba da siyasa. Kotun Landan ta yanke hukunci kan bala'in Mariana BHP ta kasance da alhakin bala'in fashewar madatsar ruwan Mariana da ya faru a shekara al 2015 a Minas Gerais, kamar yadda High Court of Justice da ke Landan ta yanke hukunci. Bala'in ya faru ne bayan madatsar sharar ma'adinai ta rushe, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 19 tare da gurbata koguna da muhalli a wani babban yanki na Brazil. Hukuncin ya buɗe ƙofa ga dubban waɗanda abin ya shafa domin neman diyya. Harin kunar bakin wake a Islamabad Wani harin kunar bakin wake ya afku a Islamabad, babban birnin Pakistan, inda ya kashe akalla mutane 12 tare da jikkata wasu da dama. Harin ya auku ne a wani wurin da jama'a ke taruwa, kuma jami'an tsaro sun fara bincike domin gano waɗanda suka shirya harin. Har yanzu babu wata ƙungiya da ta ɗauki alhakin kai harin. Guguwar Fung-wong ta afkawa Philippines Typhoon Fung-wong ta haddasa ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa a sassa daban-daban na Philippines. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa sama da mutane 27 sun mutu, yayin da dubban mutane suka rasa matsugunansu. Hukumomi sun gudanar da aikin ceto tare da kwashe mazauna yankunan da abin ya fi shafa. Ana ci gaba da Gaza genocide Russian invasion of Ukraine Sudanese civil war Mutuwar fitattun mutane kwanan nan Juan Ponce Enrile Thomas Daniel Schlee Carmen Moreno Kenny Easley Steefka Evstatieva Herzl Bodinger Lura: An yi gyaran ƙarshe na wannan shafi a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2025, da ƙarfe 21:17 UTC. 891um63vys7sddq2000wmmuevjjuqml 875584 875583 2026-07-04T04:49:48Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875584 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhimman Labarai na Duniya Kotun Bangladesh ta yanke wa Sheikh Hasina hukuncin kisa Sheikh Hasina, tsohuwar Firaministar Bangladesh, ta sami hukuncin kisa daga wata kotu ta musamman a Bangladesh bayan an same ta da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da suka shafi yadda aka murƙushe zanga-zangar adawa a lokacin mulkinta. Kotun ta ce an samu isassun hujjoji da ke nuna cewa an aikata kisan gilla da take hakkin ɗan Adam a lokacin rikicin siyasa. Hasina ta musanta zarge-zargen, yayin da magoya bayanta suka bayyana hukuncin a matsayin mai nasaba da siyasa. Kotun Landan ta yanke hukunci kan bala'in Mariana BHP ta kasance da alhakin bala'in fashewar madatsar ruwan Mariana da ya faru a shekara ali 2015 a Minas Gerais, kamar yadda High Court of Justice da ke Landan ta yanke hukunci. Bala'in ya faru ne bayan madatsar sharar ma'adinai ta rushe, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 19 tare da gurbata koguna da muhalli a wani babban yanki na Brazil. Hukuncin ya buɗe ƙofa ga dubban waɗanda abin ya shafa domin neman diyya. Harin kunar bakin wake a Islamabad Wani harin kunar bakin wake ya afku a Islamabad, babban birnin Pakistan, inda ya kashe akalla mutane 12 tare da jikkata wasu da dama. Harin ya auku ne a wani wurin da jama'a ke taruwa, kuma jami'an tsaro sun fara bincike domin gano waɗanda suka shirya harin. Har yanzu babu wata ƙungiya da ta ɗauki alhakin kai harin. Guguwar Fung-wong ta afkawa Philippines Typhoon Fung-wong ta haddasa ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa a sassa daban-daban na Philippines. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa sama da mutane 27 sun mutu, yayin da dubban mutane suka rasa matsugunansu. Hukumomi sun gudanar da aikin ceto tare da kwashe mazauna yankunan da abin ya fi shafa. Ana ci gaba da Gaza genocide Russian invasion of Ukraine Sudanese civil war Mutuwar fitattun mutane kwanan nan Juan Ponce Enrile Thomas Daniel Schlee Carmen Moreno Kenny Easley Steefka Evstatieva Herzl Bodinger Lura: An yi gyaran ƙarshe na wannan shafi a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2025, da ƙarfe 21:17 UTC. r0v62d9kha1x0k3exrsr7s4eudbcukw 875585 875584 2026-07-04T04:50:01Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875585 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhimman Labarai na Duniya Kotun Bangladesh ta yanke wa Sheikh Hasina hukuncin kisa Sheikh Hasina, tsohuwar Firaministar Bangladesh, ta sami hukuncin kisa daga wata kotu ta musamman a Bangladesh bayan an same ta da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da suka shafi yadda aka murƙushe zanga-zangar adawa a lokacin mulkinta. Kotun ta ce an samu isassun hujjoji da ke nuna cewa an aikata kisan gilla da take hakkin ɗan Adam a lokacin rikicin siyasa. Hasina ta musanta zarge-zargen, yayin da magoya bayanta suka bayyana hukuncin a matsayin mai nasaba da siyasa. Kotun Landan ta yanke hukunci kan bala'in Mariana BHP ta kasance da alhakin bala'in fashewar madatsar ruwan Mariana da ya faru a shekara alif 2015 a Minas Gerais, kamar yadda High Court of Justice da ke Landan ta yanke hukunci. Bala'in ya faru ne bayan madatsar sharar ma'adinai ta rushe, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 19 tare da gurbata koguna da muhalli a wani babban yanki na Brazil. Hukuncin ya buɗe ƙofa ga dubban waɗanda abin ya shafa domin neman diyya. Harin kunar bakin wake a Islamabad Wani harin kunar bakin wake ya afku a Islamabad, babban birnin Pakistan, inda ya kashe akalla mutane 12 tare da jikkata wasu da dama. Harin ya auku ne a wani wurin da jama'a ke taruwa, kuma jami'an tsaro sun fara bincike domin gano waɗanda suka shirya harin. Har yanzu babu wata ƙungiya da ta ɗauki alhakin kai harin. Guguwar Fung-wong ta afkawa Philippines Typhoon Fung-wong ta haddasa ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa a sassa daban-daban na Philippines. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa sama da mutane 27 sun mutu, yayin da dubban mutane suka rasa matsugunansu. Hukumomi sun gudanar da aikin ceto tare da kwashe mazauna yankunan da abin ya fi shafa. Ana ci gaba da Gaza genocide Russian invasion of Ukraine Sudanese civil war Mutuwar fitattun mutane kwanan nan Juan Ponce Enrile Thomas Daniel Schlee Carmen Moreno Kenny Easley Steefka Evstatieva Herzl Bodinger Lura: An yi gyaran ƙarshe na wannan shafi a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2025, da ƙarfe 21:17 UTC. 6av7m9knovyamkzqqi73tx6b76zkwfd 875637 875585 2026-07-04T06:07:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 875637 wikitext text/x-wiki '''BATUTUWA A CIKIN LABARAI''' * Kotun [[Bangladesh]] ta same tsohuwar firaministar [[Bangladesh]] [[Sheikh Hasina]] (wacce aka ɗauka a hoto) da laifin aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama a bayan fage, kuma an yanke mata hukuncin kisa. * Kotun Koli ta Shari'a da ke Landan ta yanke hukuncin cewa BHP ce ke da alhakin bala'in madatsar ruwa ta Mariana a Minas Gerais, Brazil a shekarar 2015. * Wani harin kunar bakin wake ya kashe mutane 12 a Islamabad, [[Pakistan]]. * Guguwar [[Fung-wong]] ta afkawa Philippines, inda ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane sama da 27. * Ana Ci Gaba da: Jadawalin Yaƙin Gaza Kisan kare dangi Jadawalin Yaƙin Rasha da '''Ukraine''' Jadawalin Yaƙin basasa na Sudan Jadawalin Yaƙin basasa Kisa * Mutuwar da ta faru kwanan nan: [[Juan Ponce EnrileThomas]] Daniel SchleeCarmen MorenoKenny EasleySteefka EvstatievaHerzl Bodinger b55yuej7p2fxoh7yiehku4uh4zku06a 0 106533 875369 687257 2026-07-03T19:19:49Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 875369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Akadi''' gidan cin abinci ne na Black-owned, <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=These Black-Owned Portland Restaurants Are Offering Takeout and Delivery |url=https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2020/06/02/these-black-owned-portland-restaurants-are-offering-takeout-and-delivery/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Willamette Week |language=en}}</ref> [[Abincin Yammacin Afirka|Yammacin Afirka]] a kasar Portland, Oregon, [[Amurka]]. Fatou Ouattara shine mai dafa abinci kuma mai shi. == Bayyanawa == menu ya ƙware a cikin abinci daga [[Burkina Faso]] da [[Ivory Coast]], kuma yana da zaɓuɓɓukan abinci na teku da kayan lambu. [[Zaɓuɓɓuka]] sun haɗa da shuke-shuke da aka soya, [[fufu]], da stews. == Tarihi == Akadi da farko tana aiki a 3601 Northeast Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard a cikin unguwar Boise . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Michael |date=2022-05-02 |title=West African flavors expand in Portland: Akadi launches sister market, restaurant reopens May 8 |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2022/05/akadi-returns-with-new-market-house-of-flavor-relocated-restaurant-opens-may-8.html |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=[[The Oregonian]] |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin annobar COVID-19, kasuwanci ya ragu da kashi 50, tun daga watan Yulin 2020.<ref name="Stevens">{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Suzanne |date=July 23, 2020 |title=In her own words: Akadi's Fatou Ouattara on keeping the restaurant open and culture alive |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2020/07/23/akadi-owner-and-chef-fatou-o.html |url-status=live |journal=Portland Business Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420183917/https://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2020/07/23/akadi-owner-and-chef-fatou-o.html |archive-date=April 20, 2021 |access-date=April 16, 2021}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2020, Ouattara ta tabbatar da shirye-shiryen rufewa na ɗan lokaci a ranar 31 ga Disamba.<ref name="Hamilton">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Katherine Chew |date=December 22, 2020 |title=Akadi Will Close December 31, But Promises To Return |url=https://www.pdxmonthly.com/eat-and-drink/2020/12/akadi-will-close-december-31-but-promises-to-return |url-status=live |journal=[[Portland Monthly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418002428/https://www.pdxmonthly.com/eat-and-drink/2020/12/akadi-will-close-december-31-but-promises-to-return |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |access-date=April 16, 2021}}</ref> Akadi ta sake buɗewa a yankin Hosford-Abernethy na kudu maso gabashin Portland a watan Mayu 2022, Itace da [[Kasuwancin Afirka|kasuwancin]] ƴar'uwarta, House of Flavor . == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin 2018, Akadi an kira shi daya daga cikin Best New Restaurants na Portland ta Portland Monthly . 's Best New Restaurants 2018: Akadi Brings the West A cikin 2019, Michael Russell ya haɗa Akadi a cikin jerin sunayen The Oregonian na sabbin gidajen cin abinci 10 mafi kyau. Daga baya ya haɗa kasuwancin a cikin jerin jaridar 2025 na gidajen cin abinci 21 mafi kyau a kudu maso gabashin Portland. A cikin 2020, Brooke Jackson-Glidden na Eater Portland ya ce Attieke Poisson Braisé "ɗaya daga cikin manyan jita-jita a Arewa maso gabashin Portland" kuma ya ba da shawarar sopo na albasa da mafe.<ref name="Five">{{Cite web |last=Jackson-Glidden |first=Brooke |date=May 29, 2020 |title=Five Portland Takeout Dishes to Try This Weekend |url=https://pdx.eater.com/2020/5/29/21274986/five-takeout-dishes-portland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418002430/https://pdx.eater.com/2020/5/29/21274986/five-takeout-dishes-portland |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |access-date=April 16, 2021 |website=[[Eater (website)|Eater Portland]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> Shafin Ƙaunar gizon Waz Wu ya haɗa da Akadi a cikin jerin 2023 na Primo Special Occasion Restaurants for Vegetarians and Vegetariants".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=Waz |date=2023-02-10 |title=Portland's Primo Special Occasion Restaurants for Vegans and Vegetarians |url=https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-vegan-vegetarian-special-occasion-restaurant |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210214955/https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-vegan-vegetarian-special-occasion-restaurant |archive-date=2023-02-10 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Eater Portland |language=en}}</ref> An haɗa Akadi a cikin jerin sunayen mafi kyawun gidajen cin abinci na Portland na The Infatuation na 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-21 |title=The 21 Best Restaurants In Portland, Oregon 2025 - Portland, OR |url=https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/guides/best-restaurants-hotels-portland-oregon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406185926/https://www.theinfatuation.com/portland/guides/best-restaurants-hotels-portland-oregon |archive-date=2024-04-06 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=The Infatuation |language=en}}</ref> An haɗa kasuwancin a cikin jerin Time Out Portland na 2025 na gidajen cin abinci goma sha takwas mafi kyau na birnin. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Afirka]] * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Black-owned == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 9kwk7b0ez2avh8969rv9rnonw0qdck0 0 107593 875687 671702 2026-07-04T07:42:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidajen yanayi''' wuri ne na mafaka ga mutanen da ke neman mafaka daga matsanancin yanayi wanda tasirin Tsibirin zafi na birane ya kara tsanantawa. Sun haɗa da Cibiyoyin sanyaya, amma kuma sun haɗa da wuraren shakatawa da sauran wuraren waje waɗanda aka tsara don samar da tashar jiragen ruwa don yanayin sanyi fiye da yankunan da ke kewaye. Birane da yawa sun tsara shirye-shirye don aiwatar da mafaka na yanayi na birane. == Manufar == Gidajen yanayi sune mahimman wuraren birane da ke da niyyar sauƙaƙe daidaitawa da abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi mai tsanani, musamman raƙuman zafi, waɗanda aka ƙara danganta su da ƙimar mutuwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Climate Shelters Network {{!}} Barcelona for Climate {{!}} Ajuntament de Barcelona |url=https://www.barcelona.cat/barcelona-pel-clima/en/barcelona-responds/specific-actions/climate-shelters-network |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=www.barcelona.cat}}</ref> Wadannan mafaka, ko suna cikin gida ko waje, an tsara su ne don kula da yanayin zafi mai aminci da kwanciyar hankali ga mutanen da ke fama da matsanancin yanayi.<ref name=":0" /> == Fa'idodi == Gidajen yanayi suna ba da kariya mai mahimmanci ga al'ummomin da ke fama da bala'o'in da suka shafi yanayi kamar ambaliyar ruwa, guguwa, da matsanancin yanayin zafi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Sheltering From a Gathering Storm: The Costs and Benefits of Climate Resilient ShelterSheltering From a Gathering Storm: The Costs and Benefits of Climate Resilient Shelter |url=https://www.i-s-e-t.org/publications-and-resources-1/sheltering-from-a-gathering-storm:-the-costs-and-benefits-of-climate-resilient-shelter |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=iset |language=en |archive-date=2025-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716173123/https://www.i-s-e-t.org/publications-and-resources-1/sheltering-from-a-gathering-storm:-the-costs-and-benefits-of-climate-resilient-shelter |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wadannan kayayyaki ba wai kawai sun rage haɗarin lalacewa ba har ma sun tabbatar da tsada a cikin dogon lokaci ta hanyar hana asarar.<ref name=":4" /> Ga al'ummomin da ba su da wadataccen tattalin arziki, samun damar samun gidaje masu tsada yana da mahimmanci, saboda yana taimakawa kare gidajensu da abubuwan da suke rayuwa.<ref name=":4" /> Sabbin mafita, galibi ana gano su ta hanyar gasa, sun nuna cewa ko da siffofin ƙira masu sauƙi da ƙarancin farashi na iya inganta ƙarfin gidaje.<ref name=":4"/> Bugu da ƙari, duka nazarin inganci da yawa suna nuna cewa saka hannun jari a cikin gidaje masu ƙarfi suna samar da ƙimar farashi mai fa'ida a cikin al'amuran daban-daban.<ref name=":4" /> Wannan yana jaddada tabbatar da tattalin arziki don ba da fifiko ga irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Sun kasance muhimmiyar bangare ce ta dabarun daidaita yanayin yanayi, suna ba da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci dangane da rage haɗari, tanadi kuɗi, da juriya ga al'umma.<ref name=":4"/> Ta hanyar saka hannun jari a cikin gidaje masu juriya, ba wai kawai muna kare rayuka da dukiya ba har ma muna ba da gudummawa ga Ci gaba mai ɗorewa da juriya ga yanayi a cikin al'ummomin da ke fama da rauni.<ref name=":4" /> == Ƙalubalen == Duk da fa'idodi masu kyau, shingen samun damar samun gidaje masu tsayayya ya ci gaba, da farko saboda kalubalen da ke tattare da samun kudade masu araha da tabbatar da cewa an horar da masu ginin sosai kuma suna sane da ka'idodin ƙira masu tsayayyar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Amorim-Maia |first=Ana T. |last2=Anguelovski |first2=Isabelle |last3=Connolly |first3=James |last4=Chu |first4=Eric |date=2023-10-01 |title=Seeking refuge? The potential of urban climate shelters to address intersecting vulnerabilities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016920462300155X |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |volume=238 |pages=104836 |bibcode=2023LUrbP.23804836A |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104836 |issn=0169-2046}}</ref> Magana da waɗannan shingen yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa jama'a masu rauni na iya amfana daga kariya da ke ba da mafaka.<ref name=":1" /> Gidajen yanayi suna fuskantar ƙalubale da yawa, wanda ya samo asali ne daga yanayin canjin yanayi da kansa.<ref name=":1"/> Da farko, akwai batun ƙira da gini - mafaka dole ne su kasance masu jurewa ga abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi mai tsanani kamar guguwa, ambaliyar ruwa, ko gobarar daji, yayin da suke iya daidaitawa da sauye-sauyen yanayi a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":1" /> Wannan yana buƙatar sabbin hanyoyin injiniya da kayan da za su iya tsayayya da yanayin muhalli mai tsanani. Abu na biyu, akwai ƙalubalen dabaru na sanyawa da kiyayewa.<ref name=":1" /> Gano wuraren da suka dace don mafaka ya haɗa da la'akari mai rikitarwa game da yanayin ƙasa, yawan jama'a, da kuma rashin haɗarin yanayi.<ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, kula da mafaka a wurare masu nisa ko wuraren da ke fama da bala'i na iya zama mai tsada da kuma albarkatu masu yawa.<ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, tabbatar da daidaitattun damar samun mafaka ga al'ummomin da aka ware yana haifar da wani babban ƙalubale, yana buƙatar manufofi da dabarun don magance bambancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. A ƙarshe, akwai babban ƙalubalen kudade da niyyar siyasa, kamar yadda aiwatar da mafaka na yanayi sau da yawa yana buƙatar saka hannun jari mai yawa da kuma jajircewa na dogon lokaci daga gwamnatoci da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref name=":1" /> Yana da wahala ga biranen da ke da shirye-shiryen Climate Shelter don tabbatar da cewa ayyukansu suna samuwa ga dukkan jama'a, musamman wadanda ba su da isasshen gine-gine ko wuraren shakatawa da ke kusa da su don gina mafaka. A Barcelona, kungiyar Barcelona Social Emergency and Urgent Care Center (CUESB) tana kula da ayyukan zamantakewa na birnin da suka shafi abubuwan da suka shafi zafi.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Nearly 200 climate shelters to beat the heat in the city {{!}} Info Barcelona {{!}} Barcelona City Council |url=https://www.barcelona.cat/infobarcelona/en/tema/climate-emergency/nearly-200-climate-shelters-to-beat-the-heat-in-the-city_1185418.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.barcelona.cat |language=en}}</ref> Idan haɗarin yana da iyaka, CUESB na iya jigilar jama'a masu rauni zuwa yankunan da za su iya samun damar zuwa mafaka na yanayi<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Nearly 200 climate shelters to beat the heat in the city {{!}} Info Barcelona {{!}} Barcelona City Council |url=https://www.barcelona.cat/infobarcelona/en/tema/climate-emergency/nearly-200-climate-shelters-to-beat-the-heat-in-the-city_1185418.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.barcelona.cat |language=en}}</ref> Ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na adalci na yanayi, gami da binciken da aka gudanar a cikin al'ummar da ke fuskantar yanayi na La Prosperitat, an bayyana cewa mafaka na yanayi na yanzu bazai cika bukatun da tsammanin yawancin mutanen da ke fama da rauni ba.<ref name=":1"/> Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware suna fuskantar matsalolin da ba a magance su ba, da farko saboda bambance-bambance a cikin damar magance hanyoyin da suka shafi matsayinsu na zamantakewa.<ref name=":1" /> Musamman, mazauna da ke da karancin kudin shiga da mutanen da suka fito daga kasashen Kudancin Duniya suna fama da rashin isasshen gidaje da talauci na makamashi, wanda ya sa su zama mafi saukin kamuwa da kuma mafi karancin kayan aiki don magance matsanancin yanayin zafi.<ref name=":1"/> Bugu da ƙari, mata suna nuna ƙwarewa ga tasirin yanayi kuma suna nuna damuwa game da haɗarin yanzu da na gaba.<ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ppn1kyb1ijwd2vboowikm3mcxs9ciz3 0 111780 875725 693635 2026-07-04T08:46:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cibiyar gyaran halayyar (ko '''Shirin zama na matasa''') cibiyar ilimi ce ta zama da kuma kula da ita da ke yin rajistar matasa waɗanda ake ganin suna nuna halayyar rashin mutunci, a cikin ƙoƙari na canza halayensu. Saboda ka'idojin lasisi ba bisa ka'ida ba a duk faɗin ƙasashe da jihohi, da kuma rashin tabbas game da alamun da wuraren ke amfani da kansu, yana da wahala a a auna yadda wuraren suke. Gidajen suna daga cikin abin da ake kira Masana'antar Matasa.<ref name=":0" /> Shirye-shiryen a Amurka sun kasance masu kawo rigima saboda yawan zarge-zargen cin zarafi da raunin da aka ɗora wa matasa da suka yi rajista, da kuma ayyukan tallace-tallace na yaudara da aka yi wa iyaye.<ref name=":0" /> Masu sukar sun ce wuraren ba sa amfani da maganin da aka samo asali.<ref name=":0" /> == Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen == Ayyuka da ingancin sabis a cikin irin wannan shirin sun bambanta sosai. Hanyoyin gyaran halayyar da aka yi amfani da su sun bambanta, amma ana amfani da haɗuwa da ƙarfafawa mai kyau da mara kyau. Sau da yawa ana isar da waɗannan hanyoyin a cikin tsarin gudanarwa na gaggawa kamar tsarin maki ko tsarin matakin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKee |first=John M. |year=1971 |title=Contingency Management in a Correctional Institution |journal=Educational Technology |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=51–54 |jstor=44417185}}</ref> Irin wannan hanyar an gano tana da tasiri sosai wajen magance cututtukan rikice-rikice (duba meta-analysis na Chen & Ma (2007). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Chiu-Wen |last2=Ma |first2=Hsen-Hsing |year=2007 |title=Effects of treatment on disruptive behaviors: A quantitative synthesis of single-subject researches using the PEM approach |journal=The Behavior Analyst Today |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=380–397 |doi=10.1037/h0100629 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hanyoyin ƙarfafawa masu kyau sun haɗa da maki, lada da alamun matsayi, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cancio |first=Edward J. |last2=Johnson |first2=Jesse W. |year=2007 |title=Level systems revisited: An important tool for educating students with emotional and behavioral disorders |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=512–527 |doi=10.1037/h0100820 |doi-access=free}}</ref> yayin da hanyoyin azabtarwa na iya haɗawa da Lokaci-lokaci, <ref name="McGuffin, P.W. 1991">{{Cite journal |last=McGuffin |first=Patrick W. |year=1991 |title=The effect of timeout duration on frequency of aggression in hospitalized children with conduct disorders |journal=Behavioral Interventions |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=279–288 |doi=10.1002/bin.2360060405}}</ref> raguwar maki, juyawa na matsayi, doguwar zama a wurin, hana jiki, ko ma azabtar da jiki. Bincike ya nuna cewa tsawon lokaci ba wani abu ba ne kuma an ba da shawarwari don iyakance lokaci zuwa minti biyar.<ref name="McGuffin, P.W. 1991" /> Sabon hanyar tana amfani da takunkumi na digiri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Howell |first=J. C. |year=1998 |title=A new approach to juvenile crime: The promise of graduated sanctions in a juvenile justice system |journal=Corrections Compendium |volume=23 |issue=9}}</ref> Ma'aikata suna bayyana a sauƙin horar da su a cikin halayyar halayyar, ana kiyaye irin wannan horo kuma yana haifar da ingantaccen sakamakon mabukaci, da kuma rage juyawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosen |first=Howard S. |last2=Yerushalmi |first2=Cydney J. |last3=Walker |first3=Jane C. |year=1986 |title=Training community residential staff: Evaluation and follow-up |journal=Behavioral Interventions |volume=1 |pages=15–38 |doi=10.1002/bin.2360010104}}</ref> Hanyoyin azabtarwa da yawa ba su da kyau ga ma'aikata da masu gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lindeman |first=David P. |last2=Miltenberger |first2=Raymond G. |last3=Lennox |first3=David B. |year=1992 |title=Acceptability of behavioral interventions: Perceptions of superintendents of public residential facilities |journal=Behavioral Interventions |volume=7 |pages=35–44 |doi=10.1002/bin.2360070105}}</ref> An gano shirye-shiryen halayyar don rage buƙatar magani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foxx |first=R. M. |year=1998 |title=A comprehensive treatment program for inpatient adolescents |journal=Behavioral Interventions |volume=13 |pages=67–77 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-078X(199802)13:1<67::AID-BIN5>3.0.CO;2-I}}</ref> Bincike da yawa sun gano cewa ana kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu a shirye-shiryen kula da gidaje daga shekaru 1-5 bayan fitarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Surgeon General (1999). Mental Health. Chapter 3 |url=http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/features/surgeongeneralreport/chapter3/sec7.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528003227/http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/features/surgeongeneralreport/chapter3/sec7.asp#treatment |archive-date=2010-05-28 |access-date=2010-07-08}}</ref> Makarantu masu zaman kansu sune makarantun kwana bisa ga tsarin al'umma na warkarwa wanda ke ba da shirin ilimi tare da tsari na musamman da kulawa ga ɗalibai da ke da matsalolin motsin rai da halayyar, matsalolin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, ko matsalolin ilmantarwa. Wasu makarantu an amince da su a matsayin [[Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi|Cibiyoyin kula da gidaje]]. [http://www.strugglingteens.com/artman/publish/article_5382.shtml][https://web.archive.org/web/20070614041025/http://www.schools.utah.gov/curr/accred/reports/TeamReports/WestRidgeAcad.pdf] Halin halayyar zama ya zama sananne sosai a cikin 1970s da 1980s cewa an kafa mujallar da ake kira Behavioral Residential Treatment, wanda daga baya ya canza sunansa zuwa Halin Halin Hanyar Halin. Ana ci gaba da buga mujallar a yau. == Tarihi == A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, gyaran halayyar ko aikin da ake kira nazarin halayyar da aka yi amfani da shi ya fara motsawa cikin sauri zuwa wuraren kula da gidaje. Manufar ita ce sake tsara tsarin halayyar da ke kewaye da matasa masu laifi don rage damar sake aikata laifuka da inganta ilimi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=H. L. |date=1964 |title=Behavioral architecture |journal=Architectural Association Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tyler |first=Vernon O. |last2=Brown |first2=G. Duane |year=1968 |title=Token reinforcement of academic performance with institutionalized delinquent boys |journal=Journal of Educational Psychology |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=164–168 |doi=10.1037/h0025874 |pmid=5662684}}</ref> Harold Cohen da James Filipczak (1971) sun buga wani littafi da ke yaba da nasarorin irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen a ninka yawan ilmantarwa da rage maimaitawa. Wannan littafin har ma ya ƙunshi gabatarwa daga babban mai kula da halayyar a lokacin, B.F. Skinner yana yaba da nasarorin. Bincike mai zaman kansa na shafuka da yawa tare da dubban matasa sun sami gyaran halayyar ya fi tasiri fiye da magani kamar yadda aka saba, yanayin warkewa, kuma yana da tasiri kamar shirye-shiryen da suka fi karfi na tunani kamar nazarin ma'amala tare da kyakkyawan sakamako akan matakan halayyar; duk da haka, waɗannan marubutan sun gano cewa gyaran halayen ya fi haifar da mummunan dangantaka tare da abokan ciniki. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Jeness |first=Carl F. |year=1975 |title=Comparative Effectiveness of Behavior Modification and Transactional Analysis Programs for Delinquents |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=758–779 |doi=10.1037/h0078109 |pmid=1194473}}</ref> Bayan lokaci, sha'awar aikin CASE na Cohen ta ɓace. Sauran binciken sun gano cewa a cikin kulawar ma'aikata a wuraren gyaran halayyar na iya haifar da amfani da hanyoyin azabtarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bassett |first=John E. |last2=Blanchard |first2=Edward B. |year=1977 |title=The Effect of the Absence of Close Supervision on the Use of Response Cost in a Prison Token Economy 1 |journal=Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=375–379 |doi=10.1901/jaba.1977.10-375 |pmc=1311200 |pmid=924912}}</ref> A karkashin jagorancin Montrose Wolf, Achievement place, Gidan Iyalin Koyarwa na farko ya zama samfurin shirye-shiryen halayyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=Elery L. |year=1968 |title=Achievement Place: Token reinforcement procedures in a home-style rehabilitation setting for "pre-delinquent" boys1 |journal=Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=213–223 |doi=10.1901/jaba.1968.1-213 |pmc=1311003 |pmid=16795179}}</ref> An buɗe wurin nasara a shekarar 1967. Kowace gida tana da yara maza 6-8 a ciki tare da "iyaye" biyu da aka horar da su a ka'idodin gyaran halayyar. An raba tsarin alama don shirin zuwa matakai 3. Binciken sakamakon ya gano cewa wurin cin nasara da sauran gidajen iyali na koyarwa sun rage maimaitawa aikata laifuka da kara halayyar zamantakewa, da kuma girman kai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maloney |first=Dennis M. |last2=Fixsen |first2=Dean L. |last3=Phillips |first3=Elery L. |year=1981 |title=The teaching-family model: Research and dissemination in a service program |journal=Children and Youth Services Review |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=343–355 |doi=10.1016/0190-7409(81)90017-7}}</ref> Duk da yake bincike na farko ya ba da shawarar tasirin shirin ya kasance na shekara guda kawai bayan fitarwa, bita na baya-bayan nan na bayanan ya nuna cewa shirin ya kasance mai tsawo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kingsley |first=David E. |year=2006 |title=The teaching-family model and post-treatment recidivism: A critical review of the conventional wisdom |journal=International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=481–497 |doi=10.1037/h0101002 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A hankali, gyaran halayyar / nazarin halayyar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin tsarin hukunci ciki har da wuraren zama ga matasa masu [[Laifi]] sun rasa shahara a cikin shekarun 1970s-1980s saboda yawan cin zarafi (duba Cautilli & Weinberg (2007) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cautilli |first=Joseph |last2=Weinberg |first2=Michael |year=2007 |title=Editorial: To license or not to license? That is the question: Or, if we make a profession, will they come? |journal=The Behavior Analyst Today |volume=8 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1037/h0100100 |doi-access=free}}</ref>), amma abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan a cikin karuwar aikata laifuka na Amurka da kuma mayar da hankali kan rage yawan aikata laifukan sun ba da irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen kallo na biyu [https://web.archive.org/web/20041231155321/http://www.ftnys.org/juv.htm]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Redding |first=R.E. |title=Characteristics of Effective Treatments and Interventions for Juvenile Offenders |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/characteristics-effective-treatments-and-interventions-juvenile |website=US Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|edition=D.}}</ref> Lalle ne, saboda bukatun al'umma yawan wuraren zama na matasa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan zuwa kusa da 39,950 a cikin 2000.<ref name="baojournal.com">{{Cite journal |last=Underwood |first=Lee A. |last2=Talbott |first2=Leana Baggett |last3=Mosholder |first3=Eleanor |last4=von Dresner |first4=Kara Sandor |year=2008 |title=Methodological concerns of residential treatment and recidivism for juvenile offenders with disruptive behavioral disorders |journal=The Journal of Behavior Analysis of Offender and Victim Treatment and Prevention |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=222–236 |doi=10.1037/h0100467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amfani da nazarin aiki an nuna cewa ana iya koyar da shi ga ma'aikata kuma yana iya rage amfani da hanyoyin azabtarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=Katrina J. |last2=Mudford |first2=Oliver C. |year=2008 |title=Functional analysis skills training for residential caregivers |journal=Behavioral Interventions |volume=23 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1002/bin.252}}</ref> Binciken Rutherford na (2009) daga tambayoyin da kayan tarihi sun nuna raguwa daga maganin nazarin halayyar tare da yawan masu aikata laifuka. Wadannan wuraren suna daga cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin Masana'antar Matasa. == Rikici == Babban Likitan Likita na Amurka (1999) ya tattauna batun buƙatar fayyace ƙa'idodin shigar da shirye-shiryen jiyya na zama.[1] Ya ƙunshi a cikin wannan rahoton shine kira don ƙarin sabunta bincike saboda an kammala yawancin binciken mazaunin a cikin 1960s da 1970s.[1] [matattu mahada]. Kungiyoyi na dama, kamar Cibiyar Bazelon don Dokar Lafiyar Jama'a, sun yi wa wannan shirye-shiryen da suka dace da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da ke ba da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da kuma masu ilimi. Bazelon yana haɓaka sabis na tushen al'umma, waɗanda take ɗauka mafi inganci da ƙarancin tsada fiye da wurin zama.[1] Duk da yake ana iya isar da shirye-shiryen gyare-gyaren ɗabi'a cikin sauƙi a cikin shirye-shiryen zama kamar a cikin shirye-shiryen tushen al'umma, [2] [3] gabaɗayan shirye-shiryen tushen al'umma suna ci gaba da rashin tallafi mai ƙarfi, musamman dangane da sakamako mai tsayi na lokuta masu tsanani [4]. A cikin 1999 babban likitan fiɗa ya bayyana a sarari "... bai daɗe ba don amincewa da tasirin maganin mazauni ga matasa."[5]. [mahaɗi mai mutuƙar [mutuwar mahaɗi] Daga ƙarshen 2007 zuwa 2008, babban hadin gwiwar tushen ciyawa, shahararrun kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da na [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|tunanin mutum]] ciki har da membobin Alliance for the Safe, Therapeutic and Appropriate Use of Residential Treatment (ASTART) da Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth (CAFETY), sun ba da shaida da tallafi wanda ya haifar da kirkirar Stop Child Abuse in Residential Programs for Matters Act of 2008 ta Kwamitin Majalisawa da Aiki. Jon Martin-Crawford da Kathryn Whitehead na CAFETY sun ba da shaida a wani sauraron Kwamitin Majalisa ta Amurka kan Ilimi da Aiki a ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 2008, inda suka bayyana ayyukan cin zarafin da suka samu a Makarantar Gidauniyar Iyali da Makarantar Mountain, duka makarantun kwana na warkewa. Wani tabbaci na baya-bayan nan shine cewa kulawa na dogon lokaci ba ya daidaita da kyakkyawan sakamako.[1] Don rage halayen cin zarafi, an sami matsananciyar matsaya don tabbatarwa ko masu gyara halayen lasisi[2][3] ko don samun irin waɗannan ayyukan iyakance ga masu ilimin halin ɗan adam.[1] [matattu mahada] [mace mahadi] Musamman masana ilimin halayyar dan adam tare da horar da halayya [4] Ƙungiyar tunanin Amurka tana ba da jami'in diflomasiyya (bayan Ph.D. da takaddun shaida) a cikin ilimin halin ɗabi'a.[5] Sau da yawa aikin gyaran halayyar a cikin wurare yana cikin tambaya (duba sha'awar kwanan nan a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Alkalin Rotenberg, Kungiyar Ilimi ta Aspen da Ƙungiyar Shirye-shiryen Kasuwanci da Makarantu na Duniya). Sau da yawa ana tattauna waɗannan nau'ikan batutuwa masu ƙuntatawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a da shari'a (duba Kwararru na nazarin halayyar). Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano wasu kyawawan ayyuka don amfani a cikin irin waɗannan wurare.<ref name="baojournal.com"/> A cikin manufofi na gaba ɗaya a cikin irin waɗannan wuraren suna buƙatar kasancewar ƙungiyar magani don tabbatar da cewa cin zarafi ba ya faruwa, musamman idan wuraren suna ƙoƙarin amfani da shirye-shiryen azabtarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spreat |first=Scott |last2=Lipinski |first2=David P. |year=1986 |title=A survey of state policies regarding the use of restrictive/Aversive behavior modification procedures |journal=Behavioral Interventions |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=137–152 |doi=10.1002/bin.2360010205}}</ref> == Dokoki == A cikin shirye-shiryen kula da mazauna Amurka duk ana saka idanu a matakin jiha kuma da yawa suna da izinin JACHO. Jihohi sun bambanta a cikin buƙatu don buɗe irin waɗannan cibiyoyin. Saboda rashin ka'idojin waɗannan shirye-shiryen da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi kuma saboda mutane da yawa ba sa ƙarƙashin lasisi ko saka idanu na jihar, Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya ta ba da jagora ga iyaye da ke la'akari da irin wannan sanyawa. Saboda ayyukan lasisi mara kyau da bambance-bambance a cikin nau'ikan alamun da wuraren ke amfani da kansu, ba a san yawan wuraren da ke cikin Amurka ba. === Ƙungiyoyin === Masu warkarwa na gida waɗanda ke canza halayyar ya kamata su shiga ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru kuma su kasance masu alaƙa da ƙwararru. Akwai kungiyoyi da yawa don masu warkar da halayyar halayyar a duniya. Ƙungiyar Duniya don Nazarin Halin tana ba da takaddun shaida a cikin maganin halayyar [https://web.archive.org/web/20110110222511/http://www.baojournal.com/WCBA/WCBA.html] A Amurka, Ƙungiyar Halin Halitta ta Amurka ta 25 ita ce ƙungiya don nazarin halayyar. The Association for Contextual Behavior Therapy wata kungiya ce ta kwararru. ACBS gida ce ga likitoci da yawa tare da takamaiman sha'awar maganin halayyar ƙarni na uku. Ƙungiyar Halin Halin Hanyar Halin Halitta (tsohon Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Halin Harshe) don waɗanda ke da ƙarin fahimta. A kasa da kasa, yawancin masu warkar da halayyar suna samun babban gida mai ilimi a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Nazarin Halin (ABA:I) [http://www.abainternational.org/]. == Dubi kuma == * Gooning * Makarantar kwana ta warkewa * Tsarin Koyarwa na Iyali * [[Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi]] * [[Masana'antar matasa da ke fama da matsala]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/products/pro27.shtm Considering a Private Residential Treatment Program for a Troubled Teen? Questions for Parents and Guardians to Ask], U.S. Federal Trade Commission * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080201115558/http://travel.state.gov/travel/tips/brochures/brochures_1220.html US State Dept. page] on offshore BMFs * TeenLiberty.org[usurped], a site which cites many complaints against BMFs * [http://www.apa.org/pi/cyf/cyfnewsarchive.html "Exploitation in the Name of 'Specialty Schooling'] by Allison Pinto, Ph.D., Robert M. Friedman, Ph.D. and Monica Epstein, Ph.D., Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida, ''American Psychological Association: Children, Youth and Families News'', Summer 2005, retrieved June 28, 2006 * [http://www.bazelon.org/ Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law] * [http://astart.fmhi.usf.edu/ Alliance for the Safe, Therapeutic and Appropriate use of Residential Treatment] * [http://www.cafety.org/ Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth] * National Youth Rights Association forum on BMFs[usurped] * [https://theparenthelpcenter.com The Parent Help Center] Child discipline boot camps for troubled youth - Summer Success Behavior Camp, Weekend Success Camp, and Online Empowered Parent Conference. {{Troubled teen industry}}{{Developments}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tlmd9f1psd35xby6uww3zltdslwlm56 0 112171 875399 790752 2026-07-03T19:38:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Blockquote|The least costly treatment should be provided unless there is substantial evidence that a more costly intervention is likely to yield a superior outcome.<ref name="ReferenceA">Weber, ''Business Ethics in Healthcare: Beyond Compliance'', 31.</ref>}} Falsafar kiwon lafiya ita ce nazarin ɗabi'a, matakai, da mutane waɗanda ke tabbatar da lafiyar ɗan adam. A mafi yawancin, , falsafar kiwon lafiya ta fi dacewa da ita azaman abin da ba za a iya sharewa ba a tsarin zamantakewar ɗan adam. Wato, ana iya ganin cibiyar kula da lafiya ta al'umma a matsayin wani muhimmin al'amari na wayewar ɗan adam wanda mutum ya ci gaba da neman haɓakawa, gyara, da canza yanayin gaba ɗaya da ingancin rayuwarsu. Wannan damuwa ta shekara-shekara ta shahara musamman a cikin 'yancin siyasa na zamani, inda aka fahimci kiwon lafiya a matsayin ginshiƙi mai kyau don rayuwar jama'a.. Falsafar kiwon lafiya ta fi damuwa da tambayoyin da suka biyo baya: * Wanene yake buƙatar kuma / ko ya cancanci kulawa ta lafiya? Shin kiwon lafiya hakki ne na kowa? * Menene ya kamata ya zama tushen lissafin farashin jiyya, zama a asibiti, kwayoyi, da dai sauransu. * Ta yaya za a iya ba da kulawa mafi kyau ga mafi yawan mutane? * Menene sigogi masu mahimmanci don Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti da Tabbacin inganci? * Wanene, idan akwai, zai iya yanke shawara lokacin da mai haƙuri ke buƙatar "matakan ta'aziyya" (ba da izinin mutuwa ta halitta ta hanyar samar da magunguna don magance alamun da suka shafi cutar mai haƙuri)? Koyaya, tambaya mafi mahimmanci ita ce 'me lafiya yake?'. Sai dai idan an magance wannan tambayar, duk wata muhawara game da kiwon lafiya ba za ta kasance mai ma'ana ba kuma ba ta da iyaka. Misali, menene ainihin aikin kiwon lafiya? Menene ya bambanta kiwon lafiya daga injiniya ko koyarwa, alal misali? Shin kula da lafiya game da 'haɓaka ikon cin gashin kai' ko yin aiki don amfanin mutane? Ko kuma ko da yaushe duka biyu? 'Falsafa' na komai yana buƙatar tambayoyin falsafa na asali, kamar yadda masanin falsafa David Seedhouse ya tambaye shi, alal misali. A ƙarshe, makasudi, haƙiƙa da ma'anar falsafar kiwon lafiya ita ce haɓaka ɗimbin bayanai game da abubuwan da ke canzawa koyaushe na fasahar kere-kere, magani, da jinya. Kuma ganin cewa kiwon lafiya yawanci matsayi a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi girma wajen kashe kudi na gwamnati kasafin kudin, yana da muhimmanci a sami babban fahimtar kiwon lafiya a matsayin ba kawai zamantakewa cibiyoyin, amma kuma a matsayin siyasa. Bugu da ƙari, falsafar falsafar kiwon lafiya na ƙoƙari don nuna alamar masu motsi na farko na tsarin kiwon lafiya; zama ma'aikatan jinya, likitoci, ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya, masu kula da asibiti, kamfanonin inshora na kiwon lafiya (HMOs da PPOs), gwamnati (Medicare da Medicaid), kuma a ƙarshe, marasa lafiya da kansu. [[Fayil:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill,_with_Harry_Truman,_July_30,_1965.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Shugaba Johnson yana sanya hannu kan dokar Medicare ta Amurka. [[Harry S. Truman|Harry Truman]] da matarsa, Bess, suna a gefen dama. (1965)]] == Ka'idojin kiwon lafiya == [[Fayil:Hippocrates_rubens.jpg|thumb|Hippocrates, likitan Girka na dā, an dauke shi uban maganin Yamma.]] Ka'idoji da / ko ɗabi'a na kiwon lafiya suna da rikitarwa da rikitarayyar. Don karfafa irin wannan babban bangare na Falsafar ɗabi'a, ya zama mahimmanci a mai da hankali kan abin da ke raba ka'idodin kiwon lafiya daga wasu nau'ikan ɗabi'ar ɗabi'u. Kuma gabaɗaya, ana iya cewa kiwon lafiya kanta ma'aikata ce ta "''na musamman''" a cikin al'umma. Tare da wannan ya ce, ya Komawa a kula da kiwon lafiya "a bi da shi daban da sauran kayan zamantakewa" a cikin al'umma. Cibiyar ce wacce dukkanmu muna da wani bangare ko muna son ta ko a'a. A wani lokaci a rayuwar kowane mutum, dole ne a yanke shawara game da kula da lafiyar mutum. Za su iya samun sa? Shin sun cancanci hakan? Shin suna bukatar hakan? Ina ya kamata su je su same shi? Shin ma suna son hakan? Kuma wannan tambaya ce ta ƙarshe da ke haifar da babbar matsala da mutum ke fuskanta. Bayan auna duk farashin da fa'idodi na yanayin kiwon lafiya, dole ne mutum ya yanke shawara idan farashin kiwon lafiya ya wuce fa'idorin. Fiye da batutuwan tattalin arziki na asali suna cikin wannan matsala. A zahiri, dole ne mutum ya yanke shawarar ko rayuwarsa ta ƙare ko a'a ko kuma idan ya cancanci ceto. Tabbas, a lokuta inda mai haƙuri ba zai iya yanke shawara ba saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya, kamar coma, to yanke shawara dole ne ta zo daga wani wuri. Kuma bayyana cewa "wani wuri" ya tabbatar da zama aiki mai wahala a falsafar kiwon lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Ka'idodin kiwon lafiya ===   Ganin cewa bioethics yana magance batutuwan da suka fi dacewa kamar yanayin tsarkakewar jikin mutum da matsayin kimiyya da fasaha a cikin kiwon lafiya, ka'idojin kiwon lafiya suna mai da hankali kan amfani da ka'idoji na ɗabi'a a fagen magani. Ka'idodin kiwon lafiya sun samo asali ne daga rubuce-rubucen Hippocrates, kuma ana amfani da aikin magani a matsayin misali a tattaunawar ka'idoji ta [[Plato]] da [[Aristotle]]. A matsayin filin tsari, duk da haka, babban yanki ne kuma sabon yanki na nazarin ka'idoji. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ke tattare da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya ya kewaye "ci gaban matakan kimantawa na sakamakon maganin kiwon lafiya da shirye-shirye; an tsara waɗannan matakan sakamakon don jagorantar manufofin kiwon lafiya don haka dole ne a iya amfani da su ga adadi mai yawa na mutane, gami da ko ma tsakanin dukkan al'ummomi. " Kalmomin kamar alheri da rashin namiji suna da mahimmanci ga fahimtar ka'idocin kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya. Sabili da haka, ya zama mahimmanci don samun fahimtar asali game da bambancin yanayin da ke shiga cikin dangantakar likita da mai haƙuri. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Ka'idodin jinya === {{Blockquote|The administration and delivery of health care services is the responsibility of each province or territory, guided by the provisions of the [[Canada Health Act]]. The provinces and territories fund these services with assistance from the federal government in the form of fiscal transfers.<ref>[http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/delivery-prestation/ptrole/index-eng.php Provincial/Territorial Role in Health]</ref>}} Kamar ka'idojin kiwon lafiya, ka'idocin jinya yana da ƙanƙanta sosai a cikin mayar da hankali, musamman idan aka kwatanta da fa'idar bioethics. Ga mafi yawan bangarorin, "za a iya bayyana ka'idojin jinya kamar yadda suke da ma'ana guda biyu," inda yake "bincike na kowane nau'in al'amuran ka'idoji da dabi'a daga hangen nesa na ka'idar jinya da aiki. " Wannan ma'anar, kodayake ba ta da ma'anar ma'ana, tana kan hanyoyin aiki da ka'idozi ga jinya. Ƙungiyar Nurses ta Amurka (ANA) ta amince da ka'idar ɗabi'a wacce ke jaddada "darajoji" da "hukunce-hukunce na kimantawa" a duk fannoni na aikin jinya. Muhimmancin dabi'u ana karuwa a duk fannoni na kiwon lafiya da bincike na kiwon lafiyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kelly |first=M |last2=Heath |first2=I |last3=Howick |first3=J |last4=Greenhalgh |first4=T |year=2015 |title=The importance of values in evidence-based medicine |journal=BMC Medical Ethics |volume=16 |issue=69 |pages=69 |doi=10.1186/s12910-015-0063-3 |pmc=4603687 |pmid=26459219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kuma tunda batutuwan ɗabi'a sun fi yawa a duk lokacin jinya, yana da mahimmanci a iya ganewa da amsawa ga yanayin da ke ba da izini da / ko buƙatar yanke shawara na ɗabi'u. Nursar tana ingantawa da kuma ƙoƙari don kare haƙƙoƙi, aminci, da lafiyar duk marasa lafiya. Kodayake waɗannan matsayi ne na jinya, duk masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya dole ne su yi aiki tare kuma su hada kai don lura da bukatun mai haƙuri da haƙƙoƙin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Helena |title=Personal Nursing Philosophy |url=https://essay-papers-writer.com/free-essays/nursing-essay/my-personal-nursing-philosophy |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129065309/https://essay-papers-writer.com/free-essays/nursing-essay/my-personal-nursing-philosophy |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ka'idojin kasuwanci === {{Blockquote|To couple the concept of [[liberty|freedom]] to breed with the belief that everyone born has an equal right to the commons is to lock the world into a tragic course of action.<ref>[http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles/art_tragedy_of_the_commons.html Garrett Hardin, "Freedom to Breed is Intolerable," ''The Tragedy of the Commons'']</ref>}} Daidaita farashin kulawa tare da ingancin kulawa shine babban batu a falsafar kiwon lafiya. A Kanada da wasu sassan Turai, gwamnatocin dimokiradiyya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance yawan kuɗin jama'a daga haraji ya kamata a karkatar da su zuwa tsarin kiwon lafiya. A Amurka da sauran sassan Turai, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na inshora na kiwon lafiya da hukumomin gwamnati su ne wakilai a cikin wannan mummunan aiki na daidaita rayuwa da mutuwa. A cewar masanin ilimin likitanci Leonard J. Weber, "Kyakkyawan kiwon lafiya yana nufin kiwon lafiya mai tsada," amma "mafi tsadar kiwon lafiya ba yana nufin kiwon lafiya mafi girma ba" kuma "wasu ƙananan ka'idoji dole ne a hadu da su ga duk marasa lafiya" ba tare da la'akari da inshorar lafiya ba. Don daidaita wannan tsari mai banƙyama, ƙungiyoyin kula da lafiya (HMOs) suna amfani da adadi mai yawa na actuaries (wanda aka fi sani da "masu daidaita inshora") don tabbatar da ma'auni mai dacewa tsakanin farashi, inganci, da larura a cikin shirin kiwon lafiya na majiyyaci. Babban doka a masana'antar inshorar lafiya kamar haka: {{Blockquote|If God's purpose for me on [[Earth]] is my survival and that of my species, and the means to that survival are my life, health, liberty and property – then clearly I don't want anyone to violate my rights to these things.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/#HumNatGodPur John Locke, "Human Nature and God's Purposes," ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'']</ref>}} Wannan doka ta gaba ɗaya ga cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya "watakila ɗaya ne daga cikin mafi kyawun maganganun ma'anar kula da albarkatu," musamman tunda "nauyin hujja shine akan tabbatar da shiga tsakani mai tsada, ba wanda ba shi da tsada, lokacin da akwai zaɓuɓɓukan magani daban-daban". === Ka'idojin Addini === [[Fayil:Rod_of_asclepius.png|thumb|203x203px|Rod na Asclepius, allahn Girka na dā na warkarwa da magani. Kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun karɓi wannan alamar a duniya.]] Sau da yawa ana danganta nau'o'in addini tare da kiwon lafiya, kamar yadda wasu masu aiki ke jin wajibin allahntaka don gwadawa da kula da wasu. A tsohuwar Girka, rashin kula da kiwon lafiya ya sa ya zama da wahala ga al'umma su kula da "masu bara ko masu bara", wanda aka sani da πτωχός . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sansom |first=Dennis |date=5 February 2020 |title=Healthcare, Religious Obligations, and Caring for the Poor |journal=Ethics & Medicine |volume=35 |pages=117–126 |via=EBSCOhost}}</ref> : {{Rp|117}} da asalin [[Yahudanci|Addinin Yahudanci]] kuma daga baya, [[Kiristanci]], matani na addini sun goyi bayan "rashin kulawa na musamman don kula da tattalin arziki da siyasa" ga waɗanda aka ɗauka marasa taimako a yawancin al'ummomin shugabanci. Matsayin ubanni a tsakiyar al'umma gabaɗaya da ƙungiyar iyali yana nufin cewa marayu da gwauraye dole ne su kasance cikin marasa taimako, kuma wannan jin ya sake maimaitawa ta hanyar tunanin [[Tsohon Alkawari]] game da matalauta, wanda ya haɗa da mutanen da suka kasance gurgu, makafi, da / ko fursunoni. <ref name=":0" /> : 117-119 Tarihin Asclepius a cikin al'adun Girkanci da Romawa yana nuna canjin tarihi na wuraren ibada zuwa wuraren kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sevensky |first=Robert |date=September 1983 |title=The Religious Foundations of Health Care: A Conceptual Approach |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=165–169 |doi=10.1136/jme.9.3.165 |pmc=1059326 |pmid=6620322}}</ref> : 166 {{Rp|166}} Wani ra'ayi wanda yake da mahimmanci ga ci gaban kiwon lafiya, wanda ya samo asali ne daga matani masu tsarki na kasashen Yamma da Gabas, shine tsarkakar rayuwa. Daga wannan ra'ayi, an umurce mu da mu bi da rayuwa ta kowane irin da mutunci mai yawa kafin mu iya tsoma baki da shi, "ba da aƙalla wasu hankali ga yanayin da manufarsa. " <ref name=":1"/>:{{Rp|167}} A cikin kula da lafiyar Yamma, ana iya gano mutunci game da rayuwar ɗan adam zuwa ''imago dei'', ma'ana "hoton Allah", wanda ke tabbatar da cewa Allah ne ya halicci 'yan adam a hanyar da ta yi kama da wanzuwarsa. Wannan yana nufin cewa masu kula da kiwon lafiya bai kamata kawai su fahimci marasa lafiya / abokan ciniki su zama 'yan'uwan mutane da ke fama da wahala ba, har ma a matsayin kamannin Allah na musamman.<ref name=":1" /> : 167 {{Rp|167}} Bayan [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], da zuwan karni na 20, fuskar magani na zamani ta samo asali. Koyaya, tashin hankali tsakanin kiwon lafiya da ayyukan addini sun karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma ya haifar da wasu rashin daidaito tsakanin "yancin" masu karɓa da masu ba da kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=O'Riley |first=Christine |date=September 2017 |title=Protecting the Free Exercise of Religion in Health Care Delivery |journal=The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=425–434 |doi=10.5840/ncbq201717344}}</ref> :{{Rp|426}} An dauki mataki na majalisa don taimakawa wajen karfafa haƙƙin masu ba da kiwon lafiya dangane da imanin addininsu. Misali na wannan zai zama sashi na lamiri, wanda ke ƙoƙari ya ba da izini ga lamirin mutum lokacin da doka ta shafi shi.<ref name=":2" /> :{{Rp|426}} A wasu kalmomi, akwai dokoki da aka tsara don kare masu ba da kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka guji, saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a da / ko addini, daga shiga wasu nau'ikan kiwon lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Hakkin mutane da kungiyoyi masu addini ba kawai batun son kai ba ne, har ma da darajar shari'a ta duniya. Sakamakon dabi'a na shari'ar Kotun Koli, kamar na Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, yana da damar canza halayen mutum da na gwamnati game da addini kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da kiwon lafiya. Don tabbatar da haƙƙin tsarin mulki na 'yancin bayyana addini, ƙungiyoyin addini dole ne su kare ƙin yarda da su bisa doka don bin umarnin gwamnati, kamar "don samar da shirye-shiryen inshora na ma'aikaci waɗanda ke rufe kuɗin hana haihuwa", wanda ke da keta ɗabi'a idan aka kalli shi da wani fassarar wasu matani na addini.<ref name=":2"/> :{{Rp|428}} Za'a iya tunanin yardar wata kungiya ta gwamnati don kawo irin waɗannan shari'o'in ga mafi girman ikon shari'a a matsayin nau'in rashin haƙuri, kuma watakila, ƙari, a matsayin mai gabatarwa ga canje-canje na zamantakewa da shari'a da ke kewaye da "yancin" masu ba da kiwon lafiya da masu karɓa.<ref name=":2" /> : 428–429 {{Rp|428–429}} == Falsafar siyasa ta kiwon lafiya ==   A cikin falsafar siyasa na kiwon lafiya, muhawara tsakanin kiwon lafiya na duniya da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu yana da rikici musamman a Amurka. A cikin 1960s, an sami ɗimbin yunƙurin jama'a daga gwamnatin tarayya don haɓakawa da kuma sabunta tsarin kiwon lafiyar Amurka. Tare da Lyndon Johnson's Great Society, Amurka ta kafa inshorar lafiyar jama'a ga manyan ƴan ƙasa da marasa galihu. Wanda aka sani da Medicare da Medicaid, waɗannan shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya biyu sun ba wa wasu ƙungiyoyin Amurkawa damar samun isassun sabis na kiwon lafiya. Ko da yake waɗannan shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya sun kasance babban mataki a cikin hanyar maganin zamantakewar jama'a, mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa Amurka tana buƙatar yin ƙarin ga 'yan ƙasa game da ɗaukar hoto. Masu adawa da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya suna kallonsa a matsayin rushewar kyakkyawar kulawar da ta kasance a Amurka.. [[Fayil:Medicare.gif|right|thumb|419x419px|US Medicare (2008) ]] === Dokar 'Yancin Marasa Lafiya === {{Blockquote|The Nothing is the complete negation of the totality of beings.<ref>Martin Heidegger, "What Is Metaphysics?" ''Basic Writings'' Ed. David Krell (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1993), 98.</ref>}} A cikin 2001, gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka ta ɗauki wani shiri don samarwa marasa lafiya jerin haƙƙoƙin da suka shafi lafiyarsu. Falsafar siyasa da ke bayan irin wannan yunƙurin da gaske ta haɗu da ra'ayoyin Dokar Haƙƙin Masu Amfani da fannin kiwon lafiya. An gudanar da shi a cikin ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ingancin kulawa da duk marasa lafiya ta hanyar kiyaye amincin tsarin da ke faruwa a cikin masana'antar kiwon lafiya. Daidaita yanayin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ta wannan hanya ya zama abin tsokana. A zahiri, ƙungiyoyin sha'awa da yawa, gami da Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka (AMA) da Big Pharma sun fito adawa da lissafin majalisa. Ainihin, samun asibitoci suna ba da kulawar gaggawa ga kowa, ba tare da la’akari da matsayin inshorar lafiya ba, da kuma haƙƙin majiyyaci na ɗaukar tsarin lafiyarsu ga duk wani abin da aka cutar da shi ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne babban cikas guda biyu ga lissafin.[1] Sakamakon wannan tsattsauran adawa, a ƙarshe shirin ya gaza wucewa Majalisa a 2002. === Inshorar lafiya === [[Fayil:Tommydouglas1945.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Tommy Douglas' (tsakiya hagu) damuwa ta farko ita ce kirkirar Medicare ta Kanada. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1962, Saskatchewan ya zama cibiyar gwagwarmaya mai tsanani tsakanin gwamnatin lardin, cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta Arewacin Amurka, da likitocin lardin, waɗanda suka kawo cikas ga abubuwa tare da yajin aikin likitoci.]] Inshorar kiwon lafiya ita ce babbar hanyar da mutane ke biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu masana'antu. Ana iya samun shi daga ko dai [[Gwamnati|jama'a]] ko masu zaman kansu na tattalin arziki. A Kanada, alal misali, gwamnatocin larduna suna gudanar da inshorar lafiyar jama'a ga 'yan ƙasa da mazauna dindindin. A cewar Health Canada, falsafar siyasa ta inshorar jama'a a Kanada kamar haka: {{Blockquote|The administration and delivery of health care services is the responsibility of each province or territory, guided by the provisions of the [[Canada Health Act]]. The provinces and territories fund these services with assistance from the federal government in the form of fiscal transfers.<ref>[http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/delivery-prestation/ptrole/index-eng.php Provincial/Territorial Role in Health]</ref>}} Kuma ƙarfin motsawa a bayan irin wannan falsafar siyasa a Kanada shine dan siyasa na dimokuradiyya Tommy Douglas. Ya bambanta da Amurka, amma kama da Kanada, Ostiraliya da New Zealand suna da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya da aka sani da Medicare da ACC (Kamfanin Biyan Kuɗi na Hadari), bi da bi. Australian Medicare ya samo asali ne daga Dokar Inshorar Lafiya ta 1973. Firayim Minista (PM) Gough Whitlam's Labor Government ne ya gabatar da shi, kuma an yi niyyar samar da magani mai araha ta hanyar likitoci a asibitocin jama'a ga dukkan mazauna. Firayim Minista Bob Hawke ne ya sake tsara shi a cikin 1984, tsarin Medicare na yanzu yana ba da izinin 'yan ƙasa don siyan inshorar kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya guda biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing |url=http://www.yourhealth.gov.au/internet/yourhealth/publishing.nsf/Content/nphc-draftreportsupp-toc~nphc-draftreportsupp-ch3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212023057/http://www.yourhealth.gov.au/internet/yourhealth/publishing.nsf/Content/nphc-draftreportsupp-toc~nphc-draftreportsupp-ch3 |archive-date=12 February 2014 |access-date=15 March 2012}}</ref> == Bincike da tallafin karatu == Idan aka yi la'akari da saurin da fannonin kiwon lafiya da kimiyyar kiwon lafiya ke bunkasa, ya zama mahimmanci a bincika hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa da / ko ingantaccen don gudanar da bincike. Gabaɗaya, "babban damuwa na mai bincike dole ne koyaushe ya zama abin mamaki, wanda aka samo tambayar bincike, kuma bayan wannan ne kawai za a iya yanke shawara game da hanyar bincike mafi dacewa, ƙira, da hanyoyin cika manufar binciken. " Wannan sanarwa game da hanyar binciken ya sanya mai bincike a gaba a cikin binciken da ya gano. Wato, mai bincike ya zama mutumin da ke yin ko ya karya bincikensa na kimiyya maimakon binciken da kansa. Duk da haka, "bincike na fassara da ilimi sune matakai masu kirkira, kuma hanyoyin da hanyoyin ba koyaushe ba ne, a priori, tsayayya da rashin canzawa. " Saboda haka, ra'ayoyi game da binciken kimiyya a cikin batutuwan kiwon lafiya "za su ci gaba da girma da haɓaka tare da kirkirar da fahimta na masu bincike masu fassara, yayin da suke la'akari da hanyoyin da ke fitowa na binciken duniyar zamantakewa mai rikitarwa. " === Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti === Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti wata hanya ce ta hanyar da masana'antar kiwon lafiya ke gwada sabon magani, magani, ko na'urar kiwon lafiya. Hanyar gargajiya a bayan gwaje-gwaje na asibiti ta ƙunshi matakai daban-daban inda samfurin da ke fitowa ke fuskantar jerin gwaje- gwaje-gaje masu tsanani, mafi yawansu suna faruwa ne ga marasa lafiya masu sha'awar da / ko masu bin doka. Gwamnatin Amurka tana da cibiyar sadarwa da aka kafa don magance fitowar sabbin kayayyaki a masana'antar kiwon lafiya. Hukumar Abinci da [[Magani|magunguna]] (FDA) ba ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kan sabbin magunguna da ke fitowa daga kamfanonin magunguna. Tare da FDA, Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa sun tsara jagororin ga kowane irin gwajin asibiti da ya shafi Cututtukan cututtuka. Don ciwon daji, Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa (NCI) tana tallafawa jerin ko kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa kamar CALGB da COG don daidaita ladabi don maganin ciwon daji. [[Fayil:Ogco_fda_1006.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (2006) ]] === Tabbatar da inganci === Babban manufar tabbatar da ingancin (QA) a cikin kiwon lafiya shine tabbatar da cewa ingancin kulawar haƙuri ya dace da ƙa'idodin da aka kafa. Gwamnati yawanci tana taka rawar gani wajen samar da ingantaccen jagora don magance wata cuta ko cuta. Koyaya, ana iya aiwatar da ka'idojin magani a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda ɗaya kamar asibitoci da HMOs. A wasu lokuta, ana ganin tabbacin inganci a matsayin babban yunƙuri, kamar yadda yawancin ƙungiyoyin QA na kiwon lafiya, kamar QARC, ke samun tallafi a bainar jama'a a hannun masu biyan haraji. Koyaya, mutane da yawa za su yarda cewa tabbatar da ingancin kiwon lafiya, musamman a cikin wuraren kula da cutar kansa da kuma kula da cututtuka sune abubuwan da suka dace don mahimmancin kowane ingantaccen tsarin kiwon lafiya. Game da tabbatar da inganci a cikin yanayin maganin ciwon daji, Cibiyar Bitar Tabbacin Tabbacin Tabbaci (QARC) misali ɗaya ne kawai na kayan aikin QA wanda ke neman "don inganta ka'idodin kulawa" ga marasa lafiya "ta hanyar inganta ingancin maganin gwaji na asibiti.".<ref name="Quality Assurance Review Center">{{Cite web |url=http://www.qarc.org/ |title=Quality Assurance Review Center |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2007-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111081813/http://www.qarc.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Haihuwar haihuwa da mutuwa == === Hakkin haifuwa === Ecophilosophy na Garrett Hardin shine hangen nesa daya daga abin da za a bincika haƙƙin haihuwa na 'yan adam. A mafi yawancin, Hardin ya yi jayayya cewa ba shi da kyau a sami manyan iyalai, musamman tunda suna yin lalata ga al'umma ta hanyar cinye albarkatu da yawa. A cikin wata kasida mai taken The Tragedy of the Commons, Hardin ya ce, Hardin's ecophilosophy ya bayyana wata hanya ta musamman don rage farashin kiwon lafiya. Dangane da karuwar yawan jama'a, ƙarancin mutane da za a kula da su, mafi ƙarancin kiwon lafiya zai kasance. Kuma a cikin amfani da wannan ma'anar ga abin da masanin ilimin likitanci Leonard J. Weber ya ba da shawarar a baya, kiwon lafiya mai tsada ba lallai bane ya nufin kiwon lafiya mafi ƙarancin inganci. Ma'anar kasancewa "mai kyau" ba sabon abu ba ne, kuma yana iya ɗaukar ma'anar wariyar launin fata. Nazis sun yi amfani da eugenics don tsaftace kwayar halitta daga abin da aka ɗauka ba a so ko abubuwa masu cutarwa. Wannan "motsi na tsabtace launin fata a Jamus ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar Social Darwinism, wanda ya zama sananne a duk faɗin Turai" da Amurka a cikin shekarun 1930. Maganar Jamusanci da ke nuna yanayin wannan aikin shine ''lebensunwertes Leben'' ko "rayuwa da ba ta cancanci rayuwa ba". Dangane da falsafar kiwon lafiya, ka'idar haƙƙin halitta ta zama batun da ya dace. Bayan haihuwa, mutum yana da kyawawan hakkoki na halitta waɗanda ba za a iya fitar da su ba a kowane yanayi. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ka'idar haƙƙin halitta shine masanin falsafar siyasa na Ingila na ƙarni na goma sha bakwai [[John Locke]] . Game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, Locke ya ce, Kodayake fahimtar [[addini]] game da duniya ta nuna wani ɓangare, ana iya kallon bayanin Locke a matsayin tabbatar da haƙƙin adana rayuwar mutum a kowane fanni. Wannan batu shine daidai inda kiwon lafiya a matsayin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|Hakkin ɗan adam]] ya zama mai dacewa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Tsarin adanawa da kiyaye lafiyar mutum a duk rayuwarsa lamari ne mai matukar damuwa. A wani lokaci a rayuwar kowane mutum, lafiyarsa za ta ragu ba tare da la'akari da duk matakan da aka dauka don hana irin wannan rushewa ba. Ganin wannan raguwa mai gujewa na iya zama matsala ga wasu mutane. Ga masanin falsafa na [[Zamanin Haskakawa|Haskakawa]] [[René Descartes]], mummunan ra'ayi da tasirin [[Ageing|tsufa]] ya tilasta masa ya yi imani da yiwuwar rashin mutuwa ta hanyar [[Imani|bangaskiya]] mai kyau a cikin yiwuwar Dalilin. === Mutuwa da mutuwa === Ɗaya daga cikin manyan haƙƙin ɗan adam shine haƙƙin rayuwa, don haka, kiyaye rayuwar mutum. Duk da haka dole ne mutum ya yi la'akari da haƙƙin mutuwa, don haka, kawo ƙarshen rayuwar mutum. Sau da yawa, dabi'un addini na al'adu daban-daban suna rinjayar wannan batun. Ana amfani da kalmomi kamar "kisan jinƙai" da "taimako da kashe kansa" akai-akai don bayyana wannan tsari. Masu goyon bayan [[euthanasia]] suna da'awar cewa yana da mahimmanci musamman ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani. Koyaya, masu adawa da mutuwar da aka zaɓa da kansu suna nufin cewa ba kawai lalata ba ne, amma gaba ɗaya ya saɓa da ginshiƙan dalili. A cikin wani mahallin falsafa, ana iya ganin mutuwa a matsayin lokaci mafi girma a rayuwar mutum. Mutuwa ita ce mafi zurfi na damuwa ta farko (Die Anfechtung) a rayuwar mutum. A cikin wannan yanayin damuwa, "Babu" an bayyana wa mutumin. A cewar masanin falsafar Jamus na karni na ashirin Martin Heidegger, Kuma don haka, ga Heidegger, mutane suna cikin mawuyacin hali da rauni (ko da yaushe suna rataye a kan rami) a cikin wannan duniyar. Ana iya sauƙaƙa wannan ra'ayi har zuwa inda a kasa, duk abin da mutum yake da shi a wannan duniyar shine [[Kasancewar|Kasancewa]]. Ba tare da la'akari da yadda mutane ke ci gaba a rayuwa ba, rayuwarsu koyaushe za ta kasance alama ce ta ƙayyadaddun da kaɗaici. Lokacin la'akari da abubuwan da suka faru a kusa da mutuwa, mutane suna jin wannan damuwa ta farko ta shawo kansu. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya su fahimci farkon wannan matsananciyar damuwa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke kusa da mutuwarsu. Sauran binciken falsafa game da mutuwa suna nazarin aikin kiwon lafiya wanda ya dogara da kimiyya da fasaha (SciTech). Wannan dogaro yana bayyane musamman a cikin maganin Yamma. Duk da haka, Heidegger ya yi nuni ga wannan dogaro da abin da ya kira jan hankali ko "halayyar daidaito". A zahiri, mutane suna da alaƙa da "gaskiya" saboda yana ba su ma'anar manufa ko dalili a cikin duniya wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar abin da ya zama [[wiktionary:chaos|rikici]] da rashin hankali. Kuma yayin da lokacin mutuwa ke gabatowa, lokacin da aka nuna ta hanyar rikice-rikice da tsoro, mutane suna ƙoƙari su gano ma'anar ma'ana ta ƙarshe a rayuwarsu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Baya ga rawar da SciTech ke takawa a cikin mutuwa, kulawar palliative ya zama yanki na musamman na falsafar kiwon lafiya wanda ke da alaƙa da marasa lafiya waɗanda ke fama da rashin lafiya. Kamar kula da asibiti, wannan yanki na falsafar lafiya yana ƙara zama da muhimmanci yayin da yawancin marasa lafiya suka fi son karɓar sabis na kiwon lafiya a gidajensu. Kodayake ana amfani da kalmomin "palliative" da "hospice" sau da yawa, a zahiri sun bambanta. Yayin da mai haƙuri ke kusa da ƙarshen rayuwarsa, ya fi ta'aziyya kasancewa a cikin gida mai zaman kansa maimakon asibiti. An ajiye kulawa ta palliative ga waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya mai tsanani. Koyaya, yanzu ana amfani da shi ga marasa lafiya a kowane irin yanayin kiwon lafiya, gami da gajiya mai tsanani da sauran alamun damuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Palliative Care across the Continuum" ''Center to Advance Palliative Care'' |url=http://www.capc.org/palliative-care-across-the-continuum/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818174130/http://www.capc.org/palliative-care-across-the-continuum/ |archive-date=18 August 2014 |access-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> == Ci gaban rawar == Hanyar da ma'aikatan jinya, likitoci, marasa lafiya, da masu gudanarwa ke hulɗa yana da mahimmanci don ingantaccen tsarin kiwon lafiya gabaɗaya. Daga ra'ayin marasa lafiya, ana iya ganin masu ba da lafiya a matsayin suna cikin gata, ta yadda suke da ikon canza yanayin rayuwar marasa lafiya. Kuma duk da haka, akwai rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin masu ba da lafiya wanda wani lokaci kan haifar da raguwar ingancin kulawar marasa lafiya. Lokacin da ma'aikatan jinya da likitoci ba su kan shafi ɗaya game da wani majiyyaci na musamman, wani yanayi mai rikitarwa zai iya tashi. Tasirin da ya samo asali daga "rabin jinsi" tsakanin ma'aikatan jinya da likitoci na da illa ga yanayin ƙwararrun wurin aikin asibiti.. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0636cpqj8l3ae7gb9ejlbvs4siqjevu 0 113276 875201 707277 2026-07-03T17:09:41Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Celebrating_the_Pale_Blue_Dot_(49587798436).jpg|thumb|Dalibai a lardin Gabashin Java suna dasa bishiyoyi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ranar Duniya 2022.]] Kuɗin yanayi a Indonesia yana nufin albarkatun kuɗi da aka ware don tallafawa sauyin yanayi da ayyukan daidaittuwa a cikin ƙasar.  A matsayin na biyar mafi girma da ke fitar da iskar gas a duniya, matsayi da aka danganta da sare [[Gandun dajin Falgore na tara dabbobin daji|gandun daji]] (asarar 60,000 km² na gandun daji tsakanin al 2000 da 2012) da kuma dogaro da albarkatun mai (85% na matrix makamashi a cikin 2023), Indonesiya ita ce mafi girman matsalar sauyin yanayi a lokaci guda kuma mafi girman yanayin duniya.  tasiri, kamar hauhawar matakan teku da tsananta bala'o'i. Kuɗin yanayi a Indonesia yana nufin albarkatun kuɗi da aka ware don tallafawa sauyin yanayi da ayyukan daidaitawa a cikin ƙasar.  A matsayin na biyar mafi girma da ke fitar da iskar gas a duniya, matsayi da aka danganta da sare gandun daji (asarar 60,000 km² na gandun daji tsakanin 2000 da 2012) da kuma dogaro da albarkatun mai (85% na matrix makamashi a cikin 2023), Indonesiya ita ce mafi girman matsalar sauyin yanayi a lokaci guda kuma mafi girman yanayin duniya.  tasiri, kamar hauhawar matakan teku da tsananta bala'o'i. == Yanayin yanayi da tattalin arziki == [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], tsibiri mai tsibirai sama da 17,000 kuma kasa ta hudu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya, tana fuskantar wani yanayi mai sarkakiya ta fuskar ci gaban tattalin arziki da matsalar yanayi, wanda ke da tsarin ci gaba da ya danganci cin gajiyar albarkatun kasa.  Kara gurɓacewar dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da faɗaɗa fannin man dabino ya haifar da mummunar tasiri a zamantakewa da muhalli, yayin da fannin makamashi, wanda ya dogara kacokan akan albarkatun mai, a halin yanzu shine babban tushen fitar da hayaƙi a ƙasar.<ref name="trase-palm-oil-2024">{{Cite web |last=Benedict |first=Jason Jon |last2=Heilmayr |first2=Robert |date=2024-10-08 |title=Trase: Indonesian palm oil exports and deforestation |url=https://www.sei.org/features/indonesian-palm-oil-exports-and-deforestation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319214330/https://www.sei.org/about-sei/ |archive-date=2018-03-19 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Stockholm Environment Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Duk da alkawuran kasa da kasa da kuma yiwuwar tushen sabuntawa, shingen tsari, tallafin kwal, da manufofi masu rarraba suna hana sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin carbon mai ƙarancin, saboda karuwar bukatar makamashi da matsin yanayi. Tare da yawan mutanen da ake sa ran su wuce miliyan 300 nan da shekara ta 2030 da kuma saurin birni, kasar tana fuskantar karuwar Amfani da makamashi da hayakin gas.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Dajin == Murfin gandun daji na Indonesiya, na uku mafi girma a duniya na halittu masu zafi, yana fuskantar matsin lamba na tarihi da ke da alaƙa da tsarin tattalin arziki na tushen kayayyaki kuma yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu sarƙaƙƙiya a mahadar kiyaye gandun daji da bunƙasa tattalin arziki.  A cikin 1900, gandun daji sun rufe kashi 84% na ƙasar, amma a shekara ta 1950, kiyasin tarihi ya nuna cewa hekta miliyan 145 na gandun daji na farko da hekta miliyan 14 na gandun daji na biyu da mangroves sun kasance.]  Daga shekarun 1970s zuwa gaba, yin katako ya sami sikelin masana'antu, yana haɓaka sassa kamar ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda.  Tsakanin 1980 da 2000, ƙarfin haɓakar waɗannan masana'antu ya karu da kashi 700%, wanda ya ɗaga Indonesia zuwa matsayi na tara a cikin manyan masu samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara a duniya..<ref name="tsujino-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Tsujino |first=Riyou |last2=Yumoto |first2=Takakazu |last3=Kitamura |first3=Shumpei |last4=Djamaluddin |first4=Ibrahim |last5=Darnaedi |first5=Dedy |date=2016-11-30 |title=History of forest loss and degradation in Indonesia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264837716305348 |journal=Land Use Policy |volume=57 |pages=335–347 |bibcode=2016LUPol..57..335T |doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.034 |issn=0264-8377 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Hawan hanzarin sare daji ya zama mai mahimmanci a cikin shekarun da suka gabata: tsakanin 1990 da 2000, ƙasar ta rasa hekta miliyan 24 na gandun daji (20% na jimlar ɗaukar hoto), ta bar hekta miliyan 94 (52% na yankin) a cikin 2010.<ref name="tsujino-2016"/> Duk da dakatarwar da aka kafa a kan sabbin kudaden da aka kafa na sare daji a cikin 2011, kulawa mara kyau da cin hanci da rashawa sun ci gaba da kasancewa da yawa, tare da mafi girman hekta 930,000 da aka sare a cikin 2016. <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> <ref name="tenere-sea-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deforestation in Southeast Asia: Causes, Impacts and Solutions |url=https://www.tenereteam.com/blogs/deforestation-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=TenereTeam |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rfmrc-sea">{{Cite web |title=Deforestation in Southeast Asia – RFMRC-SEA |url=https://rfmrc-sea.org/deforestation-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=RFMRC-SEA |language=en}}</ref> Tsakanin 2000 da 2012, kasar ta rasa kusan 60,000 km2 na gandun daji na farko, ta wuce [[Brazil]] a cikin yawan gandun daji a shekara-shekara a cikin 2012 (8,400 km2 da 4,600 km2), wanda yafi yawa ta hanyar fadada gonakin dabino.<ref name="margono-20142">{{Cite journal |last=Margono |first=Belinda Arunarwati |last2=Potapov |first2=Peter V. |last3=Turubanova |first3=Svetlana |last4=Stolle |first4=Fred |last5=Hansen |first5=Matthew C. |date=August 2014 |title=Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2277 |journal=Nature Climate Change |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=730–735 |bibcode=2014NatCC...4..730M |doi=10.1038/nclimate2277 |issn=1758-6798 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Manyan direbobi na sare daji (2001-2016) sun haɗa da fadada man dabino (23% na jimlar), wanda ke da alhakin sauya kai tsaye na hekta miliyan 3.3 na gandun daji, da kuma sauya yankuna zuwa makiyaya ko savannahs (20%), sau da yawa ana danganta su da gobarar da ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="austin-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=Kemen G |last2=Schwantes |first2=Amanda |last3=Gu |first3=Yaofeng |last4=Kasibhatla |first4=Prasad S |date=2019-02-01 |title=What causes deforestation in Indonesia? |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=024007 |bibcode=2019ERL....14b4007A |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |issn=1748-9326 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Karamin aikin gona da kayan aikin katako, kamar hanyoyi da tsaunuka, sun ba da gudummawa 22% da 10%, bi da bi, yayin da ayyukan kamar hakar ma'adinai - musamman hakar ma-nickel a tsibirin [[Sulawesi]], wanda ake buƙata ta duniya don batir - ya kai kashi 5.<ref name="margono-20142"/><ref name="bennett-2023">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Paige |date=2023-11-02 |title=200,000 Hectares of Oil Palm Plantations to Be Converted Into Forests, Indonesia's Government Says |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/palm-oil-plantations-forests-conversion-indonesia.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=EcoWatch}}</ref> Duk da wadannan tasirin, bangarorin man dabino da katako tare suna samar da kusan dala biliyan 45 a cikin kudaden fitarwa a kowace shekara ga Indonesia.<ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> [[Fayil:Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg|left|thumb|Kashe gandun daji na gandun daji don dasa dabino mai.]] Indonesia ita ce babbar mai samar da [[Manja|Man dabino]] a duniya, wanda shine babban albarkatun kasa don Biodiesel.<ref name="bennett-2023"/> Kashe katako da gonakin dabino na mai sun haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki, amma a lokaci guda, suna haifar da sare daji mai yawa.<ref name="earth-deforestation-2022">{{Cite web |last=Shahreen |first=Samiha |date=2022-02-02 |title=Vanishing Act: Deforestation in Indonesia |url=https://earth.org/vanishing-act-deforestation-in-indonesia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202022716/https://earth.org/vanishing-act-deforestation-in-indonesia/ |archive-date=2022-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Earth.Org}}</ref><ref name="austin-2019b">{{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=Kemen G |last2=Schwantes |first2=Amanda |last3=Gu |first3=Yaofeng |last4=Kasibhatla |first4=Prasad S |date=2019-02-01 |title=What causes deforestation in Indonesia? |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=024007 |bibcode=2019ERL....14b4007A |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |issn=1748-9326 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kawai kashi 49% na yankin ƙasar ya rufe da gandun daji, idan aka kwatanta da ƙididdigar tarihi na 84% . <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> <ref name="world-bank-forest-cover">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data – Forest Area (% of Land Area) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS?end=2022&locations=ID&start=1990 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref name="kaltimber-2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-05 |title=Rate of deforestation in Indonesia overtakes Brazil |url=https://www.kaltimber.com/blog/2018/2/5/rate-of-deforestation-in-indonesia-overtakes-brazil |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Kaltimber - Timber merchant - Flooring shop}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2016, gonakin dabino na mai suna da alhakin kashi 23% na wannan sare daji. <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022" /> <ref name="austin-2019b"/> Fadada nau'ikan dabino guda ɗaya a Indonesia, wanda galibi ke hade da maye gurbin dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi ko yankunan noma, ya tsananta matsin muhalli da zamantakewa a karshen karni na 20 da farkon 21st.  An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na sare dazuzzuka da ke da nasaba da sashen - wanda ke da alhakin asarar hekta 840,000 na gandun daji a duk shekara tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2012 - yana faruwa ne ba bisa ka'ida ba..<ref name="petrenko-2016">{{Cite web |last=Petrenko |first=Chelsea |last2=Searle |first2=Stephanie |date=2016-07-11 |title=Ecological impacts of palm oil expansion in Indonesia |url=https://theicct.org/publication/ecological-impacts-of-palm-oil-expansion-in-indonesia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120123456/https://theicct.org/publication/ecological-impacts-of-palm-oil-expansion-in-indonesia/ |archive-date=2022-01-20 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=International Council on Clean Transportation}}</ref> Rushewar filayen ƙasa, wanda ya kama har sau 20 fiye da carbon fiye da dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da ba a cika ambaliya ba, yana haɓaka hayakin carbon dioxide: gobarar da ba ta dace ba da aka saki tsakanin tan biliyan 0.81 zuwa 2.57 na carbon a cikin 1997, daidai da 13-40% na hayaƙin mai na duniya a waccan shekarar..<ref name="varma-20033">{{Cite journal |last=Varma |first=Anshuman |date=2003-08-01 |title=The economics of slash and burn: a case study of the 1997–1998 Indonesian forest fires |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00139-3 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=159–171 |bibcode=2003EcoEc..46..159V |doi=10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00139-3 |issn=0921-8009 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Rashin lalacewar muhalli ya kai ga [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] da [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|albarkatun ruwa]]: kowane ton na man dabino da aka samar yana samar da tan 2.5 na guba mai guba, yana gurɓata yanayin halittu na ruwa.<ref name="petrenko-2016"/> Amfani mai zurfi na agrochemicals, kamar magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da taki, haɗe da [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]] a kan gangaren da suka fi tsayi (ya zama ruwan dare a cikin shuke-shuke), yana ƙara ambaliyar ruwa da yaduwar kogi, yana barazanar ababen more rayuwa.<ref name="afandi-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Afandi |first=AM |last2=Zuraidah |first2=Y |last3=Nurzuhaili |first3=HAZA |last4=Zulkifli |first4=H |last5=Yaqin |first5=M |date=October 2017 |title=Managing Soil Deterioration and Erosion under Oil Palm |url=https://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/opb/ |journal=Oil Palm Bulletin |publisher=Malaysian Palm Oil Board |volume=75 |pages=1–10 |access-date=2025-05-15 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Rashin bambancin halittu yana da mahimmanci, tare da nau'o'in da ke cikin gida kamar Orangutans, Sumatran tigers da giwaye, waɗanda ke fuskantar barazanar gobara da raguwar mazaunin.<ref name="kadandale-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Kadandale |first=Sowmya |last2=Marten |first2=Robert |last3=Smith |first3=Richard |date=2019-02-01 |title=The palm oil industry and noncommunicable diseases |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/BLT.18.220434 |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=118–128 |doi=10.2471/BLT.18.220434 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=6357563 |pmid=30728618 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> A matakin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, koDayak bangaren man dabino yana daukar ma'aikata miliyan 16 kuma yana wakiltar kusan kashi 4.5% na babban kayan cikin gida (GDP), <ref name="trase-palm-oil-2024"/> al'ummomin asali, kamar Dayak a yankin Kalimantan, suna fuskantar tilasta ƙaura da rikice-rikicen ƙasa: fiye da rikicewar yanki 630 da ke da alaƙa da shuke-shuke an rubuta su a shekara ta 2010.<ref name="colchester-2010">{{Cite web |last=Colchester |first=Marcus |date=2010 |title=Palm oil and indigenous peoples in South East Asia: Land acquisition, human rights violations and indigenous peoples on the palm oil frontier |url=https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/publication/2010/10/palmoilandipsasiaexecsumoct10eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811000000/https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/publication/2010/10/palmoilandipsasiaexecsumoct10eng.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Forest Peoples Programme |publisher=International Land Coalition}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar jama'a yana lalacewa ta hanyar gurɓataccen iska - a cikin 2015, haze mai iyaka (Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya) ya ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar 103,300 da ba a kai ba a yankin.]  Bugu da kari, wata korafi da Amnesty International ta yi a shekarar 2016 ta yi ikirarin cewa ma’aikatan kamfanin na Wilmar International sun samu mummunar illa a fannin kiwon lafiya, sakamakon amfani da magungunan ciyawa irin su paraquat, da aka haramta a Turai amma har yanzu ana amfani da su a gonakin dabino, ba tare da isassun kayan kariya ba[.  Mata da yara suna da haɗari musamman ga waɗannan haɗari: ƙananan yara suna aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba don taimaka wa iyaye tare da manufar samarwa, yayin da mata, sau da yawa ana ɗaukar su ba tare da fa'idodin zamantakewa ba, suna kula da sinadarai masu guba..<ref name="amnesty-2016">{{Cite report}}</ref><ref name="varkkey-2015">{{Cite book}}</ref> [[Fayil:Aerial_of_Badak_NGL_natural_gas_refinery.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin Badak LNG na kamfanin gas a Bontang cCty a tsibirin [[Borneo]].]] Sashin makamashi yana da mahimmanci ga muhawara game da yanayin Indonesiya. Duk da samun albarkatun sabuntawa masu yawa kamar makamashi na geothermal, hydropower, da biofuels makamashi ya hada har yanzu ya dogara da 85% burbushin burbushin, musamman kwal da iskar gas.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> An kiyasta bangaren makamashi zai kai kashi 50% zuwa 70% na hayakin da kasar ke fitarwa nan da shekarar 2030, wanda ya zarce sare itatuwa.  Haɓaka buƙatun wutar lantarki, wanda haɓaka masana'antu da haɓaka birane ke haifar da shi, yana ƙoƙarin haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa na tushen kwal, yana haifar da haɗarin "kaddarorin da ba su da tushe" a cikin yanayin lalata duniya.  Hukumar sabunta makamashi ta kasa da kasa (IRENA) ta yi gargadin cewa, idan ba tare da manufofin gaggawa ba, bukatar makamashi za ta karu da kashi 80 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2030, tare da kulle kasar cikin gurbatattun fasahohi da fasahohin zamani na tattalin arziki..<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Bayan yarjejeniyar Paris, gwamnatin Indonesiya ta kafa maƙasudi masu fa'ida don gudummawar da ta ƙaddara ta ƙasa, gami da rage hayakin iskar gas da kashi 29% ta 2030 (ko 41% tare da tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa) da haɓaka rabon makamashi mai sabuntawa zuwa kashi 31% na haɗuwar makamashi ta farko ta 2050. Duk da haka, ƙalubale kamar tallafin burbushin man fetur na tarihi, rashin daidaituwa na tsarin makamashi, rashin daidaituwa a cikin manufofin saɓani, rashin daidaituwa da tsarin tsarin makamashi, da rashin daidaituwa ga tsarin makamashi. sanya wahalar cimma wadannan manufofin. Bincike ya nuna cewa canjin koren tattalin arziki mai yuwuwa, amma yana buƙatar saka hannun jari sosai: hasashen ya nuna cewa ana buƙatar zuba jarin da ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 78 nan da shekarar 2030 don sabunta hanyoyin wutar lantarki na Java da Sumatra, yankuna waɗanda ke da 70% na tsarar ƙasa.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Wing Thye|access-date=Taghizadeh-Hesary}}</ref> Saboda [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] ta kunshi tsibirai 17,508, ƙasar ba ta da cikakken wutar lantarki.<ref name="hidayatullah-2024">{{Cite web |last=Hidayatullah |first=M. Ryan |date=2024-11-21 |title=Electricity infrastructure: Huge costs for inter-island power grid |url=https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centre/infrastructure-news/november-2024/electricity-infrastructure--huge-costs-for-inter-island-power-gr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219000000/https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centre/infrastructure-news/november-2024/electricity-infrastructure--huge-costs-for-inter-island-power-gr.html |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=PwC |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers}}</ref> Yawancin tsibirai sun dogara da tsarin da aka ware don samar da wutar lantarki, waɗanda aka rarraba a yankuna da yawa.<ref name="hidayatullah-2024" /> Kasar tana da niyyar sabunta dukkan tsarin grid dinta, fadada damar da kuma hada da fadada hanyoyin sabuntawa, ban da haɗa tsibirai da juna. Don aiwatar da waɗannan canje-canje, gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa ana buƙatar fiye da dala biliyan 20.<ref name="razak-2024">{{Cite web |last=Razak |first=Imanuddin |date=2024-12-18 |title=Indonesia targets US$20 billion for inter-island electricity transmission |url=https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/energy/indonesia-targets-us20-billion-for-inter-island-electricity-transmission/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Indonesia Business Post}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, jimlar fitar da [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] ta kasar ta kai kimanin tan biliyan 1.2. Babban tushen wadannan hayaki shine bangaren wutar lantarki, tare da tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke da amfani da kwal wanda ke da asusun sama da kashi 60% na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref name="iea-emissions-20242">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia - Emissions |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-data-browser?country=INDONESIA&indicator=CO2BySector |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407000000/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-data-browser?country=INDONESIA&indicator=CO2BySector |archive-date=2024-04-07 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=IEA - Data Browser |publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref><ref name="lakshmi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=A. Anantha |date=2025-01-14 |title=Indonesia's ambition to quit coal hinges on policy reforms |url=https://www.ft.com/content/indonesia-ambition-quit-coal-policy-reform |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> Sauran manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa wanda ya haifar da fadada noman [[Manja|Man dabino]], da ayyukan masana'antu.<ref name="iea-emissions-20242" /><ref name="jong-2024">{{Cite web |last=Jong |first=Hans Nicholas |date=2024-02-13 |title=Palm oil deforestation makes comeback in Indonesia after decade-long slump |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2024/02/palm-oil-deforestation-makes-comeback-in-indonesia-after-decade-long-slump/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref><ref name="ourworldindata-2020">{{Cite web |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-05-11 |title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref><ref name="nusantara-2024">{{Cite web |last=Nusantara |first=Geni Buana |date=2024-11-01 |title=Industrial CO2 Emissions and the Path Towards Decarbonization in Indonesia |url=https://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/energy-issues/industrial-co2-emissions-indonesia.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Geni }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Don rage waɗannan hayaki da cimma burin yanayi, gwamnatin Indonesia ta yi alkawarin ba za ta amince da sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki ba.<ref name="bosse-2024">{{Cite web |last=Bosse |first=Jolana |date=2024-11-20 |title=Indonesia – Climate Performance Ranking 2025 |url=https://ccpi.org/country/idn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420000000/https://ccpi.org/country/idn/ |archive-date=2024-04-20 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Climate Change Performance Index}}</ref><ref name="jong-2021">{{Cite web |last=Jong |first=Hans Nicholas |date=2021-05-12 |title=Indonesia says no new coal plants from 2023 (after the next 100 or so) |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/05/indonesia-says-no-new-coal-plants-from-2023-after-the-next-100-or-so/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref> Kamfanonin da ke saka hannun jari a cikin Carbon Capture, makamashi mai sabuntawa, ko ayyukan kiyaye gandun daji na iya sayar da kudaden carbon a kasuwar da aka tsara ta Indonesia.<ref name="sulaiman-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sulaiman |first=Stefanno |last2=Suroyo |first2=Gayatri |date=2024-09-16 |title=Exclusive: Indonesia's Prabowo plans $65 billion green fund from selling carbon credits |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/exclusive-indonesias-prabowo-plans-65-billion-green-fund-selling-carbon-credits-2024-09-16/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Bangaren sufuri a Indonesiya yana samar da kimanin tan miliyan 150 na CO₂ a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na jimillar hayaƙin ƙasar.  Hanyoyin sufuri (motoci, bas, manyan motoci, da babura) sun kai kashi casa'in cikin ɗari na waɗannan hayaƙi a fannin.  Kodayake zirga-zirgar jama'a ta wanzu kuma tana haɓaka, 72% na Indonesiya har yanzu suna dogaro da jigilar jama'a.  A Jakarta, TransJakarta BRT na ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman tsarin jigilar bas, wanda ke ba da fasinjoji sama da miliyan 1 kowace rana.  A cikin 2023, an kaddamar da layin dogo mai sauri na Jakarta – Bandung, irinsa na farko a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, da nufin rage lokutan balaguro da hayakin da ke hade da su. Indonesia ta kafa manufofi masu ban sha'awa don kaiwa kashi 75% na makamashi mai tsabta nan da shekara ta 2040.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia's Initiative to Advance Green Energy through Green Energy Buyers Dialogue |url=https://jetp-id.org/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=jetp-id.org |publisher=JETP Indonesia }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana ganin bangarorin geothermal da hydropower a matsayin mabuɗin cimma wannan burin.<ref name="iea-electricity-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia - Electricity |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/electricity-statistics-data-browser?country=INDONESIA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319000000/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/electricity-statistics-data-browser?country=INDONESIA |archive-date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=IEA - Data Browser |publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref> Gwamnati da kamfanin wutar lantarki na jihar Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) sun ba da sabbin ka'idoji kuma sun kirkiro kudade don tallafawa wannan ci gaban.<ref name="sastrawijaya-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sastrawijaya |first=Kirana |date=2024-09-26 |title=Renewable Energy 2024 - Indonesia {{!}} Global Practice Guidelines |url=https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/renewable-energy-2024/indonesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010000000/https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/renewable-energy-2024/indonesia |archive-date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Chambers and Partners}}</ref> PLN ta kuma fahimci muhimmancin shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma ta tsara shirye-shirye don haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-dec2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Indonesia's Initiative to Advance Green Energy through Green Energy Buyers Dialogue |url=https://jetp-id.org/news/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206000000/https://jetp-id.org/news/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=jetp-id.org |publisher=JETP Indonesia}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa za a buƙaci dala biliyan 154 don saduwa da burin yanayi.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-dec2024" /><ref name="takyar-2022">{{Cite web |last=Takyar |first=Sarthak |date=2022-03-23 |title=Green infrastructure investment opportunities in Indonesia - REGlobal - Finance |url=https://reglobal.co/green-infrastructure-investment-opportunities-in-indonesia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=REGlobal}}</ref> A halin yanzu, shigar da ƙarfin makamashi mai tsabta yana wakiltar kashi 12% kawai na jimlar.<ref name="iea-electricity-2024" /> A cikin 2023, saka hannun jari mai tsabta a Indonesia ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 497.99, karuwar kashi 78% idan aka kwatanta da 2022 ($ 279.93 miliyan). <ref name="takyar-2022" /><ref name="lontoh-2016">{{Cite web |last=Lontoh |first=Lucky |date=September 2016 |title=Indonesia's Financially Sustainable Electricity Sector |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/indonesia-financially-sustainable-electricity-sector.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317000000/https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/indonesia-financially-sustainable-electricity-sector.pdf |archive-date=2021-03-17 |access-date=2025-06-03 |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development}}</ref><ref name="climatescope-2024">{{Cite web |title=Climatescope 2024 {{!}} Indonesia |url=https://www.global-climatescope.org/markets/indonesia |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=global-climatescope.org}}</ref> Indonesia tana da babbar damar makamashi mai sabuntawa, an kiyasta ya kai kusan 3,500 GW. Babban alkawarin ya kasance a cikin geothermal da hydropower. Don wutar lantarki, yiwuwar kusan 94.3 GW.<ref name="saini-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Saini |first=Makmur |last2=Djalal |first2=Muhammad Ruswandi |last3=Azhar |first3=Muhammad |last4=Patrix |first4=Golda Evangelista |date=2023-04-27 |title=Modeling and implementing a load management system for a solar home system based on Fuzzy Logic |url=https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/sinergi/article/view/17545 |journal=Sinergi |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=261 |doi=10.22441/sinergi.2023.2.014 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="kanugrahan-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Kanugrahan |first=Satria Putra |last2=Hakam |first2=Dzikri Firmansyah |last3=Nugraha |first3=Herry |date=2022-07-23 |title=Techno-Economic Analysis of Indonesia Power Generation Expansion to Achieve Economic Sustainability and Net Zero Carbon 2050 |journal=Sustainability |volume=14 |issue=15 |pages=9038 |bibcode=2022Sust...14.9038K |doi=10.3390/su14159038 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin geothermal, an kiyasta kusan 28.5 GW. <ref name="kanugrahan-2022" /> Har ila yau, Hasken rana yana da kyau sosai, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙasa na Global Horizontal Irradiance Index na 4.8 kWh / m2, yana kaiwa sama da 5.6 kWh / M2 a wasu yankuna na kudancin ƙasar. canjin makamashi Canjin makamashi yana fuskantar tarnaki na tsarin, kamar rashin kasuwar wutar lantarki, rashin gasa ta farashi don abubuwan sabuntawa da kuma tallafi ga albarkatun mai.  Keɓancewar PLN mallakar gwamnati a matsayin mai siyar da makamashi kaɗai ke hana masu kera masu zaman kansu, yayin da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin kuɗi suna iyakance layin bashi don manyan ayyuka.  Bugu da ƙari, rashin samun bayanan gaskiya game da farashi da dawowa yana ƙara haɗarin haɗari tsakanin masu zuba jari.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Masana sun yi nuni da cewa, daidaita manufofi a fadin ma'aikatu, samar da kasuwannin lamuni na carbon da rage tallafin gurbacewar makamashi sune muhimman matakan buda hannun jari.  Ba tare da daukar matakin gaggawa ba, hasashen Bankin Duniya ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi zai iya rage yawan GDP na Indonesia da kashi 7 cikin 100 zuwa 2100, tare da yin illa ga lafiya da muhalli.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Tarihi == === Lokacin mulkin mallaka === Kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai, dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'ummomin gida da dazuzzuka ana tafiyar da ita ta tsarin daidaitawa da amfani mai dorewa, bisa ra'ayoyin duniya masu son rai.  Koyaya, al'ummomi daban-daban da shugabannin yankin sun riga sun tsara yin amfani da gandun daji, filaye da samfuransu, da kafa ƙa'idodin gudanarwa na al'umma waɗanda a yau ke yin tasiri kan muhawara kan haƙƙin ƴan asalin cikin ayyukan REDD+. Yanayin ɗan adam na yankin ya samo asali ne daga akalla shekaru miliyan 1.5, tare da ayyukan da suka biyo baya ta hanyar ƙaura, gami da Austronesians, waɗanda mai yiwuwa suka isa a kusa da 2000 BC. Daga shekara ta 1000 BC zuwa gaba, yawancin waɗannan al'ummomin sun ɗauki al'adun Đông Sơn, wanda ke da alamar noman shinkafar ban ruwa, al'adun bauna da ayyukan megalithic.  Noman shinkafa, musamman a Java, ya haifar da bullar ƙauyuka, masarautu da addinai, waɗanda ke samun goyon bayan al'ummomi masu rikitarwa.  A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, manyan cibiyoyin iko sun bayyana, irin su Daular Srivijaya (Sumatra), daular Sailendra (Java) da kuma, daga baya, daular Majapayit, wacce ta sami babban tasiri a yanki a karni na 14. Tsarin waɗannan mulkoki ya kasance mai ƙarfi. Hakkin ƙasa an haɗa shi da aikin gona, ba mallakar doka ba. Rayuwar yau da kullun na yawancin manoma an yi musu alama da sake zagayowar ruwan sama da kuma haɗarin yunwa. Koyaya, waɗannan al'ummomin sun dogara da cinikayya a cire kayayyakin gandun daji daga yankunan tsaunuka, kamar resin, katako, da albasa, suna kafa haɗin kai tsakanin yankunan bakin teku da na ciki. Jama'ar makiyaya na tsaunuka - mafarauta da masu aikin noma - gabaɗaya ba a haɗa su cikin tsarin jihohi ba. Ba kamar yankin Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba, inda manyan kabilun suka kafa kansu, Indonesia ta mulkin mallaka ta kasance da bambancin kabilanci da harsuna, tare da ainihin asalin gida. A Sulawesi, akwai rubuce-rubuce na aikin ɗan adam na akalla shekaru 40,000. A cikin karni na 14, [[Musulunci]] ya fara yaduwa a yankin, yana samun ƙarfi tare da Musulunci na Masarautar Gowa a cikin karni na 17. Koyaya, al'ummomin tsaunuka kamar waɗanda ke tsakiyar tsibirin sun kasance a gefen jihohi da addinai na duniya har zuwa zuwan mishaneri na Dutch a karni na 20. Wadannan al'ummomin suna kula da ayyukan noma da kuma asalin da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar kakanninsu, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga rikice-rikice game da ƙasa da albarkatu har zuwa yau. [[Fayil:New_Hydrographic_Map_of_the_Sea_and_New_Southern_Lands-_Made_by_the_Cosmographer_and_Mathematician_Emanuel_Godinho_de_Eredia_WDL852.png|left|thumb|Taswirar Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wanda mai zane-zane na Malay-Portuguese Emanuel Godinho na Eredia ya yi a 1602.]] Turawa sun isa tsibirin Indonesiya a farkon karni na 16 a matsayin 'yan kasuwa masu safarar teku don neman kayan yaji irin su nutmeg , cloves , da barkono .  Turawan mulkin mallaka ya faru a hankali sama da shekaru 300-350.  Turawan Portugal ne suka fara kafa wuraren kasuwanci da kagara a tsibirai irin su Ternate da Amboíno, bayan da suka ci Malacca a shekara ta 1512. Duk da haka, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, hankalinsu ya koma wasu yankuna, kamar Brazil da Macau.. A cikin karni na 17, Dutch da Birtaniya sun karu a gabansu, tare da Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Gabashin Indiya da ke neman ya mallaki cinikin kayan yaji.  Gasar ta sa Birtaniyya ta mayar da hankali kan yankin na Indiya, yayin da Hollandawa suka karfafa ikonsu kan noman noma da hakar katako a cikin tsibirai.  A cikin karni na 17, Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya ya ƙaddamar da manufofin kula da muhalli na yau da kullun, yana mai da hankali kan hakar katako.. [[Fayil:KITLV_-_80236_-_Kleingrothe,_C.J._-_Medan_-_Seed_beds_and_barns_under_construction_on_a_tobacco_plantation,_probably_in_the_east_coast_of_Sumatra_-_1898.tif|thumb|Kashe daji don dasa taba a bakin tekun [[Sumatra|Tsibirin Sumatra]], 1898.]] A shekara ta 1808, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ayyana duk dazuzzukan da ba na zaman kansu ba a matsayin mallakar gwamnati, ƙarƙashin gwamna-janar.  A cikin karni na 19, dabarun kiyaye gandun daji don kare magudanar ruwa da noman noma ya haifar da samar da ka'idoji irin su Boschordonatie (1865), wanda ya hana noman canji da kuma kula da gandun daji na Java da Madura.  Agrarische Wet (1870) ya gabatar da ra'ayoyin Yammacin Turai game da kadarori masu zaman kansu, suna ba da izinin hayar ƙasa don shuka.  Waɗannan dokokin sun kori tsarin al'ada (adat) na mulkin ƙasa, musamman a cikin tsibiran ciki, kodayake ayyukan gida sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Sumatra, Borneo, da Papua. A Sulawesi, ikon mulkin mallaka ya kasance iyakance har zuwa karni na 19.  Yarjejeniyar Bongaya (1667) ta tura Sulawesi bakin teku zuwa Dutch, amma yankin cikin gida ya ci gaba da cin gashin kansa har zuwa farkon karni na 20, lokacin da rikice-rikicen cikin gida ya haifar da tsoma bakin Holland.  Shigar da yankuna irin su Dampelas cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka ya haifar da asarar haƙƙin gandun daji na asali, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da shugabannin jihohi. === Jamhuriyar Indonesia === [[Fayil:Nieuws_uit_Nieuw-Guinea,_oriëntatiebezoek_van_Nederlandse_deskundigen_Weeknummer_60-52_-_Open_Beelden_-_17485.ogv|left|thumb|Wani labari na Dutch daga Disamba 1960, wanda ke nuna katako a cikin Kwarin Baliem, Yammacin New Guinea da kuma halin da mutanen Papuan ke ciki a wannan yankin.]] Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1949, Shugaba Sukarno ya ci gaba da tsare tsare-tsaren gudanarwa da aka gada daga mulkin mallaka, gami da manufofin muhalli.  Hasashen wata ƙasa mai haɗin kai ta fuskanci turjiya a wasu tsibiran na waje kamar Sumatra da Sulawesi, inda ƙungiyoyin 'yan aware da kuma buƙatun kafa daular tsarin mulkin Islama suka ƙalubalanci gwamnati a Jakarta.  Amincewa da Bahasa Indonesiya a matsayin harshen ƙasa da akidar Pancasila sun nemi haɗewar kabilanci da bambancin addini, amma an ci gaba da dagula rikicin tarihi tsakanin al'ummomin asali da manufofin jihohi, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice na zamani game da kula da muhalli da ayyukan kiyayewa kamar REDD+ . Shekarun farko na jamhuriyar Indonesiya sun kasance da rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance, inda aka samu firayim minista biyar tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1955 da jam’iyyu 28 a zaben 1955.  Sakamakon zaben ya nuna rarrabuwar kawuna: Jam'iyyar Nationalist ta lashe kashi 22% na kuri'un da aka kada, yayin da jam'iyyun Musulunci (Masjumi da Nahdatul Ulama) suka samu kashi 39%.  A cikin wannan mahallin, Shugaba Sukarno ya ba da shawara a cikin 1956 "dimokuradiyya mai jagoranci", yana nisantar da kansa daga tsarin 'yanci na Yamma.  A cikin 1957, ya fuskanci tawayen 'yan aware a Sumatra kuma tare da goyon bayan soja, ya ayyana dokar soja da karfafa ikon shugaban kasa ta hanyar sake fasalin tsarin mulki.i. A Tsakiyar Sulawesi, yawan jama'a sun fuskanci rikici tsakanin ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye: Protestant Permesta Rebellion a arewa da ƙungiyar Darul Islam ta Musulunci a kudu. Kashewar Kahar Muzakkar, shugaban Bugis, don yin sulhu da zaman lafiya ya haifar da shiga cikin 'yan tawayen Islama, wadanda suka kai hari kan kauyuka na animist da na Kirista, wanda ya haifar da daruruwan mutuwar. Tawayen Permesta, ko da yake an murkushe shi a shekara ta 1957, ya bar tashin hankali na kabilanci da addini. A cikin kula da gandun daji, ka'idojin mulkin mallaka sun kasance suna aiki har zuwa shekarun 1950. A shekara ta 1957, dokar shugaban kasa ta ba larduna ikon bayar da izinin katako har zuwa hekta 10,000, samar da kudaden shiga na gida amma ba tare da warware rikice-rikice tsakanin haƙƙin al'ada (''Adata'') da dokokin hukuma ba. Dokar Agrarian ta asali ta 1960, har yanzu tana aiki, ta nemi daidaita waɗannan ƙa'idodi, ta ba da ƙasa aikin zamantakewa da sake rarraba, amma ta kasa warware rikice-rikice na ƙasa, musamman a tsibirai na waje. Ƙaddamar da ikon soja a ƙarƙashin Suharto, bayan juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba a 1965, ya haifar da zalunci na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci (PKI), tare da kiyasin mutuwar 300,000 zuwa miliyan 1.  Juyin mulkin zuwa “Sabuwar tsari” ya mayar da jihar a tsakiya, inda jam’iyyar Golkar ta mamaye zaben da aka yi magudi a tsakanin 1971 da 1993.. Dokar Kayan Kayan Kudancin 1967 ta sake bayyana kashi 70 cikin 100 na yankin a matsayin "kayan Kudanar Jiha", ta ba da ƙasashe na al'ada ga ikon Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona (daga baya Ma'aikalin Kudancin). Manufofin cin zarafi masu zurfi, gami da katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, cibiyoyin sadarwar abokan ciniki, suna amfana da dangin Suharto da abokan tarayya, musamman a masana'antar man dabino. Shirin ƙaura, wanda aka gada daga zamanin mulkin mallaka, ya sake komawa Javanese da Balinese miliyan 5 zuwa tsibirai na waje tsakanin 1975 da 1989, a ƙarƙashin tabbatar da daidaitattun yawan jama'a amma an yi niyya ne ga ikon siyasa. A Tsakiyar Sulawesi, rikice-rikice tsakanin baƙi da al'ummomin yankin sun fashe a cikin shekarun 1990, tare da lalata dubban gidaje da kuma fitar da mutane 70,000. === Gyara da ƙalubalen zamani === Murabus da Suharto ya yi a shekarar 1998, biyo bayan rikicin tattalin arziki da zanga-zanga, ya haifar da zamanin sake fasalin, tare da karkatar da ikon siyasa a wani bangare ta hanyar yin garambawul.  Duk da haka, sake dawo da ikon tsakiya a kan gandun daji a cikin 2002, matsin lamba daga kamfanonin katako, ya ci gaba da tayar da hankali.  Dokar gandun daji ta 31/1999 ta kiyaye dazuzzukan al'ada a matsayin mallakar ƙasa, yayin da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar suka bukaci cikakken amincewa da yankunan adat.. Gwamnatocin bayan-Suharto, irin su na Megawati Sukarnoputri (2001-2004) da Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004-2014), sun fuskanci cin hanci da rashawa da rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa.  Zaben Joko Widodo a shekarar 2014 ya yi alkawarin kawo sauyi, amma aka ci gaba da sukar lamirin rangwame ga jiga-jigan tattalin arziki.. == Tallafin jama'a == A matakin kasa da kasa, abokan tarayya irin su Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green da shirye-shiryen bangarorin biyu sun ba da gudummawar kashi 34% na kuɗaɗen sauyin yanayi a cikin 2011, amma yawancinsu an ba da su ta hanyar Asusun Kula da Canjin Yanayi na Indonesia (ICCTF), wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 2009 don daidaita albarkatu.  Duk da haka, aiwatar da aikin yana fuskantar cikas na fasaha da na ofis, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar jinkirin fitar da dalar Amurka miliyan 400 da aka ware don samar da makamashin ƙasa tsakanin 2010 da 2015..<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Kayan Tattalin Arziki na Musulunci == Indonesia, a matsayin babbar ƙasar musulmai a duniya, tana haɗa kayan aikin kudi na Islama a cikin dabarun kudi na yanayi, haɗa ka'idodin addini tare da manufofin muhalli. Green sukuk (Sharia -aligned green bonds) da ''waqf'' na muhalli (kyautar addini don ayyukan muhalli) sanannun ne a matsayin hanyoyin da za a tallafa wa sauyawar kasar don cimma burin duniya kamar [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]] . <ref name="jannah-20202">{{Cite journal |last=Jannah |first=Miftahul |last2=Sarkawi |first2=Azila |last3=Othman |first3=Jamilah |date=2020-12-31 |title=Legalization of Waqf Forests in Indonesia: The Registration Process |url=https://ilrev.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/629 |journal=Indonesia Law Review |volume=10 |issue=3 |doi=10.15742/ilrev.v10n3.629 |issn=2356-2129 |access-date=2025-05-12 |archive-date=2021-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127172322/http://ilrev.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/629 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="idris-2025">{{Cite web |last=Idris |first=Siti Hafsyah |last2=Chang |first2=Lee Wei |last3=Prihandono |first3=Iman |date=2025-01-12 |title=Malaysia, Indonesia's journey in pushing for green finance |url=https://www.eco-business.com/news/malaysia-indonesias-journey-in-pushing-for-green-finance/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117000000/https://www.eco-business.com/news/malaysia-indonesias-journey-in-pushing-for-green-finance/ |archive-date=2025-01-17 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Eco-Business}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, gwamnatin Indonesia ta ba da ''sukuk'' mai zaman kanta na farko a duniya, wanda ya tara dala biliyan 1.25 don ayyukan sabunta makamashi da [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaita yanayin yanayi]]. An rarraba kudaden ne a karkashin Green Bond da Green Sukuk Framework, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi da Muhalli ta Duniya (CICERO) ta sake dubawa, wanda ya kimanta shirye-shiryen a matsayin matsakaici ko babban damar rage hayaki.<ref name="idris-2025"/> Daga cikin ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗi shine tashar wutar lantarki ta Sarulla a Arewacin Sumatra, wanda ke guje wa tan miliyan 1.3 na hayakin CO2 a kowace shekara.<ref name="sulistiawati-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sulistiawati |first=Linda Yanti |date=2024-11-25 |title=Indonesia's Climate Policy: Lost in Translation? |url=https://www.kas.de/en/web/indonesien/single-title/-/content/indonesia-s-climate-policy-lost-in-translation |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Konrad Adenauer Stiftung}}</ref> A karkashin wakafi, Indonesiya ta samar da dazuzzukan dazuzzuka kamar Aceh Besar da Bogor, inda ake maida filaye da aka ba da kyauta zuwa wuraren kiyayewa.  Tsarin halatta ya ƙunshi hukumomin gwamnati da yawa, ciki har da ma'aikatar muhalli, gandun daji da sauyin yanayi, don tabbatar da bin dokokin ƙasa da ƙa'idodin Musulunci.  Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, kasar tana da sama da hekta 160,000 na kasar wakafi, wanda kashi 61% daga ciki aka ba da shaida, kodayake kasa da kashi 1% an ware su ne don ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="jannah-20202"/> Ƙalubalen sun kasance, kamar rikitarwa na tasirin tasirin: binciken kai tsaye ya nuna cewa kashi 30% na ayyukan da sukuk mai kore ya tallafawa tsakanin 2018 da 2022 sun kasa cimma burin rage fitar da hayaki.<ref name="sulistiawati-2024"/> Bugu da ƙari, rashin daidaitattun ka'idoji don ''waqfs'' na muhalli yana haifar da rikice-rikice game da amfani da ƙasar da aka ba da gudummawa, musamman a yankunan da ke da rikicewar ƙasa na tarihi.<ref name="jannah-20202"/> Duk da ci gaba, binciken yana nuna ƙalubalen tsari. Binciken da Babban Bankin Indonesia ya yi ya nuna cewa kashi 3% ne kawai na takardun shaida masu ɗorewa da aka bayar tsakanin 2020 da 2023 sune ''sukuk'' kore, wanda ke nuna rikitarwa na jan hankalin masu saka hannun jari na al'ada saboda rashin daidaitattun ma'aunin muhalli.<ref name="hermala-2025">{{Cite journal |last=Hermala |first=Irvan |last2=Sunitiyoso |first2=Yos |last3=Sudrajad |first3=Oktofa Yudha |date=2025 |title=Green Financing Using Islamic Finance Instruments in Indonesia: A Bibliometrics and Literature Review |url=https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/17208 |journal=International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy |volume=1 |pages=239–248 |doi=10.32479/ijeep.17208 |issn=2146-4553 |access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref> Bugu da kari, nazarin ilimi ya nuna cewa nuna gaskiya a cikin rabon albarkatu cikas ne: ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗin ''waqf'' sau da yawa suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen tabbatar da tasirin kankare, kamar maido da wuraren da suka lalace.<ref name="hanifah-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Hanifah |first=Sarah Hana |last2=Widiyanti |first2=Dwi Retno |date=2024-02-21 |title=Exploring Contributing Factors to Environmental Disclosures in Islamic Commercial Banks of Indonesia |url=https://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/miec/article/view/23818 |journal=Maliki Islamic Economics Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=88–107 |doi=10.18860/miec.v3i2.23818 |issn=2797-8125 |access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref> Masu sukar kuma suna gargadi game da haɗarin tsari: rashin tsarin doka na hadin gwiwa don kudaden yanayi na Islama ya sa ya zama da wahala a aiwatar da ayyukan da ke da fa'ida a duniya, kuma yana haifar da rikice-rikice game da daidaito na addini na shirye-shirye.<ref name="hermala-2025" /> Duk da iyakokinsu, ana iya fahimtar yiwuwar waɗannan hanyoyin a duniya. Green ''sukuk'' na Indonesia ya zama abin koyi ga ƙasashe kamar [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], yayin da Green Climate Fund ke ganin kudaden Musulunci a matsayin madadin tattara albarkatu daga ƙasashe a cikin Larabawa.<ref name="hermala-2025"/> Masana sun ce nasarar za ta dogara da daidaita ka'idojin kasa da ke buƙatar ƙididdigar kore tare da ƙarfafa haraji wanda zai iya haɓaka sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.<ref name="sutrisno-20242">{{Cite journal |last=Sutrisno |first=Sutrisno |last2=Widarjono |first2=Agus |last3=Hakim |first3=Abdul |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Role of Green Credit in Bank Profitability and Stability: A Case Study on Green Banking in Indonesia |journal=Risks |volume=12 |issue=12 |page=198 |doi=10.3390/risks12120198 |issn=2227-9091 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Kudin sirri == Kudin yanayi masu zaman kansu a Indonesia har yanzu suna ba da fifiko ga saka hannun jari a aikin [[noma]] da [[sufuri]]. Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa shekara ta 2013, an ba da umarnin dala biliyan 5.71 ne kawai don tsabtace makamashi, yana nuna fahimtar babban haɗari a cikin ayyukan sabuntawa. Bankunan cikin gida, waɗanda ke riƙe da kashi 78.6% na kadarorin kuɗi na ƙasar, sun fara karɓar ƙa'idodin muhalli a cikin 2018, bayan da ''Hukumar Kula da Kudi'' (OJK) ta ƙaddamar da shirin kuɗi mai ɗorewa. A cikin 2013, kawai 1.4% na rancen banki an rarraba su a matsayin "kore", suna mai da hankali kan makamashi mai sabuntawa.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ehy4rsf13tg39021tmwah59hohnw8zx 875203 875201 2026-07-03T17:10:18Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Celebrating_the_Pale_Blue_Dot_(49587798436).jpg|thumb|Dalibai a lardin Gabashin Java suna dasa bishiyoyi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ranar Duniya 2022.]] Kuɗin yanayi a Indonesia yana nufin albarkatun kuɗi da aka ware don tallafawa sauyin yanayi da ayyukan daidaittuwa a cikin ƙasar.  A matsayin na biyar mafi girma da ke fitar da iskar gas a duniya, matsayi da aka danganta da sare [[Gandun dajin Falgore na tara dabbobin daji|gandun daji]] (asarar 60,000 km² na gandun daji tsakanin alif 2000 da 2012) da kuma dogaro da albarkatun mai (85% na matrix makamashi a cikin 2023), Indonesiya ita ce mafi girman matsalar sauyin yanayi a lokaci guda kuma mafi girman yanayin duniya.  tasiri, kamar hauhawar matakan teku da tsananta bala'o'i. Kuɗin yanayi a Indonesia yana nufin albarkatun kuɗi da aka ware don tallafawa sauyin yanayi da ayyukan daidaitawa a cikin ƙasar.  A matsayin na biyar mafi girma da ke fitar da iskar gas a duniya, matsayi da aka danganta da sare gandun daji (asarar 60,000 km² na gandun daji tsakanin 2000 da 2012) da kuma dogaro da albarkatun mai (85% na matrix makamashi a cikin 2023), Indonesiya ita ce mafi girman matsalar sauyin yanayi a lokaci guda kuma mafi girman yanayin duniya.  tasiri, kamar hauhawar matakan teku da tsananta bala'o'i. == Yanayin yanayi da tattalin arziki == [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], tsibiri mai tsibirai sama da 17,000 kuma kasa ta hudu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya, tana fuskantar wani yanayi mai sarkakiya ta fuskar ci gaban tattalin arziki da matsalar yanayi, wanda ke da tsarin ci gaba da ya danganci cin gajiyar albarkatun kasa.  Kara gurɓacewar dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da faɗaɗa fannin man dabino ya haifar da mummunar tasiri a zamantakewa da muhalli, yayin da fannin makamashi, wanda ya dogara kacokan akan albarkatun mai, a halin yanzu shine babban tushen fitar da hayaƙi a ƙasar.<ref name="trase-palm-oil-2024">{{Cite web |last=Benedict |first=Jason Jon |last2=Heilmayr |first2=Robert |date=2024-10-08 |title=Trase: Indonesian palm oil exports and deforestation |url=https://www.sei.org/features/indonesian-palm-oil-exports-and-deforestation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319214330/https://www.sei.org/about-sei/ |archive-date=2018-03-19 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Stockholm Environment Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Duk da alkawuran kasa da kasa da kuma yiwuwar tushen sabuntawa, shingen tsari, tallafin kwal, da manufofi masu rarraba suna hana sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin carbon mai ƙarancin, saboda karuwar bukatar makamashi da matsin yanayi. Tare da yawan mutanen da ake sa ran su wuce miliyan 300 nan da shekara ta 2030 da kuma saurin birni, kasar tana fuskantar karuwar Amfani da makamashi da hayakin gas.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Dajin == Murfin gandun daji na Indonesiya, na uku mafi girma a duniya na halittu masu zafi, yana fuskantar matsin lamba na tarihi da ke da alaƙa da tsarin tattalin arziki na tushen kayayyaki kuma yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu sarƙaƙƙiya a mahadar kiyaye gandun daji da bunƙasa tattalin arziki.  A cikin 1900, gandun daji sun rufe kashi 84% na ƙasar, amma a shekara ta 1950, kiyasin tarihi ya nuna cewa hekta miliyan 145 na gandun daji na farko da hekta miliyan 14 na gandun daji na biyu da mangroves sun kasance.]  Daga shekarun 1970s zuwa gaba, yin katako ya sami sikelin masana'antu, yana haɓaka sassa kamar ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda.  Tsakanin 1980 da 2000, ƙarfin haɓakar waɗannan masana'antu ya karu da kashi 700%, wanda ya ɗaga Indonesia zuwa matsayi na tara a cikin manyan masu samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara a duniya..<ref name="tsujino-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Tsujino |first=Riyou |last2=Yumoto |first2=Takakazu |last3=Kitamura |first3=Shumpei |last4=Djamaluddin |first4=Ibrahim |last5=Darnaedi |first5=Dedy |date=2016-11-30 |title=History of forest loss and degradation in Indonesia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264837716305348 |journal=Land Use Policy |volume=57 |pages=335–347 |bibcode=2016LUPol..57..335T |doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.034 |issn=0264-8377 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Hawan hanzarin sare daji ya zama mai mahimmanci a cikin shekarun da suka gabata: tsakanin 1990 da 2000, ƙasar ta rasa hekta miliyan 24 na gandun daji (20% na jimlar ɗaukar hoto), ta bar hekta miliyan 94 (52% na yankin) a cikin 2010.<ref name="tsujino-2016"/> Duk da dakatarwar da aka kafa a kan sabbin kudaden da aka kafa na sare daji a cikin 2011, kulawa mara kyau da cin hanci da rashawa sun ci gaba da kasancewa da yawa, tare da mafi girman hekta 930,000 da aka sare a cikin 2016. <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> <ref name="tenere-sea-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deforestation in Southeast Asia: Causes, Impacts and Solutions |url=https://www.tenereteam.com/blogs/deforestation-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=TenereTeam |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rfmrc-sea">{{Cite web |title=Deforestation in Southeast Asia – RFMRC-SEA |url=https://rfmrc-sea.org/deforestation-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=RFMRC-SEA |language=en}}</ref> Tsakanin 2000 da 2012, kasar ta rasa kusan 60,000 km2 na gandun daji na farko, ta wuce [[Brazil]] a cikin yawan gandun daji a shekara-shekara a cikin 2012 (8,400 km2 da 4,600 km2), wanda yafi yawa ta hanyar fadada gonakin dabino.<ref name="margono-20142">{{Cite journal |last=Margono |first=Belinda Arunarwati |last2=Potapov |first2=Peter V. |last3=Turubanova |first3=Svetlana |last4=Stolle |first4=Fred |last5=Hansen |first5=Matthew C. |date=August 2014 |title=Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2277 |journal=Nature Climate Change |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=730–735 |bibcode=2014NatCC...4..730M |doi=10.1038/nclimate2277 |issn=1758-6798 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Manyan direbobi na sare daji (2001-2016) sun haɗa da fadada man dabino (23% na jimlar), wanda ke da alhakin sauya kai tsaye na hekta miliyan 3.3 na gandun daji, da kuma sauya yankuna zuwa makiyaya ko savannahs (20%), sau da yawa ana danganta su da gobarar da ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="austin-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=Kemen G |last2=Schwantes |first2=Amanda |last3=Gu |first3=Yaofeng |last4=Kasibhatla |first4=Prasad S |date=2019-02-01 |title=What causes deforestation in Indonesia? |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=024007 |bibcode=2019ERL....14b4007A |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |issn=1748-9326 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Karamin aikin gona da kayan aikin katako, kamar hanyoyi da tsaunuka, sun ba da gudummawa 22% da 10%, bi da bi, yayin da ayyukan kamar hakar ma'adinai - musamman hakar ma-nickel a tsibirin [[Sulawesi]], wanda ake buƙata ta duniya don batir - ya kai kashi 5.<ref name="margono-20142"/><ref name="bennett-2023">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Paige |date=2023-11-02 |title=200,000 Hectares of Oil Palm Plantations to Be Converted Into Forests, Indonesia's Government Says |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/palm-oil-plantations-forests-conversion-indonesia.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=EcoWatch}}</ref> Duk da wadannan tasirin, bangarorin man dabino da katako tare suna samar da kusan dala biliyan 45 a cikin kudaden fitarwa a kowace shekara ga Indonesia.<ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> [[Fayil:Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg|left|thumb|Kashe gandun daji na gandun daji don dasa dabino mai.]] Indonesia ita ce babbar mai samar da [[Manja|Man dabino]] a duniya, wanda shine babban albarkatun kasa don Biodiesel.<ref name="bennett-2023"/> Kashe katako da gonakin dabino na mai sun haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki, amma a lokaci guda, suna haifar da sare daji mai yawa.<ref name="earth-deforestation-2022">{{Cite web |last=Shahreen |first=Samiha |date=2022-02-02 |title=Vanishing Act: Deforestation in Indonesia |url=https://earth.org/vanishing-act-deforestation-in-indonesia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202022716/https://earth.org/vanishing-act-deforestation-in-indonesia/ |archive-date=2022-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Earth.Org}}</ref><ref name="austin-2019b">{{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=Kemen G |last2=Schwantes |first2=Amanda |last3=Gu |first3=Yaofeng |last4=Kasibhatla |first4=Prasad S |date=2019-02-01 |title=What causes deforestation in Indonesia? |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=024007 |bibcode=2019ERL....14b4007A |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |issn=1748-9326 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kawai kashi 49% na yankin ƙasar ya rufe da gandun daji, idan aka kwatanta da ƙididdigar tarihi na 84% . <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> <ref name="world-bank-forest-cover">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data – Forest Area (% of Land Area) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS?end=2022&locations=ID&start=1990 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref name="kaltimber-2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-05 |title=Rate of deforestation in Indonesia overtakes Brazil |url=https://www.kaltimber.com/blog/2018/2/5/rate-of-deforestation-in-indonesia-overtakes-brazil |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Kaltimber - Timber merchant - Flooring shop}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2016, gonakin dabino na mai suna da alhakin kashi 23% na wannan sare daji. <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022" /> <ref name="austin-2019b"/> Fadada nau'ikan dabino guda ɗaya a Indonesia, wanda galibi ke hade da maye gurbin dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi ko yankunan noma, ya tsananta matsin muhalli da zamantakewa a karshen karni na 20 da farkon 21st.  An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na sare dazuzzuka da ke da nasaba da sashen - wanda ke da alhakin asarar hekta 840,000 na gandun daji a duk shekara tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2012 - yana faruwa ne ba bisa ka'ida ba..<ref name="petrenko-2016">{{Cite web |last=Petrenko |first=Chelsea |last2=Searle |first2=Stephanie |date=2016-07-11 |title=Ecological impacts of palm oil expansion in Indonesia |url=https://theicct.org/publication/ecological-impacts-of-palm-oil-expansion-in-indonesia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120123456/https://theicct.org/publication/ecological-impacts-of-palm-oil-expansion-in-indonesia/ |archive-date=2022-01-20 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=International Council on Clean Transportation}}</ref> Rushewar filayen ƙasa, wanda ya kama har sau 20 fiye da carbon fiye da dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da ba a cika ambaliya ba, yana haɓaka hayakin carbon dioxide: gobarar da ba ta dace ba da aka saki tsakanin tan biliyan 0.81 zuwa 2.57 na carbon a cikin 1997, daidai da 13-40% na hayaƙin mai na duniya a waccan shekarar..<ref name="varma-20033">{{Cite journal |last=Varma |first=Anshuman |date=2003-08-01 |title=The economics of slash and burn: a case study of the 1997–1998 Indonesian forest fires |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00139-3 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=159–171 |bibcode=2003EcoEc..46..159V |doi=10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00139-3 |issn=0921-8009 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Rashin lalacewar muhalli ya kai ga [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] da [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|albarkatun ruwa]]: kowane ton na man dabino da aka samar yana samar da tan 2.5 na guba mai guba, yana gurɓata yanayin halittu na ruwa.<ref name="petrenko-2016"/> Amfani mai zurfi na agrochemicals, kamar magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da taki, haɗe da [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]] a kan gangaren da suka fi tsayi (ya zama ruwan dare a cikin shuke-shuke), yana ƙara ambaliyar ruwa da yaduwar kogi, yana barazanar ababen more rayuwa.<ref name="afandi-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Afandi |first=AM |last2=Zuraidah |first2=Y |last3=Nurzuhaili |first3=HAZA |last4=Zulkifli |first4=H |last5=Yaqin |first5=M |date=October 2017 |title=Managing Soil Deterioration and Erosion under Oil Palm |url=https://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/opb/ |journal=Oil Palm Bulletin |publisher=Malaysian Palm Oil Board |volume=75 |pages=1–10 |access-date=2025-05-15 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Rashin bambancin halittu yana da mahimmanci, tare da nau'o'in da ke cikin gida kamar Orangutans, Sumatran tigers da giwaye, waɗanda ke fuskantar barazanar gobara da raguwar mazaunin.<ref name="kadandale-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Kadandale |first=Sowmya |last2=Marten |first2=Robert |last3=Smith |first3=Richard |date=2019-02-01 |title=The palm oil industry and noncommunicable diseases |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/BLT.18.220434 |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=118–128 |doi=10.2471/BLT.18.220434 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=6357563 |pmid=30728618 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> A matakin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, koDayak bangaren man dabino yana daukar ma'aikata miliyan 16 kuma yana wakiltar kusan kashi 4.5% na babban kayan cikin gida (GDP), <ref name="trase-palm-oil-2024"/> al'ummomin asali, kamar Dayak a yankin Kalimantan, suna fuskantar tilasta ƙaura da rikice-rikicen ƙasa: fiye da rikicewar yanki 630 da ke da alaƙa da shuke-shuke an rubuta su a shekara ta 2010.<ref name="colchester-2010">{{Cite web |last=Colchester |first=Marcus |date=2010 |title=Palm oil and indigenous peoples in South East Asia: Land acquisition, human rights violations and indigenous peoples on the palm oil frontier |url=https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/publication/2010/10/palmoilandipsasiaexecsumoct10eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811000000/https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/publication/2010/10/palmoilandipsasiaexecsumoct10eng.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Forest Peoples Programme |publisher=International Land Coalition}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar jama'a yana lalacewa ta hanyar gurɓataccen iska - a cikin 2015, haze mai iyaka (Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya) ya ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar 103,300 da ba a kai ba a yankin.]  Bugu da kari, wata korafi da Amnesty International ta yi a shekarar 2016 ta yi ikirarin cewa ma’aikatan kamfanin na Wilmar International sun samu mummunar illa a fannin kiwon lafiya, sakamakon amfani da magungunan ciyawa irin su paraquat, da aka haramta a Turai amma har yanzu ana amfani da su a gonakin dabino, ba tare da isassun kayan kariya ba[.  Mata da yara suna da haɗari musamman ga waɗannan haɗari: ƙananan yara suna aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba don taimaka wa iyaye tare da manufar samarwa, yayin da mata, sau da yawa ana ɗaukar su ba tare da fa'idodin zamantakewa ba, suna kula da sinadarai masu guba..<ref name="amnesty-2016">{{Cite report}}</ref><ref name="varkkey-2015">{{Cite book}}</ref> [[Fayil:Aerial_of_Badak_NGL_natural_gas_refinery.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin Badak LNG na kamfanin gas a Bontang cCty a tsibirin [[Borneo]].]] Sashin makamashi yana da mahimmanci ga muhawara game da yanayin Indonesiya. Duk da samun albarkatun sabuntawa masu yawa kamar makamashi na geothermal, hydropower, da biofuels makamashi ya hada har yanzu ya dogara da 85% burbushin burbushin, musamman kwal da iskar gas.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> An kiyasta bangaren makamashi zai kai kashi 50% zuwa 70% na hayakin da kasar ke fitarwa nan da shekarar 2030, wanda ya zarce sare itatuwa.  Haɓaka buƙatun wutar lantarki, wanda haɓaka masana'antu da haɓaka birane ke haifar da shi, yana ƙoƙarin haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa na tushen kwal, yana haifar da haɗarin "kaddarorin da ba su da tushe" a cikin yanayin lalata duniya.  Hukumar sabunta makamashi ta kasa da kasa (IRENA) ta yi gargadin cewa, idan ba tare da manufofin gaggawa ba, bukatar makamashi za ta karu da kashi 80 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2030, tare da kulle kasar cikin gurbatattun fasahohi da fasahohin zamani na tattalin arziki..<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Bayan yarjejeniyar Paris, gwamnatin Indonesiya ta kafa maƙasudi masu fa'ida don gudummawar da ta ƙaddara ta ƙasa, gami da rage hayakin iskar gas da kashi 29% ta 2030 (ko 41% tare da tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa) da haɓaka rabon makamashi mai sabuntawa zuwa kashi 31% na haɗuwar makamashi ta farko ta 2050. Duk da haka, ƙalubale kamar tallafin burbushin man fetur na tarihi, rashin daidaituwa na tsarin makamashi, rashin daidaituwa a cikin manufofin saɓani, rashin daidaituwa da tsarin tsarin makamashi, da rashin daidaituwa ga tsarin makamashi. sanya wahalar cimma wadannan manufofin. Bincike ya nuna cewa canjin koren tattalin arziki mai yuwuwa, amma yana buƙatar saka hannun jari sosai: hasashen ya nuna cewa ana buƙatar zuba jarin da ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 78 nan da shekarar 2030 don sabunta hanyoyin wutar lantarki na Java da Sumatra, yankuna waɗanda ke da 70% na tsarar ƙasa.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Wing Thye|access-date=Taghizadeh-Hesary}}</ref> Saboda [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] ta kunshi tsibirai 17,508, ƙasar ba ta da cikakken wutar lantarki.<ref name="hidayatullah-2024">{{Cite web |last=Hidayatullah |first=M. Ryan |date=2024-11-21 |title=Electricity infrastructure: Huge costs for inter-island power grid |url=https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centre/infrastructure-news/november-2024/electricity-infrastructure--huge-costs-for-inter-island-power-gr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219000000/https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centre/infrastructure-news/november-2024/electricity-infrastructure--huge-costs-for-inter-island-power-gr.html |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=PwC |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers}}</ref> Yawancin tsibirai sun dogara da tsarin da aka ware don samar da wutar lantarki, waɗanda aka rarraba a yankuna da yawa.<ref name="hidayatullah-2024" /> Kasar tana da niyyar sabunta dukkan tsarin grid dinta, fadada damar da kuma hada da fadada hanyoyin sabuntawa, ban da haɗa tsibirai da juna. Don aiwatar da waɗannan canje-canje, gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa ana buƙatar fiye da dala biliyan 20.<ref name="razak-2024">{{Cite web |last=Razak |first=Imanuddin |date=2024-12-18 |title=Indonesia targets US$20 billion for inter-island electricity transmission |url=https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/energy/indonesia-targets-us20-billion-for-inter-island-electricity-transmission/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Indonesia Business Post}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, jimlar fitar da [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] ta kasar ta kai kimanin tan biliyan 1.2. Babban tushen wadannan hayaki shine bangaren wutar lantarki, tare da tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke da amfani da kwal wanda ke da asusun sama da kashi 60% na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref name="iea-emissions-20242">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia - Emissions |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-data-browser?country=INDONESIA&indicator=CO2BySector |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407000000/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-data-browser?country=INDONESIA&indicator=CO2BySector |archive-date=2024-04-07 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=IEA - Data Browser |publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref><ref name="lakshmi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=A. Anantha |date=2025-01-14 |title=Indonesia's ambition to quit coal hinges on policy reforms |url=https://www.ft.com/content/indonesia-ambition-quit-coal-policy-reform |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> Sauran manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa wanda ya haifar da fadada noman [[Manja|Man dabino]], da ayyukan masana'antu.<ref name="iea-emissions-20242" /><ref name="jong-2024">{{Cite web |last=Jong |first=Hans Nicholas |date=2024-02-13 |title=Palm oil deforestation makes comeback in Indonesia after decade-long slump |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2024/02/palm-oil-deforestation-makes-comeback-in-indonesia-after-decade-long-slump/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref><ref name="ourworldindata-2020">{{Cite web |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-05-11 |title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref><ref name="nusantara-2024">{{Cite web |last=Nusantara |first=Geni Buana |date=2024-11-01 |title=Industrial CO2 Emissions and the Path Towards Decarbonization in Indonesia |url=https://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/energy-issues/industrial-co2-emissions-indonesia.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Geni }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Don rage waɗannan hayaki da cimma burin yanayi, gwamnatin Indonesia ta yi alkawarin ba za ta amince da sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki ba.<ref name="bosse-2024">{{Cite web |last=Bosse |first=Jolana |date=2024-11-20 |title=Indonesia – Climate Performance Ranking 2025 |url=https://ccpi.org/country/idn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420000000/https://ccpi.org/country/idn/ |archive-date=2024-04-20 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Climate Change Performance Index}}</ref><ref name="jong-2021">{{Cite web |last=Jong |first=Hans Nicholas |date=2021-05-12 |title=Indonesia says no new coal plants from 2023 (after the next 100 or so) |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/05/indonesia-says-no-new-coal-plants-from-2023-after-the-next-100-or-so/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref> Kamfanonin da ke saka hannun jari a cikin Carbon Capture, makamashi mai sabuntawa, ko ayyukan kiyaye gandun daji na iya sayar da kudaden carbon a kasuwar da aka tsara ta Indonesia.<ref name="sulaiman-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sulaiman |first=Stefanno |last2=Suroyo |first2=Gayatri |date=2024-09-16 |title=Exclusive: Indonesia's Prabowo plans $65 billion green fund from selling carbon credits |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/exclusive-indonesias-prabowo-plans-65-billion-green-fund-selling-carbon-credits-2024-09-16/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Bangaren sufuri a Indonesiya yana samar da kimanin tan miliyan 150 na CO₂ a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na jimillar hayaƙin ƙasar.  Hanyoyin sufuri (motoci, bas, manyan motoci, da babura) sun kai kashi casa'in cikin ɗari na waɗannan hayaƙi a fannin.  Kodayake zirga-zirgar jama'a ta wanzu kuma tana haɓaka, 72% na Indonesiya har yanzu suna dogaro da jigilar jama'a.  A Jakarta, TransJakarta BRT na ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman tsarin jigilar bas, wanda ke ba da fasinjoji sama da miliyan 1 kowace rana.  A cikin 2023, an kaddamar da layin dogo mai sauri na Jakarta – Bandung, irinsa na farko a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, da nufin rage lokutan balaguro da hayakin da ke hade da su. Indonesia ta kafa manufofi masu ban sha'awa don kaiwa kashi 75% na makamashi mai tsabta nan da shekara ta 2040.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia's Initiative to Advance Green Energy through Green Energy Buyers Dialogue |url=https://jetp-id.org/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=jetp-id.org |publisher=JETP Indonesia }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana ganin bangarorin geothermal da hydropower a matsayin mabuɗin cimma wannan burin.<ref name="iea-electricity-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia - Electricity |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/electricity-statistics-data-browser?country=INDONESIA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319000000/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/electricity-statistics-data-browser?country=INDONESIA |archive-date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=IEA - Data Browser |publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref> Gwamnati da kamfanin wutar lantarki na jihar Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) sun ba da sabbin ka'idoji kuma sun kirkiro kudade don tallafawa wannan ci gaban.<ref name="sastrawijaya-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sastrawijaya |first=Kirana |date=2024-09-26 |title=Renewable Energy 2024 - Indonesia {{!}} Global Practice Guidelines |url=https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/renewable-energy-2024/indonesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010000000/https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/renewable-energy-2024/indonesia |archive-date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Chambers and Partners}}</ref> PLN ta kuma fahimci muhimmancin shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma ta tsara shirye-shirye don haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-dec2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Indonesia's Initiative to Advance Green Energy through Green Energy Buyers Dialogue |url=https://jetp-id.org/news/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206000000/https://jetp-id.org/news/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=jetp-id.org |publisher=JETP Indonesia}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa za a buƙaci dala biliyan 154 don saduwa da burin yanayi.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-dec2024" /><ref name="takyar-2022">{{Cite web |last=Takyar |first=Sarthak |date=2022-03-23 |title=Green infrastructure investment opportunities in Indonesia - REGlobal - Finance |url=https://reglobal.co/green-infrastructure-investment-opportunities-in-indonesia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=REGlobal}}</ref> A halin yanzu, shigar da ƙarfin makamashi mai tsabta yana wakiltar kashi 12% kawai na jimlar.<ref name="iea-electricity-2024" /> A cikin 2023, saka hannun jari mai tsabta a Indonesia ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 497.99, karuwar kashi 78% idan aka kwatanta da 2022 ($ 279.93 miliyan). <ref name="takyar-2022" /><ref name="lontoh-2016">{{Cite web |last=Lontoh |first=Lucky |date=September 2016 |title=Indonesia's Financially Sustainable Electricity Sector |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/indonesia-financially-sustainable-electricity-sector.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317000000/https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/indonesia-financially-sustainable-electricity-sector.pdf |archive-date=2021-03-17 |access-date=2025-06-03 |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development}}</ref><ref name="climatescope-2024">{{Cite web |title=Climatescope 2024 {{!}} Indonesia |url=https://www.global-climatescope.org/markets/indonesia |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=global-climatescope.org}}</ref> Indonesia tana da babbar damar makamashi mai sabuntawa, an kiyasta ya kai kusan 3,500 GW. Babban alkawarin ya kasance a cikin geothermal da hydropower. Don wutar lantarki, yiwuwar kusan 94.3 GW.<ref name="saini-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Saini |first=Makmur |last2=Djalal |first2=Muhammad Ruswandi |last3=Azhar |first3=Muhammad |last4=Patrix |first4=Golda Evangelista |date=2023-04-27 |title=Modeling and implementing a load management system for a solar home system based on Fuzzy Logic |url=https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/sinergi/article/view/17545 |journal=Sinergi |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=261 |doi=10.22441/sinergi.2023.2.014 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="kanugrahan-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Kanugrahan |first=Satria Putra |last2=Hakam |first2=Dzikri Firmansyah |last3=Nugraha |first3=Herry |date=2022-07-23 |title=Techno-Economic Analysis of Indonesia Power Generation Expansion to Achieve Economic Sustainability and Net Zero Carbon 2050 |journal=Sustainability |volume=14 |issue=15 |pages=9038 |bibcode=2022Sust...14.9038K |doi=10.3390/su14159038 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin geothermal, an kiyasta kusan 28.5 GW. <ref name="kanugrahan-2022" /> Har ila yau, Hasken rana yana da kyau sosai, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙasa na Global Horizontal Irradiance Index na 4.8 kWh / m2, yana kaiwa sama da 5.6 kWh / M2 a wasu yankuna na kudancin ƙasar. canjin makamashi Canjin makamashi yana fuskantar tarnaki na tsarin, kamar rashin kasuwar wutar lantarki, rashin gasa ta farashi don abubuwan sabuntawa da kuma tallafi ga albarkatun mai.  Keɓancewar PLN mallakar gwamnati a matsayin mai siyar da makamashi kaɗai ke hana masu kera masu zaman kansu, yayin da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin kuɗi suna iyakance layin bashi don manyan ayyuka.  Bugu da ƙari, rashin samun bayanan gaskiya game da farashi da dawowa yana ƙara haɗarin haɗari tsakanin masu zuba jari.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Masana sun yi nuni da cewa, daidaita manufofi a fadin ma'aikatu, samar da kasuwannin lamuni na carbon da rage tallafin gurbacewar makamashi sune muhimman matakan buda hannun jari.  Ba tare da daukar matakin gaggawa ba, hasashen Bankin Duniya ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi zai iya rage yawan GDP na Indonesia da kashi 7 cikin 100 zuwa 2100, tare da yin illa ga lafiya da muhalli.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Tarihi == === Lokacin mulkin mallaka === Kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai, dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'ummomin gida da dazuzzuka ana tafiyar da ita ta tsarin daidaitawa da amfani mai dorewa, bisa ra'ayoyin duniya masu son rai.  Koyaya, al'ummomi daban-daban da shugabannin yankin sun riga sun tsara yin amfani da gandun daji, filaye da samfuransu, da kafa ƙa'idodin gudanarwa na al'umma waɗanda a yau ke yin tasiri kan muhawara kan haƙƙin ƴan asalin cikin ayyukan REDD+. Yanayin ɗan adam na yankin ya samo asali ne daga akalla shekaru miliyan 1.5, tare da ayyukan da suka biyo baya ta hanyar ƙaura, gami da Austronesians, waɗanda mai yiwuwa suka isa a kusa da 2000 BC. Daga shekara ta 1000 BC zuwa gaba, yawancin waɗannan al'ummomin sun ɗauki al'adun Đông Sơn, wanda ke da alamar noman shinkafar ban ruwa, al'adun bauna da ayyukan megalithic.  Noman shinkafa, musamman a Java, ya haifar da bullar ƙauyuka, masarautu da addinai, waɗanda ke samun goyon bayan al'ummomi masu rikitarwa.  A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, manyan cibiyoyin iko sun bayyana, irin su Daular Srivijaya (Sumatra), daular Sailendra (Java) da kuma, daga baya, daular Majapayit, wacce ta sami babban tasiri a yanki a karni na 14. Tsarin waɗannan mulkoki ya kasance mai ƙarfi. Hakkin ƙasa an haɗa shi da aikin gona, ba mallakar doka ba. Rayuwar yau da kullun na yawancin manoma an yi musu alama da sake zagayowar ruwan sama da kuma haɗarin yunwa. Koyaya, waɗannan al'ummomin sun dogara da cinikayya a cire kayayyakin gandun daji daga yankunan tsaunuka, kamar resin, katako, da albasa, suna kafa haɗin kai tsakanin yankunan bakin teku da na ciki. Jama'ar makiyaya na tsaunuka - mafarauta da masu aikin noma - gabaɗaya ba a haɗa su cikin tsarin jihohi ba. Ba kamar yankin Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba, inda manyan kabilun suka kafa kansu, Indonesia ta mulkin mallaka ta kasance da bambancin kabilanci da harsuna, tare da ainihin asalin gida. A Sulawesi, akwai rubuce-rubuce na aikin ɗan adam na akalla shekaru 40,000. A cikin karni na 14, [[Musulunci]] ya fara yaduwa a yankin, yana samun ƙarfi tare da Musulunci na Masarautar Gowa a cikin karni na 17. Koyaya, al'ummomin tsaunuka kamar waɗanda ke tsakiyar tsibirin sun kasance a gefen jihohi da addinai na duniya har zuwa zuwan mishaneri na Dutch a karni na 20. Wadannan al'ummomin suna kula da ayyukan noma da kuma asalin da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar kakanninsu, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga rikice-rikice game da ƙasa da albarkatu har zuwa yau. [[Fayil:New_Hydrographic_Map_of_the_Sea_and_New_Southern_Lands-_Made_by_the_Cosmographer_and_Mathematician_Emanuel_Godinho_de_Eredia_WDL852.png|left|thumb|Taswirar Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wanda mai zane-zane na Malay-Portuguese Emanuel Godinho na Eredia ya yi a 1602.]] Turawa sun isa tsibirin Indonesiya a farkon karni na 16 a matsayin 'yan kasuwa masu safarar teku don neman kayan yaji irin su nutmeg , cloves , da barkono .  Turawan mulkin mallaka ya faru a hankali sama da shekaru 300-350.  Turawan Portugal ne suka fara kafa wuraren kasuwanci da kagara a tsibirai irin su Ternate da Amboíno, bayan da suka ci Malacca a shekara ta 1512. Duk da haka, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, hankalinsu ya koma wasu yankuna, kamar Brazil da Macau.. A cikin karni na 17, Dutch da Birtaniya sun karu a gabansu, tare da Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Gabashin Indiya da ke neman ya mallaki cinikin kayan yaji.  Gasar ta sa Birtaniyya ta mayar da hankali kan yankin na Indiya, yayin da Hollandawa suka karfafa ikonsu kan noman noma da hakar katako a cikin tsibirai.  A cikin karni na 17, Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya ya ƙaddamar da manufofin kula da muhalli na yau da kullun, yana mai da hankali kan hakar katako.. [[Fayil:KITLV_-_80236_-_Kleingrothe,_C.J._-_Medan_-_Seed_beds_and_barns_under_construction_on_a_tobacco_plantation,_probably_in_the_east_coast_of_Sumatra_-_1898.tif|thumb|Kashe daji don dasa taba a bakin tekun [[Sumatra|Tsibirin Sumatra]], 1898.]] A shekara ta 1808, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ayyana duk dazuzzukan da ba na zaman kansu ba a matsayin mallakar gwamnati, ƙarƙashin gwamna-janar.  A cikin karni na 19, dabarun kiyaye gandun daji don kare magudanar ruwa da noman noma ya haifar da samar da ka'idoji irin su Boschordonatie (1865), wanda ya hana noman canji da kuma kula da gandun daji na Java da Madura.  Agrarische Wet (1870) ya gabatar da ra'ayoyin Yammacin Turai game da kadarori masu zaman kansu, suna ba da izinin hayar ƙasa don shuka.  Waɗannan dokokin sun kori tsarin al'ada (adat) na mulkin ƙasa, musamman a cikin tsibiran ciki, kodayake ayyukan gida sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Sumatra, Borneo, da Papua. A Sulawesi, ikon mulkin mallaka ya kasance iyakance har zuwa karni na 19.  Yarjejeniyar Bongaya (1667) ta tura Sulawesi bakin teku zuwa Dutch, amma yankin cikin gida ya ci gaba da cin gashin kansa har zuwa farkon karni na 20, lokacin da rikice-rikicen cikin gida ya haifar da tsoma bakin Holland.  Shigar da yankuna irin su Dampelas cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka ya haifar da asarar haƙƙin gandun daji na asali, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da shugabannin jihohi. === Jamhuriyar Indonesia === [[Fayil:Nieuws_uit_Nieuw-Guinea,_oriëntatiebezoek_van_Nederlandse_deskundigen_Weeknummer_60-52_-_Open_Beelden_-_17485.ogv|left|thumb|Wani labari na Dutch daga Disamba 1960, wanda ke nuna katako a cikin Kwarin Baliem, Yammacin New Guinea da kuma halin da mutanen Papuan ke ciki a wannan yankin.]] Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1949, Shugaba Sukarno ya ci gaba da tsare tsare-tsaren gudanarwa da aka gada daga mulkin mallaka, gami da manufofin muhalli.  Hasashen wata ƙasa mai haɗin kai ta fuskanci turjiya a wasu tsibiran na waje kamar Sumatra da Sulawesi, inda ƙungiyoyin 'yan aware da kuma buƙatun kafa daular tsarin mulkin Islama suka ƙalubalanci gwamnati a Jakarta.  Amincewa da Bahasa Indonesiya a matsayin harshen ƙasa da akidar Pancasila sun nemi haɗewar kabilanci da bambancin addini, amma an ci gaba da dagula rikicin tarihi tsakanin al'ummomin asali da manufofin jihohi, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice na zamani game da kula da muhalli da ayyukan kiyayewa kamar REDD+ . Shekarun farko na jamhuriyar Indonesiya sun kasance da rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance, inda aka samu firayim minista biyar tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1955 da jam’iyyu 28 a zaben 1955.  Sakamakon zaben ya nuna rarrabuwar kawuna: Jam'iyyar Nationalist ta lashe kashi 22% na kuri'un da aka kada, yayin da jam'iyyun Musulunci (Masjumi da Nahdatul Ulama) suka samu kashi 39%.  A cikin wannan mahallin, Shugaba Sukarno ya ba da shawara a cikin 1956 "dimokuradiyya mai jagoranci", yana nisantar da kansa daga tsarin 'yanci na Yamma.  A cikin 1957, ya fuskanci tawayen 'yan aware a Sumatra kuma tare da goyon bayan soja, ya ayyana dokar soja da karfafa ikon shugaban kasa ta hanyar sake fasalin tsarin mulki.i. A Tsakiyar Sulawesi, yawan jama'a sun fuskanci rikici tsakanin ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye: Protestant Permesta Rebellion a arewa da ƙungiyar Darul Islam ta Musulunci a kudu. Kashewar Kahar Muzakkar, shugaban Bugis, don yin sulhu da zaman lafiya ya haifar da shiga cikin 'yan tawayen Islama, wadanda suka kai hari kan kauyuka na animist da na Kirista, wanda ya haifar da daruruwan mutuwar. Tawayen Permesta, ko da yake an murkushe shi a shekara ta 1957, ya bar tashin hankali na kabilanci da addini. A cikin kula da gandun daji, ka'idojin mulkin mallaka sun kasance suna aiki har zuwa shekarun 1950. A shekara ta 1957, dokar shugaban kasa ta ba larduna ikon bayar da izinin katako har zuwa hekta 10,000, samar da kudaden shiga na gida amma ba tare da warware rikice-rikice tsakanin haƙƙin al'ada (''Adata'') da dokokin hukuma ba. Dokar Agrarian ta asali ta 1960, har yanzu tana aiki, ta nemi daidaita waɗannan ƙa'idodi, ta ba da ƙasa aikin zamantakewa da sake rarraba, amma ta kasa warware rikice-rikice na ƙasa, musamman a tsibirai na waje. Ƙaddamar da ikon soja a ƙarƙashin Suharto, bayan juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba a 1965, ya haifar da zalunci na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci (PKI), tare da kiyasin mutuwar 300,000 zuwa miliyan 1.  Juyin mulkin zuwa “Sabuwar tsari” ya mayar da jihar a tsakiya, inda jam’iyyar Golkar ta mamaye zaben da aka yi magudi a tsakanin 1971 da 1993.. Dokar Kayan Kayan Kudancin 1967 ta sake bayyana kashi 70 cikin 100 na yankin a matsayin "kayan Kudanar Jiha", ta ba da ƙasashe na al'ada ga ikon Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona (daga baya Ma'aikalin Kudancin). Manufofin cin zarafi masu zurfi, gami da katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, cibiyoyin sadarwar abokan ciniki, suna amfana da dangin Suharto da abokan tarayya, musamman a masana'antar man dabino. Shirin ƙaura, wanda aka gada daga zamanin mulkin mallaka, ya sake komawa Javanese da Balinese miliyan 5 zuwa tsibirai na waje tsakanin 1975 da 1989, a ƙarƙashin tabbatar da daidaitattun yawan jama'a amma an yi niyya ne ga ikon siyasa. A Tsakiyar Sulawesi, rikice-rikice tsakanin baƙi da al'ummomin yankin sun fashe a cikin shekarun 1990, tare da lalata dubban gidaje da kuma fitar da mutane 70,000. === Gyara da ƙalubalen zamani === Murabus da Suharto ya yi a shekarar 1998, biyo bayan rikicin tattalin arziki da zanga-zanga, ya haifar da zamanin sake fasalin, tare da karkatar da ikon siyasa a wani bangare ta hanyar yin garambawul.  Duk da haka, sake dawo da ikon tsakiya a kan gandun daji a cikin 2002, matsin lamba daga kamfanonin katako, ya ci gaba da tayar da hankali.  Dokar gandun daji ta 31/1999 ta kiyaye dazuzzukan al'ada a matsayin mallakar ƙasa, yayin da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar suka bukaci cikakken amincewa da yankunan adat.. Gwamnatocin bayan-Suharto, irin su na Megawati Sukarnoputri (2001-2004) da Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004-2014), sun fuskanci cin hanci da rashawa da rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa.  Zaben Joko Widodo a shekarar 2014 ya yi alkawarin kawo sauyi, amma aka ci gaba da sukar lamirin rangwame ga jiga-jigan tattalin arziki.. == Tallafin jama'a == A matakin kasa da kasa, abokan tarayya irin su Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green da shirye-shiryen bangarorin biyu sun ba da gudummawar kashi 34% na kuɗaɗen sauyin yanayi a cikin 2011, amma yawancinsu an ba da su ta hanyar Asusun Kula da Canjin Yanayi na Indonesia (ICCTF), wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 2009 don daidaita albarkatu.  Duk da haka, aiwatar da aikin yana fuskantar cikas na fasaha da na ofis, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar jinkirin fitar da dalar Amurka miliyan 400 da aka ware don samar da makamashin ƙasa tsakanin 2010 da 2015..<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Kayan Tattalin Arziki na Musulunci == Indonesia, a matsayin babbar ƙasar musulmai a duniya, tana haɗa kayan aikin kudi na Islama a cikin dabarun kudi na yanayi, haɗa ka'idodin addini tare da manufofin muhalli. Green sukuk (Sharia -aligned green bonds) da ''waqf'' na muhalli (kyautar addini don ayyukan muhalli) sanannun ne a matsayin hanyoyin da za a tallafa wa sauyawar kasar don cimma burin duniya kamar [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]] . <ref name="jannah-20202">{{Cite journal |last=Jannah |first=Miftahul |last2=Sarkawi |first2=Azila |last3=Othman |first3=Jamilah |date=2020-12-31 |title=Legalization of Waqf Forests in Indonesia: The Registration Process |url=https://ilrev.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/629 |journal=Indonesia Law Review |volume=10 |issue=3 |doi=10.15742/ilrev.v10n3.629 |issn=2356-2129 |access-date=2025-05-12 |archive-date=2021-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127172322/http://ilrev.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/629 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="idris-2025">{{Cite web |last=Idris |first=Siti Hafsyah |last2=Chang |first2=Lee Wei |last3=Prihandono |first3=Iman |date=2025-01-12 |title=Malaysia, Indonesia's journey in pushing for green finance |url=https://www.eco-business.com/news/malaysia-indonesias-journey-in-pushing-for-green-finance/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117000000/https://www.eco-business.com/news/malaysia-indonesias-journey-in-pushing-for-green-finance/ |archive-date=2025-01-17 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Eco-Business}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, gwamnatin Indonesia ta ba da ''sukuk'' mai zaman kanta na farko a duniya, wanda ya tara dala biliyan 1.25 don ayyukan sabunta makamashi da [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaita yanayin yanayi]]. An rarraba kudaden ne a karkashin Green Bond da Green Sukuk Framework, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi da Muhalli ta Duniya (CICERO) ta sake dubawa, wanda ya kimanta shirye-shiryen a matsayin matsakaici ko babban damar rage hayaki.<ref name="idris-2025"/> Daga cikin ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗi shine tashar wutar lantarki ta Sarulla a Arewacin Sumatra, wanda ke guje wa tan miliyan 1.3 na hayakin CO2 a kowace shekara.<ref name="sulistiawati-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sulistiawati |first=Linda Yanti |date=2024-11-25 |title=Indonesia's Climate Policy: Lost in Translation? |url=https://www.kas.de/en/web/indonesien/single-title/-/content/indonesia-s-climate-policy-lost-in-translation |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Konrad Adenauer Stiftung}}</ref> A karkashin wakafi, Indonesiya ta samar da dazuzzukan dazuzzuka kamar Aceh Besar da Bogor, inda ake maida filaye da aka ba da kyauta zuwa wuraren kiyayewa.  Tsarin halatta ya ƙunshi hukumomin gwamnati da yawa, ciki har da ma'aikatar muhalli, gandun daji da sauyin yanayi, don tabbatar da bin dokokin ƙasa da ƙa'idodin Musulunci.  Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, kasar tana da sama da hekta 160,000 na kasar wakafi, wanda kashi 61% daga ciki aka ba da shaida, kodayake kasa da kashi 1% an ware su ne don ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="jannah-20202"/> Ƙalubalen sun kasance, kamar rikitarwa na tasirin tasirin: binciken kai tsaye ya nuna cewa kashi 30% na ayyukan da sukuk mai kore ya tallafawa tsakanin 2018 da 2022 sun kasa cimma burin rage fitar da hayaki.<ref name="sulistiawati-2024"/> Bugu da ƙari, rashin daidaitattun ka'idoji don ''waqfs'' na muhalli yana haifar da rikice-rikice game da amfani da ƙasar da aka ba da gudummawa, musamman a yankunan da ke da rikicewar ƙasa na tarihi.<ref name="jannah-20202"/> Duk da ci gaba, binciken yana nuna ƙalubalen tsari. Binciken da Babban Bankin Indonesia ya yi ya nuna cewa kashi 3% ne kawai na takardun shaida masu ɗorewa da aka bayar tsakanin 2020 da 2023 sune ''sukuk'' kore, wanda ke nuna rikitarwa na jan hankalin masu saka hannun jari na al'ada saboda rashin daidaitattun ma'aunin muhalli.<ref name="hermala-2025">{{Cite journal |last=Hermala |first=Irvan |last2=Sunitiyoso |first2=Yos |last3=Sudrajad |first3=Oktofa Yudha |date=2025 |title=Green Financing Using Islamic Finance Instruments in Indonesia: A Bibliometrics and Literature Review |url=https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/17208 |journal=International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy |volume=1 |pages=239–248 |doi=10.32479/ijeep.17208 |issn=2146-4553 |access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref> Bugu da kari, nazarin ilimi ya nuna cewa nuna gaskiya a cikin rabon albarkatu cikas ne: ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗin ''waqf'' sau da yawa suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen tabbatar da tasirin kankare, kamar maido da wuraren da suka lalace.<ref name="hanifah-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Hanifah |first=Sarah Hana |last2=Widiyanti |first2=Dwi Retno |date=2024-02-21 |title=Exploring Contributing Factors to Environmental Disclosures in Islamic Commercial Banks of Indonesia |url=https://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/miec/article/view/23818 |journal=Maliki Islamic Economics Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=88–107 |doi=10.18860/miec.v3i2.23818 |issn=2797-8125 |access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref> Masu sukar kuma suna gargadi game da haɗarin tsari: rashin tsarin doka na hadin gwiwa don kudaden yanayi na Islama ya sa ya zama da wahala a aiwatar da ayyukan da ke da fa'ida a duniya, kuma yana haifar da rikice-rikice game da daidaito na addini na shirye-shirye.<ref name="hermala-2025" /> Duk da iyakokinsu, ana iya fahimtar yiwuwar waɗannan hanyoyin a duniya. Green ''sukuk'' na Indonesia ya zama abin koyi ga ƙasashe kamar [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], yayin da Green Climate Fund ke ganin kudaden Musulunci a matsayin madadin tattara albarkatu daga ƙasashe a cikin Larabawa.<ref name="hermala-2025"/> Masana sun ce nasarar za ta dogara da daidaita ka'idojin kasa da ke buƙatar ƙididdigar kore tare da ƙarfafa haraji wanda zai iya haɓaka sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.<ref name="sutrisno-20242">{{Cite journal |last=Sutrisno |first=Sutrisno |last2=Widarjono |first2=Agus |last3=Hakim |first3=Abdul |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Role of Green Credit in Bank Profitability and Stability: A Case Study on Green Banking in Indonesia |journal=Risks |volume=12 |issue=12 |page=198 |doi=10.3390/risks12120198 |issn=2227-9091 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Kudin sirri == Kudin yanayi masu zaman kansu a Indonesia har yanzu suna ba da fifiko ga saka hannun jari a aikin [[noma]] da [[sufuri]]. Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa shekara ta 2013, an ba da umarnin dala biliyan 5.71 ne kawai don tsabtace makamashi, yana nuna fahimtar babban haɗari a cikin ayyukan sabuntawa. Bankunan cikin gida, waɗanda ke riƙe da kashi 78.6% na kadarorin kuɗi na ƙasar, sun fara karɓar ƙa'idodin muhalli a cikin 2018, bayan da ''Hukumar Kula da Kudi'' (OJK) ta ƙaddamar da shirin kuɗi mai ɗorewa. A cikin 2013, kawai 1.4% na rancen banki an rarraba su a matsayin "kore", suna mai da hankali kan makamashi mai sabuntawa.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2fcv3zyihh050dwtt9d3nvkia1b5h7s 875207 875203 2026-07-03T17:11:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Celebrating_the_Pale_Blue_Dot_(49587798436).jpg|thumb|Dalibai a lardin Gabashin Java suna dasa bishiyoyi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ranar Duniya 2022.]] Kuɗin yanayi a Indonesia yana nufin albarkatun kuɗi da aka ware don tallafawa sauyin yanayi da ayyukan daidaittuwa a cikin ƙasar.  A matsayin na biyar mafi girma da ke fitar da iskar gas a duniya, matsayi da aka danganta da sare [[Gandun dajin Falgore na tara dabbobin daji|gandun daji]] (asarar 60,000 km² na gandun daji tsakanin alif 2000 da 2012) da kuma dogaro da albarkatun mai (85% na matrix makamashi a cikin 2023), Indonesiya ita ce mafi girman matsalar sauyin yanayi a lokaci guda kuma mafi girman yanayin duniya.  tasiri, kamar hauhawar matakan teku da tsananta bala'o'i. Kuɗin yanayi a Indonesia yana nufin albarkatun kuɗi da aka ware don tallafawa sauyin yanayi da ayyukan daidaitawa a cikin ƙasar.  A matsayin na biyar mafi girma da ke fitar da iskar gas a duniya, matsayi da aka danganta da sare gandun daji (asarar 60,000 km² na gandun daji tsakanin 2000 da 2012) da kuma dogaro da albarkatun mai (85% na matrix makamashi a cikin 2023), Indonesiya ita ce mafi girman matsalar sauyin yanayi a lokaci guda kuma mafi girman yanayin duniya.  tasiri, kamar hauhawar matakan teku da tsananta bala'o'i. == Yanayin yanayi da tattalin arziki == [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], tsibiri mai tsibirai sama da 17,000 kuma kasa ta hudu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya, tana fuskantar wani yanayi mai sarkakiya ta fuskar ci gaban tattalin arziki da matsalar yanayi, wanda ke da tsarin ci gaba da ya danganci cin gajiyar albarkatun kasa.  Kara gurɓacewar dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da faɗaɗa fannin man dabino ya haifar da mummunar tasiri a zamantakewa da muhalli, yayin da fannin makamashi, wanda ya dogara kacokan akan albarkatun mai, a halin yanzu shine babban tushen fitar da hayaƙi a ƙasar.<ref name="trase-palm-oil-2024">{{Cite web |last=Benedict |first=Jason Jon |last2=Heilmayr |first2=Robert |date=2024-10-08 |title=Trase: Indonesian palm oil exports and deforestation |url=https://www.sei.org/features/indonesian-palm-oil-exports-and-deforestation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319214330/https://www.sei.org/about-sei/ |archive-date=2018-03-19 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Stockholm Environment Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Duk da alkawuran kasa da kasa da kuma yiwuwar tushen sabuntawa, shingen tsari, tallafin kwal, da manufofi masu rarraba suna hana sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin carbon mai ƙarancin, saboda karuwar bukatar makamashi da matsin yanayi. Tare da yawan mutanen da ake sa ran su wuce miliyan 300 nan da shekara ta 2030 da kuma saurin birni, kasar tana fuskantar karuwar Amfani da makamashi da hayakin gas.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Dajin == Murfin gandun daji na Indonisiya, na uku mafi girma a duniya na halittu masu zafi, yana fuskantar matsin lamba na tarihi da ke da alaƙa da tsarin tattalin arziki na tushen kayayyaki kuma yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu sarƙaƙƙiya a mahadar kiyaye gandun daji da bunƙasa tattalin arziki.  A cikin 1900, gandun daji sun rufe kashi 84% na ƙasar, amma a shekara ta 1950, kiyasin tarihi ya nuna cewa hekta miliyan 145 na gandun daji na farko da hekta miliyan 14 na gandun daji na biyu da mangroves sun kasance.]  Daga shekarun 1970s zuwa gaba, yin katako ya sami sikelin masana'antu, yana haɓaka sassa kamar ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda.  Tsakanin 1980 da 2000, ƙarfin haɓakar waɗannan masana'antu ya karu da kashi 700%, wanda ya ɗaga Indonesia zuwa matsayi na tara a cikin manyan masu samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara a duniya..<ref name="tsujino-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Tsujino |first=Riyou |last2=Yumoto |first2=Takakazu |last3=Kitamura |first3=Shumpei |last4=Djamaluddin |first4=Ibrahim |last5=Darnaedi |first5=Dedy |date=2016-11-30 |title=History of forest loss and degradation in Indonesia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264837716305348 |journal=Land Use Policy |volume=57 |pages=335–347 |bibcode=2016LUPol..57..335T |doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.034 |issn=0264-8377 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Hawan hanzarin sare daji ya zama mai mahimmanci a cikin shekarun da suka gabata: tsakanin 1990 da 2000, ƙasar ta rasa hekta miliyan 24 na gandun daji (20% na jimlar ɗaukar hoto), ta bar hekta miliyan 94 (52% na yankin) a cikin 2010.<ref name="tsujino-2016"/> Duk da dakatarwar da aka kafa a kan sabbin kudaden da aka kafa na sare daji a cikin 2011, kulawa mara kyau da cin hanci da rashawa sun ci gaba da kasancewa da yawa, tare da mafi girman hekta 930,000 da aka sare a cikin 2016. <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> <ref name="tenere-sea-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deforestation in Southeast Asia: Causes, Impacts and Solutions |url=https://www.tenereteam.com/blogs/deforestation-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=TenereTeam |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rfmrc-sea">{{Cite web |title=Deforestation in Southeast Asia – RFMRC-SEA |url=https://rfmrc-sea.org/deforestation-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=RFMRC-SEA |language=en}}</ref> Tsakanin 2000 da 2012, kasar ta rasa kusan 60,000 km2 na gandun daji na farko, ta wuce [[Brazil]] a cikin yawan gandun daji a shekara-shekara a cikin 2012 (8,400 km2 da 4,600 km2), wanda yafi yawa ta hanyar fadada gonakin dabino.<ref name="margono-20142">{{Cite journal |last=Margono |first=Belinda Arunarwati |last2=Potapov |first2=Peter V. |last3=Turubanova |first3=Svetlana |last4=Stolle |first4=Fred |last5=Hansen |first5=Matthew C. |date=August 2014 |title=Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2277 |journal=Nature Climate Change |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=730–735 |bibcode=2014NatCC...4..730M |doi=10.1038/nclimate2277 |issn=1758-6798 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Manyan direbobi na sare daji (2001-2016) sun haɗa da fadada man dabino (23% na jimlar), wanda ke da alhakin sauya kai tsaye na hekta miliyan 3.3 na gandun daji, da kuma sauya yankuna zuwa makiyaya ko savannahs (20%), sau da yawa ana danganta su da gobarar da ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="austin-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=Kemen G |last2=Schwantes |first2=Amanda |last3=Gu |first3=Yaofeng |last4=Kasibhatla |first4=Prasad S |date=2019-02-01 |title=What causes deforestation in Indonesia? |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=024007 |bibcode=2019ERL....14b4007A |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |issn=1748-9326 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Karamin aikin gona da kayan aikin katako, kamar hanyoyi da tsaunuka, sun ba da gudummawa 22% da 10%, bi da bi, yayin da ayyukan kamar hakar ma'adinai - musamman hakar ma-nickel a tsibirin [[Sulawesi]], wanda ake buƙata ta duniya don batir - ya kai kashi 5.<ref name="margono-20142"/><ref name="bennett-2023">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Paige |date=2023-11-02 |title=200,000 Hectares of Oil Palm Plantations to Be Converted Into Forests, Indonesia's Government Says |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/palm-oil-plantations-forests-conversion-indonesia.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=EcoWatch}}</ref> Duk da wadannan tasirin, bangarorin man dabino da katako tare suna samar da kusan dala biliyan 45 a cikin kudaden fitarwa a kowace shekara ga Indonesia.<ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> [[Fayil:Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg|left|thumb|Kashe gandun daji na gandun daji don dasa dabino mai.]] Indonesia ita ce babbar mai samar da [[Manja|Man dabino]] a duniya, wanda shine babban albarkatun kasa don Biodiesel.<ref name="bennett-2023"/> Kashe katako da gonakin dabino na mai sun haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki, amma a lokaci guda, suna haifar da sare daji mai yawa.<ref name="earth-deforestation-2022">{{Cite web |last=Shahreen |first=Samiha |date=2022-02-02 |title=Vanishing Act: Deforestation in Indonesia |url=https://earth.org/vanishing-act-deforestation-in-indonesia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202022716/https://earth.org/vanishing-act-deforestation-in-indonesia/ |archive-date=2022-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Earth.Org}}</ref><ref name="austin-2019b">{{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=Kemen G |last2=Schwantes |first2=Amanda |last3=Gu |first3=Yaofeng |last4=Kasibhatla |first4=Prasad S |date=2019-02-01 |title=What causes deforestation in Indonesia? |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=024007 |bibcode=2019ERL....14b4007A |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |issn=1748-9326 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kawai kashi 49% na yankin ƙasar ya rufe da gandun daji, idan aka kwatanta da ƙididdigar tarihi na 84% . <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> <ref name="world-bank-forest-cover">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data – Forest Area (% of Land Area) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS?end=2022&locations=ID&start=1990 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref name="kaltimber-2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-05 |title=Rate of deforestation in Indonesia overtakes Brazil |url=https://www.kaltimber.com/blog/2018/2/5/rate-of-deforestation-in-indonesia-overtakes-brazil |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Kaltimber - Timber merchant - Flooring shop}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2016, gonakin dabino na mai suna da alhakin kashi 23% na wannan sare daji. <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022" /> <ref name="austin-2019b"/> Fadada nau'ikan dabino guda ɗaya a Indonesia, wanda galibi ke hade da maye gurbin dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi ko yankunan noma, ya tsananta matsin muhalli da zamantakewa a karshen karni na 20 da farkon 21st.  An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na sare dazuzzuka da ke da nasaba da sashen - wanda ke da alhakin asarar hekta 840,000 na gandun daji a duk shekara tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2012 - yana faruwa ne ba bisa ka'ida ba..<ref name="petrenko-2016">{{Cite web |last=Petrenko |first=Chelsea |last2=Searle |first2=Stephanie |date=2016-07-11 |title=Ecological impacts of palm oil expansion in Indonesia |url=https://theicct.org/publication/ecological-impacts-of-palm-oil-expansion-in-indonesia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120123456/https://theicct.org/publication/ecological-impacts-of-palm-oil-expansion-in-indonesia/ |archive-date=2022-01-20 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=International Council on Clean Transportation}}</ref> Rushewar filayen ƙasa, wanda ya kama har sau 20 fiye da carbon fiye da dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da ba a cika ambaliya ba, yana haɓaka hayakin carbon dioxide: gobarar da ba ta dace ba da aka saki tsakanin tan biliyan 0.81 zuwa 2.57 na carbon a cikin 1997, daidai da 13-40% na hayaƙin mai na duniya a waccan shekarar..<ref name="varma-20033">{{Cite journal |last=Varma |first=Anshuman |date=2003-08-01 |title=The economics of slash and burn: a case study of the 1997–1998 Indonesian forest fires |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00139-3 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=159–171 |bibcode=2003EcoEc..46..159V |doi=10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00139-3 |issn=0921-8009 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Rashin lalacewar muhalli ya kai ga [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] da [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|albarkatun ruwa]]: kowane ton na man dabino da aka samar yana samar da tan 2.5 na guba mai guba, yana gurɓata yanayin halittu na ruwa.<ref name="petrenko-2016"/> Amfani mai zurfi na agrochemicals, kamar magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da taki, haɗe da [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]] a kan gangaren da suka fi tsayi (ya zama ruwan dare a cikin shuke-shuke), yana ƙara ambaliyar ruwa da yaduwar kogi, yana barazanar ababen more rayuwa.<ref name="afandi-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Afandi |first=AM |last2=Zuraidah |first2=Y |last3=Nurzuhaili |first3=HAZA |last4=Zulkifli |first4=H |last5=Yaqin |first5=M |date=October 2017 |title=Managing Soil Deterioration and Erosion under Oil Palm |url=https://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/opb/ |journal=Oil Palm Bulletin |publisher=Malaysian Palm Oil Board |volume=75 |pages=1–10 |access-date=2025-05-15 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Rashin bambancin halittu yana da mahimmanci, tare da nau'o'in da ke cikin gida kamar Orangutans, Sumatran tigers da giwaye, waɗanda ke fuskantar barazanar gobara da raguwar mazaunin.<ref name="kadandale-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Kadandale |first=Sowmya |last2=Marten |first2=Robert |last3=Smith |first3=Richard |date=2019-02-01 |title=The palm oil industry and noncommunicable diseases |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/BLT.18.220434 |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=118–128 |doi=10.2471/BLT.18.220434 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=6357563 |pmid=30728618 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> A matakin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, koDayak bangaren man dabino yana daukar ma'aikata miliyan 16 kuma yana wakiltar kusan kashi 4.5% na babban kayan cikin gida (GDP), <ref name="trase-palm-oil-2024"/> al'ummomin asali, kamar Dayak a yankin Kalimantan, suna fuskantar tilasta ƙaura da rikice-rikicen ƙasa: fiye da rikicewar yanki 630 da ke da alaƙa da shuke-shuke an rubuta su a shekara ta 2010.<ref name="colchester-2010">{{Cite web |last=Colchester |first=Marcus |date=2010 |title=Palm oil and indigenous peoples in South East Asia: Land acquisition, human rights violations and indigenous peoples on the palm oil frontier |url=https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/publication/2010/10/palmoilandipsasiaexecsumoct10eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811000000/https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/publication/2010/10/palmoilandipsasiaexecsumoct10eng.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Forest Peoples Programme |publisher=International Land Coalition}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar jama'a yana lalacewa ta hanyar gurɓataccen iska - a cikin 2015, haze mai iyaka (Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya) ya ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar 103,300 da ba a kai ba a yankin.]  Bugu da kari, wata korafi da Amnesty International ta yi a shekarar 2016 ta yi ikirarin cewa ma’aikatan kamfanin na Wilmar International sun samu mummunar illa a fannin kiwon lafiya, sakamakon amfani da magungunan ciyawa irin su paraquat, da aka haramta a Turai amma har yanzu ana amfani da su a gonakin dabino, ba tare da isassun kayan kariya ba[.  Mata da yara suna da haɗari musamman ga waɗannan haɗari: ƙananan yara suna aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba don taimaka wa iyaye tare da manufar samarwa, yayin da mata, sau da yawa ana ɗaukar su ba tare da fa'idodin zamantakewa ba, suna kula da sinadarai masu guba..<ref name="amnesty-2016">{{Cite report}}</ref><ref name="varkkey-2015">{{Cite book}}</ref> [[Fayil:Aerial_of_Badak_NGL_natural_gas_refinery.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin Badak LNG na kamfanin gas a Bontang cCty a tsibirin [[Borneo]].]] Sashin makamashi yana da mahimmanci ga muhawara game da yanayin Indonesiya. Duk da samun albarkatun sabuntawa masu yawa kamar makamashi na geothermal, hydropower, da biofuels makamashi ya hada har yanzu ya dogara da 85% burbushin burbushin, musamman kwal da iskar gas.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> An kiyasta bangaren makamashi zai kai kashi 50% zuwa 70% na hayakin da kasar ke fitarwa nan da shekarar 2030, wanda ya zarce sare itatuwa.  Haɓaka buƙatun wutar lantarki, wanda haɓaka masana'antu da haɓaka birane ke haifar da shi, yana ƙoƙarin haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa na tushen kwal, yana haifar da haɗarin "kaddarorin da ba su da tushe" a cikin yanayin lalata duniya.  Hukumar sabunta makamashi ta kasa da kasa (IRENA) ta yi gargadin cewa, idan ba tare da manufofin gaggawa ba, bukatar makamashi za ta karu da kashi 80 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2030, tare da kulle kasar cikin gurbatattun fasahohi da fasahohin zamani na tattalin arziki..<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Bayan yarjejeniyar Paris, gwamnatin Indonesiya ta kafa maƙasudi masu fa'ida don gudummawar da ta ƙaddara ta ƙasa, gami da rage hayakin iskar gas da kashi 29% ta 2030 (ko 41% tare da tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa) da haɓaka rabon makamashi mai sabuntawa zuwa kashi 31% na haɗuwar makamashi ta farko ta 2050. Duk da haka, ƙalubale kamar tallafin burbushin man fetur na tarihi, rashin daidaituwa na tsarin makamashi, rashin daidaituwa a cikin manufofin saɓani, rashin daidaituwa da tsarin tsarin makamashi, da rashin daidaituwa ga tsarin makamashi. sanya wahalar cimma wadannan manufofin. Bincike ya nuna cewa canjin koren tattalin arziki mai yuwuwa, amma yana buƙatar saka hannun jari sosai: hasashen ya nuna cewa ana buƙatar zuba jarin da ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 78 nan da shekarar 2030 don sabunta hanyoyin wutar lantarki na Java da Sumatra, yankuna waɗanda ke da 70% na tsarar ƙasa.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Wing Thye|access-date=Taghizadeh-Hesary}}</ref> Saboda [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] ta kunshi tsibirai 17,508, ƙasar ba ta da cikakken wutar lantarki.<ref name="hidayatullah-2024">{{Cite web |last=Hidayatullah |first=M. Ryan |date=2024-11-21 |title=Electricity infrastructure: Huge costs for inter-island power grid |url=https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centre/infrastructure-news/november-2024/electricity-infrastructure--huge-costs-for-inter-island-power-gr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219000000/https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centre/infrastructure-news/november-2024/electricity-infrastructure--huge-costs-for-inter-island-power-gr.html |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=PwC |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers}}</ref> Yawancin tsibirai sun dogara da tsarin da aka ware don samar da wutar lantarki, waɗanda aka rarraba a yankuna da yawa.<ref name="hidayatullah-2024" /> Kasar tana da niyyar sabunta dukkan tsarin grid dinta, fadada damar da kuma hada da fadada hanyoyin sabuntawa, ban da haɗa tsibirai da juna. Don aiwatar da waɗannan canje-canje, gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa ana buƙatar fiye da dala biliyan 20.<ref name="razak-2024">{{Cite web |last=Razak |first=Imanuddin |date=2024-12-18 |title=Indonesia targets US$20 billion for inter-island electricity transmission |url=https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/energy/indonesia-targets-us20-billion-for-inter-island-electricity-transmission/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Indonesia Business Post}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, jimlar fitar da [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] ta kasar ta kai kimanin tan biliyan 1.2. Babban tushen wadannan hayaki shine bangaren wutar lantarki, tare da tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke da amfani da kwal wanda ke da asusun sama da kashi 60% na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref name="iea-emissions-20242">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia - Emissions |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-data-browser?country=INDONESIA&indicator=CO2BySector |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407000000/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-data-browser?country=INDONESIA&indicator=CO2BySector |archive-date=2024-04-07 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=IEA - Data Browser |publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref><ref name="lakshmi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=A. Anantha |date=2025-01-14 |title=Indonesia's ambition to quit coal hinges on policy reforms |url=https://www.ft.com/content/indonesia-ambition-quit-coal-policy-reform |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> Sauran manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa wanda ya haifar da fadada noman [[Manja|Man dabino]], da ayyukan masana'antu.<ref name="iea-emissions-20242" /><ref name="jong-2024">{{Cite web |last=Jong |first=Hans Nicholas |date=2024-02-13 |title=Palm oil deforestation makes comeback in Indonesia after decade-long slump |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2024/02/palm-oil-deforestation-makes-comeback-in-indonesia-after-decade-long-slump/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref><ref name="ourworldindata-2020">{{Cite web |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-05-11 |title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref><ref name="nusantara-2024">{{Cite web |last=Nusantara |first=Geni Buana |date=2024-11-01 |title=Industrial CO2 Emissions and the Path Towards Decarbonization in Indonesia |url=https://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/energy-issues/industrial-co2-emissions-indonesia.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Geni }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Don rage waɗannan hayaki da cimma burin yanayi, gwamnatin Indonesia ta yi alkawarin ba za ta amince da sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki ba.<ref name="bosse-2024">{{Cite web |last=Bosse |first=Jolana |date=2024-11-20 |title=Indonesia – Climate Performance Ranking 2025 |url=https://ccpi.org/country/idn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420000000/https://ccpi.org/country/idn/ |archive-date=2024-04-20 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Climate Change Performance Index}}</ref><ref name="jong-2021">{{Cite web |last=Jong |first=Hans Nicholas |date=2021-05-12 |title=Indonesia says no new coal plants from 2023 (after the next 100 or so) |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/05/indonesia-says-no-new-coal-plants-from-2023-after-the-next-100-or-so/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref> Kamfanonin da ke saka hannun jari a cikin Carbon Capture, makamashi mai sabuntawa, ko ayyukan kiyaye gandun daji na iya sayar da kudaden carbon a kasuwar da aka tsara ta Indonesia.<ref name="sulaiman-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sulaiman |first=Stefanno |last2=Suroyo |first2=Gayatri |date=2024-09-16 |title=Exclusive: Indonesia's Prabowo plans $65 billion green fund from selling carbon credits |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/exclusive-indonesias-prabowo-plans-65-billion-green-fund-selling-carbon-credits-2024-09-16/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Bangaren sufuri a Indonesiya yana samar da kimanin tan miliyan 150 na CO₂ a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na jimillar hayaƙin ƙasar.  Hanyoyin sufuri (motoci, bas, manyan motoci, da babura) sun kai kashi casa'in cikin ɗari na waɗannan hayaƙi a fannin.  Kodayake zirga-zirgar jama'a ta wanzu kuma tana haɓaka, 72% na Indonesiya har yanzu suna dogaro da jigilar jama'a.  A Jakarta, TransJakarta BRT na ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman tsarin jigilar bas, wanda ke ba da fasinjoji sama da miliyan 1 kowace rana.  A cikin 2023, an kaddamar da layin dogo mai sauri na Jakarta – Bandung, irinsa na farko a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, da nufin rage lokutan balaguro da hayakin da ke hade da su. Indonesia ta kafa manufofi masu ban sha'awa don kaiwa kashi 75% na makamashi mai tsabta nan da shekara ta 2040.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia's Initiative to Advance Green Energy through Green Energy Buyers Dialogue |url=https://jetp-id.org/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=jetp-id.org |publisher=JETP Indonesia }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana ganin bangarorin geothermal da hydropower a matsayin mabuɗin cimma wannan burin.<ref name="iea-electricity-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia - Electricity |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/electricity-statistics-data-browser?country=INDONESIA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319000000/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/electricity-statistics-data-browser?country=INDONESIA |archive-date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=IEA - Data Browser |publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref> Gwamnati da kamfanin wutar lantarki na jihar Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) sun ba da sabbin ka'idoji kuma sun kirkiro kudade don tallafawa wannan ci gaban.<ref name="sastrawijaya-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sastrawijaya |first=Kirana |date=2024-09-26 |title=Renewable Energy 2024 - Indonesia {{!}} Global Practice Guidelines |url=https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/renewable-energy-2024/indonesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010000000/https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/renewable-energy-2024/indonesia |archive-date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Chambers and Partners}}</ref> PLN ta kuma fahimci muhimmancin shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma ta tsara shirye-shirye don haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-dec2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Indonesia's Initiative to Advance Green Energy through Green Energy Buyers Dialogue |url=https://jetp-id.org/news/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206000000/https://jetp-id.org/news/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=jetp-id.org |publisher=JETP Indonesia}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa za a buƙaci dala biliyan 154 don saduwa da burin yanayi.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-dec2024" /><ref name="takyar-2022">{{Cite web |last=Takyar |first=Sarthak |date=2022-03-23 |title=Green infrastructure investment opportunities in Indonesia - REGlobal - Finance |url=https://reglobal.co/green-infrastructure-investment-opportunities-in-indonesia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=REGlobal}}</ref> A halin yanzu, shigar da ƙarfin makamashi mai tsabta yana wakiltar kashi 12% kawai na jimlar.<ref name="iea-electricity-2024" /> A cikin 2023, saka hannun jari mai tsabta a Indonesia ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 497.99, karuwar kashi 78% idan aka kwatanta da 2022 ($ 279.93 miliyan). <ref name="takyar-2022" /><ref name="lontoh-2016">{{Cite web |last=Lontoh |first=Lucky |date=September 2016 |title=Indonesia's Financially Sustainable Electricity Sector |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/indonesia-financially-sustainable-electricity-sector.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317000000/https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/indonesia-financially-sustainable-electricity-sector.pdf |archive-date=2021-03-17 |access-date=2025-06-03 |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development}}</ref><ref name="climatescope-2024">{{Cite web |title=Climatescope 2024 {{!}} Indonesia |url=https://www.global-climatescope.org/markets/indonesia |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=global-climatescope.org}}</ref> Indonesia tana da babbar damar makamashi mai sabuntawa, an kiyasta ya kai kusan 3,500 GW. Babban alkawarin ya kasance a cikin geothermal da hydropower. Don wutar lantarki, yiwuwar kusan 94.3 GW.<ref name="saini-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Saini |first=Makmur |last2=Djalal |first2=Muhammad Ruswandi |last3=Azhar |first3=Muhammad |last4=Patrix |first4=Golda Evangelista |date=2023-04-27 |title=Modeling and implementing a load management system for a solar home system based on Fuzzy Logic |url=https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/sinergi/article/view/17545 |journal=Sinergi |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=261 |doi=10.22441/sinergi.2023.2.014 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="kanugrahan-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Kanugrahan |first=Satria Putra |last2=Hakam |first2=Dzikri Firmansyah |last3=Nugraha |first3=Herry |date=2022-07-23 |title=Techno-Economic Analysis of Indonesia Power Generation Expansion to Achieve Economic Sustainability and Net Zero Carbon 2050 |journal=Sustainability |volume=14 |issue=15 |pages=9038 |bibcode=2022Sust...14.9038K |doi=10.3390/su14159038 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin geothermal, an kiyasta kusan 28.5 GW. <ref name="kanugrahan-2022" /> Har ila yau, Hasken rana yana da kyau sosai, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙasa na Global Horizontal Irradiance Index na 4.8 kWh / m2, yana kaiwa sama da 5.6 kWh / M2 a wasu yankuna na kudancin ƙasar. canjin makamashi Canjin makamashi yana fuskantar tarnaki na tsarin, kamar rashin kasuwar wutar lantarki, rashin gasa ta farashi don abubuwan sabuntawa da kuma tallafi ga albarkatun mai.  Keɓancewar PLN mallakar gwamnati a matsayin mai siyar da makamashi kaɗai ke hana masu kera masu zaman kansu, yayin da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin kuɗi suna iyakance layin bashi don manyan ayyuka.  Bugu da ƙari, rashin samun bayanan gaskiya game da farashi da dawowa yana ƙara haɗarin haɗari tsakanin masu zuba jari.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Masana sun yi nuni da cewa, daidaita manufofi a fadin ma'aikatu, samar da kasuwannin lamuni na carbon da rage tallafin gurbacewar makamashi sune muhimman matakan buda hannun jari.  Ba tare da daukar matakin gaggawa ba, hasashen Bankin Duniya ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi zai iya rage yawan GDP na Indonesia da kashi 7 cikin 100 zuwa 2100, tare da yin illa ga lafiya da muhalli.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Tarihi == === Lokacin mulkin mallaka === Kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai, dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'ummomin gida da dazuzzuka ana tafiyar da ita ta tsarin daidaitawa da amfani mai dorewa, bisa ra'ayoyin duniya masu son rai.  Koyaya, al'ummomi daban-daban da shugabannin yankin sun riga sun tsara yin amfani da gandun daji, filaye da samfuransu, da kafa ƙa'idodin gudanarwa na al'umma waɗanda a yau ke yin tasiri kan muhawara kan haƙƙin ƴan asalin cikin ayyukan REDD+. Yanayin ɗan adam na yankin ya samo asali ne daga akalla shekaru miliyan 1.5, tare da ayyukan da suka biyo baya ta hanyar ƙaura, gami da Austronesians, waɗanda mai yiwuwa suka isa a kusa da 2000 BC. Daga shekara ta 1000 BC zuwa gaba, yawancin waɗannan al'ummomin sun ɗauki al'adun Đông Sơn, wanda ke da alamar noman shinkafar ban ruwa, al'adun bauna da ayyukan megalithic.  Noman shinkafa, musamman a Java, ya haifar da bullar ƙauyuka, masarautu da addinai, waɗanda ke samun goyon bayan al'ummomi masu rikitarwa.  A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, manyan cibiyoyin iko sun bayyana, irin su Daular Srivijaya (Sumatra), daular Sailendra (Java) da kuma, daga baya, daular Majapayit, wacce ta sami babban tasiri a yanki a karni na 14. Tsarin waɗannan mulkoki ya kasance mai ƙarfi. Hakkin ƙasa an haɗa shi da aikin gona, ba mallakar doka ba. Rayuwar yau da kullun na yawancin manoma an yi musu alama da sake zagayowar ruwan sama da kuma haɗarin yunwa. Koyaya, waɗannan al'ummomin sun dogara da cinikayya a cire kayayyakin gandun daji daga yankunan tsaunuka, kamar resin, katako, da albasa, suna kafa haɗin kai tsakanin yankunan bakin teku da na ciki. Jama'ar makiyaya na tsaunuka - mafarauta da masu aikin noma - gabaɗaya ba a haɗa su cikin tsarin jihohi ba. Ba kamar yankin Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba, inda manyan kabilun suka kafa kansu, Indonesia ta mulkin mallaka ta kasance da bambancin kabilanci da harsuna, tare da ainihin asalin gida. A Sulawesi, akwai rubuce-rubuce na aikin ɗan adam na akalla shekaru 40,000. A cikin karni na 14, [[Musulunci]] ya fara yaduwa a yankin, yana samun ƙarfi tare da Musulunci na Masarautar Gowa a cikin karni na 17. Koyaya, al'ummomin tsaunuka kamar waɗanda ke tsakiyar tsibirin sun kasance a gefen jihohi da addinai na duniya har zuwa zuwan mishaneri na Dutch a karni na 20. Wadannan al'ummomin suna kula da ayyukan noma da kuma asalin da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar kakanninsu, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga rikice-rikice game da ƙasa da albarkatu har zuwa yau. [[Fayil:New_Hydrographic_Map_of_the_Sea_and_New_Southern_Lands-_Made_by_the_Cosmographer_and_Mathematician_Emanuel_Godinho_de_Eredia_WDL852.png|left|thumb|Taswirar Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wanda mai zane-zane na Malay-Portuguese Emanuel Godinho na Eredia ya yi a 1602.]] Turawa sun isa tsibirin Indonesiya a farkon karni na 16 a matsayin 'yan kasuwa masu safarar teku don neman kayan yaji irin su nutmeg , cloves , da barkono .  Turawan mulkin mallaka ya faru a hankali sama da shekaru 300-350.  Turawan Portugal ne suka fara kafa wuraren kasuwanci da kagara a tsibirai irin su Ternate da Amboíno, bayan da suka ci Malacca a shekara ta 1512. Duk da haka, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, hankalinsu ya koma wasu yankuna, kamar Brazil da Macau.. A cikin karni na 17, Dutch da Birtaniya sun karu a gabansu, tare da Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Gabashin Indiya da ke neman ya mallaki cinikin kayan yaji.  Gasar ta sa Birtaniyya ta mayar da hankali kan yankin na Indiya, yayin da Hollandawa suka karfafa ikonsu kan noman noma da hakar katako a cikin tsibirai.  A cikin karni na 17, Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya ya ƙaddamar da manufofin kula da muhalli na yau da kullun, yana mai da hankali kan hakar katako.. [[Fayil:KITLV_-_80236_-_Kleingrothe,_C.J._-_Medan_-_Seed_beds_and_barns_under_construction_on_a_tobacco_plantation,_probably_in_the_east_coast_of_Sumatra_-_1898.tif|thumb|Kashe daji don dasa taba a bakin tekun [[Sumatra|Tsibirin Sumatra]], 1898.]] A shekara ta 1808, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ayyana duk dazuzzukan da ba na zaman kansu ba a matsayin mallakar gwamnati, ƙarƙashin gwamna-janar.  A cikin karni na 19, dabarun kiyaye gandun daji don kare magudanar ruwa da noman noma ya haifar da samar da ka'idoji irin su Boschordonatie (1865), wanda ya hana noman canji da kuma kula da gandun daji na Java da Madura.  Agrarische Wet (1870) ya gabatar da ra'ayoyin Yammacin Turai game da kadarori masu zaman kansu, suna ba da izinin hayar ƙasa don shuka.  Waɗannan dokokin sun kori tsarin al'ada (adat) na mulkin ƙasa, musamman a cikin tsibiran ciki, kodayake ayyukan gida sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Sumatra, Borneo, da Papua. A Sulawesi, ikon mulkin mallaka ya kasance iyakance har zuwa karni na 19.  Yarjejeniyar Bongaya (1667) ta tura Sulawesi bakin teku zuwa Dutch, amma yankin cikin gida ya ci gaba da cin gashin kansa har zuwa farkon karni na 20, lokacin da rikice-rikicen cikin gida ya haifar da tsoma bakin Holland.  Shigar da yankuna irin su Dampelas cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka ya haifar da asarar haƙƙin gandun daji na asali, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da shugabannin jihohi. === Jamhuriyar Indonesia === [[Fayil:Nieuws_uit_Nieuw-Guinea,_oriëntatiebezoek_van_Nederlandse_deskundigen_Weeknummer_60-52_-_Open_Beelden_-_17485.ogv|left|thumb|Wani labari na Dutch daga Disamba 1960, wanda ke nuna katako a cikin Kwarin Baliem, Yammacin New Guinea da kuma halin da mutanen Papuan ke ciki a wannan yankin.]] Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1949, Shugaba Sukarno ya ci gaba da tsare tsare-tsaren gudanarwa da aka gada daga mulkin mallaka, gami da manufofin muhalli.  Hasashen wata ƙasa mai haɗin kai ta fuskanci turjiya a wasu tsibiran na waje kamar Sumatra da Sulawesi, inda ƙungiyoyin 'yan aware da kuma buƙatun kafa daular tsarin mulkin Islama suka ƙalubalanci gwamnati a Jakarta.  Amincewa da Bahasa Indonesiya a matsayin harshen ƙasa da akidar Pancasila sun nemi haɗewar kabilanci da bambancin addini, amma an ci gaba da dagula rikicin tarihi tsakanin al'ummomin asali da manufofin jihohi, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice na zamani game da kula da muhalli da ayyukan kiyayewa kamar REDD+ . Shekarun farko na jamhuriyar Indonesiya sun kasance da rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance, inda aka samu firayim minista biyar tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1955 da jam’iyyu 28 a zaben 1955.  Sakamakon zaben ya nuna rarrabuwar kawuna: Jam'iyyar Nationalist ta lashe kashi 22% na kuri'un da aka kada, yayin da jam'iyyun Musulunci (Masjumi da Nahdatul Ulama) suka samu kashi 39%.  A cikin wannan mahallin, Shugaba Sukarno ya ba da shawara a cikin 1956 "dimokuradiyya mai jagoranci", yana nisantar da kansa daga tsarin 'yanci na Yamma.  A cikin 1957, ya fuskanci tawayen 'yan aware a Sumatra kuma tare da goyon bayan soja, ya ayyana dokar soja da karfafa ikon shugaban kasa ta hanyar sake fasalin tsarin mulki.i. A Tsakiyar Sulawesi, yawan jama'a sun fuskanci rikici tsakanin ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye: Protestant Permesta Rebellion a arewa da ƙungiyar Darul Islam ta Musulunci a kudu. Kashewar Kahar Muzakkar, shugaban Bugis, don yin sulhu da zaman lafiya ya haifar da shiga cikin 'yan tawayen Islama, wadanda suka kai hari kan kauyuka na animist da na Kirista, wanda ya haifar da daruruwan mutuwar. Tawayen Permesta, ko da yake an murkushe shi a shekara ta 1957, ya bar tashin hankali na kabilanci da addini. A cikin kula da gandun daji, ka'idojin mulkin mallaka sun kasance suna aiki har zuwa shekarun 1950. A shekara ta 1957, dokar shugaban kasa ta ba larduna ikon bayar da izinin katako har zuwa hekta 10,000, samar da kudaden shiga na gida amma ba tare da warware rikice-rikice tsakanin haƙƙin al'ada (''Adata'') da dokokin hukuma ba. Dokar Agrarian ta asali ta 1960, har yanzu tana aiki, ta nemi daidaita waɗannan ƙa'idodi, ta ba da ƙasa aikin zamantakewa da sake rarraba, amma ta kasa warware rikice-rikice na ƙasa, musamman a tsibirai na waje. Ƙaddamar da ikon soja a ƙarƙashin Suharto, bayan juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba a 1965, ya haifar da zalunci na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci (PKI), tare da kiyasin mutuwar 300,000 zuwa miliyan 1.  Juyin mulkin zuwa “Sabuwar tsari” ya mayar da jihar a tsakiya, inda jam’iyyar Golkar ta mamaye zaben da aka yi magudi a tsakanin 1971 da 1993.. Dokar Kayan Kayan Kudancin 1967 ta sake bayyana kashi 70 cikin 100 na yankin a matsayin "kayan Kudanar Jiha", ta ba da ƙasashe na al'ada ga ikon Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona (daga baya Ma'aikalin Kudancin). Manufofin cin zarafi masu zurfi, gami da katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, cibiyoyin sadarwar abokan ciniki, suna amfana da dangin Suharto da abokan tarayya, musamman a masana'antar man dabino. Shirin ƙaura, wanda aka gada daga zamanin mulkin mallaka, ya sake komawa Javanese da Balinese miliyan 5 zuwa tsibirai na waje tsakanin 1975 da 1989, a ƙarƙashin tabbatar da daidaitattun yawan jama'a amma an yi niyya ne ga ikon siyasa. A Tsakiyar Sulawesi, rikice-rikice tsakanin baƙi da al'ummomin yankin sun fashe a cikin shekarun 1990, tare da lalata dubban gidaje da kuma fitar da mutane 70,000. === Gyara da ƙalubalen zamani === Murabus da Suharto ya yi a shekarar 1998, biyo bayan rikicin tattalin arziki da zanga-zanga, ya haifar da zamanin sake fasalin, tare da karkatar da ikon siyasa a wani bangare ta hanyar yin garambawul.  Duk da haka, sake dawo da ikon tsakiya a kan gandun daji a cikin 2002, matsin lamba daga kamfanonin katako, ya ci gaba da tayar da hankali.  Dokar gandun daji ta 31/1999 ta kiyaye dazuzzukan al'ada a matsayin mallakar ƙasa, yayin da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar suka bukaci cikakken amincewa da yankunan adat.. Gwamnatocin bayan-Suharto, irin su na Megawati Sukarnoputri (2001-2004) da Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004-2014), sun fuskanci cin hanci da rashawa da rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa.  Zaben Joko Widodo a shekarar 2014 ya yi alkawarin kawo sauyi, amma aka ci gaba da sukar lamirin rangwame ga jiga-jigan tattalin arziki.. == Tallafin jama'a == A matakin kasa da kasa, abokan tarayya irin su Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green da shirye-shiryen bangarorin biyu sun ba da gudummawar kashi 34% na kuɗaɗen sauyin yanayi a cikin 2011, amma yawancinsu an ba da su ta hanyar Asusun Kula da Canjin Yanayi na Indonesia (ICCTF), wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 2009 don daidaita albarkatu.  Duk da haka, aiwatar da aikin yana fuskantar cikas na fasaha da na ofis, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar jinkirin fitar da dalar Amurka miliyan 400 da aka ware don samar da makamashin ƙasa tsakanin 2010 da 2015..<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Kayan Tattalin Arziki na Musulunci == Indonesia, a matsayin babbar ƙasar musulmai a duniya, tana haɗa kayan aikin kudi na Islama a cikin dabarun kudi na yanayi, haɗa ka'idodin addini tare da manufofin muhalli. Green sukuk (Sharia -aligned green bonds) da ''waqf'' na muhalli (kyautar addini don ayyukan muhalli) sanannun ne a matsayin hanyoyin da za a tallafa wa sauyawar kasar don cimma burin duniya kamar [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]] . <ref name="jannah-20202">{{Cite journal |last=Jannah |first=Miftahul |last2=Sarkawi |first2=Azila |last3=Othman |first3=Jamilah |date=2020-12-31 |title=Legalization of Waqf Forests in Indonesia: The Registration Process |url=https://ilrev.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/629 |journal=Indonesia Law Review |volume=10 |issue=3 |doi=10.15742/ilrev.v10n3.629 |issn=2356-2129 |access-date=2025-05-12 |archive-date=2021-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127172322/http://ilrev.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/629 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="idris-2025">{{Cite web |last=Idris |first=Siti Hafsyah |last2=Chang |first2=Lee Wei |last3=Prihandono |first3=Iman |date=2025-01-12 |title=Malaysia, Indonesia's journey in pushing for green finance |url=https://www.eco-business.com/news/malaysia-indonesias-journey-in-pushing-for-green-finance/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117000000/https://www.eco-business.com/news/malaysia-indonesias-journey-in-pushing-for-green-finance/ |archive-date=2025-01-17 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Eco-Business}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, gwamnatin Indonesia ta ba da ''sukuk'' mai zaman kanta na farko a duniya, wanda ya tara dala biliyan 1.25 don ayyukan sabunta makamashi da [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaita yanayin yanayi]]. An rarraba kudaden ne a karkashin Green Bond da Green Sukuk Framework, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi da Muhalli ta Duniya (CICERO) ta sake dubawa, wanda ya kimanta shirye-shiryen a matsayin matsakaici ko babban damar rage hayaki.<ref name="idris-2025"/> Daga cikin ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗi shine tashar wutar lantarki ta Sarulla a Arewacin Sumatra, wanda ke guje wa tan miliyan 1.3 na hayakin CO2 a kowace shekara.<ref name="sulistiawati-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sulistiawati |first=Linda Yanti |date=2024-11-25 |title=Indonesia's Climate Policy: Lost in Translation? |url=https://www.kas.de/en/web/indonesien/single-title/-/content/indonesia-s-climate-policy-lost-in-translation |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Konrad Adenauer Stiftung}}</ref> A karkashin wakafi, Indonesiya ta samar da dazuzzukan dazuzzuka kamar Aceh Besar da Bogor, inda ake maida filaye da aka ba da kyauta zuwa wuraren kiyayewa.  Tsarin halatta ya ƙunshi hukumomin gwamnati da yawa, ciki har da ma'aikatar muhalli, gandun daji da sauyin yanayi, don tabbatar da bin dokokin ƙasa da ƙa'idodin Musulunci.  Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, kasar tana da sama da hekta 160,000 na kasar wakafi, wanda kashi 61% daga ciki aka ba da shaida, kodayake kasa da kashi 1% an ware su ne don ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="jannah-20202"/> Ƙalubalen sun kasance, kamar rikitarwa na tasirin tasirin: binciken kai tsaye ya nuna cewa kashi 30% na ayyukan da sukuk mai kore ya tallafawa tsakanin 2018 da 2022 sun kasa cimma burin rage fitar da hayaki.<ref name="sulistiawati-2024"/> Bugu da ƙari, rashin daidaitattun ka'idoji don ''waqfs'' na muhalli yana haifar da rikice-rikice game da amfani da ƙasar da aka ba da gudummawa, musamman a yankunan da ke da rikicewar ƙasa na tarihi.<ref name="jannah-20202"/> Duk da ci gaba, binciken yana nuna ƙalubalen tsari. Binciken da Babban Bankin Indonesia ya yi ya nuna cewa kashi 3% ne kawai na takardun shaida masu ɗorewa da aka bayar tsakanin 2020 da 2023 sune ''sukuk'' kore, wanda ke nuna rikitarwa na jan hankalin masu saka hannun jari na al'ada saboda rashin daidaitattun ma'aunin muhalli.<ref name="hermala-2025">{{Cite journal |last=Hermala |first=Irvan |last2=Sunitiyoso |first2=Yos |last3=Sudrajad |first3=Oktofa Yudha |date=2025 |title=Green Financing Using Islamic Finance Instruments in Indonesia: A Bibliometrics and Literature Review |url=https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/17208 |journal=International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy |volume=1 |pages=239–248 |doi=10.32479/ijeep.17208 |issn=2146-4553 |access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref> Bugu da kari, nazarin ilimi ya nuna cewa nuna gaskiya a cikin rabon albarkatu cikas ne: ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗin ''waqf'' sau da yawa suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen tabbatar da tasirin kankare, kamar maido da wuraren da suka lalace.<ref name="hanifah-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Hanifah |first=Sarah Hana |last2=Widiyanti |first2=Dwi Retno |date=2024-02-21 |title=Exploring Contributing Factors to Environmental Disclosures in Islamic Commercial Banks of Indonesia |url=https://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/miec/article/view/23818 |journal=Maliki Islamic Economics Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=88–107 |doi=10.18860/miec.v3i2.23818 |issn=2797-8125 |access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref> Masu sukar kuma suna gargadi game da haɗarin tsari: rashin tsarin doka na hadin gwiwa don kudaden yanayi na Islama ya sa ya zama da wahala a aiwatar da ayyukan da ke da fa'ida a duniya, kuma yana haifar da rikice-rikice game da daidaito na addini na shirye-shirye.<ref name="hermala-2025" /> Duk da iyakokinsu, ana iya fahimtar yiwuwar waɗannan hanyoyin a duniya. Green ''sukuk'' na Indonesia ya zama abin koyi ga ƙasashe kamar [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], yayin da Green Climate Fund ke ganin kudaden Musulunci a matsayin madadin tattara albarkatu daga ƙasashe a cikin Larabawa.<ref name="hermala-2025"/> Masana sun ce nasarar za ta dogara da daidaita ka'idojin kasa da ke buƙatar ƙididdigar kore tare da ƙarfafa haraji wanda zai iya haɓaka sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.<ref name="sutrisno-20242">{{Cite journal |last=Sutrisno |first=Sutrisno |last2=Widarjono |first2=Agus |last3=Hakim |first3=Abdul |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Role of Green Credit in Bank Profitability and Stability: A Case Study on Green Banking in Indonesia |journal=Risks |volume=12 |issue=12 |page=198 |doi=10.3390/risks12120198 |issn=2227-9091 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Kudin sirri == Kudin yanayi masu zaman kansu a Indonesia har yanzu suna ba da fifiko ga saka hannun jari a aikin [[noma]] da [[sufuri]]. Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa shekara ta 2013, an ba da umarnin dala biliyan 5.71 ne kawai don tsabtace makamashi, yana nuna fahimtar babban haɗari a cikin ayyukan sabuntawa. Bankunan cikin gida, waɗanda ke riƙe da kashi 78.6% na kadarorin kuɗi na ƙasar, sun fara karɓar ƙa'idodin muhalli a cikin 2018, bayan da ''Hukumar Kula da Kudi'' (OJK) ta ƙaddamar da shirin kuɗi mai ɗorewa. A cikin 2013, kawai 1.4% na rancen banki an rarraba su a matsayin "kore", suna mai da hankali kan makamashi mai sabuntawa.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 69vnzvgpfn8earfzc20g7pyi4p70a6e 875209 875207 2026-07-03T17:12:06Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Celebrating_the_Pale_Blue_Dot_(49587798436).jpg|thumb|Dalibai a lardin Gabashin Java suna dasa bishiyoyi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ranar Duniya 2022.]] Kuɗin yanayi a Indonesia yana nufin albarkatun kuɗi da aka ware don tallafawa sauyin yanayi da ayyukan daidaittuwa a cikin ƙasar.  A matsayin na biyar mafi girma da ke fitar da iskar gas a duniya, matsayi da aka danganta da sare [[Gandun dajin Falgore na tara dabbobin daji|gandun daji]] (asarar 60,000 km² na gandun daji tsakanin alif 2000 da 2012) da kuma dogaro da albarkatun mai (85% na matrix makamashi a cikin 2023), Indonesiya ita ce mafi girman matsalar sauyin yanayi a lokaci guda kuma mafi girman yanayin duniya.  tasiri, kamar hauhawar matakan teku da tsananta bala'o'i. Kuɗin yanayi a Indonesia yana nufin albarkatun kuɗi da aka ware don tallafawa sauyin yanayi da ayyukan daidaitawa a cikin ƙasar.  A matsayin na biyar mafi girma da ke fitar da iskar gas a duniya, matsayi da aka danganta da sare gandun daji (asarar 60,000 km² na gandun daji tsakanin 2000 da 2012) da kuma dogaro da albarkatun mai (85% na matrix makamashi a cikin 2023), Indonesiya ita ce mafi girman matsalar sauyin yanayi a lokaci guda kuma mafi girman yanayin duniya.  tasiri, kamar hauhawar matakan teku da tsananta bala'o'i. == Yanayin yanayi da tattalin arziki == [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], tsibiri mai tsibirai sama da 17,000 kuma kasa ta hudu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya, tana fuskantar wani yanayi mai sarkakiya ta fuskar ci gaban tattalin arziki da matsalar yanayi, wanda ke da tsarin ci gaba da ya danganci cin gajiyar albarkatun kasa.  Kara gurɓacewar dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da faɗaɗa fannin man dabino ya haifar da mummunar tasiri a zamantakewa da muhalli, yayin da fannin makamashi, wanda ya dogara kacokan akan albarkatun mai, a halin yanzu shine babban tushen fitar da hayaƙi a ƙasar.<ref name="trase-palm-oil-2024">{{Cite web |last=Benedict |first=Jason Jon |last2=Heilmayr |first2=Robert |date=2024-10-08 |title=Trase: Indonesian palm oil exports and deforestation |url=https://www.sei.org/features/indonesian-palm-oil-exports-and-deforestation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319214330/https://www.sei.org/about-sei/ |archive-date=2018-03-19 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Stockholm Environment Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Duk da alkawuran kasa da kasa da kuma yiwuwar tushen sabuntawa, shingen tsari, tallafin kwal, da manufofi masu rarraba suna hana sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin carbon mai ƙarancin, saboda karuwar bukatar makamashi da matsin yanayi. Tare da yawan mutanen da ake sa ran su wuce miliyan 300 nan da shekara ta alif 2030 da kuma saurin birni, kasar tana fuskantar karuwar Amfani da makamashi da hayakin gas.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Dajin == Murfin gandun daji na Indonisiya, na uku mafi girma a duniya na halittu masu zafi, yana fuskantar matsin lamba na tarihi da ke da alaƙa da tsarin tattalin arziki na tushen kayayyaki kuma yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu sarƙaƙƙiya a mahadar kiyaye gandun daji da bunƙasa tattalin arziki.  A cikin 1900, gandun daji sun rufe kashi 84% na ƙasar, amma a shekara ta 1950, kiyasin tarihi ya nuna cewa hekta miliyan 145 na gandun daji na farko da hekta miliyan 14 na gandun daji na biyu da mangroves sun kasance.]  Daga shekarun 1970s zuwa gaba, yin katako ya sami sikelin masana'antu, yana haɓaka sassa kamar ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda.  Tsakanin 1980 da 2000, ƙarfin haɓakar waɗannan masana'antu ya karu da kashi 700%, wanda ya ɗaga Indonesia zuwa matsayi na tara a cikin manyan masu samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara a duniya..<ref name="tsujino-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Tsujino |first=Riyou |last2=Yumoto |first2=Takakazu |last3=Kitamura |first3=Shumpei |last4=Djamaluddin |first4=Ibrahim |last5=Darnaedi |first5=Dedy |date=2016-11-30 |title=History of forest loss and degradation in Indonesia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264837716305348 |journal=Land Use Policy |volume=57 |pages=335–347 |bibcode=2016LUPol..57..335T |doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.034 |issn=0264-8377 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Hawan hanzarin sare daji ya zama mai mahimmanci a cikin shekarun da suka gabata: tsakanin 1990 da 2000, ƙasar ta rasa hekta miliyan 24 na gandun daji (20% na jimlar ɗaukar hoto), ta bar hekta miliyan 94 (52% na yankin) a cikin 2010.<ref name="tsujino-2016"/> Duk da dakatarwar da aka kafa a kan sabbin kudaden da aka kafa na sare daji a cikin 2011, kulawa mara kyau da cin hanci da rashawa sun ci gaba da kasancewa da yawa, tare da mafi girman hekta 930,000 da aka sare a cikin 2016. <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> <ref name="tenere-sea-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deforestation in Southeast Asia: Causes, Impacts and Solutions |url=https://www.tenereteam.com/blogs/deforestation-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=TenereTeam |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rfmrc-sea">{{Cite web |title=Deforestation in Southeast Asia – RFMRC-SEA |url=https://rfmrc-sea.org/deforestation-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=RFMRC-SEA |language=en}}</ref> Tsakanin 2000 da 2012, kasar ta rasa kusan 60,000 km2 na gandun daji na farko, ta wuce [[Brazil]] a cikin yawan gandun daji a shekara-shekara a cikin 2012 (8,400 km2 da 4,600 km2), wanda yafi yawa ta hanyar fadada gonakin dabino.<ref name="margono-20142">{{Cite journal |last=Margono |first=Belinda Arunarwati |last2=Potapov |first2=Peter V. |last3=Turubanova |first3=Svetlana |last4=Stolle |first4=Fred |last5=Hansen |first5=Matthew C. |date=August 2014 |title=Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2277 |journal=Nature Climate Change |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=730–735 |bibcode=2014NatCC...4..730M |doi=10.1038/nclimate2277 |issn=1758-6798 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Manyan direbobi na sare daji (2001-2016) sun haɗa da fadada man dabino (23% na jimlar), wanda ke da alhakin sauya kai tsaye na hekta miliyan 3.3 na gandun daji, da kuma sauya yankuna zuwa makiyaya ko savannahs (20%), sau da yawa ana danganta su da gobarar da ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="austin-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=Kemen G |last2=Schwantes |first2=Amanda |last3=Gu |first3=Yaofeng |last4=Kasibhatla |first4=Prasad S |date=2019-02-01 |title=What causes deforestation in Indonesia? |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=024007 |bibcode=2019ERL....14b4007A |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |issn=1748-9326 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Karamin aikin gona da kayan aikin katako, kamar hanyoyi da tsaunuka, sun ba da gudummawa 22% da 10%, bi da bi, yayin da ayyukan kamar hakar ma'adinai - musamman hakar ma-nickel a tsibirin [[Sulawesi]], wanda ake buƙata ta duniya don batir - ya kai kashi 5.<ref name="margono-20142"/><ref name="bennett-2023">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Paige |date=2023-11-02 |title=200,000 Hectares of Oil Palm Plantations to Be Converted Into Forests, Indonesia's Government Says |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/palm-oil-plantations-forests-conversion-indonesia.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=EcoWatch}}</ref> Duk da wadannan tasirin, bangarorin man dabino da katako tare suna samar da kusan dala biliyan 45 a cikin kudaden fitarwa a kowace shekara ga Indonesia.<ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> [[Fayil:Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg|left|thumb|Kashe gandun daji na gandun daji don dasa dabino mai.]] Indonesia ita ce babbar mai samar da [[Manja|Man dabino]] a duniya, wanda shine babban albarkatun kasa don Biodiesel.<ref name="bennett-2023"/> Kashe katako da gonakin dabino na mai sun haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki, amma a lokaci guda, suna haifar da sare daji mai yawa.<ref name="earth-deforestation-2022">{{Cite web |last=Shahreen |first=Samiha |date=2022-02-02 |title=Vanishing Act: Deforestation in Indonesia |url=https://earth.org/vanishing-act-deforestation-in-indonesia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202022716/https://earth.org/vanishing-act-deforestation-in-indonesia/ |archive-date=2022-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Earth.Org}}</ref><ref name="austin-2019b">{{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=Kemen G |last2=Schwantes |first2=Amanda |last3=Gu |first3=Yaofeng |last4=Kasibhatla |first4=Prasad S |date=2019-02-01 |title=What causes deforestation in Indonesia? |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=024007 |bibcode=2019ERL....14b4007A |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |issn=1748-9326 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kawai kashi 49% na yankin ƙasar ya rufe da gandun daji, idan aka kwatanta da ƙididdigar tarihi na 84% . <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> <ref name="world-bank-forest-cover">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data – Forest Area (% of Land Area) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS?end=2022&locations=ID&start=1990 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref name="kaltimber-2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-05 |title=Rate of deforestation in Indonesia overtakes Brazil |url=https://www.kaltimber.com/blog/2018/2/5/rate-of-deforestation-in-indonesia-overtakes-brazil |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Kaltimber - Timber merchant - Flooring shop}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2016, gonakin dabino na mai suna da alhakin kashi 23% na wannan sare daji. <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022" /> <ref name="austin-2019b"/> Fadada nau'ikan dabino guda ɗaya a Indonesia, wanda galibi ke hade da maye gurbin dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi ko yankunan noma, ya tsananta matsin muhalli da zamantakewa a karshen karni na 20 da farkon 21st.  An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na sare dazuzzuka da ke da nasaba da sashen - wanda ke da alhakin asarar hekta 840,000 na gandun daji a duk shekara tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2012 - yana faruwa ne ba bisa ka'ida ba..<ref name="petrenko-2016">{{Cite web |last=Petrenko |first=Chelsea |last2=Searle |first2=Stephanie |date=2016-07-11 |title=Ecological impacts of palm oil expansion in Indonesia |url=https://theicct.org/publication/ecological-impacts-of-palm-oil-expansion-in-indonesia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120123456/https://theicct.org/publication/ecological-impacts-of-palm-oil-expansion-in-indonesia/ |archive-date=2022-01-20 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=International Council on Clean Transportation}}</ref> Rushewar filayen ƙasa, wanda ya kama har sau 20 fiye da carbon fiye da dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da ba a cika ambaliya ba, yana haɓaka hayakin carbon dioxide: gobarar da ba ta dace ba da aka saki tsakanin tan biliyan 0.81 zuwa 2.57 na carbon a cikin 1997, daidai da 13-40% na hayaƙin mai na duniya a waccan shekarar..<ref name="varma-20033">{{Cite journal |last=Varma |first=Anshuman |date=2003-08-01 |title=The economics of slash and burn: a case study of the 1997–1998 Indonesian forest fires |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00139-3 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=159–171 |bibcode=2003EcoEc..46..159V |doi=10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00139-3 |issn=0921-8009 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Rashin lalacewar muhalli ya kai ga [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] da [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|albarkatun ruwa]]: kowane ton na man dabino da aka samar yana samar da tan 2.5 na guba mai guba, yana gurɓata yanayin halittu na ruwa.<ref name="petrenko-2016"/> Amfani mai zurfi na agrochemicals, kamar magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da taki, haɗe da [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]] a kan gangaren da suka fi tsayi (ya zama ruwan dare a cikin shuke-shuke), yana ƙara ambaliyar ruwa da yaduwar kogi, yana barazanar ababen more rayuwa.<ref name="afandi-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Afandi |first=AM |last2=Zuraidah |first2=Y |last3=Nurzuhaili |first3=HAZA |last4=Zulkifli |first4=H |last5=Yaqin |first5=M |date=October 2017 |title=Managing Soil Deterioration and Erosion under Oil Palm |url=https://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/opb/ |journal=Oil Palm Bulletin |publisher=Malaysian Palm Oil Board |volume=75 |pages=1–10 |access-date=2025-05-15 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Rashin bambancin halittu yana da mahimmanci, tare da nau'o'in da ke cikin gida kamar Orangutans, Sumatran tigers da giwaye, waɗanda ke fuskantar barazanar gobara da raguwar mazaunin.<ref name="kadandale-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Kadandale |first=Sowmya |last2=Marten |first2=Robert |last3=Smith |first3=Richard |date=2019-02-01 |title=The palm oil industry and noncommunicable diseases |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/BLT.18.220434 |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=118–128 |doi=10.2471/BLT.18.220434 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=6357563 |pmid=30728618 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> A matakin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, koDayak bangaren man dabino yana daukar ma'aikata miliyan 16 kuma yana wakiltar kusan kashi 4.5% na babban kayan cikin gida (GDP), <ref name="trase-palm-oil-2024"/> al'ummomin asali, kamar Dayak a yankin Kalimantan, suna fuskantar tilasta ƙaura da rikice-rikicen ƙasa: fiye da rikicewar yanki 630 da ke da alaƙa da shuke-shuke an rubuta su a shekara ta 2010.<ref name="colchester-2010">{{Cite web |last=Colchester |first=Marcus |date=2010 |title=Palm oil and indigenous peoples in South East Asia: Land acquisition, human rights violations and indigenous peoples on the palm oil frontier |url=https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/publication/2010/10/palmoilandipsasiaexecsumoct10eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811000000/https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/publication/2010/10/palmoilandipsasiaexecsumoct10eng.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Forest Peoples Programme |publisher=International Land Coalition}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar jama'a yana lalacewa ta hanyar gurɓataccen iska - a cikin 2015, haze mai iyaka (Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya) ya ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar 103,300 da ba a kai ba a yankin.]  Bugu da kari, wata korafi da Amnesty International ta yi a shekarar 2016 ta yi ikirarin cewa ma’aikatan kamfanin na Wilmar International sun samu mummunar illa a fannin kiwon lafiya, sakamakon amfani da magungunan ciyawa irin su paraquat, da aka haramta a Turai amma har yanzu ana amfani da su a gonakin dabino, ba tare da isassun kayan kariya ba[.  Mata da yara suna da haɗari musamman ga waɗannan haɗari: ƙananan yara suna aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba don taimaka wa iyaye tare da manufar samarwa, yayin da mata, sau da yawa ana ɗaukar su ba tare da fa'idodin zamantakewa ba, suna kula da sinadarai masu guba..<ref name="amnesty-2016">{{Cite report}}</ref><ref name="varkkey-2015">{{Cite book}}</ref> [[Fayil:Aerial_of_Badak_NGL_natural_gas_refinery.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin Badak LNG na kamfanin gas a Bontang cCty a tsibirin [[Borneo]].]] Sashin makamashi yana da mahimmanci ga muhawara game da yanayin Indonesiya. Duk da samun albarkatun sabuntawa masu yawa kamar makamashi na geothermal, hydropower, da biofuels makamashi ya hada har yanzu ya dogara da 85% burbushin burbushin, musamman kwal da iskar gas.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> An kiyasta bangaren makamashi zai kai kashi 50% zuwa 70% na hayakin da kasar ke fitarwa nan da shekarar 2030, wanda ya zarce sare itatuwa.  Haɓaka buƙatun wutar lantarki, wanda haɓaka masana'antu da haɓaka birane ke haifar da shi, yana ƙoƙarin haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa na tushen kwal, yana haifar da haɗarin "kaddarorin da ba su da tushe" a cikin yanayin lalata duniya.  Hukumar sabunta makamashi ta kasa da kasa (IRENA) ta yi gargadin cewa, idan ba tare da manufofin gaggawa ba, bukatar makamashi za ta karu da kashi 80 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2030, tare da kulle kasar cikin gurbatattun fasahohi da fasahohin zamani na tattalin arziki..<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Bayan yarjejeniyar Paris, gwamnatin Indonesiya ta kafa maƙasudi masu fa'ida don gudummawar da ta ƙaddara ta ƙasa, gami da rage hayakin iskar gas da kashi 29% ta 2030 (ko 41% tare da tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa) da haɓaka rabon makamashi mai sabuntawa zuwa kashi 31% na haɗuwar makamashi ta farko ta 2050. Duk da haka, ƙalubale kamar tallafin burbushin man fetur na tarihi, rashin daidaituwa na tsarin makamashi, rashin daidaituwa a cikin manufofin saɓani, rashin daidaituwa da tsarin tsarin makamashi, da rashin daidaituwa ga tsarin makamashi. sanya wahalar cimma wadannan manufofin. Bincike ya nuna cewa canjin koren tattalin arziki mai yuwuwa, amma yana buƙatar saka hannun jari sosai: hasashen ya nuna cewa ana buƙatar zuba jarin da ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 78 nan da shekarar 2030 don sabunta hanyoyin wutar lantarki na Java da Sumatra, yankuna waɗanda ke da 70% na tsarar ƙasa.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Wing Thye|access-date=Taghizadeh-Hesary}}</ref> Saboda [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] ta kunshi tsibirai 17,508, ƙasar ba ta da cikakken wutar lantarki.<ref name="hidayatullah-2024">{{Cite web |last=Hidayatullah |first=M. Ryan |date=2024-11-21 |title=Electricity infrastructure: Huge costs for inter-island power grid |url=https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centre/infrastructure-news/november-2024/electricity-infrastructure--huge-costs-for-inter-island-power-gr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219000000/https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centre/infrastructure-news/november-2024/electricity-infrastructure--huge-costs-for-inter-island-power-gr.html |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=PwC |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers}}</ref> Yawancin tsibirai sun dogara da tsarin da aka ware don samar da wutar lantarki, waɗanda aka rarraba a yankuna da yawa.<ref name="hidayatullah-2024" /> Kasar tana da niyyar sabunta dukkan tsarin grid dinta, fadada damar da kuma hada da fadada hanyoyin sabuntawa, ban da haɗa tsibirai da juna. Don aiwatar da waɗannan canje-canje, gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa ana buƙatar fiye da dala biliyan 20.<ref name="razak-2024">{{Cite web |last=Razak |first=Imanuddin |date=2024-12-18 |title=Indonesia targets US$20 billion for inter-island electricity transmission |url=https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/energy/indonesia-targets-us20-billion-for-inter-island-electricity-transmission/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Indonesia Business Post}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, jimlar fitar da [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] ta kasar ta kai kimanin tan biliyan 1.2. Babban tushen wadannan hayaki shine bangaren wutar lantarki, tare da tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke da amfani da kwal wanda ke da asusun sama da kashi 60% na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref name="iea-emissions-20242">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia - Emissions |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-data-browser?country=INDONESIA&indicator=CO2BySector |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407000000/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-data-browser?country=INDONESIA&indicator=CO2BySector |archive-date=2024-04-07 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=IEA - Data Browser |publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref><ref name="lakshmi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=A. Anantha |date=2025-01-14 |title=Indonesia's ambition to quit coal hinges on policy reforms |url=https://www.ft.com/content/indonesia-ambition-quit-coal-policy-reform |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> Sauran manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa wanda ya haifar da fadada noman [[Manja|Man dabino]], da ayyukan masana'antu.<ref name="iea-emissions-20242" /><ref name="jong-2024">{{Cite web |last=Jong |first=Hans Nicholas |date=2024-02-13 |title=Palm oil deforestation makes comeback in Indonesia after decade-long slump |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2024/02/palm-oil-deforestation-makes-comeback-in-indonesia-after-decade-long-slump/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref><ref name="ourworldindata-2020">{{Cite web |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-05-11 |title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref><ref name="nusantara-2024">{{Cite web |last=Nusantara |first=Geni Buana |date=2024-11-01 |title=Industrial CO2 Emissions and the Path Towards Decarbonization in Indonesia |url=https://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/energy-issues/industrial-co2-emissions-indonesia.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Geni }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Don rage waɗannan hayaki da cimma burin yanayi, gwamnatin Indonesia ta yi alkawarin ba za ta amince da sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki ba.<ref name="bosse-2024">{{Cite web |last=Bosse |first=Jolana |date=2024-11-20 |title=Indonesia – Climate Performance Ranking 2025 |url=https://ccpi.org/country/idn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420000000/https://ccpi.org/country/idn/ |archive-date=2024-04-20 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Climate Change Performance Index}}</ref><ref name="jong-2021">{{Cite web |last=Jong |first=Hans Nicholas |date=2021-05-12 |title=Indonesia says no new coal plants from 2023 (after the next 100 or so) |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/05/indonesia-says-no-new-coal-plants-from-2023-after-the-next-100-or-so/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref> Kamfanonin da ke saka hannun jari a cikin Carbon Capture, makamashi mai sabuntawa, ko ayyukan kiyaye gandun daji na iya sayar da kudaden carbon a kasuwar da aka tsara ta Indonesia.<ref name="sulaiman-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sulaiman |first=Stefanno |last2=Suroyo |first2=Gayatri |date=2024-09-16 |title=Exclusive: Indonesia's Prabowo plans $65 billion green fund from selling carbon credits |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/exclusive-indonesias-prabowo-plans-65-billion-green-fund-selling-carbon-credits-2024-09-16/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Bangaren sufuri a Indonesiya yana samar da kimanin tan miliyan 150 na CO₂ a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na jimillar hayaƙin ƙasar.  Hanyoyin sufuri (motoci, bas, manyan motoci, da babura) sun kai kashi casa'in cikin ɗari na waɗannan hayaƙi a fannin.  Kodayake zirga-zirgar jama'a ta wanzu kuma tana haɓaka, 72% na Indonesiya har yanzu suna dogaro da jigilar jama'a.  A Jakarta, TransJakarta BRT na ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman tsarin jigilar bas, wanda ke ba da fasinjoji sama da miliyan 1 kowace rana.  A cikin 2023, an kaddamar da layin dogo mai sauri na Jakarta – Bandung, irinsa na farko a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, da nufin rage lokutan balaguro da hayakin da ke hade da su. Indonesia ta kafa manufofi masu ban sha'awa don kaiwa kashi 75% na makamashi mai tsabta nan da shekara ta 2040.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia's Initiative to Advance Green Energy through Green Energy Buyers Dialogue |url=https://jetp-id.org/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=jetp-id.org |publisher=JETP Indonesia }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana ganin bangarorin geothermal da hydropower a matsayin mabuɗin cimma wannan burin.<ref name="iea-electricity-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia - Electricity |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/electricity-statistics-data-browser?country=INDONESIA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319000000/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/electricity-statistics-data-browser?country=INDONESIA |archive-date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=IEA - Data Browser |publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref> Gwamnati da kamfanin wutar lantarki na jihar Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) sun ba da sabbin ka'idoji kuma sun kirkiro kudade don tallafawa wannan ci gaban.<ref name="sastrawijaya-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sastrawijaya |first=Kirana |date=2024-09-26 |title=Renewable Energy 2024 - Indonesia {{!}} Global Practice Guidelines |url=https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/renewable-energy-2024/indonesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010000000/https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/renewable-energy-2024/indonesia |archive-date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Chambers and Partners}}</ref> PLN ta kuma fahimci muhimmancin shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma ta tsara shirye-shirye don haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-dec2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Indonesia's Initiative to Advance Green Energy through Green Energy Buyers Dialogue |url=https://jetp-id.org/news/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206000000/https://jetp-id.org/news/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=jetp-id.org |publisher=JETP Indonesia}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa za a buƙaci dala biliyan 154 don saduwa da burin yanayi.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-dec2024" /><ref name="takyar-2022">{{Cite web |last=Takyar |first=Sarthak |date=2022-03-23 |title=Green infrastructure investment opportunities in Indonesia - REGlobal - Finance |url=https://reglobal.co/green-infrastructure-investment-opportunities-in-indonesia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=REGlobal}}</ref> A halin yanzu, shigar da ƙarfin makamashi mai tsabta yana wakiltar kashi 12% kawai na jimlar.<ref name="iea-electricity-2024" /> A cikin 2023, saka hannun jari mai tsabta a Indonesia ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 497.99, karuwar kashi 78% idan aka kwatanta da 2022 ($ 279.93 miliyan). <ref name="takyar-2022" /><ref name="lontoh-2016">{{Cite web |last=Lontoh |first=Lucky |date=September 2016 |title=Indonesia's Financially Sustainable Electricity Sector |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/indonesia-financially-sustainable-electricity-sector.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317000000/https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/indonesia-financially-sustainable-electricity-sector.pdf |archive-date=2021-03-17 |access-date=2025-06-03 |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development}}</ref><ref name="climatescope-2024">{{Cite web |title=Climatescope 2024 {{!}} Indonesia |url=https://www.global-climatescope.org/markets/indonesia |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=global-climatescope.org}}</ref> Indonesia tana da babbar damar makamashi mai sabuntawa, an kiyasta ya kai kusan 3,500 GW. Babban alkawarin ya kasance a cikin geothermal da hydropower. Don wutar lantarki, yiwuwar kusan 94.3 GW.<ref name="saini-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Saini |first=Makmur |last2=Djalal |first2=Muhammad Ruswandi |last3=Azhar |first3=Muhammad |last4=Patrix |first4=Golda Evangelista |date=2023-04-27 |title=Modeling and implementing a load management system for a solar home system based on Fuzzy Logic |url=https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/sinergi/article/view/17545 |journal=Sinergi |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=261 |doi=10.22441/sinergi.2023.2.014 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="kanugrahan-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Kanugrahan |first=Satria Putra |last2=Hakam |first2=Dzikri Firmansyah |last3=Nugraha |first3=Herry |date=2022-07-23 |title=Techno-Economic Analysis of Indonesia Power Generation Expansion to Achieve Economic Sustainability and Net Zero Carbon 2050 |journal=Sustainability |volume=14 |issue=15 |pages=9038 |bibcode=2022Sust...14.9038K |doi=10.3390/su14159038 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin geothermal, an kiyasta kusan 28.5 GW. <ref name="kanugrahan-2022" /> Har ila yau, Hasken rana yana da kyau sosai, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙasa na Global Horizontal Irradiance Index na 4.8 kWh / m2, yana kaiwa sama da 5.6 kWh / M2 a wasu yankuna na kudancin ƙasar. canjin makamashi Canjin makamashi yana fuskantar tarnaki na tsarin, kamar rashin kasuwar wutar lantarki, rashin gasa ta farashi don abubuwan sabuntawa da kuma tallafi ga albarkatun mai.  Keɓancewar PLN mallakar gwamnati a matsayin mai siyar da makamashi kaɗai ke hana masu kera masu zaman kansu, yayin da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin kuɗi suna iyakance layin bashi don manyan ayyuka.  Bugu da ƙari, rashin samun bayanan gaskiya game da farashi da dawowa yana ƙara haɗarin haɗari tsakanin masu zuba jari.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Masana sun yi nuni da cewa, daidaita manufofi a fadin ma'aikatu, samar da kasuwannin lamuni na carbon da rage tallafin gurbacewar makamashi sune muhimman matakan buda hannun jari.  Ba tare da daukar matakin gaggawa ba, hasashen Bankin Duniya ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi zai iya rage yawan GDP na Indonesia da kashi 7 cikin 100 zuwa 2100, tare da yin illa ga lafiya da muhalli.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Tarihi == === Lokacin mulkin mallaka === Kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai, dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'ummomin gida da dazuzzuka ana tafiyar da ita ta tsarin daidaitawa da amfani mai dorewa, bisa ra'ayoyin duniya masu son rai.  Koyaya, al'ummomi daban-daban da shugabannin yankin sun riga sun tsara yin amfani da gandun daji, filaye da samfuransu, da kafa ƙa'idodin gudanarwa na al'umma waɗanda a yau ke yin tasiri kan muhawara kan haƙƙin ƴan asalin cikin ayyukan REDD+. Yanayin ɗan adam na yankin ya samo asali ne daga akalla shekaru miliyan 1.5, tare da ayyukan da suka biyo baya ta hanyar ƙaura, gami da Austronesians, waɗanda mai yiwuwa suka isa a kusa da 2000 BC. Daga shekara ta 1000 BC zuwa gaba, yawancin waɗannan al'ummomin sun ɗauki al'adun Đông Sơn, wanda ke da alamar noman shinkafar ban ruwa, al'adun bauna da ayyukan megalithic.  Noman shinkafa, musamman a Java, ya haifar da bullar ƙauyuka, masarautu da addinai, waɗanda ke samun goyon bayan al'ummomi masu rikitarwa.  A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, manyan cibiyoyin iko sun bayyana, irin su Daular Srivijaya (Sumatra), daular Sailendra (Java) da kuma, daga baya, daular Majapayit, wacce ta sami babban tasiri a yanki a karni na 14. Tsarin waɗannan mulkoki ya kasance mai ƙarfi. Hakkin ƙasa an haɗa shi da aikin gona, ba mallakar doka ba. Rayuwar yau da kullun na yawancin manoma an yi musu alama da sake zagayowar ruwan sama da kuma haɗarin yunwa. Koyaya, waɗannan al'ummomin sun dogara da cinikayya a cire kayayyakin gandun daji daga yankunan tsaunuka, kamar resin, katako, da albasa, suna kafa haɗin kai tsakanin yankunan bakin teku da na ciki. Jama'ar makiyaya na tsaunuka - mafarauta da masu aikin noma - gabaɗaya ba a haɗa su cikin tsarin jihohi ba. Ba kamar yankin Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba, inda manyan kabilun suka kafa kansu, Indonesia ta mulkin mallaka ta kasance da bambancin kabilanci da harsuna, tare da ainihin asalin gida. A Sulawesi, akwai rubuce-rubuce na aikin ɗan adam na akalla shekaru 40,000. A cikin karni na 14, [[Musulunci]] ya fara yaduwa a yankin, yana samun ƙarfi tare da Musulunci na Masarautar Gowa a cikin karni na 17. Koyaya, al'ummomin tsaunuka kamar waɗanda ke tsakiyar tsibirin sun kasance a gefen jihohi da addinai na duniya har zuwa zuwan mishaneri na Dutch a karni na 20. Wadannan al'ummomin suna kula da ayyukan noma da kuma asalin da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar kakanninsu, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga rikice-rikice game da ƙasa da albarkatu har zuwa yau. [[Fayil:New_Hydrographic_Map_of_the_Sea_and_New_Southern_Lands-_Made_by_the_Cosmographer_and_Mathematician_Emanuel_Godinho_de_Eredia_WDL852.png|left|thumb|Taswirar Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wanda mai zane-zane na Malay-Portuguese Emanuel Godinho na Eredia ya yi a 1602.]] Turawa sun isa tsibirin Indonesiya a farkon karni na 16 a matsayin 'yan kasuwa masu safarar teku don neman kayan yaji irin su nutmeg , cloves , da barkono .  Turawan mulkin mallaka ya faru a hankali sama da shekaru 300-350.  Turawan Portugal ne suka fara kafa wuraren kasuwanci da kagara a tsibirai irin su Ternate da Amboíno, bayan da suka ci Malacca a shekara ta 1512. Duk da haka, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, hankalinsu ya koma wasu yankuna, kamar Brazil da Macau.. A cikin karni na 17, Dutch da Birtaniya sun karu a gabansu, tare da Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Gabashin Indiya da ke neman ya mallaki cinikin kayan yaji.  Gasar ta sa Birtaniyya ta mayar da hankali kan yankin na Indiya, yayin da Hollandawa suka karfafa ikonsu kan noman noma da hakar katako a cikin tsibirai.  A cikin karni na 17, Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya ya ƙaddamar da manufofin kula da muhalli na yau da kullun, yana mai da hankali kan hakar katako.. [[Fayil:KITLV_-_80236_-_Kleingrothe,_C.J._-_Medan_-_Seed_beds_and_barns_under_construction_on_a_tobacco_plantation,_probably_in_the_east_coast_of_Sumatra_-_1898.tif|thumb|Kashe daji don dasa taba a bakin tekun [[Sumatra|Tsibirin Sumatra]], 1898.]] A shekara ta 1808, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ayyana duk dazuzzukan da ba na zaman kansu ba a matsayin mallakar gwamnati, ƙarƙashin gwamna-janar.  A cikin karni na 19, dabarun kiyaye gandun daji don kare magudanar ruwa da noman noma ya haifar da samar da ka'idoji irin su Boschordonatie (1865), wanda ya hana noman canji da kuma kula da gandun daji na Java da Madura.  Agrarische Wet (1870) ya gabatar da ra'ayoyin Yammacin Turai game da kadarori masu zaman kansu, suna ba da izinin hayar ƙasa don shuka.  Waɗannan dokokin sun kori tsarin al'ada (adat) na mulkin ƙasa, musamman a cikin tsibiran ciki, kodayake ayyukan gida sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Sumatra, Borneo, da Papua. A Sulawesi, ikon mulkin mallaka ya kasance iyakance har zuwa karni na 19.  Yarjejeniyar Bongaya (1667) ta tura Sulawesi bakin teku zuwa Dutch, amma yankin cikin gida ya ci gaba da cin gashin kansa har zuwa farkon karni na 20, lokacin da rikice-rikicen cikin gida ya haifar da tsoma bakin Holland.  Shigar da yankuna irin su Dampelas cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka ya haifar da asarar haƙƙin gandun daji na asali, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da shugabannin jihohi. === Jamhuriyar Indonesia === [[Fayil:Nieuws_uit_Nieuw-Guinea,_oriëntatiebezoek_van_Nederlandse_deskundigen_Weeknummer_60-52_-_Open_Beelden_-_17485.ogv|left|thumb|Wani labari na Dutch daga Disamba 1960, wanda ke nuna katako a cikin Kwarin Baliem, Yammacin New Guinea da kuma halin da mutanen Papuan ke ciki a wannan yankin.]] Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1949, Shugaba Sukarno ya ci gaba da tsare tsare-tsaren gudanarwa da aka gada daga mulkin mallaka, gami da manufofin muhalli.  Hasashen wata ƙasa mai haɗin kai ta fuskanci turjiya a wasu tsibiran na waje kamar Sumatra da Sulawesi, inda ƙungiyoyin 'yan aware da kuma buƙatun kafa daular tsarin mulkin Islama suka ƙalubalanci gwamnati a Jakarta.  Amincewa da Bahasa Indonesiya a matsayin harshen ƙasa da akidar Pancasila sun nemi haɗewar kabilanci da bambancin addini, amma an ci gaba da dagula rikicin tarihi tsakanin al'ummomin asali da manufofin jihohi, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice na zamani game da kula da muhalli da ayyukan kiyayewa kamar REDD+ . Shekarun farko na jamhuriyar Indonesiya sun kasance da rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance, inda aka samu firayim minista biyar tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1955 da jam’iyyu 28 a zaben 1955.  Sakamakon zaben ya nuna rarrabuwar kawuna: Jam'iyyar Nationalist ta lashe kashi 22% na kuri'un da aka kada, yayin da jam'iyyun Musulunci (Masjumi da Nahdatul Ulama) suka samu kashi 39%.  A cikin wannan mahallin, Shugaba Sukarno ya ba da shawara a cikin 1956 "dimokuradiyya mai jagoranci", yana nisantar da kansa daga tsarin 'yanci na Yamma.  A cikin 1957, ya fuskanci tawayen 'yan aware a Sumatra kuma tare da goyon bayan soja, ya ayyana dokar soja da karfafa ikon shugaban kasa ta hanyar sake fasalin tsarin mulki.i. A Tsakiyar Sulawesi, yawan jama'a sun fuskanci rikici tsakanin ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye: Protestant Permesta Rebellion a arewa da ƙungiyar Darul Islam ta Musulunci a kudu. Kashewar Kahar Muzakkar, shugaban Bugis, don yin sulhu da zaman lafiya ya haifar da shiga cikin 'yan tawayen Islama, wadanda suka kai hari kan kauyuka na animist da na Kirista, wanda ya haifar da daruruwan mutuwar. Tawayen Permesta, ko da yake an murkushe shi a shekara ta 1957, ya bar tashin hankali na kabilanci da addini. A cikin kula da gandun daji, ka'idojin mulkin mallaka sun kasance suna aiki har zuwa shekarun 1950. A shekara ta 1957, dokar shugaban kasa ta ba larduna ikon bayar da izinin katako har zuwa hekta 10,000, samar da kudaden shiga na gida amma ba tare da warware rikice-rikice tsakanin haƙƙin al'ada (''Adata'') da dokokin hukuma ba. Dokar Agrarian ta asali ta 1960, har yanzu tana aiki, ta nemi daidaita waɗannan ƙa'idodi, ta ba da ƙasa aikin zamantakewa da sake rarraba, amma ta kasa warware rikice-rikice na ƙasa, musamman a tsibirai na waje. Ƙaddamar da ikon soja a ƙarƙashin Suharto, bayan juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba a 1965, ya haifar da zalunci na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci (PKI), tare da kiyasin mutuwar 300,000 zuwa miliyan 1.  Juyin mulkin zuwa “Sabuwar tsari” ya mayar da jihar a tsakiya, inda jam’iyyar Golkar ta mamaye zaben da aka yi magudi a tsakanin 1971 da 1993.. Dokar Kayan Kayan Kudancin 1967 ta sake bayyana kashi 70 cikin 100 na yankin a matsayin "kayan Kudanar Jiha", ta ba da ƙasashe na al'ada ga ikon Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona (daga baya Ma'aikalin Kudancin). Manufofin cin zarafi masu zurfi, gami da katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, cibiyoyin sadarwar abokan ciniki, suna amfana da dangin Suharto da abokan tarayya, musamman a masana'antar man dabino. Shirin ƙaura, wanda aka gada daga zamanin mulkin mallaka, ya sake komawa Javanese da Balinese miliyan 5 zuwa tsibirai na waje tsakanin 1975 da 1989, a ƙarƙashin tabbatar da daidaitattun yawan jama'a amma an yi niyya ne ga ikon siyasa. A Tsakiyar Sulawesi, rikice-rikice tsakanin baƙi da al'ummomin yankin sun fashe a cikin shekarun 1990, tare da lalata dubban gidaje da kuma fitar da mutane 70,000. === Gyara da ƙalubalen zamani === Murabus da Suharto ya yi a shekarar 1998, biyo bayan rikicin tattalin arziki da zanga-zanga, ya haifar da zamanin sake fasalin, tare da karkatar da ikon siyasa a wani bangare ta hanyar yin garambawul.  Duk da haka, sake dawo da ikon tsakiya a kan gandun daji a cikin 2002, matsin lamba daga kamfanonin katako, ya ci gaba da tayar da hankali.  Dokar gandun daji ta 31/1999 ta kiyaye dazuzzukan al'ada a matsayin mallakar ƙasa, yayin da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar suka bukaci cikakken amincewa da yankunan adat.. Gwamnatocin bayan-Suharto, irin su na Megawati Sukarnoputri (2001-2004) da Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004-2014), sun fuskanci cin hanci da rashawa da rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa.  Zaben Joko Widodo a shekarar 2014 ya yi alkawarin kawo sauyi, amma aka ci gaba da sukar lamirin rangwame ga jiga-jigan tattalin arziki.. == Tallafin jama'a == A matakin kasa da kasa, abokan tarayya irin su Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green da shirye-shiryen bangarorin biyu sun ba da gudummawar kashi 34% na kuɗaɗen sauyin yanayi a cikin 2011, amma yawancinsu an ba da su ta hanyar Asusun Kula da Canjin Yanayi na Indonesia (ICCTF), wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 2009 don daidaita albarkatu.  Duk da haka, aiwatar da aikin yana fuskantar cikas na fasaha da na ofis, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar jinkirin fitar da dalar Amurka miliyan 400 da aka ware don samar da makamashin ƙasa tsakanin 2010 da 2015..<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Kayan Tattalin Arziki na Musulunci == Indonesia, a matsayin babbar ƙasar musulmai a duniya, tana haɗa kayan aikin kudi na Islama a cikin dabarun kudi na yanayi, haɗa ka'idodin addini tare da manufofin muhalli. Green sukuk (Sharia -aligned green bonds) da ''waqf'' na muhalli (kyautar addini don ayyukan muhalli) sanannun ne a matsayin hanyoyin da za a tallafa wa sauyawar kasar don cimma burin duniya kamar [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]] . <ref name="jannah-20202">{{Cite journal |last=Jannah |first=Miftahul |last2=Sarkawi |first2=Azila |last3=Othman |first3=Jamilah |date=2020-12-31 |title=Legalization of Waqf Forests in Indonesia: The Registration Process |url=https://ilrev.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/629 |journal=Indonesia Law Review |volume=10 |issue=3 |doi=10.15742/ilrev.v10n3.629 |issn=2356-2129 |access-date=2025-05-12 |archive-date=2021-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127172322/http://ilrev.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/629 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="idris-2025">{{Cite web |last=Idris |first=Siti Hafsyah |last2=Chang |first2=Lee Wei |last3=Prihandono |first3=Iman |date=2025-01-12 |title=Malaysia, Indonesia's journey in pushing for green finance |url=https://www.eco-business.com/news/malaysia-indonesias-journey-in-pushing-for-green-finance/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117000000/https://www.eco-business.com/news/malaysia-indonesias-journey-in-pushing-for-green-finance/ |archive-date=2025-01-17 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Eco-Business}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, gwamnatin Indonesia ta ba da ''sukuk'' mai zaman kanta na farko a duniya, wanda ya tara dala biliyan 1.25 don ayyukan sabunta makamashi da [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaita yanayin yanayi]]. An rarraba kudaden ne a karkashin Green Bond da Green Sukuk Framework, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi da Muhalli ta Duniya (CICERO) ta sake dubawa, wanda ya kimanta shirye-shiryen a matsayin matsakaici ko babban damar rage hayaki.<ref name="idris-2025"/> Daga cikin ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗi shine tashar wutar lantarki ta Sarulla a Arewacin Sumatra, wanda ke guje wa tan miliyan 1.3 na hayakin CO2 a kowace shekara.<ref name="sulistiawati-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sulistiawati |first=Linda Yanti |date=2024-11-25 |title=Indonesia's Climate Policy: Lost in Translation? |url=https://www.kas.de/en/web/indonesien/single-title/-/content/indonesia-s-climate-policy-lost-in-translation |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Konrad Adenauer Stiftung}}</ref> A karkashin wakafi, Indonesiya ta samar da dazuzzukan dazuzzuka kamar Aceh Besar da Bogor, inda ake maida filaye da aka ba da kyauta zuwa wuraren kiyayewa.  Tsarin halatta ya ƙunshi hukumomin gwamnati da yawa, ciki har da ma'aikatar muhalli, gandun daji da sauyin yanayi, don tabbatar da bin dokokin ƙasa da ƙa'idodin Musulunci.  Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, kasar tana da sama da hekta 160,000 na kasar wakafi, wanda kashi 61% daga ciki aka ba da shaida, kodayake kasa da kashi 1% an ware su ne don ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="jannah-20202"/> Ƙalubalen sun kasance, kamar rikitarwa na tasirin tasirin: binciken kai tsaye ya nuna cewa kashi 30% na ayyukan da sukuk mai kore ya tallafawa tsakanin 2018 da 2022 sun kasa cimma burin rage fitar da hayaki.<ref name="sulistiawati-2024"/> Bugu da ƙari, rashin daidaitattun ka'idoji don ''waqfs'' na muhalli yana haifar da rikice-rikice game da amfani da ƙasar da aka ba da gudummawa, musamman a yankunan da ke da rikicewar ƙasa na tarihi.<ref name="jannah-20202"/> Duk da ci gaba, binciken yana nuna ƙalubalen tsari. Binciken da Babban Bankin Indonesia ya yi ya nuna cewa kashi 3% ne kawai na takardun shaida masu ɗorewa da aka bayar tsakanin 2020 da 2023 sune ''sukuk'' kore, wanda ke nuna rikitarwa na jan hankalin masu saka hannun jari na al'ada saboda rashin daidaitattun ma'aunin muhalli.<ref name="hermala-2025">{{Cite journal |last=Hermala |first=Irvan |last2=Sunitiyoso |first2=Yos |last3=Sudrajad |first3=Oktofa Yudha |date=2025 |title=Green Financing Using Islamic Finance Instruments in Indonesia: A Bibliometrics and Literature Review |url=https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/17208 |journal=International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy |volume=1 |pages=239–248 |doi=10.32479/ijeep.17208 |issn=2146-4553 |access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref> Bugu da kari, nazarin ilimi ya nuna cewa nuna gaskiya a cikin rabon albarkatu cikas ne: ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗin ''waqf'' sau da yawa suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen tabbatar da tasirin kankare, kamar maido da wuraren da suka lalace.<ref name="hanifah-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Hanifah |first=Sarah Hana |last2=Widiyanti |first2=Dwi Retno |date=2024-02-21 |title=Exploring Contributing Factors to Environmental Disclosures in Islamic Commercial Banks of Indonesia |url=https://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/miec/article/view/23818 |journal=Maliki Islamic Economics Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=88–107 |doi=10.18860/miec.v3i2.23818 |issn=2797-8125 |access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref> Masu sukar kuma suna gargadi game da haɗarin tsari: rashin tsarin doka na hadin gwiwa don kudaden yanayi na Islama ya sa ya zama da wahala a aiwatar da ayyukan da ke da fa'ida a duniya, kuma yana haifar da rikice-rikice game da daidaito na addini na shirye-shirye.<ref name="hermala-2025" /> Duk da iyakokinsu, ana iya fahimtar yiwuwar waɗannan hanyoyin a duniya. Green ''sukuk'' na Indonesia ya zama abin koyi ga ƙasashe kamar [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], yayin da Green Climate Fund ke ganin kudaden Musulunci a matsayin madadin tattara albarkatu daga ƙasashe a cikin Larabawa.<ref name="hermala-2025"/> Masana sun ce nasarar za ta dogara da daidaita ka'idojin kasa da ke buƙatar ƙididdigar kore tare da ƙarfafa haraji wanda zai iya haɓaka sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.<ref name="sutrisno-20242">{{Cite journal |last=Sutrisno |first=Sutrisno |last2=Widarjono |first2=Agus |last3=Hakim |first3=Abdul |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Role of Green Credit in Bank Profitability and Stability: A Case Study on Green Banking in Indonesia |journal=Risks |volume=12 |issue=12 |page=198 |doi=10.3390/risks12120198 |issn=2227-9091 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Kudin sirri == Kudin yanayi masu zaman kansu a Indonesia har yanzu suna ba da fifiko ga saka hannun jari a aikin [[noma]] da [[sufuri]]. Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa shekara ta 2013, an ba da umarnin dala biliyan 5.71 ne kawai don tsabtace makamashi, yana nuna fahimtar babban haɗari a cikin ayyukan sabuntawa. Bankunan cikin gida, waɗanda ke riƙe da kashi 78.6% na kadarorin kuɗi na ƙasar, sun fara karɓar ƙa'idodin muhalli a cikin 2018, bayan da ''Hukumar Kula da Kudi'' (OJK) ta ƙaddamar da shirin kuɗi mai ɗorewa. A cikin 2013, kawai 1.4% na rancen banki an rarraba su a matsayin "kore", suna mai da hankali kan makamashi mai sabuntawa.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tbk3m3q7eqo0pwncpt4j6otzr93efpr 875211 875209 2026-07-03T17:13:03Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Celebrating_the_Pale_Blue_Dot_(49587798436).jpg|thumb|Dalibai a lardin Gabashin Java suna dasa bishiyoyi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ranar Duniya 2022.]] Kuɗin yanayi a Indonesia yana nufin albarkatun kuɗi da aka ware don tallafawa sauyin yanayi da ayyukan daidaittuwa a cikin ƙasar.  A matsayin na biyar mafi girma da ke fitar da iskar gas a duniya, matsayi da aka danganta da sare [[Gandun dajin Falgore na tara dabbobin daji|gandun daji]] (asarar 60,000 km² na gandun daji tsakanin alif 2000 da 2012) da kuma dogaro da albarkatun mai (85% na matrix makamashi a cikin 2023), Indonesiya ita ce mafi girman matsalar sauyin yanayi a lokaci guda kuma mafi girman yanayin duniya.  tasiri, kamar hauhawar matakan teku da tsananta bala'o'i. Kuɗin yanayi a Indonesia yana nufin albarkatun kuɗi da aka ware don tallafawa sauyin yanayi da ayyukan daidaitawa a cikin ƙasar.  A matsayin na biyar mafi girma da ke fitar da iskar gas a duniya, matsayi da aka danganta da sare gandun daji (asarar 60,000 km² na gandun daji tsakanin 2000 da 2012) da kuma dogaro da albarkatun mai (85% na matrix makamashi a cikin 2023), Indonesiya ita ce mafi girman matsalar sauyin yanayi a lokaci guda kuma mafi girman yanayin duniya.  tasiri, kamar hauhawar matakan teku da tsananta bala'o'i. == Yanayin yanayi da tattalin arziki == [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], tsibiri mai tsibirai sama da 17,000 kuma kasa ta hudu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya, tana fuskantar wani yanayi mai sarkakiya ta fuskar ci gaban tattalin arziki da matsalar yanayi, wanda ke da tsarin ci gaba da ya danganci cin gajiyar albarkatun kasa.  Kara gurɓacewar dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da faɗaɗa fannin man dabino ya haifar da mummunar tasiri a zamantakewa da muhalli, yayin da fannin makamashi, wanda ya dogara kacokan akan albarkatun mai, a halin yanzu shine babban tushen fitar da hayaƙi a ƙasar.<ref name="trase-palm-oil-2024">{{Cite web |last=Benedict |first=Jason Jon |last2=Heilmayr |first2=Robert |date=2024-10-08 |title=Trase: Indonesian palm oil exports and deforestation |url=https://www.sei.org/features/indonesian-palm-oil-exports-and-deforestation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319214330/https://www.sei.org/about-sei/ |archive-date=2018-03-19 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Stockholm Environment Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Duk da alkawuran kasa da kasa da kuma yiwuwar tushen sabuntawa, shingen tsari, tallafin kwal, da manufofi masu rarraba suna hana sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin carbon mai ƙarancin, saboda karuwar bukatar makamashi da matsin yanayi. Tare da yawan mutanen da ake sa ran su wuce miliyan 300 nan da shekara ta alif 2030 da kuma saurin birni, kasar tana fuskantar karuwar Amfani da makamashi da hayakin gas.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Dajin == Murfin gandun daji na Indonisiya, na uku mafi girma a duniya na halittu masu zafi, yana fuskantar matsin lamba na tarihi da ke da alaƙa da tsarin tattalin arziki na tushen kayayyaki kuma yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu sarƙaƙƙiya a mahadar kiyaye gandun daji da bunƙasa tattalin arziki.  A a 1900, gandun daji sun rufe kashi 84% na ƙasar, amma a shekara ta 1950, kiyasin tarihi ya nuna cewa hekta miliyan 145 na gandun daji na farko da hekta miliyan 14 na gandun daji na biyu da mangroves sun kasance.]  Daga shekarun 1970s zuwa gaba, yin katako ya sami sikelin masana'antu, yana haɓaka sassa kamar ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda.  Tsakanin 1980 da 2000, ƙarfin haɓakar waɗannan masana'antu ya karu da kashi 700%, wanda ya ɗaga Indonesia zuwa matsayi na tara a cikin manyan masu samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara a duniya..<ref name="tsujino-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Tsujino |first=Riyou |last2=Yumoto |first2=Takakazu |last3=Kitamura |first3=Shumpei |last4=Djamaluddin |first4=Ibrahim |last5=Darnaedi |first5=Dedy |date=2016-11-30 |title=History of forest loss and degradation in Indonesia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264837716305348 |journal=Land Use Policy |volume=57 |pages=335–347 |bibcode=2016LUPol..57..335T |doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.034 |issn=0264-8377 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Hawan hanzarin sare daji ya zama mai mahimmanci a cikin shekarun da suka gabata: tsakanin 1990 da 2000, ƙasar ta rasa hekta miliyan 24 na gandun daji (20% na jimlar ɗaukar hoto), ta bar hekta miliyan 94 (52% na yankin) a cikin 2010.<ref name="tsujino-2016"/> Duk da dakatarwar da aka kafa a kan sabbin kudaden da aka kafa na sare daji a cikin 2011, kulawa mara kyau da cin hanci da rashawa sun ci gaba da kasancewa da yawa, tare da mafi girman hekta 930,000 da aka sare a cikin 2016. <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> <ref name="tenere-sea-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deforestation in Southeast Asia: Causes, Impacts and Solutions |url=https://www.tenereteam.com/blogs/deforestation-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=TenereTeam |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rfmrc-sea">{{Cite web |title=Deforestation in Southeast Asia – RFMRC-SEA |url=https://rfmrc-sea.org/deforestation-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=RFMRC-SEA |language=en}}</ref> Tsakanin 2000 da 2012, kasar ta rasa kusan 60,000 km2 na gandun daji na farko, ta wuce [[Brazil]] a cikin yawan gandun daji a shekara-shekara a cikin 2012 (8,400 km2 da 4,600 km2), wanda yafi yawa ta hanyar fadada gonakin dabino.<ref name="margono-20142">{{Cite journal |last=Margono |first=Belinda Arunarwati |last2=Potapov |first2=Peter V. |last3=Turubanova |first3=Svetlana |last4=Stolle |first4=Fred |last5=Hansen |first5=Matthew C. |date=August 2014 |title=Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2277 |journal=Nature Climate Change |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=730–735 |bibcode=2014NatCC...4..730M |doi=10.1038/nclimate2277 |issn=1758-6798 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Manyan direbobi na sare daji (2001-2016) sun haɗa da fadada man dabino (23% na jimlar), wanda ke da alhakin sauya kai tsaye na hekta miliyan 3.3 na gandun daji, da kuma sauya yankuna zuwa makiyaya ko savannahs (20%), sau da yawa ana danganta su da gobarar da ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="austin-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=Kemen G |last2=Schwantes |first2=Amanda |last3=Gu |first3=Yaofeng |last4=Kasibhatla |first4=Prasad S |date=2019-02-01 |title=What causes deforestation in Indonesia? |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=024007 |bibcode=2019ERL....14b4007A |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |issn=1748-9326 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Karamin aikin gona da kayan aikin katako, kamar hanyoyi da tsaunuka, sun ba da gudummawa 22% da 10%, bi da bi, yayin da ayyukan kamar hakar ma'adinai - musamman hakar ma-nickel a tsibirin [[Sulawesi]], wanda ake buƙata ta duniya don batir - ya kai kashi 5.<ref name="margono-20142"/><ref name="bennett-2023">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Paige |date=2023-11-02 |title=200,000 Hectares of Oil Palm Plantations to Be Converted Into Forests, Indonesia's Government Says |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/palm-oil-plantations-forests-conversion-indonesia.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=EcoWatch}}</ref> Duk da wadannan tasirin, bangarorin man dabino da katako tare suna samar da kusan dala biliyan 45 a cikin kudaden fitarwa a kowace shekara ga Indonesia.<ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> [[Fayil:Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg|left|thumb|Kashe gandun daji na gandun daji don dasa dabino mai.]] Indonesia ita ce babbar mai samar da [[Manja|Man dabino]] a duniya, wanda shine babban albarkatun kasa don Biodiesel.<ref name="bennett-2023"/> Kashe katako da gonakin dabino na mai sun haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki, amma a lokaci guda, suna haifar da sare daji mai yawa.<ref name="earth-deforestation-2022">{{Cite web |last=Shahreen |first=Samiha |date=2022-02-02 |title=Vanishing Act: Deforestation in Indonesia |url=https://earth.org/vanishing-act-deforestation-in-indonesia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202022716/https://earth.org/vanishing-act-deforestation-in-indonesia/ |archive-date=2022-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Earth.Org}}</ref><ref name="austin-2019b">{{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=Kemen G |last2=Schwantes |first2=Amanda |last3=Gu |first3=Yaofeng |last4=Kasibhatla |first4=Prasad S |date=2019-02-01 |title=What causes deforestation in Indonesia? |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=024007 |bibcode=2019ERL....14b4007A |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |issn=1748-9326 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kawai kashi 49% na yankin ƙasar ya rufe da gandun daji, idan aka kwatanta da ƙididdigar tarihi na 84% . <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> <ref name="world-bank-forest-cover">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data – Forest Area (% of Land Area) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS?end=2022&locations=ID&start=1990 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref name="kaltimber-2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-05 |title=Rate of deforestation in Indonesia overtakes Brazil |url=https://www.kaltimber.com/blog/2018/2/5/rate-of-deforestation-in-indonesia-overtakes-brazil |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Kaltimber - Timber merchant - Flooring shop}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2016, gonakin dabino na mai suna da alhakin kashi 23% na wannan sare daji. <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022" /> <ref name="austin-2019b"/> Fadada nau'ikan dabino guda ɗaya a Indonesia, wanda galibi ke hade da maye gurbin dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi ko yankunan noma, ya tsananta matsin muhalli da zamantakewa a karshen karni na 20 da farkon 21st.  An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na sare dazuzzuka da ke da nasaba da sashen - wanda ke da alhakin asarar hekta 840,000 na gandun daji a duk shekara tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2012 - yana faruwa ne ba bisa ka'ida ba..<ref name="petrenko-2016">{{Cite web |last=Petrenko |first=Chelsea |last2=Searle |first2=Stephanie |date=2016-07-11 |title=Ecological impacts of palm oil expansion in Indonesia |url=https://theicct.org/publication/ecological-impacts-of-palm-oil-expansion-in-indonesia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120123456/https://theicct.org/publication/ecological-impacts-of-palm-oil-expansion-in-indonesia/ |archive-date=2022-01-20 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=International Council on Clean Transportation}}</ref> Rushewar filayen ƙasa, wanda ya kama har sau 20 fiye da carbon fiye da dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da ba a cika ambaliya ba, yana haɓaka hayakin carbon dioxide: gobarar da ba ta dace ba da aka saki tsakanin tan biliyan 0.81 zuwa 2.57 na carbon a cikin 1997, daidai da 13-40% na hayaƙin mai na duniya a waccan shekarar..<ref name="varma-20033">{{Cite journal |last=Varma |first=Anshuman |date=2003-08-01 |title=The economics of slash and burn: a case study of the 1997–1998 Indonesian forest fires |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00139-3 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=159–171 |bibcode=2003EcoEc..46..159V |doi=10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00139-3 |issn=0921-8009 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Rashin lalacewar muhalli ya kai ga [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] da [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|albarkatun ruwa]]: kowane ton na man dabino da aka samar yana samar da tan 2.5 na guba mai guba, yana gurɓata yanayin halittu na ruwa.<ref name="petrenko-2016"/> Amfani mai zurfi na agrochemicals, kamar magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da taki, haɗe da [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]] a kan gangaren da suka fi tsayi (ya zama ruwan dare a cikin shuke-shuke), yana ƙara ambaliyar ruwa da yaduwar kogi, yana barazanar ababen more rayuwa.<ref name="afandi-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Afandi |first=AM |last2=Zuraidah |first2=Y |last3=Nurzuhaili |first3=HAZA |last4=Zulkifli |first4=H |last5=Yaqin |first5=M |date=October 2017 |title=Managing Soil Deterioration and Erosion under Oil Palm |url=https://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/opb/ |journal=Oil Palm Bulletin |publisher=Malaysian Palm Oil Board |volume=75 |pages=1–10 |access-date=2025-05-15 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Rashin bambancin halittu yana da mahimmanci, tare da nau'o'in da ke cikin gida kamar Orangutans, Sumatran tigers da giwaye, waɗanda ke fuskantar barazanar gobara da raguwar mazaunin.<ref name="kadandale-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Kadandale |first=Sowmya |last2=Marten |first2=Robert |last3=Smith |first3=Richard |date=2019-02-01 |title=The palm oil industry and noncommunicable diseases |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/BLT.18.220434 |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=118–128 |doi=10.2471/BLT.18.220434 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=6357563 |pmid=30728618 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> A matakin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, koDayak bangaren man dabino yana daukar ma'aikata miliyan 16 kuma yana wakiltar kusan kashi 4.5% na babban kayan cikin gida (GDP), <ref name="trase-palm-oil-2024"/> al'ummomin asali, kamar Dayak a yankin Kalimantan, suna fuskantar tilasta ƙaura da rikice-rikicen ƙasa: fiye da rikicewar yanki 630 da ke da alaƙa da shuke-shuke an rubuta su a shekara ta 2010.<ref name="colchester-2010">{{Cite web |last=Colchester |first=Marcus |date=2010 |title=Palm oil and indigenous peoples in South East Asia: Land acquisition, human rights violations and indigenous peoples on the palm oil frontier |url=https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/publication/2010/10/palmoilandipsasiaexecsumoct10eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811000000/https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/publication/2010/10/palmoilandipsasiaexecsumoct10eng.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Forest Peoples Programme |publisher=International Land Coalition}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar jama'a yana lalacewa ta hanyar gurɓataccen iska - a cikin 2015, haze mai iyaka (Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya) ya ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar 103,300 da ba a kai ba a yankin.]  Bugu da kari, wata korafi da Amnesty International ta yi a shekarar 2016 ta yi ikirarin cewa ma’aikatan kamfanin na Wilmar International sun samu mummunar illa a fannin kiwon lafiya, sakamakon amfani da magungunan ciyawa irin su paraquat, da aka haramta a Turai amma har yanzu ana amfani da su a gonakin dabino, ba tare da isassun kayan kariya ba[.  Mata da yara suna da haɗari musamman ga waɗannan haɗari: ƙananan yara suna aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba don taimaka wa iyaye tare da manufar samarwa, yayin da mata, sau da yawa ana ɗaukar su ba tare da fa'idodin zamantakewa ba, suna kula da sinadarai masu guba..<ref name="amnesty-2016">{{Cite report}}</ref><ref name="varkkey-2015">{{Cite book}}</ref> [[Fayil:Aerial_of_Badak_NGL_natural_gas_refinery.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin Badak LNG na kamfanin gas a Bontang cCty a tsibirin [[Borneo]].]] Sashin makamashi yana da mahimmanci ga muhawara game da yanayin Indonesiya. Duk da samun albarkatun sabuntawa masu yawa kamar makamashi na geothermal, hydropower, da biofuels makamashi ya hada har yanzu ya dogara da 85% burbushin burbushin, musamman kwal da iskar gas.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> An kiyasta bangaren makamashi zai kai kashi 50% zuwa 70% na hayakin da kasar ke fitarwa nan da shekarar 2030, wanda ya zarce sare itatuwa.  Haɓaka buƙatun wutar lantarki, wanda haɓaka masana'antu da haɓaka birane ke haifar da shi, yana ƙoƙarin haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa na tushen kwal, yana haifar da haɗarin "kaddarorin da ba su da tushe" a cikin yanayin lalata duniya.  Hukumar sabunta makamashi ta kasa da kasa (IRENA) ta yi gargadin cewa, idan ba tare da manufofin gaggawa ba, bukatar makamashi za ta karu da kashi 80 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2030, tare da kulle kasar cikin gurbatattun fasahohi da fasahohin zamani na tattalin arziki..<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Bayan yarjejeniyar Paris, gwamnatin Indonesiya ta kafa maƙasudi masu fa'ida don gudummawar da ta ƙaddara ta ƙasa, gami da rage hayakin iskar gas da kashi 29% ta 2030 (ko 41% tare da tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa) da haɓaka rabon makamashi mai sabuntawa zuwa kashi 31% na haɗuwar makamashi ta farko ta 2050. Duk da haka, ƙalubale kamar tallafin burbushin man fetur na tarihi, rashin daidaituwa na tsarin makamashi, rashin daidaituwa a cikin manufofin saɓani, rashin daidaituwa da tsarin tsarin makamashi, da rashin daidaituwa ga tsarin makamashi. sanya wahalar cimma wadannan manufofin. Bincike ya nuna cewa canjin koren tattalin arziki mai yuwuwa, amma yana buƙatar saka hannun jari sosai: hasashen ya nuna cewa ana buƙatar zuba jarin da ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 78 nan da shekarar 2030 don sabunta hanyoyin wutar lantarki na Java da Sumatra, yankuna waɗanda ke da 70% na tsarar ƙasa.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Wing Thye|access-date=Taghizadeh-Hesary}}</ref> Saboda [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] ta kunshi tsibirai 17,508, ƙasar ba ta da cikakken wutar lantarki.<ref name="hidayatullah-2024">{{Cite web |last=Hidayatullah |first=M. Ryan |date=2024-11-21 |title=Electricity infrastructure: Huge costs for inter-island power grid |url=https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centre/infrastructure-news/november-2024/electricity-infrastructure--huge-costs-for-inter-island-power-gr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219000000/https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centre/infrastructure-news/november-2024/electricity-infrastructure--huge-costs-for-inter-island-power-gr.html |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=PwC |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers}}</ref> Yawancin tsibirai sun dogara da tsarin da aka ware don samar da wutar lantarki, waɗanda aka rarraba a yankuna da yawa.<ref name="hidayatullah-2024" /> Kasar tana da niyyar sabunta dukkan tsarin grid dinta, fadada damar da kuma hada da fadada hanyoyin sabuntawa, ban da haɗa tsibirai da juna. Don aiwatar da waɗannan canje-canje, gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa ana buƙatar fiye da dala biliyan 20.<ref name="razak-2024">{{Cite web |last=Razak |first=Imanuddin |date=2024-12-18 |title=Indonesia targets US$20 billion for inter-island electricity transmission |url=https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/energy/indonesia-targets-us20-billion-for-inter-island-electricity-transmission/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Indonesia Business Post}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, jimlar fitar da [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] ta kasar ta kai kimanin tan biliyan 1.2. Babban tushen wadannan hayaki shine bangaren wutar lantarki, tare da tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke da amfani da kwal wanda ke da asusun sama da kashi 60% na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref name="iea-emissions-20242">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia - Emissions |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-data-browser?country=INDONESIA&indicator=CO2BySector |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407000000/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-data-browser?country=INDONESIA&indicator=CO2BySector |archive-date=2024-04-07 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=IEA - Data Browser |publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref><ref name="lakshmi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=A. Anantha |date=2025-01-14 |title=Indonesia's ambition to quit coal hinges on policy reforms |url=https://www.ft.com/content/indonesia-ambition-quit-coal-policy-reform |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> Sauran manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa wanda ya haifar da fadada noman [[Manja|Man dabino]], da ayyukan masana'antu.<ref name="iea-emissions-20242" /><ref name="jong-2024">{{Cite web |last=Jong |first=Hans Nicholas |date=2024-02-13 |title=Palm oil deforestation makes comeback in Indonesia after decade-long slump |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2024/02/palm-oil-deforestation-makes-comeback-in-indonesia-after-decade-long-slump/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref><ref name="ourworldindata-2020">{{Cite web |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-05-11 |title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref><ref name="nusantara-2024">{{Cite web |last=Nusantara |first=Geni Buana |date=2024-11-01 |title=Industrial CO2 Emissions and the Path Towards Decarbonization in Indonesia |url=https://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/energy-issues/industrial-co2-emissions-indonesia.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Geni }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Don rage waɗannan hayaki da cimma burin yanayi, gwamnatin Indonesia ta yi alkawarin ba za ta amince da sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki ba.<ref name="bosse-2024">{{Cite web |last=Bosse |first=Jolana |date=2024-11-20 |title=Indonesia – Climate Performance Ranking 2025 |url=https://ccpi.org/country/idn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420000000/https://ccpi.org/country/idn/ |archive-date=2024-04-20 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Climate Change Performance Index}}</ref><ref name="jong-2021">{{Cite web |last=Jong |first=Hans Nicholas |date=2021-05-12 |title=Indonesia says no new coal plants from 2023 (after the next 100 or so) |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/05/indonesia-says-no-new-coal-plants-from-2023-after-the-next-100-or-so/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref> Kamfanonin da ke saka hannun jari a cikin Carbon Capture, makamashi mai sabuntawa, ko ayyukan kiyaye gandun daji na iya sayar da kudaden carbon a kasuwar da aka tsara ta Indonesia.<ref name="sulaiman-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sulaiman |first=Stefanno |last2=Suroyo |first2=Gayatri |date=2024-09-16 |title=Exclusive: Indonesia's Prabowo plans $65 billion green fund from selling carbon credits |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/exclusive-indonesias-prabowo-plans-65-billion-green-fund-selling-carbon-credits-2024-09-16/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Bangaren sufuri a Indonesiya yana samar da kimanin tan miliyan 150 na CO₂ a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na jimillar hayaƙin ƙasar.  Hanyoyin sufuri (motoci, bas, manyan motoci, da babura) sun kai kashi casa'in cikin ɗari na waɗannan hayaƙi a fannin.  Kodayake zirga-zirgar jama'a ta wanzu kuma tana haɓaka, 72% na Indonesiya har yanzu suna dogaro da jigilar jama'a.  A Jakarta, TransJakarta BRT na ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman tsarin jigilar bas, wanda ke ba da fasinjoji sama da miliyan 1 kowace rana.  A cikin 2023, an kaddamar da layin dogo mai sauri na Jakarta – Bandung, irinsa na farko a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, da nufin rage lokutan balaguro da hayakin da ke hade da su. Indonesia ta kafa manufofi masu ban sha'awa don kaiwa kashi 75% na makamashi mai tsabta nan da shekara ta 2040.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia's Initiative to Advance Green Energy through Green Energy Buyers Dialogue |url=https://jetp-id.org/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=jetp-id.org |publisher=JETP Indonesia }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana ganin bangarorin geothermal da hydropower a matsayin mabuɗin cimma wannan burin.<ref name="iea-electricity-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia - Electricity |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/electricity-statistics-data-browser?country=INDONESIA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319000000/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/electricity-statistics-data-browser?country=INDONESIA |archive-date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=IEA - Data Browser |publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref> Gwamnati da kamfanin wutar lantarki na jihar Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) sun ba da sabbin ka'idoji kuma sun kirkiro kudade don tallafawa wannan ci gaban.<ref name="sastrawijaya-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sastrawijaya |first=Kirana |date=2024-09-26 |title=Renewable Energy 2024 - Indonesia {{!}} Global Practice Guidelines |url=https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/renewable-energy-2024/indonesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010000000/https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/renewable-energy-2024/indonesia |archive-date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Chambers and Partners}}</ref> PLN ta kuma fahimci muhimmancin shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma ta tsara shirye-shirye don haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-dec2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Indonesia's Initiative to Advance Green Energy through Green Energy Buyers Dialogue |url=https://jetp-id.org/news/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206000000/https://jetp-id.org/news/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=jetp-id.org |publisher=JETP Indonesia}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa za a buƙaci dala biliyan 154 don saduwa da burin yanayi.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-dec2024" /><ref name="takyar-2022">{{Cite web |last=Takyar |first=Sarthak |date=2022-03-23 |title=Green infrastructure investment opportunities in Indonesia - REGlobal - Finance |url=https://reglobal.co/green-infrastructure-investment-opportunities-in-indonesia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=REGlobal}}</ref> A halin yanzu, shigar da ƙarfin makamashi mai tsabta yana wakiltar kashi 12% kawai na jimlar.<ref name="iea-electricity-2024" /> A cikin 2023, saka hannun jari mai tsabta a Indonesia ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 497.99, karuwar kashi 78% idan aka kwatanta da 2022 ($ 279.93 miliyan). <ref name="takyar-2022" /><ref name="lontoh-2016">{{Cite web |last=Lontoh |first=Lucky |date=September 2016 |title=Indonesia's Financially Sustainable Electricity Sector |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/indonesia-financially-sustainable-electricity-sector.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317000000/https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/indonesia-financially-sustainable-electricity-sector.pdf |archive-date=2021-03-17 |access-date=2025-06-03 |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development}}</ref><ref name="climatescope-2024">{{Cite web |title=Climatescope 2024 {{!}} Indonesia |url=https://www.global-climatescope.org/markets/indonesia |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=global-climatescope.org}}</ref> Indonesia tana da babbar damar makamashi mai sabuntawa, an kiyasta ya kai kusan 3,500 GW. Babban alkawarin ya kasance a cikin geothermal da hydropower. Don wutar lantarki, yiwuwar kusan 94.3 GW.<ref name="saini-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Saini |first=Makmur |last2=Djalal |first2=Muhammad Ruswandi |last3=Azhar |first3=Muhammad |last4=Patrix |first4=Golda Evangelista |date=2023-04-27 |title=Modeling and implementing a load management system for a solar home system based on Fuzzy Logic |url=https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/sinergi/article/view/17545 |journal=Sinergi |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=261 |doi=10.22441/sinergi.2023.2.014 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="kanugrahan-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Kanugrahan |first=Satria Putra |last2=Hakam |first2=Dzikri Firmansyah |last3=Nugraha |first3=Herry |date=2022-07-23 |title=Techno-Economic Analysis of Indonesia Power Generation Expansion to Achieve Economic Sustainability and Net Zero Carbon 2050 |journal=Sustainability |volume=14 |issue=15 |pages=9038 |bibcode=2022Sust...14.9038K |doi=10.3390/su14159038 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin geothermal, an kiyasta kusan 28.5 GW. <ref name="kanugrahan-2022" /> Har ila yau, Hasken rana yana da kyau sosai, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙasa na Global Horizontal Irradiance Index na 4.8 kWh / m2, yana kaiwa sama da 5.6 kWh / M2 a wasu yankuna na kudancin ƙasar. canjin makamashi Canjin makamashi yana fuskantar tarnaki na tsarin, kamar rashin kasuwar wutar lantarki, rashin gasa ta farashi don abubuwan sabuntawa da kuma tallafi ga albarkatun mai.  Keɓancewar PLN mallakar gwamnati a matsayin mai siyar da makamashi kaɗai ke hana masu kera masu zaman kansu, yayin da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin kuɗi suna iyakance layin bashi don manyan ayyuka.  Bugu da ƙari, rashin samun bayanan gaskiya game da farashi da dawowa yana ƙara haɗarin haɗari tsakanin masu zuba jari.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Masana sun yi nuni da cewa, daidaita manufofi a fadin ma'aikatu, samar da kasuwannin lamuni na carbon da rage tallafin gurbacewar makamashi sune muhimman matakan buda hannun jari.  Ba tare da daukar matakin gaggawa ba, hasashen Bankin Duniya ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi zai iya rage yawan GDP na Indonesia da kashi 7 cikin 100 zuwa 2100, tare da yin illa ga lafiya da muhalli.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Tarihi == === Lokacin mulkin mallaka === Kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai, dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'ummomin gida da dazuzzuka ana tafiyar da ita ta tsarin daidaitawa da amfani mai dorewa, bisa ra'ayoyin duniya masu son rai.  Koyaya, al'ummomi daban-daban da shugabannin yankin sun riga sun tsara yin amfani da gandun daji, filaye da samfuransu, da kafa ƙa'idodin gudanarwa na al'umma waɗanda a yau ke yin tasiri kan muhawara kan haƙƙin ƴan asalin cikin ayyukan REDD+. Yanayin ɗan adam na yankin ya samo asali ne daga akalla shekaru miliyan 1.5, tare da ayyukan da suka biyo baya ta hanyar ƙaura, gami da Austronesians, waɗanda mai yiwuwa suka isa a kusa da 2000 BC. Daga shekara ta 1000 BC zuwa gaba, yawancin waɗannan al'ummomin sun ɗauki al'adun Đông Sơn, wanda ke da alamar noman shinkafar ban ruwa, al'adun bauna da ayyukan megalithic.  Noman shinkafa, musamman a Java, ya haifar da bullar ƙauyuka, masarautu da addinai, waɗanda ke samun goyon bayan al'ummomi masu rikitarwa.  A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, manyan cibiyoyin iko sun bayyana, irin su Daular Srivijaya (Sumatra), daular Sailendra (Java) da kuma, daga baya, daular Majapayit, wacce ta sami babban tasiri a yanki a karni na 14. Tsarin waɗannan mulkoki ya kasance mai ƙarfi. Hakkin ƙasa an haɗa shi da aikin gona, ba mallakar doka ba. Rayuwar yau da kullun na yawancin manoma an yi musu alama da sake zagayowar ruwan sama da kuma haɗarin yunwa. Koyaya, waɗannan al'ummomin sun dogara da cinikayya a cire kayayyakin gandun daji daga yankunan tsaunuka, kamar resin, katako, da albasa, suna kafa haɗin kai tsakanin yankunan bakin teku da na ciki. Jama'ar makiyaya na tsaunuka - mafarauta da masu aikin noma - gabaɗaya ba a haɗa su cikin tsarin jihohi ba. Ba kamar yankin Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba, inda manyan kabilun suka kafa kansu, Indonesia ta mulkin mallaka ta kasance da bambancin kabilanci da harsuna, tare da ainihin asalin gida. A Sulawesi, akwai rubuce-rubuce na aikin ɗan adam na akalla shekaru 40,000. A cikin karni na 14, [[Musulunci]] ya fara yaduwa a yankin, yana samun ƙarfi tare da Musulunci na Masarautar Gowa a cikin karni na 17. Koyaya, al'ummomin tsaunuka kamar waɗanda ke tsakiyar tsibirin sun kasance a gefen jihohi da addinai na duniya har zuwa zuwan mishaneri na Dutch a karni na 20. Wadannan al'ummomin suna kula da ayyukan noma da kuma asalin da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar kakanninsu, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga rikice-rikice game da ƙasa da albarkatu har zuwa yau. [[Fayil:New_Hydrographic_Map_of_the_Sea_and_New_Southern_Lands-_Made_by_the_Cosmographer_and_Mathematician_Emanuel_Godinho_de_Eredia_WDL852.png|left|thumb|Taswirar Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wanda mai zane-zane na Malay-Portuguese Emanuel Godinho na Eredia ya yi a 1602.]] Turawa sun isa tsibirin Indonesiya a farkon karni na 16 a matsayin 'yan kasuwa masu safarar teku don neman kayan yaji irin su nutmeg , cloves , da barkono .  Turawan mulkin mallaka ya faru a hankali sama da shekaru 300-350.  Turawan Portugal ne suka fara kafa wuraren kasuwanci da kagara a tsibirai irin su Ternate da Amboíno, bayan da suka ci Malacca a shekara ta 1512. Duk da haka, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, hankalinsu ya koma wasu yankuna, kamar Brazil da Macau.. A cikin karni na 17, Dutch da Birtaniya sun karu a gabansu, tare da Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Gabashin Indiya da ke neman ya mallaki cinikin kayan yaji.  Gasar ta sa Birtaniyya ta mayar da hankali kan yankin na Indiya, yayin da Hollandawa suka karfafa ikonsu kan noman noma da hakar katako a cikin tsibirai.  A cikin karni na 17, Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya ya ƙaddamar da manufofin kula da muhalli na yau da kullun, yana mai da hankali kan hakar katako.. [[Fayil:KITLV_-_80236_-_Kleingrothe,_C.J._-_Medan_-_Seed_beds_and_barns_under_construction_on_a_tobacco_plantation,_probably_in_the_east_coast_of_Sumatra_-_1898.tif|thumb|Kashe daji don dasa taba a bakin tekun [[Sumatra|Tsibirin Sumatra]], 1898.]] A shekara ta 1808, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ayyana duk dazuzzukan da ba na zaman kansu ba a matsayin mallakar gwamnati, ƙarƙashin gwamna-janar.  A cikin karni na 19, dabarun kiyaye gandun daji don kare magudanar ruwa da noman noma ya haifar da samar da ka'idoji irin su Boschordonatie (1865), wanda ya hana noman canji da kuma kula da gandun daji na Java da Madura.  Agrarische Wet (1870) ya gabatar da ra'ayoyin Yammacin Turai game da kadarori masu zaman kansu, suna ba da izinin hayar ƙasa don shuka.  Waɗannan dokokin sun kori tsarin al'ada (adat) na mulkin ƙasa, musamman a cikin tsibiran ciki, kodayake ayyukan gida sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Sumatra, Borneo, da Papua. A Sulawesi, ikon mulkin mallaka ya kasance iyakance har zuwa karni na 19.  Yarjejeniyar Bongaya (1667) ta tura Sulawesi bakin teku zuwa Dutch, amma yankin cikin gida ya ci gaba da cin gashin kansa har zuwa farkon karni na 20, lokacin da rikice-rikicen cikin gida ya haifar da tsoma bakin Holland.  Shigar da yankuna irin su Dampelas cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka ya haifar da asarar haƙƙin gandun daji na asali, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da shugabannin jihohi. === Jamhuriyar Indonesia === [[Fayil:Nieuws_uit_Nieuw-Guinea,_oriëntatiebezoek_van_Nederlandse_deskundigen_Weeknummer_60-52_-_Open_Beelden_-_17485.ogv|left|thumb|Wani labari na Dutch daga Disamba 1960, wanda ke nuna katako a cikin Kwarin Baliem, Yammacin New Guinea da kuma halin da mutanen Papuan ke ciki a wannan yankin.]] Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1949, Shugaba Sukarno ya ci gaba da tsare tsare-tsaren gudanarwa da aka gada daga mulkin mallaka, gami da manufofin muhalli.  Hasashen wata ƙasa mai haɗin kai ta fuskanci turjiya a wasu tsibiran na waje kamar Sumatra da Sulawesi, inda ƙungiyoyin 'yan aware da kuma buƙatun kafa daular tsarin mulkin Islama suka ƙalubalanci gwamnati a Jakarta.  Amincewa da Bahasa Indonesiya a matsayin harshen ƙasa da akidar Pancasila sun nemi haɗewar kabilanci da bambancin addini, amma an ci gaba da dagula rikicin tarihi tsakanin al'ummomin asali da manufofin jihohi, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice na zamani game da kula da muhalli da ayyukan kiyayewa kamar REDD+ . Shekarun farko na jamhuriyar Indonesiya sun kasance da rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance, inda aka samu firayim minista biyar tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1955 da jam’iyyu 28 a zaben 1955.  Sakamakon zaben ya nuna rarrabuwar kawuna: Jam'iyyar Nationalist ta lashe kashi 22% na kuri'un da aka kada, yayin da jam'iyyun Musulunci (Masjumi da Nahdatul Ulama) suka samu kashi 39%.  A cikin wannan mahallin, Shugaba Sukarno ya ba da shawara a cikin 1956 "dimokuradiyya mai jagoranci", yana nisantar da kansa daga tsarin 'yanci na Yamma.  A cikin 1957, ya fuskanci tawayen 'yan aware a Sumatra kuma tare da goyon bayan soja, ya ayyana dokar soja da karfafa ikon shugaban kasa ta hanyar sake fasalin tsarin mulki.i. A Tsakiyar Sulawesi, yawan jama'a sun fuskanci rikici tsakanin ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye: Protestant Permesta Rebellion a arewa da ƙungiyar Darul Islam ta Musulunci a kudu. Kashewar Kahar Muzakkar, shugaban Bugis, don yin sulhu da zaman lafiya ya haifar da shiga cikin 'yan tawayen Islama, wadanda suka kai hari kan kauyuka na animist da na Kirista, wanda ya haifar da daruruwan mutuwar. Tawayen Permesta, ko da yake an murkushe shi a shekara ta 1957, ya bar tashin hankali na kabilanci da addini. A cikin kula da gandun daji, ka'idojin mulkin mallaka sun kasance suna aiki har zuwa shekarun 1950. A shekara ta 1957, dokar shugaban kasa ta ba larduna ikon bayar da izinin katako har zuwa hekta 10,000, samar da kudaden shiga na gida amma ba tare da warware rikice-rikice tsakanin haƙƙin al'ada (''Adata'') da dokokin hukuma ba. Dokar Agrarian ta asali ta 1960, har yanzu tana aiki, ta nemi daidaita waɗannan ƙa'idodi, ta ba da ƙasa aikin zamantakewa da sake rarraba, amma ta kasa warware rikice-rikice na ƙasa, musamman a tsibirai na waje. Ƙaddamar da ikon soja a ƙarƙashin Suharto, bayan juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba a 1965, ya haifar da zalunci na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci (PKI), tare da kiyasin mutuwar 300,000 zuwa miliyan 1.  Juyin mulkin zuwa “Sabuwar tsari” ya mayar da jihar a tsakiya, inda jam’iyyar Golkar ta mamaye zaben da aka yi magudi a tsakanin 1971 da 1993.. Dokar Kayan Kayan Kudancin 1967 ta sake bayyana kashi 70 cikin 100 na yankin a matsayin "kayan Kudanar Jiha", ta ba da ƙasashe na al'ada ga ikon Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona (daga baya Ma'aikalin Kudancin). Manufofin cin zarafi masu zurfi, gami da katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, cibiyoyin sadarwar abokan ciniki, suna amfana da dangin Suharto da abokan tarayya, musamman a masana'antar man dabino. Shirin ƙaura, wanda aka gada daga zamanin mulkin mallaka, ya sake komawa Javanese da Balinese miliyan 5 zuwa tsibirai na waje tsakanin 1975 da 1989, a ƙarƙashin tabbatar da daidaitattun yawan jama'a amma an yi niyya ne ga ikon siyasa. A Tsakiyar Sulawesi, rikice-rikice tsakanin baƙi da al'ummomin yankin sun fashe a cikin shekarun 1990, tare da lalata dubban gidaje da kuma fitar da mutane 70,000. === Gyara da ƙalubalen zamani === Murabus da Suharto ya yi a shekarar 1998, biyo bayan rikicin tattalin arziki da zanga-zanga, ya haifar da zamanin sake fasalin, tare da karkatar da ikon siyasa a wani bangare ta hanyar yin garambawul.  Duk da haka, sake dawo da ikon tsakiya a kan gandun daji a cikin 2002, matsin lamba daga kamfanonin katako, ya ci gaba da tayar da hankali.  Dokar gandun daji ta 31/1999 ta kiyaye dazuzzukan al'ada a matsayin mallakar ƙasa, yayin da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar suka bukaci cikakken amincewa da yankunan adat.. Gwamnatocin bayan-Suharto, irin su na Megawati Sukarnoputri (2001-2004) da Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004-2014), sun fuskanci cin hanci da rashawa da rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa.  Zaben Joko Widodo a shekarar 2014 ya yi alkawarin kawo sauyi, amma aka ci gaba da sukar lamirin rangwame ga jiga-jigan tattalin arziki.. == Tallafin jama'a == A matakin kasa da kasa, abokan tarayya irin su Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green da shirye-shiryen bangarorin biyu sun ba da gudummawar kashi 34% na kuɗaɗen sauyin yanayi a cikin 2011, amma yawancinsu an ba da su ta hanyar Asusun Kula da Canjin Yanayi na Indonesia (ICCTF), wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 2009 don daidaita albarkatu.  Duk da haka, aiwatar da aikin yana fuskantar cikas na fasaha da na ofis, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar jinkirin fitar da dalar Amurka miliyan 400 da aka ware don samar da makamashin ƙasa tsakanin 2010 da 2015..<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Kayan Tattalin Arziki na Musulunci == Indonesia, a matsayin babbar ƙasar musulmai a duniya, tana haɗa kayan aikin kudi na Islama a cikin dabarun kudi na yanayi, haɗa ka'idodin addini tare da manufofin muhalli. Green sukuk (Sharia -aligned green bonds) da ''waqf'' na muhalli (kyautar addini don ayyukan muhalli) sanannun ne a matsayin hanyoyin da za a tallafa wa sauyawar kasar don cimma burin duniya kamar [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]] . <ref name="jannah-20202">{{Cite journal |last=Jannah |first=Miftahul |last2=Sarkawi |first2=Azila |last3=Othman |first3=Jamilah |date=2020-12-31 |title=Legalization of Waqf Forests in Indonesia: The Registration Process |url=https://ilrev.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/629 |journal=Indonesia Law Review |volume=10 |issue=3 |doi=10.15742/ilrev.v10n3.629 |issn=2356-2129 |access-date=2025-05-12 |archive-date=2021-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127172322/http://ilrev.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/629 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="idris-2025">{{Cite web |last=Idris |first=Siti Hafsyah |last2=Chang |first2=Lee Wei |last3=Prihandono |first3=Iman |date=2025-01-12 |title=Malaysia, Indonesia's journey in pushing for green finance |url=https://www.eco-business.com/news/malaysia-indonesias-journey-in-pushing-for-green-finance/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117000000/https://www.eco-business.com/news/malaysia-indonesias-journey-in-pushing-for-green-finance/ |archive-date=2025-01-17 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Eco-Business}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, gwamnatin Indonesia ta ba da ''sukuk'' mai zaman kanta na farko a duniya, wanda ya tara dala biliyan 1.25 don ayyukan sabunta makamashi da [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaita yanayin yanayi]]. An rarraba kudaden ne a karkashin Green Bond da Green Sukuk Framework, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi da Muhalli ta Duniya (CICERO) ta sake dubawa, wanda ya kimanta shirye-shiryen a matsayin matsakaici ko babban damar rage hayaki.<ref name="idris-2025"/> Daga cikin ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗi shine tashar wutar lantarki ta Sarulla a Arewacin Sumatra, wanda ke guje wa tan miliyan 1.3 na hayakin CO2 a kowace shekara.<ref name="sulistiawati-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sulistiawati |first=Linda Yanti |date=2024-11-25 |title=Indonesia's Climate Policy: Lost in Translation? |url=https://www.kas.de/en/web/indonesien/single-title/-/content/indonesia-s-climate-policy-lost-in-translation |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Konrad Adenauer Stiftung}}</ref> A karkashin wakafi, Indonesiya ta samar da dazuzzukan dazuzzuka kamar Aceh Besar da Bogor, inda ake maida filaye da aka ba da kyauta zuwa wuraren kiyayewa.  Tsarin halatta ya ƙunshi hukumomin gwamnati da yawa, ciki har da ma'aikatar muhalli, gandun daji da sauyin yanayi, don tabbatar da bin dokokin ƙasa da ƙa'idodin Musulunci.  Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, kasar tana da sama da hekta 160,000 na kasar wakafi, wanda kashi 61% daga ciki aka ba da shaida, kodayake kasa da kashi 1% an ware su ne don ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="jannah-20202"/> Ƙalubalen sun kasance, kamar rikitarwa na tasirin tasirin: binciken kai tsaye ya nuna cewa kashi 30% na ayyukan da sukuk mai kore ya tallafawa tsakanin 2018 da 2022 sun kasa cimma burin rage fitar da hayaki.<ref name="sulistiawati-2024"/> Bugu da ƙari, rashin daidaitattun ka'idoji don ''waqfs'' na muhalli yana haifar da rikice-rikice game da amfani da ƙasar da aka ba da gudummawa, musamman a yankunan da ke da rikicewar ƙasa na tarihi.<ref name="jannah-20202"/> Duk da ci gaba, binciken yana nuna ƙalubalen tsari. Binciken da Babban Bankin Indonesia ya yi ya nuna cewa kashi 3% ne kawai na takardun shaida masu ɗorewa da aka bayar tsakanin 2020 da 2023 sune ''sukuk'' kore, wanda ke nuna rikitarwa na jan hankalin masu saka hannun jari na al'ada saboda rashin daidaitattun ma'aunin muhalli.<ref name="hermala-2025">{{Cite journal |last=Hermala |first=Irvan |last2=Sunitiyoso |first2=Yos |last3=Sudrajad |first3=Oktofa Yudha |date=2025 |title=Green Financing Using Islamic Finance Instruments in Indonesia: A Bibliometrics and Literature Review |url=https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/17208 |journal=International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy |volume=1 |pages=239–248 |doi=10.32479/ijeep.17208 |issn=2146-4553 |access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref> Bugu da kari, nazarin ilimi ya nuna cewa nuna gaskiya a cikin rabon albarkatu cikas ne: ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗin ''waqf'' sau da yawa suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen tabbatar da tasirin kankare, kamar maido da wuraren da suka lalace.<ref name="hanifah-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Hanifah |first=Sarah Hana |last2=Widiyanti |first2=Dwi Retno |date=2024-02-21 |title=Exploring Contributing Factors to Environmental Disclosures in Islamic Commercial Banks of Indonesia |url=https://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/miec/article/view/23818 |journal=Maliki Islamic Economics Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=88–107 |doi=10.18860/miec.v3i2.23818 |issn=2797-8125 |access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref> Masu sukar kuma suna gargadi game da haɗarin tsari: rashin tsarin doka na hadin gwiwa don kudaden yanayi na Islama ya sa ya zama da wahala a aiwatar da ayyukan da ke da fa'ida a duniya, kuma yana haifar da rikice-rikice game da daidaito na addini na shirye-shirye.<ref name="hermala-2025" /> Duk da iyakokinsu, ana iya fahimtar yiwuwar waɗannan hanyoyin a duniya. Green ''sukuk'' na Indonesia ya zama abin koyi ga ƙasashe kamar [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], yayin da Green Climate Fund ke ganin kudaden Musulunci a matsayin madadin tattara albarkatu daga ƙasashe a cikin Larabawa.<ref name="hermala-2025"/> Masana sun ce nasarar za ta dogara da daidaita ka'idojin kasa da ke buƙatar ƙididdigar kore tare da ƙarfafa haraji wanda zai iya haɓaka sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.<ref name="sutrisno-20242">{{Cite journal |last=Sutrisno |first=Sutrisno |last2=Widarjono |first2=Agus |last3=Hakim |first3=Abdul |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Role of Green Credit in Bank Profitability and Stability: A Case Study on Green Banking in Indonesia |journal=Risks |volume=12 |issue=12 |page=198 |doi=10.3390/risks12120198 |issn=2227-9091 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Kudin sirri == Kudin yanayi masu zaman kansu a Indonesia har yanzu suna ba da fifiko ga saka hannun jari a aikin [[noma]] da [[sufuri]]. Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa shekara ta 2013, an ba da umarnin dala biliyan 5.71 ne kawai don tsabtace makamashi, yana nuna fahimtar babban haɗari a cikin ayyukan sabuntawa. Bankunan cikin gida, waɗanda ke riƙe da kashi 78.6% na kadarorin kuɗi na ƙasar, sun fara karɓar ƙa'idodin muhalli a cikin 2018, bayan da ''Hukumar Kula da Kudi'' (OJK) ta ƙaddamar da shirin kuɗi mai ɗorewa. A cikin 2013, kawai 1.4% na rancen banki an rarraba su a matsayin "kore", suna mai da hankali kan makamashi mai sabuntawa.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ojjeoyrj0rdldj48s577z2nf6rzlrol 875212 875211 2026-07-03T17:14:44Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 875212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Celebrating_the_Pale_Blue_Dot_(49587798436).jpg|thumb|Dalibai a lardin Gabashin Java suna dasa bishiyoyi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ranar Duniya 2022.]] Kuɗin yanayi a Indonesia yana nufin albarkatun kuɗi da aka ware don tallafawa sauyin yanayi da ayyukan daidaittuwa a cikin ƙasar.  A matsayin na biyar mafi girma da ke fitar da iskar gas a duniya, matsayi da aka danganta da sare [[Gandun dajin Falgore na tara dabbobin daji|gandun daji]] (asarar 60,000 km² na gandun daji tsakanin alif 2000 da 2012) da kuma dogaro da albarkatun mai (85% na matrix makamashi a cikin 2023), Indonesiya ita ce mafi girman matsalar sauyin yanayi a lokaci guda kuma mafi girman yanayin duniya.  tasiri, kamar hauhawar matakan teku da tsananta bala'o'i. Kuɗin yanayi a Indonesia yana nufin albarkatun kuɗi da aka ware don tallafawa sauyin yanayi da ayyukan daidaitawa a cikin ƙasar.  A matsayin na biyar mafi girma da ke fitar da iskar gas a duniya, matsayi da aka danganta da sare gandun daji (asarar 60,000 km² na gandun daji tsakanin 2000 da 2012) da kuma dogaro da albarkatun mai (85% na matrix makamashi a al 2023), Indonesiya ita ce mafi girman matsalar sauyin yanayi a lokaci guda kuma mafi girman yanayin duniya.  tasiri, kamar hauhawar matakan teku da tsananta bala'o'i. == Yanayin yanayi da tattalin arziki == [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], tsibiri mai tsibirai sama da 17,000 kuma kasa ta hudu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya, tana fuskantar wani yanayi mai sarkakiya ta fuskar ci gaban tattalin arziki da matsalar yanayi, wanda ke da tsarin ci gaba da ya danganci cin gajiyar albarkatun kasa.  Kara gurɓacewar dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da faɗaɗa fannin man dabino ya haifar da mummunar tasiri a zamantakewa da muhalli, yayin da fannin makamashi, wanda ya dogara kacokan akan albarkatun mai, a halin yanzu shine babban tushen fitar da hayaƙi a ƙasar.<ref name="trase-palm-oil-2024">{{Cite web |last=Benedict |first=Jason Jon |last2=Heilmayr |first2=Robert |date=2024-10-08 |title=Trase: Indonesian palm oil exports and deforestation |url=https://www.sei.org/features/indonesian-palm-oil-exports-and-deforestation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319214330/https://www.sei.org/about-sei/ |archive-date=2018-03-19 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Stockholm Environment Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Duk da alkawuran kasa da kasa da kuma yiwuwar tushen sabuntawa, shingen tsari, tallafin kwal, da manufofi masu rarraba suna hana sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin carbon mai ƙarancin, saboda karuwar bukatar makamashi da matsin yanayi. Tare da yawan mutanen da ake sa ran su wuce miliyan 300 nan da shekara ta alif 2030 da kuma saurin birni, kasar tana fuskantar karuwar Amfani da makamashi da hayakin gas.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Dajin == Murfin gandun daji na Indonisiya, na uku mafi girma a duniya na halittu masu zafi, yana fuskantar matsin lamba na tarihi da ke da alaƙa da tsarin tattalin arziki na tushen kayayyaki kuma yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu sarƙaƙƙiya a mahadar kiyaye gandun daji da bunƙasa tattalin arziki.  A al 1900, gandun daji sun rufe kashi 84% na ƙasar, amma a shekara ta 1950, kiyasin tarihi ya nuna cewa hekta miliyan 145 na gandun daji na farko da hekta miliyan 14 na gandun daji na biyu da mangroves sun kasance.]  Daga shekarun 1970s zuwa gaba, yin katako ya sami sikelin masana'antu, yana haɓaka sassa kamar ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda.  Tsakanin 1980 da 2000, ƙarfin haɓakar waɗannan masana'antu ya karu da kashi 700%, wanda ya ɗaga Indonesia zuwa matsayi na tara a cikin manyan masu samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara a duniya..<ref name="tsujino-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Tsujino |first=Riyou |last2=Yumoto |first2=Takakazu |last3=Kitamura |first3=Shumpei |last4=Djamaluddin |first4=Ibrahim |last5=Darnaedi |first5=Dedy |date=2016-11-30 |title=History of forest loss and degradation in Indonesia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264837716305348 |journal=Land Use Policy |volume=57 |pages=335–347 |bibcode=2016LUPol..57..335T |doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.034 |issn=0264-8377 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Hawan hanzarin sare daji ya zama mai mahimmanci a cikin shekarun da suka gabata: tsakanin 1990 da 2000, ƙasar ta rasa hekta miliyan 24 na gandun daji (20% na jimlar ɗaukar hoto), ta bar hekta miliyan 94 (52% na yankin) a cikin 2010.<ref name="tsujino-2016"/> Duk da dakatarwar da aka kafa a kan sabbin kudaden da aka kafa na sare daji a cikin 2011, kulawa mara kyau da cin hanci da rashawa sun ci gaba da kasancewa da yawa, tare da mafi girman hekta 930,000 da aka sare a cikin 2016. <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> <ref name="tenere-sea-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deforestation in Southeast Asia: Causes, Impacts and Solutions |url=https://www.tenereteam.com/blogs/deforestation-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=TenereTeam |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rfmrc-sea">{{Cite web |title=Deforestation in Southeast Asia – RFMRC-SEA |url=https://rfmrc-sea.org/deforestation-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=RFMRC-SEA |language=en}}</ref> Tsakanin 2000 da 2012, kasar ta rasa kusan 60,000 km2 na gandun daji na farko, ta wuce [[Brazil]] a cikin yawan gandun daji a shekara-shekara a cikin 2012 (8,400 km2 da 4,600 km2), wanda yafi yawa ta hanyar fadada gonakin dabino.<ref name="margono-20142">{{Cite journal |last=Margono |first=Belinda Arunarwati |last2=Potapov |first2=Peter V. |last3=Turubanova |first3=Svetlana |last4=Stolle |first4=Fred |last5=Hansen |first5=Matthew C. |date=August 2014 |title=Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2277 |journal=Nature Climate Change |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=730–735 |bibcode=2014NatCC...4..730M |doi=10.1038/nclimate2277 |issn=1758-6798 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Manyan direbobi na sare daji (2001-2016) sun haɗa da fadada man dabino (23% na jimlar), wanda ke da alhakin sauya kai tsaye na hekta miliyan 3.3 na gandun daji, da kuma sauya yankuna zuwa makiyaya ko savannahs (20%), sau da yawa ana danganta su da gobarar da ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="austin-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=Kemen G |last2=Schwantes |first2=Amanda |last3=Gu |first3=Yaofeng |last4=Kasibhatla |first4=Prasad S |date=2019-02-01 |title=What causes deforestation in Indonesia? |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=024007 |bibcode=2019ERL....14b4007A |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |issn=1748-9326 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Karamin aikin gona da kayan aikin katako, kamar hanyoyi da tsaunuka, sun ba da gudummawa 22% da 10%, bi da bi, yayin da ayyukan kamar hakar ma'adinai - musamman hakar ma-nickel a tsibirin [[Sulawesi]], wanda ake buƙata ta duniya don batir - ya kai kashi 5.<ref name="margono-20142"/><ref name="bennett-2023">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Paige |date=2023-11-02 |title=200,000 Hectares of Oil Palm Plantations to Be Converted Into Forests, Indonesia's Government Says |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/palm-oil-plantations-forests-conversion-indonesia.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=EcoWatch}}</ref> Duk da wadannan tasirin, bangarorin man dabino da katako tare suna samar da kusan dala biliyan 45 a cikin kudaden fitarwa a kowace shekara ga Indonesia.<ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> [[Fayil:Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg|left|thumb|Kashe gandun daji na gandun daji don dasa dabino mai.]] Indonesia ita ce babbar mai samar da [[Manja|Man dabino]] a duniya, wanda shine babban albarkatun kasa don Biodiesel.<ref name="bennett-2023"/> Kashe katako da gonakin dabino na mai sun haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki, amma a lokaci guda, suna haifar da sare daji mai yawa.<ref name="earth-deforestation-2022">{{Cite web |last=Shahreen |first=Samiha |date=2022-02-02 |title=Vanishing Act: Deforestation in Indonesia |url=https://earth.org/vanishing-act-deforestation-in-indonesia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202022716/https://earth.org/vanishing-act-deforestation-in-indonesia/ |archive-date=2022-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Earth.Org}}</ref><ref name="austin-2019b">{{Cite journal |last=Austin |first=Kemen G |last2=Schwantes |first2=Amanda |last3=Gu |first3=Yaofeng |last4=Kasibhatla |first4=Prasad S |date=2019-02-01 |title=What causes deforestation in Indonesia? |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=024007 |bibcode=2019ERL....14b4007A |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db |issn=1748-9326 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kawai kashi 49% na yankin ƙasar ya rufe da gandun daji, idan aka kwatanta da ƙididdigar tarihi na 84% . <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022"/> <ref name="world-bank-forest-cover">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data – Forest Area (% of Land Area) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS?end=2022&locations=ID&start=1990 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref name="kaltimber-2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-05 |title=Rate of deforestation in Indonesia overtakes Brazil |url=https://www.kaltimber.com/blog/2018/2/5/rate-of-deforestation-in-indonesia-overtakes-brazil |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Kaltimber - Timber merchant - Flooring shop}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2016, gonakin dabino na mai suna da alhakin kashi 23% na wannan sare daji. <ref name="earth-deforestation-2022" /> <ref name="austin-2019b"/> Fadada nau'ikan dabino guda ɗaya a Indonesia, wanda galibi ke hade da maye gurbin dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi ko yankunan noma, ya tsananta matsin muhalli da zamantakewa a karshen karni na 20 da farkon 21st.  An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na sare dazuzzuka da ke da nasaba da sashen - wanda ke da alhakin asarar hekta 840,000 na gandun daji a duk shekara tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2012 - yana faruwa ne ba bisa ka'ida ba..<ref name="petrenko-2016">{{Cite web |last=Petrenko |first=Chelsea |last2=Searle |first2=Stephanie |date=2016-07-11 |title=Ecological impacts of palm oil expansion in Indonesia |url=https://theicct.org/publication/ecological-impacts-of-palm-oil-expansion-in-indonesia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120123456/https://theicct.org/publication/ecological-impacts-of-palm-oil-expansion-in-indonesia/ |archive-date=2022-01-20 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=International Council on Clean Transportation}}</ref> Rushewar filayen ƙasa, wanda ya kama har sau 20 fiye da carbon fiye da dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da ba a cika ambaliya ba, yana haɓaka hayakin carbon dioxide: gobarar da ba ta dace ba da aka saki tsakanin tan biliyan 0.81 zuwa 2.57 na carbon a cikin 1997, daidai da 13-40% na hayaƙin mai na duniya a waccan shekarar..<ref name="varma-20033">{{Cite journal |last=Varma |first=Anshuman |date=2003-08-01 |title=The economics of slash and burn: a case study of the 1997–1998 Indonesian forest fires |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00139-3 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=159–171 |bibcode=2003EcoEc..46..159V |doi=10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00139-3 |issn=0921-8009 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Rashin lalacewar muhalli ya kai ga [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] da [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|albarkatun ruwa]]: kowane ton na man dabino da aka samar yana samar da tan 2.5 na guba mai guba, yana gurɓata yanayin halittu na ruwa.<ref name="petrenko-2016"/> Amfani mai zurfi na agrochemicals, kamar magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da taki, haɗe da [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]] a kan gangaren da suka fi tsayi (ya zama ruwan dare a cikin shuke-shuke), yana ƙara ambaliyar ruwa da yaduwar kogi, yana barazanar ababen more rayuwa.<ref name="afandi-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Afandi |first=AM |last2=Zuraidah |first2=Y |last3=Nurzuhaili |first3=HAZA |last4=Zulkifli |first4=H |last5=Yaqin |first5=M |date=October 2017 |title=Managing Soil Deterioration and Erosion under Oil Palm |url=https://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/opb/ |journal=Oil Palm Bulletin |publisher=Malaysian Palm Oil Board |volume=75 |pages=1–10 |access-date=2025-05-15 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Rashin bambancin halittu yana da mahimmanci, tare da nau'o'in da ke cikin gida kamar Orangutans, Sumatran tigers da giwaye, waɗanda ke fuskantar barazanar gobara da raguwar mazaunin.<ref name="kadandale-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Kadandale |first=Sowmya |last2=Marten |first2=Robert |last3=Smith |first3=Richard |date=2019-02-01 |title=The palm oil industry and noncommunicable diseases |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/BLT.18.220434 |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=118–128 |doi=10.2471/BLT.18.220434 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=6357563 |pmid=30728618 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> A matakin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, koDayak bangaren man dabino yana daukar ma'aikata miliyan 16 kuma yana wakiltar kusan kashi 4.5% na babban kayan cikin gida (GDP), <ref name="trase-palm-oil-2024"/> al'ummomin asali, kamar Dayak a yankin Kalimantan, suna fuskantar tilasta ƙaura da rikice-rikicen ƙasa: fiye da rikicewar yanki 630 da ke da alaƙa da shuke-shuke an rubuta su a shekara ta 2010.<ref name="colchester-2010">{{Cite web |last=Colchester |first=Marcus |date=2010 |title=Palm oil and indigenous peoples in South East Asia: Land acquisition, human rights violations and indigenous peoples on the palm oil frontier |url=https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/publication/2010/10/palmoilandipsasiaexecsumoct10eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811000000/https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/publication/2010/10/palmoilandipsasiaexecsumoct10eng.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Forest Peoples Programme |publisher=International Land Coalition}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar jama'a yana lalacewa ta hanyar gurɓataccen iska - a cikin 2015, haze mai iyaka (Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya) ya ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar 103,300 da ba a kai ba a yankin.]  Bugu da kari, wata korafi da Amnesty International ta yi a shekarar 2016 ta yi ikirarin cewa ma’aikatan kamfanin na Wilmar International sun samu mummunar illa a fannin kiwon lafiya, sakamakon amfani da magungunan ciyawa irin su paraquat, da aka haramta a Turai amma har yanzu ana amfani da su a gonakin dabino, ba tare da isassun kayan kariya ba[.  Mata da yara suna da haɗari musamman ga waɗannan haɗari: ƙananan yara suna aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba don taimaka wa iyaye tare da manufar samarwa, yayin da mata, sau da yawa ana ɗaukar su ba tare da fa'idodin zamantakewa ba, suna kula da sinadarai masu guba..<ref name="amnesty-2016">{{Cite report}}</ref><ref name="varkkey-2015">{{Cite book}}</ref> [[Fayil:Aerial_of_Badak_NGL_natural_gas_refinery.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin Badak LNG na kamfanin gas a Bontang cCty a tsibirin [[Borneo]].]] Sashin makamashi yana da mahimmanci ga muhawara game da yanayin Indonesiya. Duk da samun albarkatun sabuntawa masu yawa kamar makamashi na geothermal, hydropower, da biofuels makamashi ya hada har yanzu ya dogara da 85% burbushin burbushin, musamman kwal da iskar gas.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> An kiyasta bangaren makamashi zai kai kashi 50% zuwa 70% na hayakin da kasar ke fitarwa nan da shekarar 2030, wanda ya zarce sare itatuwa.  Haɓaka buƙatun wutar lantarki, wanda haɓaka masana'antu da haɓaka birane ke haifar da shi, yana ƙoƙarin haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa na tushen kwal, yana haifar da haɗarin "kaddarorin da ba su da tushe" a cikin yanayin lalata duniya.  Hukumar sabunta makamashi ta kasa da kasa (IRENA) ta yi gargadin cewa, idan ba tare da manufofin gaggawa ba, bukatar makamashi za ta karu da kashi 80 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2030, tare da kulle kasar cikin gurbatattun fasahohi da fasahohin zamani na tattalin arziki..<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Bayan yarjejeniyar Paris, gwamnatin Indonesiya ta kafa maƙasudi masu fa'ida don gudummawar da ta ƙaddara ta ƙasa, gami da rage hayakin iskar gas da kashi 29% ta 2030 (ko 41% tare da tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa) da haɓaka rabon makamashi mai sabuntawa zuwa kashi 31% na haɗuwar makamashi ta farko ta 2050. Duk da haka, ƙalubale kamar tallafin burbushin man fetur na tarihi, rashin daidaituwa na tsarin makamashi, rashin daidaituwa a cikin manufofin saɓani, rashin daidaituwa da tsarin tsarin makamashi, da rashin daidaituwa ga tsarin makamashi. sanya wahalar cimma wadannan manufofin. Bincike ya nuna cewa canjin koren tattalin arziki mai yuwuwa, amma yana buƙatar saka hannun jari sosai: hasashen ya nuna cewa ana buƙatar zuba jarin da ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 78 nan da shekarar 2030 don sabunta hanyoyin wutar lantarki na Java da Sumatra, yankuna waɗanda ke da 70% na tsarar ƙasa.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Wing Thye|access-date=Taghizadeh-Hesary}}</ref> Saboda [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] ta kunshi tsibirai 17,508, ƙasar ba ta da cikakken wutar lantarki.<ref name="hidayatullah-2024">{{Cite web |last=Hidayatullah |first=M. Ryan |date=2024-11-21 |title=Electricity infrastructure: Huge costs for inter-island power grid |url=https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centre/infrastructure-news/november-2024/electricity-infrastructure--huge-costs-for-inter-island-power-gr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219000000/https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centre/infrastructure-news/november-2024/electricity-infrastructure--huge-costs-for-inter-island-power-gr.html |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=PwC |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers}}</ref> Yawancin tsibirai sun dogara da tsarin da aka ware don samar da wutar lantarki, waɗanda aka rarraba a yankuna da yawa.<ref name="hidayatullah-2024" /> Kasar tana da niyyar sabunta dukkan tsarin grid dinta, fadada damar da kuma hada da fadada hanyoyin sabuntawa, ban da haɗa tsibirai da juna. Don aiwatar da waɗannan canje-canje, gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa ana buƙatar fiye da dala biliyan 20.<ref name="razak-2024">{{Cite web |last=Razak |first=Imanuddin |date=2024-12-18 |title=Indonesia targets US$20 billion for inter-island electricity transmission |url=https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/energy/indonesia-targets-us20-billion-for-inter-island-electricity-transmission/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Indonesia Business Post}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, jimlar fitar da [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] ta kasar ta kai kimanin tan biliyan 1.2. Babban tushen wadannan hayaki shine bangaren wutar lantarki, tare da tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke da amfani da kwal wanda ke da asusun sama da kashi 60% na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref name="iea-emissions-20242">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia - Emissions |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-data-browser?country=INDONESIA&indicator=CO2BySector |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407000000/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-data-browser?country=INDONESIA&indicator=CO2BySector |archive-date=2024-04-07 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=IEA - Data Browser |publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref><ref name="lakshmi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=A. Anantha |date=2025-01-14 |title=Indonesia's ambition to quit coal hinges on policy reforms |url=https://www.ft.com/content/indonesia-ambition-quit-coal-policy-reform |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> Sauran manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa wanda ya haifar da fadada noman [[Manja|Man dabino]], da ayyukan masana'antu.<ref name="iea-emissions-20242" /><ref name="jong-2024">{{Cite web |last=Jong |first=Hans Nicholas |date=2024-02-13 |title=Palm oil deforestation makes comeback in Indonesia after decade-long slump |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2024/02/palm-oil-deforestation-makes-comeback-in-indonesia-after-decade-long-slump/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref><ref name="ourworldindata-2020">{{Cite web |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-05-11 |title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref><ref name="nusantara-2024">{{Cite web |last=Nusantara |first=Geni Buana |date=2024-11-01 |title=Industrial CO2 Emissions and the Path Towards Decarbonization in Indonesia |url=https://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/energy-issues/industrial-co2-emissions-indonesia.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Geni }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Don rage waɗannan hayaki da cimma burin yanayi, gwamnatin Indonesia ta yi alkawarin ba za ta amince da sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki ba.<ref name="bosse-2024">{{Cite web |last=Bosse |first=Jolana |date=2024-11-20 |title=Indonesia – Climate Performance Ranking 2025 |url=https://ccpi.org/country/idn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420000000/https://ccpi.org/country/idn/ |archive-date=2024-04-20 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Climate Change Performance Index}}</ref><ref name="jong-2021">{{Cite web |last=Jong |first=Hans Nicholas |date=2021-05-12 |title=Indonesia says no new coal plants from 2023 (after the next 100 or so) |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/05/indonesia-says-no-new-coal-plants-from-2023-after-the-next-100-or-so/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref> Kamfanonin da ke saka hannun jari a cikin Carbon Capture, makamashi mai sabuntawa, ko ayyukan kiyaye gandun daji na iya sayar da kudaden carbon a kasuwar da aka tsara ta Indonesia.<ref name="sulaiman-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sulaiman |first=Stefanno |last2=Suroyo |first2=Gayatri |date=2024-09-16 |title=Exclusive: Indonesia's Prabowo plans $65 billion green fund from selling carbon credits |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/exclusive-indonesias-prabowo-plans-65-billion-green-fund-selling-carbon-credits-2024-09-16/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Bangaren sufuri a Indonesiya yana samar da kimanin tan miliyan 150 na CO₂ a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na jimillar hayaƙin ƙasar.  Hanyoyin sufuri (motoci, bas, manyan motoci, da babura) sun kai kashi casa'in cikin ɗari na waɗannan hayaƙi a fannin.  Kodayake zirga-zirgar jama'a ta wanzu kuma tana haɓaka, 72% na Indonesiya har yanzu suna dogaro da jigilar jama'a.  A Jakarta, TransJakarta BRT na ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman tsarin jigilar bas, wanda ke ba da fasinjoji sama da miliyan 1 kowace rana.  A cikin 2023, an kaddamar da layin dogo mai sauri na Jakarta – Bandung, irinsa na farko a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, da nufin rage lokutan balaguro da hayakin da ke hade da su. Indonesia ta kafa manufofi masu ban sha'awa don kaiwa kashi 75% na makamashi mai tsabta nan da shekara ta 2040.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia's Initiative to Advance Green Energy through Green Energy Buyers Dialogue |url=https://jetp-id.org/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=jetp-id.org |publisher=JETP Indonesia }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana ganin bangarorin geothermal da hydropower a matsayin mabuɗin cimma wannan burin.<ref name="iea-electricity-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Indonesia - Electricity |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/electricity-statistics-data-browser?country=INDONESIA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319000000/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/electricity-statistics-data-browser?country=INDONESIA |archive-date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=IEA - Data Browser |publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref> Gwamnati da kamfanin wutar lantarki na jihar Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) sun ba da sabbin ka'idoji kuma sun kirkiro kudade don tallafawa wannan ci gaban.<ref name="sastrawijaya-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sastrawijaya |first=Kirana |date=2024-09-26 |title=Renewable Energy 2024 - Indonesia {{!}} Global Practice Guidelines |url=https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/renewable-energy-2024/indonesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010000000/https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/renewable-energy-2024/indonesia |archive-date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Chambers and Partners}}</ref> PLN ta kuma fahimci muhimmancin shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma ta tsara shirye-shirye don haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-dec2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Indonesia's Initiative to Advance Green Energy through Green Energy Buyers Dialogue |url=https://jetp-id.org/news/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206000000/https://jetp-id.org/news/green-energy-buyers-dialogue |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=jetp-id.org |publisher=JETP Indonesia}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa za a buƙaci dala biliyan 154 don saduwa da burin yanayi.<ref name="jetp-greenbuyers-dec2024" /><ref name="takyar-2022">{{Cite web |last=Takyar |first=Sarthak |date=2022-03-23 |title=Green infrastructure investment opportunities in Indonesia - REGlobal - Finance |url=https://reglobal.co/green-infrastructure-investment-opportunities-in-indonesia/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=REGlobal}}</ref> A halin yanzu, shigar da ƙarfin makamashi mai tsabta yana wakiltar kashi 12% kawai na jimlar.<ref name="iea-electricity-2024" /> A cikin 2023, saka hannun jari mai tsabta a Indonesia ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 497.99, karuwar kashi 78% idan aka kwatanta da 2022 ($ 279.93 miliyan). <ref name="takyar-2022" /><ref name="lontoh-2016">{{Cite web |last=Lontoh |first=Lucky |date=September 2016 |title=Indonesia's Financially Sustainable Electricity Sector |url=https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/indonesia-financially-sustainable-electricity-sector.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317000000/https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/indonesia-financially-sustainable-electricity-sector.pdf |archive-date=2021-03-17 |access-date=2025-06-03 |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development}}</ref><ref name="climatescope-2024">{{Cite web |title=Climatescope 2024 {{!}} Indonesia |url=https://www.global-climatescope.org/markets/indonesia |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=global-climatescope.org}}</ref> Indonesia tana da babbar damar makamashi mai sabuntawa, an kiyasta ya kai kusan 3,500 GW. Babban alkawarin ya kasance a cikin geothermal da hydropower. Don wutar lantarki, yiwuwar kusan 94.3 GW.<ref name="saini-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Saini |first=Makmur |last2=Djalal |first2=Muhammad Ruswandi |last3=Azhar |first3=Muhammad |last4=Patrix |first4=Golda Evangelista |date=2023-04-27 |title=Modeling and implementing a load management system for a solar home system based on Fuzzy Logic |url=https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/sinergi/article/view/17545 |journal=Sinergi |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=261 |doi=10.22441/sinergi.2023.2.014 |access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref><ref name="kanugrahan-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Kanugrahan |first=Satria Putra |last2=Hakam |first2=Dzikri Firmansyah |last3=Nugraha |first3=Herry |date=2022-07-23 |title=Techno-Economic Analysis of Indonesia Power Generation Expansion to Achieve Economic Sustainability and Net Zero Carbon 2050 |journal=Sustainability |volume=14 |issue=15 |pages=9038 |bibcode=2022Sust...14.9038K |doi=10.3390/su14159038 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin geothermal, an kiyasta kusan 28.5 GW. <ref name="kanugrahan-2022" /> Har ila yau, Hasken rana yana da kyau sosai, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙasa na Global Horizontal Irradiance Index na 4.8 kWh / m2, yana kaiwa sama da 5.6 kWh / M2 a wasu yankuna na kudancin ƙasar. canjin makamashi Canjin makamashi yana fuskantar tarnaki na tsarin, kamar rashin kasuwar wutar lantarki, rashin gasa ta farashi don abubuwan sabuntawa da kuma tallafi ga albarkatun mai.  Keɓancewar PLN mallakar gwamnati a matsayin mai siyar da makamashi kaɗai ke hana masu kera masu zaman kansu, yayin da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin kuɗi suna iyakance layin bashi don manyan ayyuka.  Bugu da ƙari, rashin samun bayanan gaskiya game da farashi da dawowa yana ƙara haɗarin haɗari tsakanin masu zuba jari.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> Masana sun yi nuni da cewa, daidaita manufofi a fadin ma'aikatu, samar da kasuwannin lamuni na carbon da rage tallafin gurbacewar makamashi sune muhimman matakan buda hannun jari.  Ba tare da daukar matakin gaggawa ba, hasashen Bankin Duniya ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi zai iya rage yawan GDP na Indonesia da kashi 7 cikin 100 zuwa 2100, tare da yin illa ga lafiya da muhalli.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Tarihi == === Lokacin mulkin mallaka === Kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai, dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'ummomin gida da dazuzzuka ana tafiyar da ita ta tsarin daidaitawa da amfani mai dorewa, bisa ra'ayoyin duniya masu son rai.  Koyaya, al'ummomi daban-daban da shugabannin yankin sun riga sun tsara yin amfani da gandun daji, filaye da samfuransu, da kafa ƙa'idodin gudanarwa na al'umma waɗanda a yau ke yin tasiri kan muhawara kan haƙƙin ƴan asalin cikin ayyukan REDD+. Yanayin ɗan adam na yankin ya samo asali ne daga akalla shekaru miliyan 1.5, tare da ayyukan da suka biyo baya ta hanyar ƙaura, gami da Austronesians, waɗanda mai yiwuwa suka isa a kusa da 2000 BC. Daga shekara ta 1000 BC zuwa gaba, yawancin waɗannan al'ummomin sun ɗauki al'adun Đông Sơn, wanda ke da alamar noman shinkafar ban ruwa, al'adun bauna da ayyukan megalithic.  Noman shinkafa, musamman a Java, ya haifar da bullar ƙauyuka, masarautu da addinai, waɗanda ke samun goyon bayan al'ummomi masu rikitarwa.  A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, manyan cibiyoyin iko sun bayyana, irin su Daular Srivijaya (Sumatra), daular Sailendra (Java) da kuma, daga baya, daular Majapayit, wacce ta sami babban tasiri a yanki a karni na 14. Tsarin waɗannan mulkoki ya kasance mai ƙarfi. Hakkin ƙasa an haɗa shi da aikin gona, ba mallakar doka ba. Rayuwar yau da kullun na yawancin manoma an yi musu alama da sake zagayowar ruwan sama da kuma haɗarin yunwa. Koyaya, waɗannan al'ummomin sun dogara da cinikayya a cire kayayyakin gandun daji daga yankunan tsaunuka, kamar resin, katako, da albasa, suna kafa haɗin kai tsakanin yankunan bakin teku da na ciki. Jama'ar makiyaya na tsaunuka - mafarauta da masu aikin noma - gabaɗaya ba a haɗa su cikin tsarin jihohi ba. Ba kamar yankin Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba, inda manyan kabilun suka kafa kansu, Indonesia ta mulkin mallaka ta kasance da bambancin kabilanci da harsuna, tare da ainihin asalin gida. A Sulawesi, akwai rubuce-rubuce na aikin ɗan adam na akalla shekaru 40,000. A cikin karni na 14, [[Musulunci]] ya fara yaduwa a yankin, yana samun ƙarfi tare da Musulunci na Masarautar Gowa a cikin karni na 17. Koyaya, al'ummomin tsaunuka kamar waɗanda ke tsakiyar tsibirin sun kasance a gefen jihohi da addinai na duniya har zuwa zuwan mishaneri na Dutch a karni na 20. Wadannan al'ummomin suna kula da ayyukan noma da kuma asalin da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar kakanninsu, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga rikice-rikice game da ƙasa da albarkatu har zuwa yau. [[Fayil:New_Hydrographic_Map_of_the_Sea_and_New_Southern_Lands-_Made_by_the_Cosmographer_and_Mathematician_Emanuel_Godinho_de_Eredia_WDL852.png|left|thumb|Taswirar Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wanda mai zane-zane na Malay-Portuguese Emanuel Godinho na Eredia ya yi a 1602.]] Turawa sun isa tsibirin Indonesiya a farkon karni na 16 a matsayin 'yan kasuwa masu safarar teku don neman kayan yaji irin su nutmeg , cloves , da barkono .  Turawan mulkin mallaka ya faru a hankali sama da shekaru 300-350.  Turawan Portugal ne suka fara kafa wuraren kasuwanci da kagara a tsibirai irin su Ternate da Amboíno, bayan da suka ci Malacca a shekara ta 1512. Duk da haka, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, hankalinsu ya koma wasu yankuna, kamar Brazil da Macau.. A cikin karni na 17, Dutch da Birtaniya sun karu a gabansu, tare da Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Gabashin Indiya da ke neman ya mallaki cinikin kayan yaji.  Gasar ta sa Birtaniyya ta mayar da hankali kan yankin na Indiya, yayin da Hollandawa suka karfafa ikonsu kan noman noma da hakar katako a cikin tsibirai.  A cikin karni na 17, Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya ya ƙaddamar da manufofin kula da muhalli na yau da kullun, yana mai da hankali kan hakar katako.. [[Fayil:KITLV_-_80236_-_Kleingrothe,_C.J._-_Medan_-_Seed_beds_and_barns_under_construction_on_a_tobacco_plantation,_probably_in_the_east_coast_of_Sumatra_-_1898.tif|thumb|Kashe daji don dasa taba a bakin tekun [[Sumatra|Tsibirin Sumatra]], 1898.]] A shekara ta 1808, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ayyana duk dazuzzukan da ba na zaman kansu ba a matsayin mallakar gwamnati, ƙarƙashin gwamna-janar.  A cikin karni na 19, dabarun kiyaye gandun daji don kare magudanar ruwa da noman noma ya haifar da samar da ka'idoji irin su Boschordonatie (1865), wanda ya hana noman canji da kuma kula da gandun daji na Java da Madura.  Agrarische Wet (1870) ya gabatar da ra'ayoyin Yammacin Turai game da kadarori masu zaman kansu, suna ba da izinin hayar ƙasa don shuka.  Waɗannan dokokin sun kori tsarin al'ada (adat) na mulkin ƙasa, musamman a cikin tsibiran ciki, kodayake ayyukan gida sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Sumatra, Borneo, da Papua. A Sulawesi, ikon mulkin mallaka ya kasance iyakance har zuwa karni na 19.  Yarjejeniyar Bongaya (1667) ta tura Sulawesi bakin teku zuwa Dutch, amma yankin cikin gida ya ci gaba da cin gashin kansa har zuwa farkon karni na 20, lokacin da rikice-rikicen cikin gida ya haifar da tsoma bakin Holland.  Shigar da yankuna irin su Dampelas cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka ya haifar da asarar haƙƙin gandun daji na asali, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da shugabannin jihohi. === Jamhuriyar Indonesia === [[Fayil:Nieuws_uit_Nieuw-Guinea,_oriëntatiebezoek_van_Nederlandse_deskundigen_Weeknummer_60-52_-_Open_Beelden_-_17485.ogv|left|thumb|Wani labari na Dutch daga Disamba 1960, wanda ke nuna katako a cikin Kwarin Baliem, Yammacin New Guinea da kuma halin da mutanen Papuan ke ciki a wannan yankin.]] Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1949, Shugaba Sukarno ya ci gaba da tsare tsare-tsaren gudanarwa da aka gada daga mulkin mallaka, gami da manufofin muhalli.  Hasashen wata ƙasa mai haɗin kai ta fuskanci turjiya a wasu tsibiran na waje kamar Sumatra da Sulawesi, inda ƙungiyoyin 'yan aware da kuma buƙatun kafa daular tsarin mulkin Islama suka ƙalubalanci gwamnati a Jakarta.  Amincewa da Bahasa Indonesiya a matsayin harshen ƙasa da akidar Pancasila sun nemi haɗewar kabilanci da bambancin addini, amma an ci gaba da dagula rikicin tarihi tsakanin al'ummomin asali da manufofin jihohi, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice na zamani game da kula da muhalli da ayyukan kiyayewa kamar REDD+ . Shekarun farko na jamhuriyar Indonesiya sun kasance da rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance, inda aka samu firayim minista biyar tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1955 da jam’iyyu 28 a zaben 1955.  Sakamakon zaben ya nuna rarrabuwar kawuna: Jam'iyyar Nationalist ta lashe kashi 22% na kuri'un da aka kada, yayin da jam'iyyun Musulunci (Masjumi da Nahdatul Ulama) suka samu kashi 39%.  A cikin wannan mahallin, Shugaba Sukarno ya ba da shawara a cikin 1956 "dimokuradiyya mai jagoranci", yana nisantar da kansa daga tsarin 'yanci na Yamma.  A cikin 1957, ya fuskanci tawayen 'yan aware a Sumatra kuma tare da goyon bayan soja, ya ayyana dokar soja da karfafa ikon shugaban kasa ta hanyar sake fasalin tsarin mulki.i. A Tsakiyar Sulawesi, yawan jama'a sun fuskanci rikici tsakanin ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye: Protestant Permesta Rebellion a arewa da ƙungiyar Darul Islam ta Musulunci a kudu. Kashewar Kahar Muzakkar, shugaban Bugis, don yin sulhu da zaman lafiya ya haifar da shiga cikin 'yan tawayen Islama, wadanda suka kai hari kan kauyuka na animist da na Kirista, wanda ya haifar da daruruwan mutuwar. Tawayen Permesta, ko da yake an murkushe shi a shekara ta 1957, ya bar tashin hankali na kabilanci da addini. A cikin kula da gandun daji, ka'idojin mulkin mallaka sun kasance suna aiki har zuwa shekarun 1950. A shekara ta 1957, dokar shugaban kasa ta ba larduna ikon bayar da izinin katako har zuwa hekta 10,000, samar da kudaden shiga na gida amma ba tare da warware rikice-rikice tsakanin haƙƙin al'ada (''Adata'') da dokokin hukuma ba. Dokar Agrarian ta asali ta 1960, har yanzu tana aiki, ta nemi daidaita waɗannan ƙa'idodi, ta ba da ƙasa aikin zamantakewa da sake rarraba, amma ta kasa warware rikice-rikice na ƙasa, musamman a tsibirai na waje. Ƙaddamar da ikon soja a ƙarƙashin Suharto, bayan juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba a 1965, ya haifar da zalunci na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci (PKI), tare da kiyasin mutuwar 300,000 zuwa miliyan 1.  Juyin mulkin zuwa “Sabuwar tsari” ya mayar da jihar a tsakiya, inda jam’iyyar Golkar ta mamaye zaben da aka yi magudi a tsakanin 1971 da 1993.. Dokar Kayan Kayan Kudancin 1967 ta sake bayyana kashi 70 cikin 100 na yankin a matsayin "kayan Kudanar Jiha", ta ba da ƙasashe na al'ada ga ikon Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona (daga baya Ma'aikalin Kudancin). Manufofin cin zarafi masu zurfi, gami da katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, cibiyoyin sadarwar abokan ciniki, suna amfana da dangin Suharto da abokan tarayya, musamman a masana'antar man dabino. Shirin ƙaura, wanda aka gada daga zamanin mulkin mallaka, ya sake komawa Javanese da Balinese miliyan 5 zuwa tsibirai na waje tsakanin 1975 da 1989, a ƙarƙashin tabbatar da daidaitattun yawan jama'a amma an yi niyya ne ga ikon siyasa. A Tsakiyar Sulawesi, rikice-rikice tsakanin baƙi da al'ummomin yankin sun fashe a cikin shekarun 1990, tare da lalata dubban gidaje da kuma fitar da mutane 70,000. === Gyara da ƙalubalen zamani === Murabus da Suharto ya yi a shekarar 1998, biyo bayan rikicin tattalin arziki da zanga-zanga, ya haifar da zamanin sake fasalin, tare da karkatar da ikon siyasa a wani bangare ta hanyar yin garambawul.  Duk da haka, sake dawo da ikon tsakiya a kan gandun daji a cikin 2002, matsin lamba daga kamfanonin katako, ya ci gaba da tayar da hankali.  Dokar gandun daji ta 31/1999 ta kiyaye dazuzzukan al'ada a matsayin mallakar ƙasa, yayin da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar suka bukaci cikakken amincewa da yankunan adat.. Gwamnatocin bayan-Suharto, irin su na Megawati Sukarnoputri (2001-2004) da Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004-2014), sun fuskanci cin hanci da rashawa da rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa.  Zaben Joko Widodo a shekarar 2014 ya yi alkawarin kawo sauyi, amma aka ci gaba da sukar lamirin rangwame ga jiga-jigan tattalin arziki.. == Tallafin jama'a == A matakin kasa da kasa, abokan tarayya irin su Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green da shirye-shiryen bangarorin biyu sun ba da gudummawar kashi 34% na kuɗaɗen sauyin yanayi a cikin 2011, amma yawancinsu an ba da su ta hanyar Asusun Kula da Canjin Yanayi na Indonesia (ICCTF), wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 2009 don daidaita albarkatu.  Duk da haka, aiwatar da aikin yana fuskantar cikas na fasaha da na ofis, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar jinkirin fitar da dalar Amurka miliyan 400 da aka ware don samar da makamashin ƙasa tsakanin 2010 da 2015..<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> == Kayan Tattalin Arziki na Musulunci == Indonesia, a matsayin babbar ƙasar musulmai a duniya, tana haɗa kayan aikin kudi na Islama a cikin dabarun kudi na yanayi, haɗa ka'idodin addini tare da manufofin muhalli. Green sukuk (Sharia -aligned green bonds) da ''waqf'' na muhalli (kyautar addini don ayyukan muhalli) sanannun ne a matsayin hanyoyin da za a tallafa wa sauyawar kasar don cimma burin duniya kamar [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]] . <ref name="jannah-20202">{{Cite journal |last=Jannah |first=Miftahul |last2=Sarkawi |first2=Azila |last3=Othman |first3=Jamilah |date=2020-12-31 |title=Legalization of Waqf Forests in Indonesia: The Registration Process |url=https://ilrev.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/629 |journal=Indonesia Law Review |volume=10 |issue=3 |doi=10.15742/ilrev.v10n3.629 |issn=2356-2129 |access-date=2025-05-12 |archive-date=2021-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127172322/http://ilrev.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/629 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="idris-2025">{{Cite web |last=Idris |first=Siti Hafsyah |last2=Chang |first2=Lee Wei |last3=Prihandono |first3=Iman |date=2025-01-12 |title=Malaysia, Indonesia's journey in pushing for green finance |url=https://www.eco-business.com/news/malaysia-indonesias-journey-in-pushing-for-green-finance/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117000000/https://www.eco-business.com/news/malaysia-indonesias-journey-in-pushing-for-green-finance/ |archive-date=2025-01-17 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Eco-Business}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, gwamnatin Indonesia ta ba da ''sukuk'' mai zaman kanta na farko a duniya, wanda ya tara dala biliyan 1.25 don ayyukan sabunta makamashi da [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaita yanayin yanayi]]. An rarraba kudaden ne a karkashin Green Bond da Green Sukuk Framework, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi da Muhalli ta Duniya (CICERO) ta sake dubawa, wanda ya kimanta shirye-shiryen a matsayin matsakaici ko babban damar rage hayaki.<ref name="idris-2025"/> Daga cikin ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗi shine tashar wutar lantarki ta Sarulla a Arewacin Sumatra, wanda ke guje wa tan miliyan 1.3 na hayakin CO2 a kowace shekara.<ref name="sulistiawati-2024">{{Cite web |last=Sulistiawati |first=Linda Yanti |date=2024-11-25 |title=Indonesia's Climate Policy: Lost in Translation? |url=https://www.kas.de/en/web/indonesien/single-title/-/content/indonesia-s-climate-policy-lost-in-translation |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Konrad Adenauer Stiftung}}</ref> A karkashin wakafi, Indonesiya ta samar da dazuzzukan dazuzzuka kamar Aceh Besar da Bogor, inda ake maida filaye da aka ba da kyauta zuwa wuraren kiyayewa.  Tsarin halatta ya ƙunshi hukumomin gwamnati da yawa, ciki har da ma'aikatar muhalli, gandun daji da sauyin yanayi, don tabbatar da bin dokokin ƙasa da ƙa'idodin Musulunci.  Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, kasar tana da sama da hekta 160,000 na kasar wakafi, wanda kashi 61% daga ciki aka ba da shaida, kodayake kasa da kashi 1% an ware su ne don ayyukan muhalli.<ref name="jannah-20202"/> Ƙalubalen sun kasance, kamar rikitarwa na tasirin tasirin: binciken kai tsaye ya nuna cewa kashi 30% na ayyukan da sukuk mai kore ya tallafawa tsakanin 2018 da 2022 sun kasa cimma burin rage fitar da hayaki.<ref name="sulistiawati-2024"/> Bugu da ƙari, rashin daidaitattun ka'idoji don ''waqfs'' na muhalli yana haifar da rikice-rikice game da amfani da ƙasar da aka ba da gudummawa, musamman a yankunan da ke da rikicewar ƙasa na tarihi.<ref name="jannah-20202"/> Duk da ci gaba, binciken yana nuna ƙalubalen tsari. Binciken da Babban Bankin Indonesia ya yi ya nuna cewa kashi 3% ne kawai na takardun shaida masu ɗorewa da aka bayar tsakanin 2020 da 2023 sune ''sukuk'' kore, wanda ke nuna rikitarwa na jan hankalin masu saka hannun jari na al'ada saboda rashin daidaitattun ma'aunin muhalli.<ref name="hermala-2025">{{Cite journal |last=Hermala |first=Irvan |last2=Sunitiyoso |first2=Yos |last3=Sudrajad |first3=Oktofa Yudha |date=2025 |title=Green Financing Using Islamic Finance Instruments in Indonesia: A Bibliometrics and Literature Review |url=https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/17208 |journal=International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy |volume=1 |pages=239–248 |doi=10.32479/ijeep.17208 |issn=2146-4553 |access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref> Bugu da kari, nazarin ilimi ya nuna cewa nuna gaskiya a cikin rabon albarkatu cikas ne: ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗin ''waqf'' sau da yawa suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen tabbatar da tasirin kankare, kamar maido da wuraren da suka lalace.<ref name="hanifah-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Hanifah |first=Sarah Hana |last2=Widiyanti |first2=Dwi Retno |date=2024-02-21 |title=Exploring Contributing Factors to Environmental Disclosures in Islamic Commercial Banks of Indonesia |url=https://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/miec/article/view/23818 |journal=Maliki Islamic Economics Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=88–107 |doi=10.18860/miec.v3i2.23818 |issn=2797-8125 |access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref> Masu sukar kuma suna gargadi game da haɗarin tsari: rashin tsarin doka na hadin gwiwa don kudaden yanayi na Islama ya sa ya zama da wahala a aiwatar da ayyukan da ke da fa'ida a duniya, kuma yana haifar da rikice-rikice game da daidaito na addini na shirye-shirye.<ref name="hermala-2025" /> Duk da iyakokinsu, ana iya fahimtar yiwuwar waɗannan hanyoyin a duniya. Green ''sukuk'' na Indonesia ya zama abin koyi ga ƙasashe kamar [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], yayin da Green Climate Fund ke ganin kudaden Musulunci a matsayin madadin tattara albarkatu daga ƙasashe a cikin Larabawa.<ref name="hermala-2025"/> Masana sun ce nasarar za ta dogara da daidaita ka'idojin kasa da ke buƙatar ƙididdigar kore tare da ƙarfafa haraji wanda zai iya haɓaka sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.<ref name="sutrisno-20242">{{Cite journal |last=Sutrisno |first=Sutrisno |last2=Widarjono |first2=Agus |last3=Hakim |first3=Abdul |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Role of Green Credit in Bank Profitability and Stability: A Case Study on Green Banking in Indonesia |journal=Risks |volume=12 |issue=12 |page=198 |doi=10.3390/risks12120198 |issn=2227-9091 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Kudin sirri == Kudin yanayi masu zaman kansu a Indonesia har yanzu suna ba da fifiko ga saka hannun jari a aikin [[noma]] da [[sufuri]]. Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa shekara ta 2013, an ba da umarnin dala biliyan 5.71 ne kawai don tsabtace makamashi, yana nuna fahimtar babban haɗari a cikin ayyukan sabuntawa. Bankunan cikin gida, waɗanda ke riƙe da kashi 78.6% na kadarorin kuɗi na ƙasar, sun fara karɓar ƙa'idodin muhalli a cikin 2018, bayan da ''Hukumar Kula da Kudi'' (OJK) ta ƙaddamar da shirin kuɗi mai ɗorewa. A cikin 2013, kawai 1.4% na rancen banki an rarraba su a matsayin "kore", suna mai da hankali kan makamashi mai sabuntawa.<ref name="green-finance-springer-20192"/> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ssr5qo0guhrok3xtgvgge3ryjm9vwfo 0 116026 875235 712715 2026-07-03T18:17:20Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359767413|Suicide prevention]]" 875235 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg|thumb|A matsayin shirin rigakafin kashe kansa, wannan alamar a kan Golden Gate Bridge tana inganta tarho na musamman wanda ke haɗawa da layin wuta na rikicin, da kuma layin rubutu na rikicin 24 / 7.]] Rigakafin kashe kansa tarin kokarin rage hadarin kashe kansa ne.[1] Sau da yawa ana iya hana kashe kansa, kuma kokarin hana shi na iya faruwa a mutum, dangantaka, al'umma, da kuma matakin al'umma.[2][1] Kisan kai matsala ce mai tsanani ta lafiyar jama'a wacce za ta iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Rigakafin kashe kansa yana buƙatar dabarun a kowane matakin al'umma. Wannan ya haɗa da rigakafi da dabarun kariya ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Ana iya hana kashe kansa ta hanyar koyon alamun gargadi, inganta rigakafi da juriya, da kuma yin aiki ga canjin zamantakewa.[3] nnw0nuvk9xxbeb9253gm6wcgvtrl6vg 875236 875235 2026-07-03T18:18:01Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359767413|Suicide prevention]]" 875236 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg|thumb|A matsayin shirin rigakafin kashe kansa, wannan alamar a kan Golden Gate Bridge tana inganta tarho na musamman wanda ke haɗawa da layin wuta na rikicin, da kuma layin rubutu na rikicin 24 / 7.]] Rigakafin kashe kansa tarin kokarin rage hadarin kashe kansa ne.[1] Sau da yawa ana iya hana kashe kansa, kuma kokarin hana shi na iya faruwa a mutum, dangantaka, al'umma, da kuma matakin al'umma.[2][1] Kisan kai matsala ce mai tsanani ta lafiyar jama'a wacce za ta iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Rigakafin kashe kansa yana buƙatar dabarun a kowane matakin al'umma. Wannan ya haɗa da rigakafi da dabarun kariya ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Ana iya hana kashe kansa ta hanyar koyon alamun gargadi, inganta rigakafi da juriya, da kuma yin aiki ga canjin zamantakewa.[3] Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye don dakatar da kashe kansa mai zuwa, hanyoyin na iya haɗawa da: * Magana da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwaRashin lafiya na hankali * Inganta dabarun magance mutanen da ke cikin haɗari * Rage Abubuwan haɗari na kashe kansa, kamar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, [[talauci]] da Rashin lafiyar jama'a * Ba mutane bege ga [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] mafi kyau bayan an warware matsalolin yanzu * Kira Lambar wayar tarho ta kashe kansa Kokarin gabaɗaya ya haɗa da matakai a cikin fannonin magani, lafiyar kwakwalwa, da lafiyar jama'a. Saboda abubuwan kariya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maine Suicide Prevention Website |url=http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711000519/http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-date=2006-07-11 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Maine.gov |quote=Protective Factors are the positive conditions, personal and social resources that promote resiliency and reduce the potential for youth suicide as well as other related high-risk behaviors. Just as suicide risks rise from an interaction between familial, genetic, and environmental factors, so do protective factors.}}</ref> kamar [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] da haɗin kai - da kuma abubuwan haɗarin muhalli kamar samun damar samun hanyar kisa - suna taka rawa wajen kashe kansa, kashe kansa ba kawai batun kiwon lafiya ko [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|lafiyar hankali]] ba ne. <ref>Compare: {{Cite web |date=2003-09-16 |title=Suicide prevention definition – Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819195312/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-date=2003-08-19 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Medterms.com |quote=Suicide should not be viewed solely as a medical or mental health problem, since protective factors such as social support and connectedness appear to play significant roles in the prevention of death.}}</ref> An san kisan kai a matsayin babban dalilin mutuwa na 10 a Amurka. Koyaya, waɗanda ke binciken haɗarin kashe kansa suna cewa waɗannan yanayin suna fara canzawa. Cheryl King masanin halayyar dan adam ne a Jami'ar Michigan . Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan inganta kimantawar haɗarin kashe kansa da kimantawa a cikin matasa. Akwai CLSP, wanda ke fama da dogon lokaci tare da Shirin Kisan kai. Ana isar da wannan ta wayar tarho. Saboda wannan, kashi 30% na marasa lafiya suna da ƙananan ƙoƙari idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da CLSP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weir |first=Kirsten |date=July–August 2019 |title=Better ways to prevent suicide |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/07-08/cover-prevent-suicide |access-date=2022-06-30 |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]}}</ref> Rigakafin kashe kansa ya haɗa da amfani da dabaru da aka tsara don rage haɗarin kashe kansa da tallafawa mutane da ke cikin rikici. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH), mahimman hanyoyin sun haɗa da kara samun damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ƙirƙirar mahalli na tallafi, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da alamun gargadi kamar janyewa, canje-canje na yanayi, da magana game da mutuwa ko jin rashin bege. Shirye-shiryen da suka shafi al'umma, hotuna masu rikitarwa kamar 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, da kuma shiga tsakani na makaranta an nuna su don yin bambanci. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa rage damar samun hanyoyin kisa na iya rage yawan kashe kansa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0ekmeqgtn5r1c70kxx026jvguf8bwtz 875237 875236 2026-07-03T18:19:01Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359767413|Suicide prevention]]" 875237 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg|thumb|A matsayin shirin rigakafin kashe kansa, wannan alamar a kan Golden Gate Bridge tana inganta tarho na musamman wanda ke haɗawa da layin wuta na rikicin, da kuma layin rubutu na rikicin 24 / 7.]] Rigakafin kashe kansa tarin kokarin rage hadarin kashe kansa ne.[1] Sau da yawa ana iya hana kashe kansa, kuma kokarin hana shi na iya faruwa a mutum, dangantaka, al'umma, da kuma matakin al'umma.[2][1] Kisan kai matsala ce mai tsanani ta lafiyar jama'a wacce za ta iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Rigakafin kashe kansa yana buƙatar dabarun a kowane matakin al'umma. Wannan ya haɗa da rigakafi da dabarun kariya ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Ana iya hana kashe kansa ta hanyar koyon alamun gargadi, inganta rigakafi da juriya, da kuma yin aiki ga canjin zamantakewa.[3] Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye don dakatar da kashe kansa mai zuwa, hanyoyin na iya haɗawa da: * Magana da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwaRashin lafiya na hankali * Inganta dabarun magance mutanen da ke cikin haɗari * Rage Abubuwan haɗari na kashe kansa, kamar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, [[talauci]] da Rashin lafiyar jama'a * Ba mutane bege ga [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] mafi kyau bayan an warware matsalolin yanzu * Kira Lambar wayar tarho ta kashe kansa Kokarin gabaɗaya ya haɗa da matakai a cikin fannonin magani, lafiyar kwakwalwa, da lafiyar jama'a. Saboda abubuwan kariya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maine Suicide Prevention Website |url=http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711000519/http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-date=2006-07-11 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Maine.gov |quote=Protective Factors are the positive conditions, personal and social resources that promote resiliency and reduce the potential for youth suicide as well as other related high-risk behaviors. Just as suicide risks rise from an interaction between familial, genetic, and environmental factors, so do protective factors.}}</ref> kamar [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] da haɗin kai - da kuma abubuwan haɗarin muhalli kamar samun damar samun hanyar kisa - suna taka rawa wajen kashe kansa, kashe kansa ba kawai batun kiwon lafiya ko [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|lafiyar hankali]] ba ne. <ref>Compare: {{Cite web |date=2003-09-16 |title=Suicide prevention definition – Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819195312/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-date=2003-08-19 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Medterms.com |quote=Suicide should not be viewed solely as a medical or mental health problem, since protective factors such as social support and connectedness appear to play significant roles in the prevention of death.}}</ref> An san kisan kai a matsayin babban dalilin mutuwa na 10 a Amurka. Koyaya, waɗanda ke binciken haɗarin kashe kansa suna cewa waɗannan yanayin suna fara canzawa. Cheryl King masanin halayyar dan adam ne a Jami'ar Michigan . Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan inganta kimantawar haɗarin kashe kansa da kimantawa a cikin matasa. Akwai CLSP, wanda ke fama da dogon lokaci tare da Shirin Kisan kai. Ana isar da wannan ta wayar tarho. Saboda wannan, kashi 30% na marasa lafiya suna da ƙananan ƙoƙari idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da CLSP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weir |first=Kirsten |date=July–August 2019 |title=Better ways to prevent suicide |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/07-08/cover-prevent-suicide |access-date=2022-06-30 |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]}}</ref> Rigakafin kashe kansa ya haɗa da amfani da dabaru da aka tsara don rage haɗarin kashe kansa da tallafawa mutane da ke cikin rikici. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH), mahimman hanyoyin sun haɗa da kara samun damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ƙirƙirar mahalli na tallafi, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da alamun gargadi kamar janyewa, canje-canje na yanayi, da magana game da mutuwa ko jin rashin bege. Shirye-shiryen da suka shafi al'umma, hotuna masu rikitarwa kamar 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, da kuma shiga tsakani na makaranta an nuna su don yin bambanci. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa rage damar samun hanyoyin kisa na iya rage yawan kashe kansa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Bincike da kimanta hadarin kashe kansa == === Alamun gargadi === Alamun gargadi na kashe kansa na iya ba da damar mutane su jagoranci mutanen da ke tunanin kashe kansu don samun taimako.<ref name="NIH20172">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=NIMH » Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920115749/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Halin da zai iya zama alamun gargadi sun haɗa da: <ref name="Suicide Prevention">{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=The National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] phdeb54sbgmwx3j1g55t8aqdt6meb93 875238 875237 2026-07-03T18:19:27Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359767413|Suicide prevention]]" 875238 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg|thumb|A matsayin shirin rigakafin kashe kansa, wannan alamar a kan Golden Gate Bridge tana inganta tarho na musamman wanda ke haɗawa da layin wuta na rikicin, da kuma layin rubutu na rikicin 24 / 7.]] Rigakafin kashe kansa tarin kokarin rage hadarin kashe kansa ne.[1] Sau da yawa ana iya hana kashe kansa, kuma kokarin hana shi na iya faruwa a mutum, dangantaka, al'umma, da kuma matakin al'umma.[2][1] Kisan kai matsala ce mai tsanani ta lafiyar jama'a wacce za ta iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Rigakafin kashe kansa yana buƙatar dabarun a kowane matakin al'umma. Wannan ya haɗa da rigakafi da dabarun kariya ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Ana iya hana kashe kansa ta hanyar koyon alamun gargadi, inganta rigakafi da juriya, da kuma yin aiki ga canjin zamantakewa.[3] Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye don dakatar da kashe kansa mai zuwa, hanyoyin na iya haɗawa da: * Magana da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwaRashin lafiya na hankali * Inganta dabarun magance mutanen da ke cikin haɗari * Rage Abubuwan haɗari na kashe kansa, kamar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, [[talauci]] da Rashin lafiyar jama'a * Ba mutane bege ga [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] mafi kyau bayan an warware matsalolin yanzu * Kira Lambar wayar tarho ta kashe kansa Kokarin gabaɗaya ya haɗa da matakai a cikin fannonin magani, lafiyar kwakwalwa, da lafiyar jama'a. Saboda abubuwan kariya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maine Suicide Prevention Website |url=http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711000519/http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-date=2006-07-11 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Maine.gov |quote=Protective Factors are the positive conditions, personal and social resources that promote resiliency and reduce the potential for youth suicide as well as other related high-risk behaviors. Just as suicide risks rise from an interaction between familial, genetic, and environmental factors, so do protective factors.}}</ref> kamar [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] da haɗin kai - da kuma abubuwan haɗarin muhalli kamar samun damar samun hanyar kisa - suna taka rawa wajen kashe kansa, kashe kansa ba kawai batun kiwon lafiya ko [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|lafiyar hankali]] ba ne. <ref>Compare: {{Cite web |date=2003-09-16 |title=Suicide prevention definition – Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819195312/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-date=2003-08-19 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Medterms.com |quote=Suicide should not be viewed solely as a medical or mental health problem, since protective factors such as social support and connectedness appear to play significant roles in the prevention of death.}}</ref> An san kisan kai a matsayin babban dalilin mutuwa na 10 a Amurka. Koyaya, waɗanda ke binciken haɗarin kashe kansa suna cewa waɗannan yanayin suna fara canzawa. Cheryl King masanin halayyar dan adam ne a Jami'ar Michigan . Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan inganta kimantawar haɗarin kashe kansa da kimantawa a cikin matasa. Akwai CLSP, wanda ke fama da dogon lokaci tare da Shirin Kisan kai. Ana isar da wannan ta wayar tarho. Saboda wannan, kashi 30% na marasa lafiya suna da ƙananan ƙoƙari idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da CLSP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weir |first=Kirsten |date=July–August 2019 |title=Better ways to prevent suicide |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/07-08/cover-prevent-suicide |access-date=2022-06-30 |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]}}</ref> Rigakafin kashe kansa ya haɗa da amfani da dabaru da aka tsara don rage haɗarin kashe kansa da tallafawa mutane da ke cikin rikici. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH), mahimman hanyoyin sun haɗa da kara samun damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ƙirƙirar mahalli na tallafi, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da alamun gargadi kamar janyewa, canje-canje na yanayi, da magana game da mutuwa ko jin rashin bege. Shirye-shiryen da suka shafi al'umma, hotuna masu rikitarwa kamar 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, da kuma shiga tsakani na makaranta an nuna su don yin bambanci. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa rage damar samun hanyoyin kisa na iya rage yawan kashe kansa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Bincike da kimanta hadarin kashe kansa == === Alamun gargadi === Alamun gargadi na kashe kansa na iya ba da damar mutane su jagoranci mutanen da ke tunanin kashe kansu don samun taimako.<ref name="NIH20172">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=NIMH » Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920115749/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Halin da zai iya zama alamun gargadi sun haɗa da: <ref name="Suicide Prevention">{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=The National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> # Tattaunawa game da son mutuwa ko son kashe kansu # Tunanin kashe kansa: tunani, magana, ko rubutu game da kashe kansa, shirin kashe kansa # Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi # Jin rashin niyya # Damuwa, tashin hankali, rashin iya barci, ko barci a kowane lokaci # Jin da ake kamawa # Jin rashin bege # Cirewar jama'a # Nuna matsanancin canjin yanayi, ba zato ba tsammani canzawa daga bakin ciki zuwa kwanciyar hankali ko farin ciki # Rashin hankali ko hanzari, ɗaukar haɗari wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa, kamar tuki da sauri # Canjin yanayi, gami da baƙin ciki # Jin rashin amfani # Sanya al'amuran da suka dace, ba da dukiya mai daraja ko dukiya mai mahimmanci, ko yin gyare-gyare lokacin da ba a sa ran su mutu ba (a matsayin misali, wannan hali zai zama ruwan dare a cikin mai fama da cutar kansa amma ba matashi mai lafiya ba) # Jin zafi mai ƙarfi, ko dai na motsin rai ko na jiki # Yin la'akari da kanka mai nauyi # Ƙarin amfani da kwayoyi, gami da barasa [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] itdlcav7h3smu0n7z5qfv05jv9yu36p 875239 875238 2026-07-03T18:20:00Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359767413|Suicide prevention]]" 875239 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg|thumb|A matsayin shirin rigakafin kashe kansa, wannan alamar a kan Golden Gate Bridge tana inganta tarho na musamman wanda ke haɗawa da layin wuta na rikicin, da kuma layin rubutu na rikicin 24 / 7.]] Rigakafin kashe kansa tarin kokarin rage hadarin kashe kansa ne.[1] Sau da yawa ana iya hana kashe kansa, kuma kokarin hana shi na iya faruwa a mutum, dangantaka, al'umma, da kuma matakin al'umma.[2][1] Kisan kai matsala ce mai tsanani ta lafiyar jama'a wacce za ta iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Rigakafin kashe kansa yana buƙatar dabarun a kowane matakin al'umma. Wannan ya haɗa da rigakafi da dabarun kariya ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Ana iya hana kashe kansa ta hanyar koyon alamun gargadi, inganta rigakafi da juriya, da kuma yin aiki ga canjin zamantakewa.[3] Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye don dakatar da kashe kansa mai zuwa, hanyoyin na iya haɗawa da: * Magana da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwaRashin lafiya na hankali * Inganta dabarun magance mutanen da ke cikin haɗari * Rage Abubuwan haɗari na kashe kansa, kamar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, [[talauci]] da Rashin lafiyar jama'a * Ba mutane bege ga [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] mafi kyau bayan an warware matsalolin yanzu * Kira Lambar wayar tarho ta kashe kansa Kokarin gabaɗaya ya haɗa da matakai a cikin fannonin magani, lafiyar kwakwalwa, da lafiyar jama'a. Saboda abubuwan kariya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maine Suicide Prevention Website |url=http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711000519/http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-date=2006-07-11 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Maine.gov |quote=Protective Factors are the positive conditions, personal and social resources that promote resiliency and reduce the potential for youth suicide as well as other related high-risk behaviors. Just as suicide risks rise from an interaction between familial, genetic, and environmental factors, so do protective factors.}}</ref> kamar [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] da haɗin kai - da kuma abubuwan haɗarin muhalli kamar samun damar samun hanyar kisa - suna taka rawa wajen kashe kansa, kashe kansa ba kawai batun kiwon lafiya ko [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|lafiyar hankali]] ba ne. <ref>Compare: {{Cite web |date=2003-09-16 |title=Suicide prevention definition – Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819195312/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-date=2003-08-19 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Medterms.com |quote=Suicide should not be viewed solely as a medical or mental health problem, since protective factors such as social support and connectedness appear to play significant roles in the prevention of death.}}</ref> An san kisan kai a matsayin babban dalilin mutuwa na 10 a Amurka. Koyaya, waɗanda ke binciken haɗarin kashe kansa suna cewa waɗannan yanayin suna fara canzawa. Cheryl King masanin halayyar dan adam ne a Jami'ar Michigan . Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan inganta kimantawar haɗarin kashe kansa da kimantawa a cikin matasa. Akwai CLSP, wanda ke fama da dogon lokaci tare da Shirin Kisan kai. Ana isar da wannan ta wayar tarho. Saboda wannan, kashi 30% na marasa lafiya suna da ƙananan ƙoƙari idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da CLSP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weir |first=Kirsten |date=July–August 2019 |title=Better ways to prevent suicide |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/07-08/cover-prevent-suicide |access-date=2022-06-30 |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]}}</ref> Rigakafin kashe kansa ya haɗa da amfani da dabaru da aka tsara don rage haɗarin kashe kansa da tallafawa mutane da ke cikin rikici. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH), mahimman hanyoyin sun haɗa da kara samun damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ƙirƙirar mahalli na tallafi, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da alamun gargadi kamar janyewa, canje-canje na yanayi, da magana game da mutuwa ko jin rashin bege. Shirye-shiryen da suka shafi al'umma, hotuna masu rikitarwa kamar 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, da kuma shiga tsakani na makaranta an nuna su don yin bambanci. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa rage damar samun hanyoyin kisa na iya rage yawan kashe kansa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Bincike da kimanta hadarin kashe kansa == === Alamun gargadi === Alamun gargadi na kashe kansa na iya ba da damar mutane su jagoranci mutanen da ke tunanin kashe kansu don samun taimako.<ref name="NIH20172">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=NIMH » Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920115749/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Halin da zai iya zama alamun gargadi sun haɗa da: <ref name="Suicide Prevention">{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=The National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> # Tattaunawa game da son mutuwa ko son kashe kansu # Tunanin kashe kansa: tunani, magana, ko rubutu game da kashe kansa, shirin kashe kansa # Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi # Jin rashin niyya # Damuwa, tashin hankali, rashin iya barci, ko barci a kowane lokaci # Jin da ake kamawa # Jin rashin bege # Cirewar jama'a # Nuna matsanancin canjin yanayi, ba zato ba tsammani canzawa daga bakin ciki zuwa kwanciyar hankali ko farin ciki # Rashin hankali ko hanzari, ɗaukar haɗari wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa, kamar tuki da sauri # Canjin yanayi, gami da baƙin ciki # Jin rashin amfani # Sanya al'amuran da suka dace, ba da dukiya mai daraja ko dukiya mai mahimmanci, ko yin gyare-gyare lokacin da ba a sa ran su mutu ba (a matsayin misali, wannan hali zai zama ruwan dare a cikin mai fama da cutar kansa amma ba matashi mai lafiya ba) # Jin zafi mai ƙarfi, ko dai na motsin rai ko na jiki # Yin la'akari da kanka mai nauyi # Ƙarin amfani da kwayoyi, gami da barasa === Magana kai tsaye don kimantawa === Wata hanya mai tasiri don tantance tunanin kashe kansa ita ce yin magana da mutumin kai tsaye, don yin tambaya game da baƙin ciki, da kuma tantance shirye-shiryen kashe kansa game da yadda kuma lokacin da za a iya ƙoƙarin yin hakan. : 13 Sabanin ra'ayoyin da suka shahara, magana da mutane game da kashe kansa ba ya dasa ra'ayin a cikin kawunansu.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13 Koyaya, ya kamata a tambayi irin waɗannan tattaunawar da tambayoyi da kulawa, damuwa da tausayi.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13 Hanyar ita ce rage bakin ciki da kuma ba da tabbacin cewa wasu mutane suna kula da ita. WHO ta ba da shawarar kada a ce komai zai yi daidai ko kuma a sanya matsalar ta zama kamar ba ta da muhimmanci, ko kuma a ba da tabbacin ƙarya game da batutuwa masu tsanani.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13 Ya kamata tattaunawar ta kasance a hankali kuma a aiwatar da ita musamman lokacin da mutum ya gamsu game da tattauna yadda suke ji. ICARE (Gano tunanin, Haɗawa da shi, Tabbatar da shi, Gyara tunanin cikin haske mai kyau, Bayyanawa ko samar da wuri don bayyana ji daga tunanin da aka sake fasalinsa) misali ne na tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi a nan.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lx4ttr6a0bokkxyvfhvatfea5u1rjou 875240 875239 2026-07-03T18:21:02Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359767413|Suicide prevention]]" 875240 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg|thumb|A matsayin shirin rigakafin kashe kansa, wannan alamar a kan Golden Gate Bridge tana inganta tarho na musamman wanda ke haɗawa da layin wuta na rikicin, da kuma layin rubutu na rikicin 24 / 7.]] Rigakafin kashe kansa tarin kokarin rage hadarin kashe kansa ne.[1] Sau da yawa ana iya hana kashe kansa, kuma kokarin hana shi na iya faruwa a mutum, dangantaka, al'umma, da kuma matakin al'umma.[2][1] Kisan kai matsala ce mai tsanani ta lafiyar jama'a wacce za ta iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Rigakafin kashe kansa yana buƙatar dabarun a kowane matakin al'umma. Wannan ya haɗa da rigakafi da dabarun kariya ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Ana iya hana kashe kansa ta hanyar koyon alamun gargadi, inganta rigakafi da juriya, da kuma yin aiki ga canjin zamantakewa.[3] Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye don dakatar da kashe kansa mai zuwa, hanyoyin na iya haɗawa da: * Magana da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwaRashin lafiya na hankali * Inganta dabarun magance mutanen da ke cikin haɗari * Rage Abubuwan haɗari na kashe kansa, kamar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, [[talauci]] da Rashin lafiyar jama'a * Ba mutane bege ga [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] mafi kyau bayan an warware matsalolin yanzu * Kira Lambar wayar tarho ta kashe kansa Kokarin gabaɗaya ya haɗa da matakai a cikin fannonin magani, lafiyar kwakwalwa, da lafiyar jama'a. Saboda abubuwan kariya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maine Suicide Prevention Website |url=http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711000519/http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-date=2006-07-11 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Maine.gov |quote=Protective Factors are the positive conditions, personal and social resources that promote resiliency and reduce the potential for youth suicide as well as other related high-risk behaviors. Just as suicide risks rise from an interaction between familial, genetic, and environmental factors, so do protective factors.}}</ref> kamar [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] da haɗin kai - da kuma abubuwan haɗarin muhalli kamar samun damar samun hanyar kisa - suna taka rawa wajen kashe kansa, kashe kansa ba kawai batun kiwon lafiya ko [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|lafiyar hankali]] ba ne. <ref>Compare: {{Cite web |date=2003-09-16 |title=Suicide prevention definition – Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819195312/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-date=2003-08-19 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Medterms.com |quote=Suicide should not be viewed solely as a medical or mental health problem, since protective factors such as social support and connectedness appear to play significant roles in the prevention of death.}}</ref> An san kisan kai a matsayin babban dalilin mutuwa na 10 a Amurka. Koyaya, waɗanda ke binciken haɗarin kashe kansa suna cewa waɗannan yanayin suna fara canzawa. Cheryl King masanin halayyar dan adam ne a Jami'ar Michigan . Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan inganta kimantawar haɗarin kashe kansa da kimantawa a cikin matasa. Akwai CLSP, wanda ke fama da dogon lokaci tare da Shirin Kisan kai. Ana isar da wannan ta wayar tarho. Saboda wannan, kashi 30% na marasa lafiya suna da ƙananan ƙoƙari idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da CLSP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weir |first=Kirsten |date=July–August 2019 |title=Better ways to prevent suicide |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/07-08/cover-prevent-suicide |access-date=2022-06-30 |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]}}</ref> Rigakafin kashe kansa ya haɗa da amfani da dabaru da aka tsara don rage haɗarin kashe kansa da tallafawa mutane da ke cikin rikici. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH), mahimman hanyoyin sun haɗa da kara samun damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ƙirƙirar mahalli na tallafi, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da alamun gargadi kamar janyewa, canje-canje na yanayi, da magana game da mutuwa ko jin rashin bege. Shirye-shiryen da suka shafi al'umma, hotuna masu rikitarwa kamar 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, da kuma shiga tsakani na makaranta an nuna su don yin bambanci. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa rage damar samun hanyoyin kisa na iya rage yawan kashe kansa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Bincike da kimanta hadarin kashe kansa == === Alamun gargadi === Alamun gargadi na kashe kansa na iya ba da damar mutane su jagoranci mutanen da ke tunanin kashe kansu don samun taimako.<ref name="NIH20172">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=NIMH » Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920115749/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Halin da zai iya zama alamun gargadi sun haɗa da: <ref name="Suicide Prevention">{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=The National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> # Tattaunawa game da son mutuwa ko son kashe kansu # Tunanin kashe kansa: tunani, magana, ko rubutu game da kashe kansa, shirin kashe kansa # Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi # Jin rashin niyya # Damuwa, tashin hankali, rashin iya barci, ko barci a kowane lokaci # Jin da ake kamawa # Jin rashin bege # Cirewar jama'a # Nuna matsanancin canjin yanayi, ba zato ba tsammani canzawa daga bakin ciki zuwa kwanciyar hankali ko farin ciki # Rashin hankali ko hanzari, ɗaukar haɗari wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa, kamar tuki da sauri # Canjin yanayi, gami da baƙin ciki # Jin rashin amfani # Sanya al'amuran da suka dace, ba da dukiya mai daraja ko dukiya mai mahimmanci, ko yin gyare-gyare lokacin da ba a sa ran su mutu ba (a matsayin misali, wannan hali zai zama ruwan dare a cikin mai fama da cutar kansa amma ba matashi mai lafiya ba) # Jin zafi mai ƙarfi, ko dai na motsin rai ko na jiki # Yin la'akari da kanka mai nauyi # Ƙarin amfani da kwayoyi, gami da barasa === Magana kai tsaye don kimantawa === Wata hanya mai tasiri don tantance tunanin kashe kansa ita ce yin magana da mutumin kai tsaye, don yin tambaya game da baƙin ciki, da kuma tantance shirye-shiryen kashe kansa game da yadda kuma lokacin da za a iya ƙoƙarin yin hakan. : 13 Sabanin ra'ayoyin da suka shahara, magana da mutane game da kashe kansa ba ya dasa ra'ayin a cikin kawunansu.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13 Koyaya, ya kamata a tambayi irin waɗannan tattaunawar da tambayoyi da kulawa, damuwa da tausayi.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13 Hanyar ita ce rage bakin ciki da kuma ba da tabbacin cewa wasu mutane suna kula da ita. WHO ta ba da shawarar kada a ce komai zai yi daidai ko kuma a sanya matsalar ta zama kamar ba ta da muhimmanci, ko kuma a ba da tabbacin ƙarya game da batutuwa masu tsanani.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13 Ya kamata tattaunawar ta kasance a hankali kuma a aiwatar da ita musamman lokacin da mutum ya gamsu game da tattauna yadda suke ji. ICARE (Gano tunanin, Haɗawa da shi, Tabbatar da shi, Gyara tunanin cikin haske mai kyau, Bayyanawa ko samar da wuri don bayyana ji daga tunanin da aka sake fasalinsa) misali ne na tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi a nan.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13  === Abubuwan haɗari === [[Fayil:US_Navy_091027-N-0000X-001_A_photo_illustration_produced_by_the_Defense_Media_Agency_on_suicide_prevention.jpg|thumb|Hoton hoto da Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Tsaro ta samar game da rigakafin kashe kansa]] Dukkanin mutane na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin kashe kansu. Abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke taimakawa ga wani yana jin ya kashe kansa ko ƙoƙarin kashe kansa na iya haɗawa da: [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h2gbeaonldyl82xye8war0que807b4l 875241 875240 2026-07-03T18:21:43Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359767413|Suicide prevention]]" 875241 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg|thumb|A matsayin shirin rigakafin kashe kansa, wannan alamar a kan Golden Gate Bridge tana inganta tarho na musamman wanda ke haɗawa da layin wuta na rikicin, da kuma layin rubutu na rikicin 24 / 7.]] Rigakafin kashe kansa tarin kokarin rage hadarin kashe kansa ne.[1] Sau da yawa ana iya hana kashe kansa, kuma kokarin hana shi na iya faruwa a mutum, dangantaka, al'umma, da kuma matakin al'umma.[2][1] Kisan kai matsala ce mai tsanani ta lafiyar jama'a wacce za ta iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Rigakafin kashe kansa yana buƙatar dabarun a kowane matakin al'umma. Wannan ya haɗa da rigakafi da dabarun kariya ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Ana iya hana kashe kansa ta hanyar koyon alamun gargadi, inganta rigakafi da juriya, da kuma yin aiki ga canjin zamantakewa.[3] Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye don dakatar da kashe kansa mai zuwa, hanyoyin na iya haɗawa da: * Magana da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwaRashin lafiya na hankali * Inganta dabarun magance mutanen da ke cikin haɗari * Rage Abubuwan haɗari na kashe kansa, kamar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, [[talauci]] da Rashin lafiyar jama'a * Ba mutane bege ga [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] mafi kyau bayan an warware matsalolin yanzu * Kira Lambar wayar tarho ta kashe kansa Kokarin gabaɗaya ya haɗa da matakai a cikin fannonin magani, lafiyar kwakwalwa, da lafiyar jama'a. Saboda abubuwan kariya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maine Suicide Prevention Website |url=http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711000519/http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-date=2006-07-11 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Maine.gov |quote=Protective Factors are the positive conditions, personal and social resources that promote resiliency and reduce the potential for youth suicide as well as other related high-risk behaviors. Just as suicide risks rise from an interaction between familial, genetic, and environmental factors, so do protective factors.}}</ref> kamar [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] da haɗin kai - da kuma abubuwan haɗarin muhalli kamar samun damar samun hanyar kisa - suna taka rawa wajen kashe kansa, kashe kansa ba kawai batun kiwon lafiya ko [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|lafiyar hankali]] ba ne. <ref>Compare: {{Cite web |date=2003-09-16 |title=Suicide prevention definition – Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819195312/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-date=2003-08-19 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Medterms.com |quote=Suicide should not be viewed solely as a medical or mental health problem, since protective factors such as social support and connectedness appear to play significant roles in the prevention of death.}}</ref> An san kisan kai a matsayin babban dalilin mutuwa na 10 a Amurka. Koyaya, waɗanda ke binciken haɗarin kashe kansa suna cewa waɗannan yanayin suna fara canzawa. Cheryl King masanin halayyar dan adam ne a Jami'ar Michigan . Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan inganta kimantawar haɗarin kashe kansa da kimantawa a cikin matasa. Akwai CLSP, wanda ke fama da dogon lokaci tare da Shirin Kisan kai. Ana isar da wannan ta wayar tarho. Saboda wannan, kashi 30% na marasa lafiya suna da ƙananan ƙoƙari idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da CLSP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weir |first=Kirsten |date=July–August 2019 |title=Better ways to prevent suicide |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/07-08/cover-prevent-suicide |access-date=2022-06-30 |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]}}</ref> Rigakafin kashe kansa ya haɗa da amfani da dabaru da aka tsara don rage haɗarin kashe kansa da tallafawa mutane da ke cikin rikici. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH), mahimman hanyoyin sun haɗa da kara samun damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ƙirƙirar mahalli na tallafi, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da alamun gargadi kamar janyewa, canje-canje na yanayi, da magana game da mutuwa ko jin rashin bege. Shirye-shiryen da suka shafi al'umma, hotuna masu rikitarwa kamar 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, da kuma shiga tsakani na makaranta an nuna su don yin bambanci. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa rage damar samun hanyoyin kisa na iya rage yawan kashe kansa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Bincike da kimanta hadarin kashe kansa == === Alamun gargadi === Alamun gargadi na kashe kansa na iya ba da damar mutane su jagoranci mutanen da ke tunanin kashe kansu don samun taimako.<ref name="NIH20172">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=NIMH » Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920115749/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Halin da zai iya zama alamun gargadi sun haɗa da: <ref name="Suicide Prevention">{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=The National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> # Tattaunawa game da son mutuwa ko son kashe kansu # Tunanin kashe kansa: tunani, magana, ko rubutu game da kashe kansa, shirin kashe kansa # Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi # Jin rashin niyya # Damuwa, tashin hankali, rashin iya barci, ko barci a kowane lokaci # Jin da ake kamawa # Jin rashin bege # Cirewar jama'a # Nuna matsanancin canjin yanayi, ba zato ba tsammani canzawa daga bakin ciki zuwa kwanciyar hankali ko farin ciki # Rashin hankali ko hanzari, ɗaukar haɗari wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa, kamar tuki da sauri # Canjin yanayi, gami da baƙin ciki # Jin rashin amfani # Sanya al'amuran da suka dace, ba da dukiya mai daraja ko dukiya mai mahimmanci, ko yin gyare-gyare lokacin da ba a sa ran su mutu ba (a matsayin misali, wannan hali zai zama ruwan dare a cikin mai fama da cutar kansa amma ba matashi mai lafiya ba) # Jin zafi mai ƙarfi, ko dai na motsin rai ko na jiki # Yin la'akari da kanka mai nauyi # Ƙarin amfani da kwayoyi, gami da barasa === Magana kai tsaye don kimantawa === Wata hanya mai tasiri don tantance tunanin kashe kansa ita ce yin magana da mutumin kai tsaye, don yin tambaya game da baƙin ciki, da kuma tantance shirye-shiryen kashe kansa game da yadda kuma lokacin da za a iya ƙoƙarin yin hakan. : 13 Sabanin ra'ayoyin da suka shahara, magana da mutane game da kashe kansa ba ya dasa ra'ayin a cikin kawunansu.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13 Koyaya, ya kamata a tambayi irin waɗannan tattaunawar da tambayoyi da kulawa, damuwa da tausayi.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13 Hanyar ita ce rage bakin ciki da kuma ba da tabbacin cewa wasu mutane suna kula da ita. WHO ta ba da shawarar kada a ce komai zai yi daidai ko kuma a sanya matsalar ta zama kamar ba ta da muhimmanci, ko kuma a ba da tabbacin ƙarya game da batutuwa masu tsanani.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13 Ya kamata tattaunawar ta kasance a hankali kuma a aiwatar da ita musamman lokacin da mutum ya gamsu game da tattauna yadda suke ji. ICARE (Gano tunanin, Haɗawa da shi, Tabbatar da shi, Gyara tunanin cikin haske mai kyau, Bayyanawa ko samar da wuri don bayyana ji daga tunanin da aka sake fasalinsa) misali ne na tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi a nan.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13  === Abubuwan haɗari === [[Fayil:US_Navy_091027-N-0000X-001_A_photo_illustration_produced_by_the_Defense_Media_Agency_on_suicide_prevention.jpg|thumb|Hoton hoto da Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Tsaro ta samar game da rigakafin kashe kansa]] Dukkanin mutane na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin kashe kansu. Abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke taimakawa ga wani yana jin ya kashe kansa ko ƙoƙarin kashe kansa na iya haɗawa da: * Mawuyacin hali, wasu cututtukan hankali, ko rikicewar shan miyagun ƙwayoyi * Wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya * Ciwo mai tsanani <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bohnert |first=Amy S.B. |last2=Ilgen, Ph.D |first2=Mark A. |year=2019 |title=Understanding Links among Opioid Use, Overdose, and Suicide |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=380 |issue=1 |pages=71–79 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1802148 |pmid=30601750 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Yunkurin kashe kansa na baya * Raunin yara * Cin amana da watsi * Matsalar kudi ko talauci * Tarihin iyali na rikicewar hankali ko amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi * Tarihin iyali na kashe kansa * Rikicin iyali, gami da cin zarafin jiki ko jima'i * Cin zarafin kwakwalwa * Benzodiazepines * Kasancewa da bindigogi ko wasu bindigogi a cikin gida tare da [[Makamai|harsashi]] * Tun da aka sake shi kwanan nan daga kurkuku, kurkuku ko mafaka ta mahaukaci * Rashin cin zarafin kai * Kasancewa da halayyar kashe kansa na wasu, kamar na dangin, takwarorinsu, ko fitattun mutane <ref name="Suicide Prevention">{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=The National Institute of Mental Health}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention "Suicide Prevention"]. ''The National Institute of Mental Health''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml Archived] from the original on 25 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> * [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steare |first=Thomas |last2=Lewis |first2=Gemma |last3=Evans-Lacko |first3=Sara |last4=Pitman |first4=Alexandra |last5=Rose-Clarke |first5=Kelly |last6=Patalay |first6=Praveetha |date=2023-12-11 |title=Food Insecurity, Adolescent Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors, and Country-Level Context: A Multi-Country Cross-Sectional Analysis |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=545–555 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.10.018 |pmc=11139653 |pmid=38085207}}</ref> * Wataƙila akwai alaƙa tsakanin bayyanar PM2.5 na dogon lokaci da baƙin ciki, da kuma yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin fallasa PM10 na ɗan gajeren lokaci da kashe kansa.<ref name="pmid31850801">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Braithwaite I, Zhang S, Kirkbride JB, Osborn DP, Hayes JF |date=December 2019 |title=Air Pollution (Particulate Matter) Exposure and Associations with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Psychosis and Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=127 |issue=12 |bibcode=2019EnvHP.127l6002B |doi=10.1289/EHP4595 |pmc=6957283 |pmid=31850801}}</ref> * Samun ƙaramin GPA a lokacin da yake da shekaru 16 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sörberg Wallin |first=A. |last2=Zeebari |first2=Z. |last3=Lager |first3=A. |last4=Gunnell |first4=D. |last5=Allebeck |first5=P. |last6=Falkstedt |first6=D. |date=April 2018 |title=Suicide attempt predicted by academic performance and childhood IQ: a cohort study of 26 000 children |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acps.12817 |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |language=en |volume=137 |issue=4 |pages=277–286 |doi=10.1111/acps.12817 |issn=0001-690X |pmid=29114860 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Shirye-shiryen ganowa da kimantawa === [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 66th5xdnr95e1rg5d8vmgzry2tyes0s 875243 875241 2026-07-03T18:22:27Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359767413|Suicide prevention]]" 875243 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg|thumb|A matsayin shirin rigakafin kashe kansa, wannan alamar a kan Golden Gate Bridge tana inganta tarho na musamman wanda ke haɗawa da layin wuta na rikicin, da kuma layin rubutu na rikicin 24 / 7.]] Rigakafin kashe kansa tarin kokarin rage hadarin kashe kansa ne.[1] Sau da yawa ana iya hana kashe kansa, kuma kokarin hana shi na iya faruwa a mutum, dangantaka, al'umma, da kuma matakin al'umma.[2][1] Kisan kai matsala ce mai tsanani ta lafiyar jama'a wacce za ta iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Rigakafin kashe kansa yana buƙatar dabarun a kowane matakin al'umma. Wannan ya haɗa da rigakafi da dabarun kariya ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Ana iya hana kashe kansa ta hanyar koyon alamun gargadi, inganta rigakafi da juriya, da kuma yin aiki ga canjin zamantakewa.[3] Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye don dakatar da kashe kansa mai zuwa, hanyoyin na iya haɗawa da: * Magana da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwaRashin lafiya na hankali * Inganta dabarun magance mutanen da ke cikin haɗari * Rage Abubuwan haɗari na kashe kansa, kamar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, [[talauci]] da Rashin lafiyar jama'a * Ba mutane bege ga [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] mafi kyau bayan an warware matsalolin yanzu * Kira Lambar wayar tarho ta kashe kansa Kokarin gabaɗaya ya haɗa da matakai a cikin fannonin magani, lafiyar kwakwalwa, da lafiyar jama'a. Saboda abubuwan kariya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maine Suicide Prevention Website |url=http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711000519/http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-date=2006-07-11 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Maine.gov |quote=Protective Factors are the positive conditions, personal and social resources that promote resiliency and reduce the potential for youth suicide as well as other related high-risk behaviors. Just as suicide risks rise from an interaction between familial, genetic, and environmental factors, so do protective factors.}}</ref> kamar [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] da haɗin kai - da kuma abubuwan haɗarin muhalli kamar samun damar samun hanyar kisa - suna taka rawa wajen kashe kansa, kashe kansa ba kawai batun kiwon lafiya ko [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|lafiyar hankali]] ba ne. <ref>Compare: {{Cite web |date=2003-09-16 |title=Suicide prevention definition – Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819195312/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-date=2003-08-19 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Medterms.com |quote=Suicide should not be viewed solely as a medical or mental health problem, since protective factors such as social support and connectedness appear to play significant roles in the prevention of death.}}</ref> An san kisan kai a matsayin babban dalilin mutuwa na 10 a Amurka. Koyaya, waɗanda ke binciken haɗarin kashe kansa suna cewa waɗannan yanayin suna fara canzawa. Cheryl King masanin halayyar dan adam ne a Jami'ar Michigan . Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan inganta kimantawar haɗarin kashe kansa da kimantawa a cikin matasa. Akwai CLSP, wanda ke fama da dogon lokaci tare da Shirin Kisan kai. Ana isar da wannan ta wayar tarho. Saboda wannan, kashi 30% na marasa lafiya suna da ƙananan ƙoƙari idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da CLSP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weir |first=Kirsten |date=July–August 2019 |title=Better ways to prevent suicide |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/07-08/cover-prevent-suicide |access-date=2022-06-30 |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]}}</ref> Rigakafin kashe kansa ya haɗa da amfani da dabaru da aka tsara don rage haɗarin kashe kansa da tallafawa mutane da ke cikin rikici. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH), mahimman hanyoyin sun haɗa da kara samun damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ƙirƙirar mahalli na tallafi, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da alamun gargadi kamar janyewa, canje-canje na yanayi, da magana game da mutuwa ko jin rashin bege. Shirye-shiryen da suka shafi al'umma, hotuna masu rikitarwa kamar 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, da kuma shiga tsakani na makaranta an nuna su don yin bambanci. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa rage damar samun hanyoyin kisa na iya rage yawan kashe kansa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Bincike da kimanta hadarin kashe kansa == === Alamun gargadi === Alamun gargadi na kashe kansa na iya ba da damar mutane su jagoranci mutanen da ke tunanin kashe kansu don samun taimako.<ref name="NIH20172">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=NIMH » Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920115749/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Halin da zai iya zama alamun gargadi sun haɗa da: <ref name="Suicide Prevention">{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=The National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> # Tattaunawa game da son mutuwa ko son kashe kansu # Tunanin kashe kansa: tunani, magana, ko rubutu game da kashe kansa, shirin kashe kansa # Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi # Jin rashin niyya # Damuwa, tashin hankali, rashin iya barci, ko barci a kowane lokaci # Jin da ake kamawa # Jin rashin bege # Cirewar jama'a # Nuna matsanancin canjin yanayi, ba zato ba tsammani canzawa daga bakin ciki zuwa kwanciyar hankali ko farin ciki # Rashin hankali ko hanzari, ɗaukar haɗari wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa, kamar tuki da sauri # Canjin yanayi, gami da baƙin ciki # Jin rashin amfani # Sanya al'amuran da suka dace, ba da dukiya mai daraja ko dukiya mai mahimmanci, ko yin gyare-gyare lokacin da ba a sa ran su mutu ba (a matsayin misali, wannan hali zai zama ruwan dare a cikin mai fama da cutar kansa amma ba matashi mai lafiya ba) # Jin zafi mai ƙarfi, ko dai na motsin rai ko na jiki # Yin la'akari da kanka mai nauyi # Ƙarin amfani da kwayoyi, gami da barasa === Magana kai tsaye don kimantawa === Wata hanya mai tasiri don tantance tunanin kashe kansa ita ce yin magana da mutumin kai tsaye, don yin tambaya game da baƙin ciki, da kuma tantance shirye-shiryen kashe kansa game da yadda kuma lokacin da za a iya ƙoƙarin yin hakan. : 13 Sabanin ra'ayoyin da suka shahara, magana da mutane game da kashe kansa ba ya dasa ra'ayin a cikin kawunansu.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13 Koyaya, ya kamata a tambayi irin waɗannan tattaunawar da tambayoyi da kulawa, damuwa da tausayi.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13 Hanyar ita ce rage bakin ciki da kuma ba da tabbacin cewa wasu mutane suna kula da ita. WHO ta ba da shawarar kada a ce komai zai yi daidai ko kuma a sanya matsalar ta zama kamar ba ta da muhimmanci, ko kuma a ba da tabbacin ƙarya game da batutuwa masu tsanani.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13 Ya kamata tattaunawar ta kasance a hankali kuma a aiwatar da ita musamman lokacin da mutum ya gamsu game da tattauna yadda suke ji. ICARE (Gano tunanin, Haɗawa da shi, Tabbatar da shi, Gyara tunanin cikin haske mai kyau, Bayyanawa ko samar da wuri don bayyana ji daga tunanin da aka sake fasalinsa) misali ne na tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi a nan.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13  === Abubuwan haɗari === [[Fayil:US_Navy_091027-N-0000X-001_A_photo_illustration_produced_by_the_Defense_Media_Agency_on_suicide_prevention.jpg|thumb|Hoton hoto da Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Tsaro ta samar game da rigakafin kashe kansa]] Dukkanin mutane na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin kashe kansu. Abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke taimakawa ga wani yana jin ya kashe kansa ko ƙoƙarin kashe kansa na iya haɗawa da: * Mawuyacin hali, wasu cututtukan hankali, ko rikicewar shan miyagun ƙwayoyi * Wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya * Ciwo mai tsanani <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bohnert |first=Amy S.B. |last2=Ilgen, Ph.D |first2=Mark A. |year=2019 |title=Understanding Links among Opioid Use, Overdose, and Suicide |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=380 |issue=1 |pages=71–79 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1802148 |pmid=30601750 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Yunkurin kashe kansa na baya * Raunin yara * Cin amana da watsi * Matsalar kudi ko talauci * Tarihin iyali na rikicewar hankali ko amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi * Tarihin iyali na kashe kansa * Rikicin iyali, gami da cin zarafin jiki ko jima'i * Cin zarafin kwakwalwa * Benzodiazepines * Kasancewa da bindigogi ko wasu bindigogi a cikin gida tare da [[Makamai|harsashi]] * Tun da aka sake shi kwanan nan daga kurkuku, kurkuku ko mafaka ta mahaukaci * Rashin cin zarafin kai * Kasancewa da halayyar kashe kansa na wasu, kamar na dangin, takwarorinsu, ko fitattun mutane <ref name="Suicide Prevention">{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=The National Institute of Mental Health}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention "Suicide Prevention"]. ''The National Institute of Mental Health''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml Archived] from the original on 25 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> * [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steare |first=Thomas |last2=Lewis |first2=Gemma |last3=Evans-Lacko |first3=Sara |last4=Pitman |first4=Alexandra |last5=Rose-Clarke |first5=Kelly |last6=Patalay |first6=Praveetha |date=2023-12-11 |title=Food Insecurity, Adolescent Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors, and Country-Level Context: A Multi-Country Cross-Sectional Analysis |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=545–555 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.10.018 |pmc=11139653 |pmid=38085207}}</ref> * Wataƙila akwai alaƙa tsakanin bayyanar PM2.5 na dogon lokaci da baƙin ciki, da kuma yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin fallasa PM10 na ɗan gajeren lokaci da kashe kansa.<ref name="pmid31850801">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Braithwaite I, Zhang S, Kirkbride JB, Osborn DP, Hayes JF |date=December 2019 |title=Air Pollution (Particulate Matter) Exposure and Associations with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Psychosis and Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=127 |issue=12 |bibcode=2019EnvHP.127l6002B |doi=10.1289/EHP4595 |pmc=6957283 |pmid=31850801}}</ref> * Samun ƙaramin GPA a lokacin da yake da shekaru 16 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sörberg Wallin |first=A. |last2=Zeebari |first2=Z. |last3=Lager |first3=A. |last4=Gunnell |first4=D. |last5=Allebeck |first5=P. |last6=Falkstedt |first6=D. |date=April 2018 |title=Suicide attempt predicted by academic performance and childhood IQ: a cohort study of 26 000 children |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acps.12817 |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |language=en |volume=137 |issue=4 |pages=277–286 |doi=10.1111/acps.12817 |issn=0001-690X |pmid=29114860 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Shirye-shiryen ganowa da kimantawa === [[Fayil:United_States_Army_Suicide_Prevention_Poster.jpg|thumb|Hoton rigakafin kashe kansa na Sojojin Amurka]] Hanyar gargajiya ita ce gano abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke ƙara kashe kansa ko cutar da kai, kodayake binciken meta-analysis ya nuna cewa kimantawar haɗarin kashe kansa bazai da amfani ba kuma ya ba da shawarar asibiti nan da nan na mutumin da ke da jin daɗin kashe kansa a matsayin zaɓi mai kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Declan |last2=Devitt |first2=Patrick |title=Suicide Risk Assessment Doesn't Work |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/suicide-risk-assessment-doesnt-work/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321231616/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/suicide-risk-assessment-doesnt-work/ |archive-date=21 March 2021 |access-date=5 April 2017 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka, ta buga dabarun kasa don Rigakafin Kisan kai, wanda ya kafa tsarin rigakafin kisan kai a Amurka. Takardar, da sake fasalin ta 2012, ta yi kira ga tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a don rigakafin kashe kansa, yana mai da hankali kan gano alamu na kashe kansa da Tunanin kashe kansa a cikin rukuni ko yawan jama'a (kamar bincika tarihi da yanayin kiwon lafiya wanda zai iya haifar da kashe kansa a mutum ɗaya). <ref name="sprc.org">{{Cite web |title=National Strategy for Suicide Prevention |url=http://www.sprc.org/library/nssp.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027113337/http://www.sprc.org/library/nssp.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-27 |access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> Ikon gane alamun gargadi na kashe kansa yana bawa mutanen da za su damu da wani da suka sani damar jagorantar su don taimakawa.<ref name="NIH2017">{{Cite web |date=August 2021 |title=Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920115749/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |archive-date=2023-09-20 |access-date=2018-03-04 |website=NIMH}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s01do43n1qehg8g0r2mkpkrim6x93he 875246 875243 2026-07-03T18:23:16Z Xaynarb 43630 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359767413|Suicide prevention]]" 875246 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg|thumb|A matsayin shirin rigakafin kashe kansa, wannan alamar a kan Golden Gate Bridge tana inganta tarho na musamman wanda ke haɗawa da layin wuta na rikicin, da kuma layin rubutu na rikicin 24 / 7.]] Rigakafin kashe kansa tarin kokarin rage hadarin kashe kansa ne.[1] Sau da yawa ana iya hana kashe kansa, kuma kokarin hana shi na iya faruwa a mutum, dangantaka, al'umma, da kuma matakin al'umma.[2][1] Kisan kai matsala ce mai tsanani ta lafiyar jama'a wacce za ta iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Rigakafin kashe kansa yana buƙatar dabarun a kowane matakin al'umma. Wannan ya haɗa da rigakafi da dabarun kariya ga mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. Ana iya hana kashe kansa ta hanyar koyon alamun gargadi, inganta rigakafi da juriya, da kuma yin aiki ga canjin zamantakewa.[3] Baya ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye don dakatar da kashe kansa mai zuwa, hanyoyin na iya haɗawa da: * Magana da rashin lafiya na kwakwalwaRashin lafiya na hankali * Inganta dabarun magance mutanen da ke cikin haɗari * Rage Abubuwan haɗari na kashe kansa, kamar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, [[talauci]] da Rashin lafiyar jama'a * Ba mutane bege ga [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] mafi kyau bayan an warware matsalolin yanzu * Kira Lambar wayar tarho ta kashe kansa Kokarin gabaɗaya ya haɗa da matakai a cikin fannonin magani, lafiyar kwakwalwa, da lafiyar jama'a. Saboda abubuwan kariya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maine Suicide Prevention Website |url=http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711000519/http://www.maine.gov/suicide/about/riskprot.htm |archive-date=2006-07-11 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Maine.gov |quote=Protective Factors are the positive conditions, personal and social resources that promote resiliency and reduce the potential for youth suicide as well as other related high-risk behaviors. Just as suicide risks rise from an interaction between familial, genetic, and environmental factors, so do protective factors.}}</ref> kamar [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafin zamantakewa]] da haɗin kai - da kuma abubuwan haɗarin muhalli kamar samun damar samun hanyar kisa - suna taka rawa wajen kashe kansa, kashe kansa ba kawai batun kiwon lafiya ko [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|lafiyar hankali]] ba ne. <ref>Compare: {{Cite web |date=2003-09-16 |title=Suicide prevention definition – Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819195312/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11613 |archive-date=2003-08-19 |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=Medterms.com |quote=Suicide should not be viewed solely as a medical or mental health problem, since protective factors such as social support and connectedness appear to play significant roles in the prevention of death.}}</ref> An san kisan kai a matsayin babban dalilin mutuwa na 10 a Amurka. Koyaya, waɗanda ke binciken haɗarin kashe kansa suna cewa waɗannan yanayin suna fara canzawa. Cheryl King masanin halayyar dan adam ne a Jami'ar Michigan . Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan inganta kimantawar haɗarin kashe kansa da kimantawa a cikin matasa. Akwai CLSP, wanda ke fama da dogon lokaci tare da Shirin Kisan kai. Ana isar da wannan ta wayar tarho. Saboda wannan, kashi 30% na marasa lafiya suna da ƙananan ƙoƙari idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da CLSP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weir |first=Kirsten |date=July–August 2019 |title=Better ways to prevent suicide |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/07-08/cover-prevent-suicide |access-date=2022-06-30 |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]}}</ref> Rigakafin kashe kansa ya haɗa da amfani da dabaru da aka tsara don rage haɗarin kashe kansa da tallafawa mutane da ke cikin rikici. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH), mahimman hanyoyin sun haɗa da kara samun damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, ƙirƙirar mahalli na tallafi, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da alamun gargadi kamar janyewa, canje-canje na yanayi, da magana game da mutuwa ko jin rashin bege. Shirye-shiryen da suka shafi al'umma, hotuna masu rikitarwa kamar 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, da kuma shiga tsakani na makaranta an nuna su don yin bambanci. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa rage damar samun hanyoyin kisa na iya rage yawan kashe kansa sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Bincike da kimanta hadarin kashe kansa == === Alamun gargadi === Alamun gargadi na kashe kansa na iya ba da damar mutane su jagoranci mutanen da ke tunanin kashe kansu don samun taimako.<ref name="NIH20172">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=NIMH » Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920115749/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention#part_7681 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Halin da zai iya zama alamun gargadi sun haɗa da: <ref name="Suicide Prevention">{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=The National Institute of Mental Health}}</ref> # Tattaunawa game da son mutuwa ko son kashe kansu # Tunanin kashe kansa: tunani, magana, ko rubutu game da kashe kansa, shirin kashe kansa # Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi # Jin rashin niyya # Damuwa, tashin hankali, rashin iya barci, ko barci a kowane lokaci # Jin da ake kamawa # Jin rashin bege # Cirewar jama'a # Nuna matsanancin canjin yanayi, ba zato ba tsammani canzawa daga bakin ciki zuwa kwanciyar hankali ko farin ciki # Rashin hankali ko hanzari, ɗaukar haɗari wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa, kamar tuki da sauri # Canjin yanayi, gami da baƙin ciki # Jin rashin amfani # Sanya al'amuran da suka dace, ba da dukiya mai daraja ko dukiya mai mahimmanci, ko yin gyare-gyare lokacin da ba a sa ran su mutu ba (a matsayin misali, wannan hali zai zama ruwan dare a cikin mai fama da cutar kansa amma ba matashi mai lafiya ba) # Jin zafi mai ƙarfi, ko dai na motsin rai ko na jiki # Yin la'akari da kanka mai nauyi # Ƙarin amfani da kwayoyi, gami da barasa === Magana kai tsaye don kimantawa === Wata hanya mai tasiri don tantance tunanin kashe kansa ita ce yin magana da mutumin kai tsaye, don yin tambaya game da baƙin ciki, da kuma tantance shirye-shiryen kashe kansa game da yadda kuma lokacin da za a iya ƙoƙarin yin hakan. : 13 Sabanin ra'ayoyin da suka shahara, magana da mutane game da kashe kansa ba ya dasa ra'ayin a cikin kawunansu.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13 Koyaya, ya kamata a tambayi irin waɗannan tattaunawar da tambayoyi da kulawa, damuwa da tausayi.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13 Hanyar ita ce rage bakin ciki da kuma ba da tabbacin cewa wasu mutane suna kula da ita. WHO ta ba da shawarar kada a ce komai zai yi daidai ko kuma a sanya matsalar ta zama kamar ba ta da muhimmanci, ko kuma a ba da tabbacin ƙarya game da batutuwa masu tsanani.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13 Ya kamata tattaunawar ta kasance a hankali kuma a aiwatar da ita musamman lokacin da mutum ya gamsu game da tattauna yadda suke ji. ICARE (Gano tunanin, Haɗawa da shi, Tabbatar da shi, Gyara tunanin cikin haske mai kyau, Bayyanawa ko samar da wuri don bayyana ji daga tunanin da aka sake fasalinsa) misali ne na tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi a nan.{{R|WHO2000}} : 13  === Abubuwan haɗari === [[Fayil:US_Navy_091027-N-0000X-001_A_photo_illustration_produced_by_the_Defense_Media_Agency_on_suicide_prevention.jpg|thumb|Hoton hoto da Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Tsaro ta samar game da rigakafin kashe kansa]] Dukkanin mutane na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin kashe kansu. Abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke taimakawa ga wani yana jin ya kashe kansa ko ƙoƙarin kashe kansa na iya haɗawa da: * Mawuyacin hali, wasu cututtukan hankali, ko rikicewar shan miyagun ƙwayoyi * Wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya * Ciwo mai tsanani <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bohnert |first=Amy S.B. |last2=Ilgen, Ph.D |first2=Mark A. |year=2019 |title=Understanding Links among Opioid Use, Overdose, and Suicide |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=380 |issue=1 |pages=71–79 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1802148 |pmid=30601750 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Yunkurin kashe kansa na baya * Raunin yara * Cin amana da watsi * Matsalar kudi ko talauci * Tarihin iyali na rikicewar hankali ko amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi * Tarihin iyali na kashe kansa * Rikicin iyali, gami da cin zarafin jiki ko jima'i * Cin zarafin kwakwalwa * Benzodiazepines * Kasancewa da bindigogi ko wasu bindigogi a cikin gida tare da [[Makamai|harsashi]] * Tun da aka sake shi kwanan nan daga kurkuku, kurkuku ko mafaka ta mahaukaci * Rashin cin zarafin kai * Kasancewa da halayyar kashe kansa na wasu, kamar na dangin, takwarorinsu, ko fitattun mutane <ref name="Suicide Prevention">{{Cite web |title=Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=The National Institute of Mental Health}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention "Suicide Prevention"]. ''The National Institute of Mental Health''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210425232005/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml Archived] from the original on 25 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> * [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steare |first=Thomas |last2=Lewis |first2=Gemma |last3=Evans-Lacko |first3=Sara |last4=Pitman |first4=Alexandra |last5=Rose-Clarke |first5=Kelly |last6=Patalay |first6=Praveetha |date=2023-12-11 |title=Food Insecurity, Adolescent Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors, and Country-Level Context: A Multi-Country Cross-Sectional Analysis |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=545–555 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.10.018 |pmc=11139653 |pmid=38085207}}</ref> * Wataƙila akwai alaƙa tsakanin bayyanar PM2.5 na dogon lokaci da baƙin ciki, da kuma yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin fallasa PM10 na ɗan gajeren lokaci da kashe kansa.<ref name="pmid31850801">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Braithwaite I, Zhang S, Kirkbride JB, Osborn DP, Hayes JF |date=December 2019 |title=Air Pollution (Particulate Matter) Exposure and Associations with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Psychosis and Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=127 |issue=12 |bibcode=2019EnvHP.127l6002B |doi=10.1289/EHP4595 |pmc=6957283 |pmid=31850801}}</ref> * Samun ƙaramin GPA a lokacin da yake da shekaru 16 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sörberg Wallin |first=A. |last2=Zeebari |first2=Z. |last3=Lager |first3=A. |last4=Gunnell |first4=D. |last5=Allebeck |first5=P. |last6=Falkstedt |first6=D. |date=April 2018 |title=Suicide attempt predicted by academic performance and childhood IQ: a cohort study of 26 000 children |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acps.12817 |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |language=en |volume=137 |issue=4 |pages=277–286 |doi=10.1111/acps.12817 |issn=0001-690X |pmid=29114860 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Shirye-shiryen ganowa da kimantawa === [[Fayil:United_States_Army_Suicide_Prevention_Poster.jpg|thumb|Hoton rigakafin kashe kansa na Sojojin Amurka]] Hanyar gargajiya ita ce gano abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke ƙara kashe kansa ko cutar da kai, kodayake binciken meta-analysis ya nuna cewa kimantawar haɗarin kashe kansa bazai da amfani ba kuma ya ba da shawarar asibiti nan da nan na mutumin da ke da jin daɗin kashe kansa a matsayin zaɓi mai kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Declan |last2=Devitt |first2=Patrick |title=Suicide Risk Assessment Doesn't Work |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/suicide-risk-assessment-doesnt-work/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321231616/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/suicide-risk-assessment-doesnt-work/ |archive-date=21 March 2021 |access-date=5 April 2017 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka, ta buga dabarun kasa don Rigakafin Kisan kai, wanda ya kafa tsarin rigakafin kisan kai a Amurka. Takardar, da sake fasalin ta 2012, ta yi kira ga tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a don rigakafin kashe kansa, yana mai da hankali kan gano alamu na kashe kansa da Tunanin kashe kansa a cikin rukuni ko yawan jama'a (kamar bincika tarihi da yanayin kiwon lafiya wanda zai iya haifar da kashe kansa a mutum ɗaya). <ref name="sprc.org">{{Cite web |title=National Strategy for Suicide Prevention |url=http://www.sprc.org/library/nssp.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027113337/http://www.sprc.org/library/nssp.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-27 |access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> Ikon gane alamun gargadi na kashe kansa yana bawa mutanen da za su damu da wani da suka sani damar jagorantar su don taimakawa.<ref name="NIH2017">{{Cite web |date=August 2021 |title=Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920115749/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention |archive-date=2023-09-20 |access-date=2018-03-04 |website=NIMH}}</ref> Alamar kashe kansa da sha'awar kashe kansa (muradin mutuwa ba tare da wani ainihin niyyar kashe kansa ba) halaye ne masu yuwuwar cutar da kai wanda mutum zai iya amfani da su don cimma wasu manufofi, kamar neman taimako, azabtar da wasu, ko karɓar kulawa. Wannan hali yana da damar taimakawa ikon mutum na kashe kansa kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin gargadi na kashe kansa, lokacin da mutum ya nuna niyya ta hanyar maganganu da alamun halayyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahar |first=Golan |last2=Bareket |first2=Liad |last3=Rudd |first3=M. David |last4=Joiner |first4=Thomas E. |date=July 2006 |title=In severely suicidal young adults, hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation constitute a single syndrome |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=913–922 |doi=10.1017/S0033291706007586 |pmid=16650341 |s2cid=37342106}}</ref> === Bincike === Babban Likita na Amurka ya ba da shawarar cewa tantancewa don gano wadanda ke cikin haɗarin kashe kansa na iya zama ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don hana kashe kansa a cikin yara da matasa. Akwai kayan aikin tantancewa daban-daban a cikin nau'ikan tambayoyin rahoto na kai don taimakawa wajen gano wadanda ke cikin haɗari kamar Beck Hopelessness Scale da Is Path Warm?. An gwada wasu tambayoyin rahoton kai kuma an gano suna da tasiri don amfani tsakanin matasa da matasa. Duk da haka akwai babban adadin ganewar asali na ƙarya kuma waɗanda aka ɗauka suna cikin haɗari ya kamata su sami hira ta asibiti.<ref>Rory C. O'Connor, Stephen Platt, Jacki Gordon, International Handbook of Suicide Prevention: Research, Policy and Practice, p.361; Wiley-Blackwell (2011), {{ISBN|0-470-68384-8}}</ref> Ba a tabbatar da ingancin tsinkaye na waɗannan tambayoyin tantancewa ba don haka ba zai yiwu a tantance ko waɗanda aka gano a cikin haɗarin kashe kansu ba za su mutu ta hanyar kashe kansu.<ref>Alan F. Schatzberg: The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of mood disorders, p. 503: American Psychiatric Publishing; (2005) {{ISBN|1-58562-151-X}}</ref> Tambaya game da ko tantancewa don kashe kansa ba ya haifar ko kara haɗari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crawford |first=MJ |last2=Thana, L |last3=Methuen, C |last4=Ghosh, P |last5=Stanley, SV |last6=Ross, J |last7=Gordon, F |last8=Blair, G |last9=Bajaj, P |date=May 2011 |title=Impact of screening for risk of suicide: randomised controlled trial. |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=198 |issue=5 |pages=379–84 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083592 |pmid=21525521 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l3uyziwx3vfnz50artj453jovfg7o0s 0 117377 875635 719918 2026-07-04T05:56:52Z Nura Bello 24854 875635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|suna=Yahya Zakari Abdullahi|birth_place=Gusau|citizenship=Nigerian|occupation=Academic|education=Usman Danfodio University Shiga University}}   '''farfesa Yahaya Abdullahi Zakari''' ya kasance farfesa ne a fannin tattalin arziki a Najeriya kuma mataimakin shugaban [[Jami'ar Jihar Zamfara]] ce a Halin yanzu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-12 |title=Zamfara Governor Appoints Danfodiyo Varsity Lecturer As The New ZAMSUT VC |url=https://campusreporter.africa/zamfara-governor-appoints-danfodiyo-varsity-lecturer-as-the-new-zamsut-vc/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Campus Reporter |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya kasance tsohon Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban [[Jami’ar Tarayya ta Gusau|Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gusau]] kuma yana daya da cikin memba tare da Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya (NES) da Japan Society for International Development.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gusau varsity gets first Deputy Vice Chancellor – Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/gusau-varsity-gets-first-deputy-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Author – African Research Nexus |url=https://research-nexus.net/author/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=belay |first=wasyhun |title=Wasyhun Belay - Mekelle university/ethiopia |url=https://et.academia.edu/WasyhunBelay |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=et.academia.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Details {{!}} European Scientific Journal, ESJ |url=https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/search/authors/view?givenName=Yahya%20Zakari&familyName=Abdullahi&affiliation=Department%20of%20Economics,%20Faculty%20of%20social%20sciences,%20Usmanu%20Danfodiyo%20University,%20Sokoto,%20Nigeria&country=&authorName=Abdullahi,%20Yahya%20Zakari |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=eujournal.org}}</ref> == Ilimi na farko == An haifi Yahaya Zakari a shekarar 1970 a [[Gusau]] babban birnin [[Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]] . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Atolagbe |first=Umar Kawu |date=2019-11-01 |title=Zamfara Governor Nominates Prof Zakari As State Representative In National Committee Export Promotion |url=https://factualtimesng.com/zamfara-governor-nominates-prof-zakari-as-state-representative-in-national-committee-export-promotion/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Factual Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ya fara karatunsa na farko a makarantar firamare ta Nizamiyya Gusau tsakanin shekarun 1975-1981. Ya sami karatun sakandare daga CASS sokoto tsakanin 1981-1986. Ya sami digiri na farko, Masters da Maters of Business Administration daga [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo]] Sokoto a 1993, 1999 da 2002 bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 2007, ya sami digirinsa na uku daga Jami'ar Shiga, [[Japan|dake Kasar Japan Japan]] a fannin tattalin arziki.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyuka == Yahaya Zakari ya fara aikinsa na ilimi a 1995 a matsayin mataimakin malami a Sashen Nazarin Kasuwanci, Federal Polytechnic Kaura . <ref name=":0"/> A shekarar 1996, ya zama mataimakin mataimakin malami a Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo ta Sokoto kuma a shekarar 2012 ya zama farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki. A shekara ta 2015, ya shiga Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gusau inda ya zama mataimakin mataimakin shugaban jami'a kuma a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2021 an nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Jihar Zamfara. <ref name=":2"/><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Zamfara]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4thys5m06lak2gi6mk5i346pikkif58 0 117744 875634 721541 2026-07-04T05:53:57Z Nura Bello 24854 875634 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person|education=Jami'ar suaray ta Kasar ladan|occupation=Mallami|citizenship=Najeriya}} '''Muazu Abubakar Gusau''' ya kasance farfesa ne a fannin ilimin miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma yakasance mataimakin shugaban [[Jami’ar Tarayya ta Gusau|Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gusau]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=David |date=2021-02-11 |title=Prof Gusau assumes office as new VC Federal University Gusau |url=https://thesun.ng/prof-gusau-assumes-office-as-new-vc-federal-university-gusau/?amp |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi == Muazu Abubakar Gusau ya sami digirin sa na biyu ne daga Jami'ar Surrey dake Ingila . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-11 |title=COUNCIL ANNOUNCES PROF. MU'AZU GUSAU AS THIRD SUBSTANTIVE VICE-CHANCELLOR |url=https://www.fugusau.edu.ng/council-announces-prof-muazu-gusau-as-third-substantive-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> farfesa muazu Abubakar Gusau yakasance farfesa ne a [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami'ar Usman Danfodiyo]] dake sokoto Najeriya lokacin da ya yi takara a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gusau . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-11 |title=COUNCIL ANNOUNCES PROF. MU'AZU GUSAU AS THIRD SUBSTANTIVE VICE-CHANCELLOR |url=https://www.fugusau.edu.ng/council-announces-prof-muazu-gusau-as-third-substantive-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.fugusau.edu.ng/council-announces-prof-muazu-gusau-as-third-substantive-vice-chancellor/ "COUNCIL ANNOUNCES PROF. MU'AZU GUSAU AS THIRD SUBSTANTIVE VICE-CHANCELLOR"]. 11 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Altine |first=Maiharaji |date=2020-12-11 |title=Gusau federal varsity gets new VC |url=https://punchng.com/gusau-federal-varsity-gets-new-vc/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2020, Hon. Yissa Ezekiel Benjamin ya sanar da shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa na uku daga cikin furofesoshi 19 da suka yi takara don matsayin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasak |first=Adekunle |date=2021-02-10 |title=Prof Muazu emerges as new VC of Federal varsity, Gusau among 19 professors who contested |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/prof-muazu-emerges-as-new-vc-of-federal-varsity-gusau-among-19-professors-who-contested/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Inda Aka Samu Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] m3vu8de3axym9aj2fv44clhny620y3d 0 117877 875741 722259 2026-07-04T10:00:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gradski stadion Nikšić''', wanda aka fi sani da Stadion kraj Bistrice, filin wasa ne mai manufa da yawa a Nikšić , [[Montenegro]] . A halin yanzu ana amfani da shi galibi don wasannin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] kuma shine filin gida na FK Sutjeska da kuma mai karɓar bakuncin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Montenegro da wasannin ƙungiyar ƙwallafen mata ta ƙasar Montenegro. Filin wasan yana da jimlar kujeru 5,214 kafin a kara sabon wurin yamma a shekarar 2020. == Tarihi == Filin kwallon kafa na Nikšić ya wanzu kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] . Koyaya, an gina filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko a garin a cikin 1945. Bayan lokaci, an gyara filin wasan. A cikin shekarun 1960, akwai wuraren da ke kewaye da filin wasa, wanda ya ba shi damar kusan 15,000. Bayan shekara ta 2000, an sake sabunta filin wasa. A shekara ta 2001, an rushe tsoffin wuraren da ke kudu da arewa, kuma an gina sabon wurin da ke gabas, don haka an rage karfin filin wasa zuwa 10,800. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Montenegro, bin dokokin UEFA, an rage karfin filin wasa zuwa kujeru 5,214. An shigar da fitilu a cikin 2015, kodayake an fara amfani da su a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 2016, a wasan tsakanin Sutjeska da Lovćen . A ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, wakilan Nikšić, Kwamitin Ayyukan Jama'a na Montenegro da ƙungiyar kwallon kafa duk sun sanya hannu kan kwangila don sake gina filin wasan na yamma. An fara shirya sabon wurin ne a ƙarshen 2022.<ref name="VRB" /> Koyaya, an buɗe wurin ga jama'a a watan Agustan 2024.<ref name="GradskiNK">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2024 |title=Zapadna tribina Gradskog stadiona u Nikšiću otvorena bez poziva predstavnicima FSCG |url=https://gradski.me/zapadna-tribina-gradskog-stadiona-u-niksicu-otvorena-bez-poziva-predstavnicima-fscg/ |access-date=27 August 2024 |language=Montenegrin |agency=Gradski.me |archive-date=28 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828000511/https://gradski.me/zapadna-tribina-gradskog-stadiona-u-niksicu-otvorena-bez-poziva-predstavnicima-fscg/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Fitarwa == Filin ya kai mita 105 x 70. Tsakanin tsayawa da filin wasa, akwai hanyar motsa jiki. == Masu haya == A lokacin tarihinta, FK Sutjeska ta yi amfani da filin wasa na Kraj Bistrice . Har ila yau, kungiyoyi da yawa na Montenegro sun buga wasanninsu a Nikšić a gasar Turai. A manyan wasanninsu a gasar Premier League, FK Čelik ta yi amfani da filin wasa na Kraj Bistrice . Har ila yau, filin wasa ne mai karɓar bakuncin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta ƙasa ta Montenegro. == Mafi yawan masu halarta == Shahararrun wasannin da aka buga a filin wasa na Kraj Bistrice sun hada da: === Kafin shekara ta 2006 === * '''FK Sutjeska - NK Trešnjevka Zagreb 0:0''' (wasan farko a cikin League na farko, 16 ga Agusta 1964) - halarci: 7,000 * '''FK Sutjeska - FK Partizan Belgrade 2:2''' (First League, 28 Mayu 1967) - ya halarci: 15,000 * '''FK Sutjeska - FK Budućnost Podgorica 1:3''' (Liga ta Biyu, 1 ga Mayu 1975) - att: 12,000 * '''FK Sutjeska - NK Hajduk Split 1:3''' (Liga ta Biyu, 19 ga Mayu 1985) - ya kasance: 15,000 === Bayan shekara ta 2006 === * '''FK Sutjeska - FK Čelik Nikšić 1:0''' (First League playoffs, 28 Mayu 2008) - att: 8,000 * '''FK Čelik Nikšić - FK Sutjeska 0:0''' (First League playoffs, 1 Yuni 2008) - att: 9,000 * '''FK Sutjeska - FK Budućnost Podgorica 1:3''' (First League, 25 Mayu 2013) - att: 7,000 * '''FK Sutjeska - FC Sheriff /Moldova/ 0:5''' (UEFA Champions League, 23 Yuli 2013) - ya halarci: 6,000 == Dubi kuma == * FK Sutjeska Nikšić * Nikšić * Ƙungiyar Farko ta Montenegro * Derby na Montenegro == Manazarta == r9kdefaxybybqm34w7o510g8y3ewqeq 0 118891 875504 726688 2026-07-03T21:55:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya, [[Ikole|Ikole Ekiti]]''' wata cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce ta gwamnati da ke Ikole Ekini, [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]], Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikole – Ekiti State Government Website |url=https://www.ekitistate.gov.ng/about-ekiti/local-government/ikole |access-date=2025-03-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na musamman, gami da ganewar asali, magani, da kulawa ta rigakafi, ga mazaunan Jihar Ekiti da yankunan da ke kewaye da ita. Asibitin yana da kayan aikin kiwon lafiya na zamani kuma yana ba da sassan da suka dace, gami da magani na ciki, tiyata, ilimin yara, obstetrics da gynecology, da kulawa ta gaggawa. A matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin kiwon lafiya na tarayya na Najeriya, cibiyar tana taka [[muhimmiyar]] rawa wajen isar da inganci da sabis na kiwon lafiya mai araha yayin da yake aiki a matsayin filin horo ga masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hospitals in South-Western Nigeria {{!}} Songhai Health Trust Limited |url=https://songhaihealthtrust.com/southwest.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=songhaihealthtrust.com |archive-date=2025-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208090140/https://songhaihealthtrust.com/southwest.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Medical Centre Ikole-Ekiti Archives |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/tag/federal-medical-centre-ikole-ekiti |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya ta sanya [[hannu]] kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna (MoU) tare da Gwamnatin Jihar Ekiti don inganta [[Asibitin Kwalejin, Ibadan|asibitin]] kwararru na Ikole Ekiti zuwa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya (FMC). Wannan shirin yana da niyyar inganta samun damar kiwon lafiya da inganci, musamman a yankuna masu nisa. Ministan Lafiya na Jiha, Dokta Tunji Alausa, ya jaddada cewa haɓakawa ya dace da jajircewar [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaba]] [[Bola Tinubu]] na dimokuradiyya na kiwon lafiya. Gwamna [[Biodun Oyebanji]] ya nuna godiya ga amincewar, yana mai nuna cewa FMC za ta samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya na ci gaba, jawo hankalin ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya, da kuma motsa ci gaban tattalin arzikin yankin. Shugabannin gargajiya da jami'an jihohi sun yaba da ci gaban, suna lura da yiwuwar bunkasa ababen more rayuwa na kiwon lafiya, samar da damar aiki, da inganta lafiyar gaba ɗaya a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikole Ekiti Agog As FG, EKSG Sign MOU Converting State Specialist Hospital To Federal Medical Centre – Ekiti State Government Website |url=https://www.ekitistate.gov.ng/archives/28922 |access-date=2025-03-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4436ox8jvtcqe1t4fms42qsctpvmyad 0 122960 875265 874308 2026-07-03T18:32:37Z Umar Bello Kaura 45977 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360694556|Jeff Unaegbu]]" 875265 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Jephthah Elochukwu Unaegbu''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1979) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai bugawa, mai bincike, ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai yin fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Unaegbu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1979, a [[Master of Arts|MA]],_Inyi" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Amankwo, Inyi">Amankwo-Inyi, [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]], kudu maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] a matsayin na farko cikin yara biyar ga John Ejike Unaegbu da Cecilia Enonanma Unaegbu . Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati a [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]] daga 1990 zuwa 1996. Daga nan ya halarci Cibiyar Kwamfuta ta Muhanatu, inda ya sami difloma a cikin Gudanar da Bayanai na Kwamfuta a shekara ta 2000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE JEFF UNAEGBU 2024.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNrkUDZfSMoB6KEyuwoWUMeIenx2eZF8/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=}}</ref> Ya kuma yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]], [[Nsukka]] (UNN) a [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]], daga 2002 zuwa 2006, kuma ya sami digiri a cikin Sadarwar Jama'a. Yayinda yake karatu a Enugu, Unaegbu ya kasance babban editan ''Mujallar Roar'' Magazine ta jami'ar, tare da lashe kyaututtuka na ilimi da waka. Ya ci gaba da samun MA a Nazarin Afirka daga Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Najeriya a shekarar 2018.<ref name="Jeff 6">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Jephthah Elochukwu Unaegbu |url=https://staffprofile.unn.edu.ng/profile/801 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=unn.edu.ng |publisher=[[University of Nigeria]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aanu |first=Damilare |date=2018-10-01 |title=7 Nigerian celebrities born on October 1 |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2018/10/01/7-nigerian-celebrities-born-on-october-1/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=WITHIN NIGERIA |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan jami'a === Unaegbu ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Fasaha a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka a cikin 2008 kuma ta zama Mai Bincike na Cibiyar a cikin 2021.<ref name="Jeff 6">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Jephthah Elochukwu Unaegbu |url=https://staffprofile.unn.edu.ng/profile/801 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=unn.edu.ng |publisher=[[University of Nigeria]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://staffprofile.unn.edu.ng/profile/801 "Profile of Jephthah Elochukwu Unaegbu"]. ''unn.edu.ng''. [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|University of Nigeria]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-20</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff Profiles |url=https://ias.unn.edu.ng/staff-profiles/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Institute of African Studies, University Of Nigeria Nsukka |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://ias.unn.edu.ng/history/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Institute of African Studies, University Of Nigeria Nsukka |language=en-US}}</ref> === Rubuce-rubuce === Unaegbu became an executive officer of the [[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos State]] Council of Tradesmen and Artisans in the Ministry of Commerce at [[Alausa]], [[Ikeja]]. He wrote his first book, ''Ode on Lagos'' (''This Lagos Na Wa'') ''and Other Poetic Portraits'' which was published in January 2006, by Prize Publishers (a later edition in 2010 was published by Pitmak Books, Abuja). On April 2, 2007, the book was reviewed to contain a poem that was called "a longest poem by a Nigerian" by ''Newswatch magazine''. Another magazine, ''The Roar'' said it was "the longest metrical poem in Africa". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2024)">failed verification</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Yayinda yake jiran sakamakon shekararsa ta ƙarshe a matsayin dalibi, Unaegbu ya rubuta littafinsa na biyu, Freedom in Our Bones: the history of the Students' Union Government, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka, 1960-2004 .<ref>Animalu, A.O.E., Njoku, F.I. and Ezekoye, B.A. (2010). ''Biography of Emeritus Professor James O.C. Ezeilo, FAS, CON, A World Class Mathematician and Administrator''. Abuja: Ucheakonam Foundation, p.34. {{ISBN|978-978-8417-91-0}}</ref> An buga littafin a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, a wannan watan da aka aika Unaegbu zuwa [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]] don shirin [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|NYSC]]. Yayinda yake aiki a Otu-oke, [[Ogbia]] a [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]], ya fara littafinsa na uku, ''Asalin NYSC'' da kuma tarihin Farfesa na Physics, Alexander Obiefoka Enukora Animalu, littafin da ya rubuta tare da Godfrey Akpojotor . <ref name="Alexander Animalu - Biography">{{Cite web |title=Alexander Animalu - Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Animalu/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref> Tsohon Ministan Najeriya, [[Bartholomew Nnaji]] ya ce littafin "ya bayyana rayuwa a Legas a ƙarshen shekarun 1950, musamman matakin aikata laifuka". Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya rubuta littattafai da yawa da wallafe-wallafen mujallu ciki har da The Secret Principles of Female Powers (2009), Nelson Mandela da Barack Obama African World Challenge Art and Science in the Reconstruction of the Consciousness of the Africans in the 21st Century, A Dialogue on Western and African Worldviews (wanda aka rubuta tare da Farfesa Alexander Animalu da Grace Nigeria) a cikin Farfesa Oguito; The National Development, The National Development).<ref name="Alexander Animalu - Biography" /> Labarin Unaegbu, "Prey", yana daga cikin wadanda aka zaba don kyautar rubuce-rubucen Afirka ta farko don Flash Fiction . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Results - Flash Fiction Competition, 2011; African Writing Online; Many Literatures, One Voice; |url=http://www.african-writing.com/eleven/flashfiction1.htm |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=www.african-writing.com}}</ref> Ya kasance mai karɓar tallafin tafiye-tafiye ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Ƙasar Ingila (ASAUK) zuwa wani bita na Masanan Afirka da aka gudanar a [[Jami'ar Garin Osun|Jami'ar Jihar Osun]], a watan Satumbar 2011. Littafinsa, Ode on Lagos' an jera shi kuma daga ƙarshe ya zo na uku a cikin [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya]] / Kyautar Cadbury. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ANA PRIZES 2011.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/16xtrYwDbrH1JAd9K_R_Uix_g2VXvKMtt/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-29 |title=The Nation November 30, 2011 by The Nation - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/thenation/docs/november_30__2011 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, Unaegbu (tare da Farfesa Alex Animalu da Farfesa Sam Onuigbo) sun fara shirya kundin Jami'ar Najeriya Book of Fame wanda ya ƙunshi bayanan martaba na sanannun tsofaffi da malamai na Jami'ar, gami da bayanan [[Chinua Achebe]], Onigu Otite da Peter Obi A cikin shekara ta 2012 kuma, Unaegbu (tare da A. O. E. Animalu da [[Francisca Nneka Okeke]]) sun rubuta Tarihin Mai Girma Pioneer Geophyist: Cyril Onwchili. Wasu malamai sun yi nuni da littafin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ibuot |first=Emmanuel Johnson |last2=Ibuot |first2=Cletus Johnson |last3=Ibia |first3=Ibia E. |date=2018 |title=Education, Ideology and Social Transformation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48561674 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=27 |pages=24–47 |issn=0018-2540 |jstor=48561674}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Jeff Unaegbu da Farfesa Sam Onuigbo sun hada hannu da littafin, ''Shekaru hamsin na Nazarin Afirka: Tarihin Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (1963-2013) ''. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onuigbo |first=Sam |last2=Unaegbu |first2=Jeff |date=2013 |title=50 Years of African Studies |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315648808 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> An yi amfani da littafin a cikin aikin da ya dace a kan Nazarin Afirka a duniya, mai taken, "Transformations in Africana Studies: History, Theory and Epistemology". Unaegbu's 529-page Braving the Stars: The Biography of Pius Nwankwo Okeke, Famous Nigerian Space Scientist and Professor of Physics (wanda aka rubuta tare da Dokta Sam Chukwu a cikin 2014) shi ne tarihin rayuwarsa na huɗu na farfesa masu rai a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka . Gabatarwarsa a shekarar 2014 ta ja hankalin tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya, Hon. [[Ike Ekweremadu]] da Cif Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunji |first=Abdulkabir |title=Deputy Senate President wants Nigerian Scientists to Build Devices to Track Boko Haram |url=https://www.coolstuff49ja.com/2014/05/deputy-senate-president-wants-nigerian.html |access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref> Daga baya, Book Authority ta ambaci e-version dinta a matsayin daya daga cikin littattafan tarihin Najeriya guda biyar mafi kyau na Duk Lokaci. A cikin 2014 kuma, Jeff Unaegbu da Janna Nwafor-Orizu sun hada hannu da littafin, 92 Days in Power: Dr. A.A. Nwafor- Orizu (GCON) a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban Najeriya (Oktoba 16, 1965 - Janairu 15, 1966). tsohon shugaban Najeriya, Alhaji [[Shehu Shagari]] ne ya rubuta gabatarwa. Farfesa Christian Opata ne ya sake nazarin littafin a shafi na 40 na jaridar Daily Sun na Jumma'a 19 ga Disamba 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=92 DAYS IN POWER: DR. A.A. NWAFOR-ORIZU GCON AS ACTING PRESIDENHT OF NIGERIA (OCTOBER 16, 1965- JANUARY 15, 1966) - NWAFOR-ORIZU, JAANNA; UNAEGBU, JEFF: 9781079376555 - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.com/9781079376555/DAYS-POWER-A.A-NWAFOR-ORIZU-GCON-1079376550/plp |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2014, ''Iroko daga Sapling: Tarihin Kwalejin Aikin Gona, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (1961-2014) '' Jeff Unaegbu da wasu hudu ne suka rubuta shi, ciki har da Farfesa Emeritus Chijioke Nwosu . A cikin 2017, Pride of the Den, Tarihin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jiki, Jami'ar Najeriya Nsukka (1973-2017) Jeff Unaegbu, Farfesa Fidelis Ugwuowo da Farfesa UC Okoro ne suka rubuta shi. A cikin 2018, Jeff Unaegbu, Farfesa Emeritus Alex Animalu, da Thaddeus Udeinya sun hada hannu da rubuce-rubuce na Biography of Nigeria's Foremost Professor of Mechanical Engineering: Gordian Ezekwe . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buy BIOGRAPHY OF NIGERIA'S FOREMOST PROFESSOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING GORDIAN OBUMNEME EZEKWE Paperback – 11 Jan. 2021 Online at desertcart KUWAIT |url=https://www.desertcart.com.kw/products/304604386-biography-of-nigerias-foremost-professor-of-mechanical-engineering-gordian-obumneme-ezekwe |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.desertcart.com.kw}}</ref> A cikin labarinta da mujallar New Yorker ta buga a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2020, marubucin littafin Najeriya, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, ya nuna godiyarta ga Jeff Unaegbu, Alexander Animalu da Peter Uche don hada-hadar tarihin mahaifinta a cikin littafi, mai taken, Biography of Nigeria's Foremost Professor of Statistics, Farfesa James Nwoye Adichie A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2020 an buga littafin Jeff Unaegbu mai shafi 152, The Jephian Philosophy . Littafin shine jimlar tunaninsa game da yanayin sirri na Allah da kuma ma'anar rayuwa. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kimiyyar fahimta, Farfesa [[Noam Chomsky]], ya sami littafin da ya dace. A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 2021 an buga Sambisa Forest da Sauran Labarai na Jeff Unaegbu. Ya ƙunshi labarin da aka jera, Prey . Littafin kuma yana da labarin, ''Bye-Bye'', wanda aka daɗe ana lissafa shi don lambar yabo ta Diana Woods Memorial Award a cikin Creative Non-Fiction, Jami'ar Antakiya, [[Los Angeles]]. Wani labari a cikin littafin, The Fulani Damsel an buga shi a cikin Litro Magazine, mujallar Literary and Creative Arts a Ingila a watan Yunin 2018. Jeff Unaegbu ya fara gabatar da jawabi ga ƙashin giwa a watan Satumbar 2016 a shafin yanar gizon zamantakewa. Amsawar waka ga waka ta fito ne daga Amarachi Attamah, Chinemerem Anyi, Ejiuwaka Chukwu da Ikechukwu Ogbu . Ba da daɗewa ba, an gina waka mai ban mamaki daga waɗannan tattaunawar waka. Shirin farko na waka mai ban mamaki an yi shi ne a matsayin waka ta magana da Jeff Unaegbu da Amarachi Attamah a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Kyautar Waƙoƙin Daliban Najeriya a watan Yunin 2017. An buga rubutun karshe da wasu karin waƙoƙi a matsayin littafi, mai taken, Elephant Tusk: An Epic a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2021. A ranar 25 ga Mayu 2021 Jeff Unaegbu ya gabatar da lacca na baƙo a bikin zane-zane na 2021 na mujallar tsofaffin ɗalibai a Yammacin Afirka, Muse Journal na Sashen Nazarin Turanci da Littattafai, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka . A cikin lacca, mai taken, "Rubuta da Buga: Trends in the New Decade", ya ce, "yayin da za a karɓi rubutun ku a matsayin marubuci ko a ƙi shi yana da alaƙa da son zuciya na wakilai ko gidajen bugawa da kuka aika, fiye da ko rubuce-rubuce ne mai kyau ko a'a". [[Fayil:Jeff_Unaegbu_as_Guest_Lecturer_at_the_2021_Literary_Arts_Festival,_University_of_Nigeria,_Nsukka-_2021.jpg|thumb|Jeff Unaegbu a matsayin Baƙon Malami a Bikin Fasaha na 2021, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka- 2021]] Littattafai biyu na Amazing Grace: The Authorized Biography of Cif Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu an rubuta shi ne ta hanyar Jeff Unaegbu, Sam Chukwu da Chinedu Nsofor a cikin 2022. An gabatar da kwafin littafin a lokacin ranar haihuwar Cif Iwuanyanwu ta 80 a ranar 4 ga Satumba 2022. Tare da Farfesa Uzodinma Nwala, ya hada hannu da littafin, The Alaigbo Development Foundation: Shekaru Goma na Gwagwarmaya da Sabis ga Ƙasar Igbo (2014-2024). [1]''[[Alaigbo Development Foundation|Gidauniyar Ci Gaban Alaigbo]]: Shekaru Goma da Hidima ga Al'ummar Igbo (2014-2024). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE JEFF UNAEGBU 2024.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNrkUDZfSMoB6KEyuwoWUMeIenx2eZF8/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNrkUDZfSMoB6KEyuwoWUMeIenx2eZF8/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook "CURRICULUM VITAE JEFF UNAEGBU 2024.pdf"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-18</span></span>.</cite></ref>'' Tare da Farfesa Chidi Nzeadibe da Obiora Anichebe, ya hada kai da Heart of the Den, wani littafi a kan Faculty of Social Sciences, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da tarihinta daga 1960 zuwa 2025. Unaegbu ya wallafa labarai a matsayin surori na littafi da kuma a cikin mujallu masu ilimi. An kuma ambaci shi a cikin litattafai, littattafai da mujallu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Udok |first=Ekaette C. |date=February 1, 2024 |title=A Study on Music And Entrepreneurial Skills Among Students In Selected Public Secondary Schools In Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. |url=https://www.globalacademicstar.com/download/article/a-study-on-music-and-entreprenueral-skills-among-students-in-selected-public-secondary-schools-in-akwa-ibom-state-nigeria.pdf |journal=International Journal of Current Innovations in Education |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=142 |issn=2646-7380}}</ref> Rubutun nasa da yawa waɗanda aka buga a cikin mujallu na kan layi, sun haɗa da zanga-zangar (wanda aka rubuta tare da Jaanna Nwafor-Orizu) game da kyaututtuka na karni na Najeriya saboda rashin haɗa sunayen yawancin 'yan kasa na farko da suka yi yaƙi don' yancin Najeriya don kyaututtukan; wani labarin game da Ikenga kamar yadda ake gani a matsayin babban asirin kabilun Igbo; da kuma wani rubutu game da tsohon soja, Joe Achuzia. A matsayinsa na ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa, ya yi hira da sanannun marubutan Najeriya, ciki har da [[Chika Unigwe]], da [[Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo]]. kuma ya rubuta game da mutane kamar Grace Adichie (mahaifiyar [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|Chimamanda Adichie]]), .<ref>{{Cite web |last=LagosCityReporters |date=2021-03-03 |title=A Tribute To Mama Grace Adichie. By Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://lagoscityreporters.com/a-tribute-to-mama-grace-adichie-by-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Lagos City Reporters |language=en-US}}</ref> Unaegbu ta shirya kyautar Cecilia Unaegbu a cikin Flash Fiction tare da lambobin yabo na dala 192 na Amurka a watan Yulin 2011. [[Unoma Azuah]] ne ya yi hukunci da shigarwar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwunze-Ibiam |first=Chioma |date=2011-06-21 |title=THE CECILIA UNAEGBU PRIZE FOR FLASH FACT 2011 |url=https://www.creativewritingnews.com/the-cecilia-unaegbu-prize-for-flash-fact-2011/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Creative Writing News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwunze-Ibiam |first=Chioma |date=2011-09-01 |title=RESULTS: CECILIA UNAEGBU PRIZE FOR FLASH FICTION 2011 |url=https://www.creativewritingnews.com/results-cecilia-unaegbu-prize-for-flash-fiction-2011/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Creative Writing News |language=en-US}}</ref> Unaegbu ita ce Alkalin Kyautar Waƙoƙi ta Eriata Oribhabor a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2012-12-21 |title=MONUMENT TO FREEDOM (by Eriata Oribhabor Poetry Prize Judge Jeff Unaegbu) |url=https://www.wrr.ng/poetry/monument-to-freedom/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Words Rhymes & Rhythm |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan jama'a == An nada Jeff Unaegbu a matsayin wakilin / jakadan Oja Cultural Development Initiative (OCDI) a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2019. Tsakanin 5 da 11 ga Disamba 2019, ya kasance a Zimbabwe a kan zama don kula da gine-ginen asalin Igbo ko fili da musayar ra'ayoyin al'adu tare da Dzimbanhete Arts and Culture Interactions Trust (DACIT) a matsayin wakilin OCDI. Ana shirya fili na Igbo don bikin Sauti na Yanar Gizo Mai Tsarki (Agusta 2019-Yuli 2020). A Zimbabwe, Jeff Unaegbu ya kuma wakilci kabilun Igbo ta hanyar shiga cikin Tattaunawar Al'adu da aka shirya tare da hadin gwiwar National Gallery of Zimbabwe a karkashin babban taron su na 'Harare Conversations' wani dandalin fasaha da aka kafa. Tattaunawar da ke da taken Rethinking Epistemes: Cutar da Toxicity da Motsawa zuwa ga Ayyukan Jama'a an yi alama tare da wasu masu magana daga kabilun daban-daban daga Afirka, gami da dan Afirka ta Kudu na kabilun Zulu ubaba Menzi Maseko wanda ya kafa kuma Darakta na Cibiyar Afrikology. Sauran mahalarta sune Sinyoro Chik__wol____wol____wol__ Chazunguza Darakta mai kirkirar Dzimbanhete, Samaita Jonathan Goredema, Darakta na Al'adu da Ruhaniya na Dzimbanheta wanda ke wakiltar masu warkarwa na gargajiya da Dziva Phillip Kusasa, wanda ya kafa kuma Darakta ne na bikin Ndau Arts wanda ke wakilcin kabilar Ndau. A cikin 2020, Jeff Unaegbu ya jagoranci gina babban mutum-mutumi na hannu a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka . Manufar da ke bayan mutum-mutumi ita ce ta buga a kan sanin jama'ar Jami'ar da jama'arta, muhimmancin falsafar iyayensu na Jami'ar. A cikin 2022, Gidauniyar Tropical Gate don Ci gaba mai dorewa ta nada Jeff Unaegbu Darakta na Yarjejeniya da Sadarwa na Dabarun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Jeff Unaegbu Brief Info |url=https://tropicalgatefoundation.com.ng/team/jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=June 8, 2023 |website=www.tropicalgatefoundation.com}}</ref> A cikin 2013, ya yi rajistar kamfani, FIRM Najeriya, tare da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci kuma ya girma ya haɗa da kamfanin wallafe-wallafen, FIRmWORLD Publishers . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Firm World Publishers - HOME |url=https://www.firmworldpublishers.com/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.firmworldpublishers.com}}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == Jeff Unaegbu na ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa ƙungiyar Facebook ta Occupy Nigeria (Nationwide Anti-Fuel Subsidy Removal: Strategies & Protests) wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar matasa a duk faɗin ƙasar game da cire tallafin man fetur a shekarar 2012 ta gwamnatin Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]]. Sauran wadanda suka kafa su ne [[Gimba Kakanda]] da Richard Ali . Wannan shi ne batun bincike don rubutun PhD a tarihi mai taken, "Hotunan hoto, Facebook da Virtualisation of Resistance in Nigeria" na George Emeka Agbo" a Jami'ar Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2016. == Ayyuka == === Hotunan fina-finai === * An ceto ta Sin, sashi na 2 (2007) wanda [[Fidelis Uchenna Okoro]] ya jagoranta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete Film of Saved By Sin Part Two shown Online |url=http://video.onlinenigeria.com/Drama/ad1.asp?blurb=2131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728122104/http://video.onlinenigeria.com/Drama/ad1.asp?blurb=2131 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2011-10-01}}</ref> * An cece shi da zunubi, sashi na 3 (2007) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete Film of Saved By Sin Part Three shown Online |url=http://video.onlinenigeria.com/Drama/ad1.asp?blurb=2132 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728122140/http://video.onlinenigeria.com/Drama/ad1.asp?blurb=2132 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2011-10-01}}</ref> * Zik na Afirka- Tarihin Tarihi (2008/2010) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Detailed Documentary on Azikiwe Directed by Jeff Unaegbu is shown Live |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/JeffUnaegbunam?feature=mhum#p/u/7/2z5fQ9oaVU8 |access-date=2010-01-10 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> * ''Jarida'' (Flash Documentary) (2010) === Tarin gajerun labarai === * Wannan Mosquito a cikin Yanki, (Nsukka: Global Publishers). (2010) {{ISBN|978-31647-4-0}} === Waƙoƙi === * "Za a iya zama Masanin Tarihi a Tsakanin Tsuntsaye" a cikin Mafi Kyawun "Sabon" Mawallafin Afirka Anthology 2020 wanda Tendai Rinos Mwanaka ya shirya. === Ba tatsuniyoyi ba === * 'Yanci a cikin ƙasusuwanmu: Tarihin Masu Fasaha" UNION GOVERNMENT, Jami'ar NIGERIA, NSUKKA (1960-2004), (Onitsha: Blue Publishers, 2007, 2008). (512 Shafuka) .{{ISBN|978-35602-2-0}} * ''Asalin NYSC'', (Nsukka: Global Publishers, 2009). (Labafu 90) .{{ISBN|978-33254-4-2}} * ''ALEXANDER O.E. ANIMALU: Tarihin Babban Farfesa na Physics'' (An rubuta shi tare da Dr. Akpojotor, GE) (Abuja: Gidauniyar Ucheakonam (Nig.) Ltd., 2008). (133 Shafuka) .{{ISBN|978-049-891-5}} * Nelson Mandela da Barack Obama Ƙalubalen Duniya na Afirka: Fasaha da Kimiyya a cikin sake gina Sanin 'yan Afirka a cikin karni na 21, Tattaunawa da Ra'ayoyin Duniya na Yamma da Afirka, (An rubuta tare da Farfesa Animalu, A.O.E.; Umezinwa, W.A. da Achufusi, G.) (Enugu: Snaap Publishers, 2009). (102 Shafuka) .{{ISBN|978-049-951-2}} * ''Matasa da Ci gaban Kasa a Najeriya'' (An shirya tare da Otagburuagu, E.J. da Ohia, NC (Nsukka: Global Publishers / Benak Ventures) (2010) .{{ISBN|978-8060-35-8}} * ''Tarihin Farfesa na Ƙididdigar Najeriya, Farfesa James Nwoye Adichie.'' (An rubuta shi tare da Farfesa Animalu, A.O.E.; Peter Uche) (Abuja: Ucheakonam Foundation (Nig.) Ltd) (2013) . {{ISBN|979-8592635113}} === Littattafan ilimi === * Unaegbu, J. et al. "Shin tilasta dan takara a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyya yana kara yiwuwar lashe zabe?" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jeff |title=Does the imposition of a Candidate at Party Primaries Increase the Probability of Winning an Election? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.31920/2516-5305/2022/19n1a11 |journal=African Renaissance |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.31920/2516-5305/2022/19n1a11 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |via=Sabinet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jeff |date=March 2022 |title=Does the imposition of a Candidate at Party Primaries Increase the Probability of Winning an Election? |url=https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85130916142&origin=inward&txGid=4fb4e2230d961956722bc0afe5b644a7 |journal=African Renaissance |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=225–244 |via=Scopus}}</ref> * Unaegbu, J. "Igbo Post-Contact Proverbs of the Inyi Community" <ref name="omire">{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jephthah |date=2020 |title=Igbo Post-Contact Proverbs of the Inyi Community |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/402896 |journal=[[Proverbium]] |volume=37 |pages=311–340}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jephthah Elochukwu |date=2020 |title=Igbo Post-Contact Proverbs of the Inyi Community |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/278197 |journal=[[Proverbium]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=311–340}}</ref> * Alexander O. E. Animalu, & Jeff Unaegbu, "Gaia hypothesis daga hangen nesa na Afirka" * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2023]. "Igbophobia a Legas da Najeriya Zaben 2023: Labari ko Gaskiya?" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jephthah Elochukwu |date=2023-08-18 |title=IGBOPHOBIA IN LAGOS AND NIGERIA 2023 ELECTIONS: MYTH OR REALITY? |url=https://acjol.org/index.php/ajap/article/view/3788 |journal=AMAMIHE Journal of Applied Philosophy |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |issn=1597-0779}}</ref> * Unaegbu J. et al, "Cibiyar Nnamdi Azikiwe: Tarihin Rashin Mutuwa na Zik's Lodge a Najeriya - Tafiya, Shirin, da Kwarewar Yawon Bude Ido".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Onyejegbu |first=Maureen |last2=Okemini |first2=Ogbonna Onyebuchi |last3=Ikenegbu |first3=ThankGod Chukwuemeka |last4=Unaegbu |first4=Jeff |last5=Onyegiri |first5=Chikodiri |date=September 2023 |title=Nnamdi Azikiwe Center: Historicizing the Immortalization of Zik's Lodge in Nigeria—the Journey, the Project, and Tourism Potentials |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00219347231184236 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |language=en |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=534–550 |doi=10.1177/00219347231184236 |issn=0021-9347 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Unaegbu, Jeff & Ezeigbo, Joy, "Binciken Rayuwar Maɗaukakiyar Maɗaukaki a cikin Tunanin Addini na Ibo" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jeff |last2=Ezeigbo |first2=Joy |date=April 2013 |title=Exploring the Existence of the Supreme Deity Concept in Igbo Premissionary Contact Religious Thoughts: IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=113698329&site=ehost-live |journal=IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |volume=15 |pages=35–59}}</ref> * Emeka Nwabueze da Jeff Unaegbu "Cladding A Galaxy Of Reflections: A Critical B.O.N. Eluwa's Ado-Na-Idu: Tarihin asalin Igbo" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nwabueze |first=Emeka |last2=Unaegbu |first2=Jeff |title=Cladding A Galaxy Of Reflections: A Critical Appraisal Of B.O.N. Eluwa's Ado-Na-Idu: History Of Igbo Origin |url=https://www.ikengajournal.com.ng/admin/img/paper/Complete-IKENGA-VOL.-19-No.1.pdf#page=8 |journal=Ikenga International Journal of African Studies |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=8–}}</ref> * Orajaka, Susan Nwakaego & Unaegbu, Jeff, "Igbo Minstrels As Pathfinders In Contemporary Society: Social Changes and Challenges".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orajaka |first=Susan Nwakaego |last2=Unaegbu |first2=Jeff |date=April 2013 |title=Igbo Minstrels as Pathfinders in Contemporary Society: Social Changes and Challenges: IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=113698338&site=ehost-live |journal=IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |volume=15 |pages=184–195}}</ref> * Jephthah Unaegbu, "Warriya a kan doki (Godiya Uku ga Farfesa BIC Ijomah) "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jephthah |date=March 2021 |title=A Warrior on Horseback (Three Tributes to Prof. BIC Ijomah) |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66049367/Public_Policy_Enquiry_PPI_Vol_1_No._1_March_2021_-libre.pdf?1616073928=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DPublic_Policy_Enquiry_PPI_Vol_1_No_1_Mar.pdf&Expires=1714053782&Signature=EcSboKec9Mn2NgKVttobuqN5gg1BH0VO2qbsIDouhNjE7DxnNSFy27YGTTaVW3I2Tr2PY~zkxvWbHMwZr-4B-fiIJzsInD8opiZdHUUlvrj9thNO5ovxrZeBrHHvYTkdrZmiuU2NFSHO~dN-NaVa1gT8WyQuM~ZIIi~IHcRcuIgi6wpHK2gYu777~t6PiyrM8wSolvkafI~H63KeVys7JODb7Z6yPeZpN7CSTdz7fViWhFT2WrqxeRGkXuq35xQHJ7ykR1wAhgcytTaLnYre9ClErQz02utqNhzOXhBOmaGHoTSM6IBLbl8AwuNEFca2FpozMxFbnRmaV1E8CKtURA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=93 |journal=PUBLIC POLICY INQUIRY (PPI) Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=87–105}}</ref> * Unaegbu, Jeff da Ani, Jude (2017). "A Conceptualized Critique of Achebe's 'An Image of Africa: Racism in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness" a cikin Nwabueze, Emeka (ed.). Chinua Achebe da Juyin Juya Halin Rashin Mutuwa: Sake kimanta Marubucin dangane da Sabon Gaskiya. Enugu: Littattafan CNC. shafi na 309-320.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jeff |date=2017-01-01 |title=A CONTEXTUALIZED CRITIQUE OF ACHEBE'S &quot;AN IMAGE OF AFRICA: RACISM IN CONRAD'S 'HEART OF DARKNESS'&quot; |url=https://www.academia.edu/39793524 |journal=Chinua Achebe and the Convolutions of Immortality: Re-assessing the Writer in Relation to New Realities.}}</ref>&nbsp; * J. E. Unaegbu, "Fisika a cikin Ayyukan gargajiya na Igbo: Halin Ci Gaban Kimiyya da Fasaha a Afirka ta Yau: Ra'ayi na Duniya da Siyasa" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jeff |date=2011 |title=Physics In The Traditional Practices Of The Igbo: Paradigms For Advancement Of Science And Technology In Today's Africa :African Worldview And Politics |url=https://ajp.afrips.org/articles/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/AfrJPVol4-p201-216.pdf |journal=African Journal of Physics |volume=4 |pages=201–216}}</ref> * An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da Ibrananci. "Ƙarin dualism na al'adu biyu: Akwatin Oduche da maciji a cikin Arrow of God" a cikin New Frontiers in Contemporary African Studies (Emeka Nwabueze ed.) * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga J. & Animalu. "Tsarin ra'ayoyi biyu na duniya: dabi'u don sabon shugabancin Afirka " a cikin Perspectives on leadership in Africa (wanda Egodi Uchendu, Pat Uche Okpoko, Edlyne Anugwom suka shirya). == Rayuwa ta mutum == Unaegbu ta auri Ogechukwu Sonia Unaegbu . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE JEFF UNAEGBU 2024.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNrkUDZfSMoB6KEyuwoWUMeIenx2eZF8/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNrkUDZfSMoB6KEyuwoWUMeIenx2eZF8/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook "CURRICULUM VITAE JEFF UNAEGBU 2024.pdf"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Haɗin waje == An tsara wallafe-wallafen ilimi na Jeff Unaegbu a cikin Google Scholar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=bVRP_J8AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> academia <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeff Unaegbu {{!}} University of Nigeria, Nsukka - Academia.edu |url=https://unn-ng.academia.edu/JeffUnaegbu |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=unn-ng.academia.edu}}</ref> da Researchgate. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeff Unaegbu publications |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jeff-Unaegbu}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e7rjujrjv1yvftb07j2m67t8xa58np3 875280 875265 2026-07-03T18:36:10Z Umar Bello Kaura 45977 875280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Jephthah Elochukwu Unaegbu''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1979) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai bugawa, mai bincike, ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai yin fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Unaegbu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1979, a [[Master of Arts|MA]],_Inyi" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Amankwo, Inyi">Amankwo-Inyi, [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]], kudu maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] a matsayin na farko cikin yara biyar ga John Ejike Unaegbu da Cecilia Enonanma Unaegbu . Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati a [[Minna]], [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]] daga 1990 zuwa 1996. Daga nan ya halarci Cibiyar Kwamfuta ta Muhanatu, inda ya sami difloma a cikin Gudanar da Bayanai na Kwamfuta a shekara ta 2000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE JEFF UNAEGBU 2024.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNrkUDZfSMoB6KEyuwoWUMeIenx2eZF8/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=}}</ref> Ya kuma yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]], [[Nsukka]] (UNN) a [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]], daga 2002 zuwa 2006, kuma ya sami digiri a cikin Sadarwar Jama'a. Yayinda yake karatu a Enugu, Unaegbu ya kasance babban editan ''Mujallar Roar'' Magazine ta jami'ar, tare da lashe kyaututtuka na ilimi da waka. Ya ci gaba da samun MA a Nazarin Afirka daga Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Najeriya a shekarar 2018.<ref name="Jeff 6">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Jephthah Elochukwu Unaegbu |url=https://staffprofile.unn.edu.ng/profile/801 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=unn.edu.ng |publisher=[[University of Nigeria]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aanu |first=Damilare |date=2018-10-01 |title=7 Nigerian celebrities born on October 1 |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2018/10/01/7-nigerian-celebrities-born-on-october-1/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=WITHIN NIGERIA |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan jami'a === Unaegbu ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Fasaha a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka a cikin 2008 kuma ta zama Mai Bincike na Cibiyar a cikin 2021.<ref name="Jeff 6">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Jephthah Elochukwu Unaegbu |url=https://staffprofile.unn.edu.ng/profile/801 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=unn.edu.ng |publisher=[[University of Nigeria]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://staffprofile.unn.edu.ng/profile/801 "Profile of Jephthah Elochukwu Unaegbu"]. ''unn.edu.ng''. [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|University of Nigeria]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-20</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff Profiles |url=https://ias.unn.edu.ng/staff-profiles/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Institute of African Studies, University Of Nigeria Nsukka |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://ias.unn.edu.ng/history/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Institute of African Studies, University Of Nigeria Nsukka |language=en-US}}</ref> === Rubuce-rubuce === Unaegbu became an executive officer of the [[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos State]] Council of Tradesmen and Artisans in the Ministry of Commerce at [[Alausa]], [[Ikeja]]. He wrote his first book, ''Ode on Lagos'' (''This Lagos Na Wa'') ''and Other Poetic Portraits'' which was published in January 2006, by Prize Publishers (a later edition in 2010 was published by Pitmak Books, Abuja). On April 2, 2007, the book was reviewed to contain a poem that was called "a longest poem by a Nigerian" by ''Newswatch magazine''. Another magazine, ''The Roar'' said it was "the longest metrical poem in Africa". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2024)">failed verification</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Yayinda yake jiran sakamakon shekararsa ta ƙarshe a matsayin dalibi, Unaegbu ya rubuta littafinsa na biyu, Freedom in Our Bones: the history of the Students' Union Government, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka, 1960-2004 .<ref>Animalu, A.O.E., Njoku, F.I. and Ezekoye, B.A. (2010). ''Biography of Emeritus Professor James O.C. Ezeilo, FAS, CON, A World Class Mathematician and Administrator''. Abuja: Ucheakonam Foundation, p.34. {{ISBN|978-978-8417-91-0}}</ref> An buga littafin a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, a wannan watan da aka aika Unaegbu zuwa [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]] don shirin [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|NYSC]]. Yayinda yake aiki a Otu-oke, [[Ogbia]] a [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]], ya fara littafinsa na uku, ''Asalin NYSC'' da kuma tarihin Farfesa na Physics, Alexander Obiefoka Enukora Animalu, littafin da ya rubuta tare da Godfrey Akpojotor . <ref name="Alexander Animalu - Biography">{{Cite web |title=Alexander Animalu - Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Animalu/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref> Tsohon Ministan Najeriya, [[Bartholomew Nnaji]] ya ce littafin "ya bayyana rayuwa a Legas a ƙarshen shekarun 1950, musamman matakin aikata laifuka". Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya rubuta littattafai da yawa da wallafe-wallafen mujallu ciki har da The Secret Principles of Female Powers (2009), Nelson Mandela da Barack Obama African World Challenge Art and Science in the Reconstruction of the Consciousness of the Africans in the 21st Century, A Dialogue on Western and African Worldviews (wanda aka rubuta tare da Farfesa Alexander Animalu da Grace Nigeria) a cikin Farfesa Oguito; The National Development, The National Development).<ref name="Alexander Animalu - Biography" /> Labarin Unaegbu, "Prey", yana daga cikin wadanda aka zaba don kyautar rubuce-rubucen Afirka ta farko don Flash Fiction . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Results - Flash Fiction Competition, 2011; African Writing Online; Many Literatures, One Voice; |url=http://www.african-writing.com/eleven/flashfiction1.htm |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=www.african-writing.com}}</ref> Ya kasance mai karɓar tallafin tafiye-tafiye ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Ƙasar Ingila (ASAUK) zuwa wani bita na Masanan Afirka da aka gudanar a [[Jami'ar Garin Osun|Jami'ar Jihar Osun]], a watan Satumbar 2011. Littafinsa, Ode on Lagos' an jera shi kuma daga ƙarshe ya zo na uku a cikin [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya]] / Kyautar Cadbury. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ANA PRIZES 2011.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/16xtrYwDbrH1JAd9K_R_Uix_g2VXvKMtt/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-29 |title=The Nation November 30, 2011 by The Nation - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/thenation/docs/november_30__2011 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, Unaegbu (tare da Farfesa Alex Animalu da Farfesa Sam Onuigbo) sun fara shirya kundin Jami'ar Najeriya Book of Fame wanda ya ƙunshi bayanan martaba na sanannun tsofaffi da malamai na Jami'ar, gami da bayanan [[Chinua Achebe]], Onigu Otite da Peter Obi A cikin shekara ta 2012 kuma, Unaegbu (tare da A. O. E. Animalu da [[Francisca Nneka Okeke]]) sun rubuta Tarihin Mai Girma Pioneer Geophyist: Cyril Onwchili. Wasu malamai sun yi nuni da littafin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ibuot |first=Emmanuel Johnson |last2=Ibuot |first2=Cletus Johnson |last3=Ibia |first3=Ibia E. |date=2018 |title=Education, Ideology and Social Transformation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48561674 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=27 |pages=24–47 |issn=0018-2540 |jstor=48561674}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Jeff Unaegbu da Farfesa Sam Onuigbo sun hada hannu da littafin, ''Shekaru hamsin na Nazarin Afirka: Tarihin Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (1963-2013) ''. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onuigbo |first=Sam |last2=Unaegbu |first2=Jeff |date=2013 |title=50 Years of African Studies |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315648808 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> An yi amfani da littafin a cikin aikin da ya dace a kan Nazarin Afirka a duniya, mai taken, "Transformations in Africana Studies: History, Theory and Epistemology". Unaegbu's 529-page Braving the Stars: The Biography of Pius Nwankwo Okeke, Famous Nigerian Space Scientist and Professor of Physics (wanda aka rubuta tare da Dokta Sam Chukwu a cikin 2014) shi ne tarihin rayuwarsa na huɗu na farfesa masu rai a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka . Gabatarwarsa a shekarar 2014 ta ja hankalin tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya, Hon. [[Ike Ekweremadu]] da Cif Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunji |first=Abdulkabir |title=Deputy Senate President wants Nigerian Scientists to Build Devices to Track Boko Haram |url=https://www.coolstuff49ja.com/2014/05/deputy-senate-president-wants-nigerian.html |access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref> Daga baya, Book Authority ta ambaci e-version dinta a matsayin daya daga cikin littattafan tarihin Najeriya guda biyar mafi kyau na Duk Lokaci. A cikin 2014 kuma, Jeff Unaegbu da Janna Nwafor-Orizu sun hada hannu da littafin, 92 Days in Power: Dr. A.A. Nwafor- Orizu (GCON) a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban Najeriya (Oktoba 16, 1965 - Janairu 15, 1966). tsohon shugaban Najeriya, Alhaji [[Shehu Shagari]] ne ya rubuta gabatarwa. Farfesa Christian Opata ne ya sake nazarin littafin a shafi na 40 na jaridar Daily Sun na Jumma'a 19 ga Disamba 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=92 DAYS IN POWER: DR. A.A. NWAFOR-ORIZU GCON AS ACTING PRESIDENHT OF NIGERIA (OCTOBER 16, 1965- JANUARY 15, 1966) - NWAFOR-ORIZU, JAANNA; UNAEGBU, JEFF: 9781079376555 - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.com/9781079376555/DAYS-POWER-A.A-NWAFOR-ORIZU-GCON-1079376550/plp |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2014, ''Iroko daga Sapling: Tarihin Kwalejin Aikin Gona, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (1961-2014) '' Jeff Unaegbu da wasu hudu ne suka rubuta shi, ciki har da Farfesa Emeritus Chijioke Nwosu . A cikin 2017, Pride of the Den, Tarihin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jiki, Jami'ar Najeriya Nsukka (1973-2017) Jeff Unaegbu, Farfesa Fidelis Ugwuowo da Farfesa UC Okoro ne suka rubuta shi. A cikin 2018, Jeff Unaegbu, Farfesa Emeritus Alex Animalu, da Thaddeus Udeinya sun hada hannu da rubuce-rubuce na Biography of Nigeria's Foremost Professor of Mechanical Engineering: Gordian Ezekwe . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buy BIOGRAPHY OF NIGERIA'S FOREMOST PROFESSOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING GORDIAN OBUMNEME EZEKWE Paperback – 11 Jan. 2021 Online at desertcart KUWAIT |url=https://www.desertcart.com.kw/products/304604386-biography-of-nigerias-foremost-professor-of-mechanical-engineering-gordian-obumneme-ezekwe |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.desertcart.com.kw}}</ref> A cikin labarinta da mujallar New Yorker ta buga a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2020, marubucin littafin Najeriya, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, ya nuna godiyarta ga Jeff Unaegbu, Alexander Animalu da Peter Uche don hada-hadar tarihin mahaifinta a cikin littafi, mai taken, Biography of Nigeria's Foremost Professor of Statistics, Farfesa James Nwoye Adichie A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2020 an buga littafin Jeff Unaegbu mai shafi 152, The Jephian Philosophy . Littafin shine jimlar tunaninsa game da yanayin sirri na Allah da kuma ma'anar rayuwa. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kimiyyar fahimta, Farfesa [[Noam Chomsky]], ya sami littafin da ya dace. A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 2021 an buga Sambisa Forest da Sauran Labarai na Jeff Unaegbu. Ya ƙunshi labarin da aka jera, Prey . Littafin kuma yana da labarin, ''Bye-Bye'', wanda aka daɗe ana lissafa shi don lambar yabo ta Diana Woods Memorial Award a cikin Creative Non-Fiction, Jami'ar Antakiya, [[Los Angeles]]. Wani labari a cikin littafin, The Fulani Damsel an buga shi a cikin Litro Magazine, mujallar Literary and Creative Arts a Ingila a watan Yunin 2018. Jeff Unaegbu ya fara gabatar da jawabi ga ƙashin giwa a watan Satumbar 2016 a shafin yanar gizon zamantakewa. Amsawar waka ga waka ta fito ne daga Amarachi Attamah, Chinemerem Anyi, Ejiuwaka Chukwu da Ikechukwu Ogbu . Ba da daɗewa ba, an gina waka mai ban mamaki daga waɗannan tattaunawar waka. Shirin farko na waka mai ban mamaki an yi shi ne a matsayin waka ta magana da Jeff Unaegbu da Amarachi Attamah a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Kyautar Waƙoƙin Daliban Najeriya a watan Yunin 2017. An buga rubutun karshe da wasu karin waƙoƙi a matsayin littafi, mai taken, Elephant Tusk: An Epic a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2021. A ranar 25 ga Mayu 2021 Jeff Unaegbu ya gabatar da lacca na baƙo a bikin zane-zane na 2021 na mujallar tsofaffin ɗalibai a Yammacin Afirka, Muse Journal na Sashen Nazarin Turanci da Littattafai, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka . A cikin lacca, mai taken, "Rubuta da Buga: Trends in the New Decade", ya ce, "yayin da za a karɓi rubutun ku a matsayin marubuci ko a ƙi shi yana da alaƙa da son zuciya na wakilai ko gidajen bugawa da kuka aika, fiye da ko rubuce-rubuce ne mai kyau ko a'a". [[Fayil:Jeff_Unaegbu_as_Guest_Lecturer_at_the_2021_Literary_Arts_Festival,_University_of_Nigeria,_Nsukka-_2021.jpg|thumb|Jeff Unaegbu a matsayin Baƙon Malami a Bikin Fasaha na 2021, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka- 2021]] Littattafai biyu na Amazing Grace: The Authorized Biography of Cif Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu an rubuta shi ne ta hanyar Jeff Unaegbu, Sam Chukwu da Chinedu Nsofor a cikin 2022. An gabatar da kwafin littafin a lokacin ranar haihuwar Cif Iwuanyanwu ta 80 a ranar 4 ga Satumba 2022. Tare da Farfesa Uzodinma Nwala, ya hada hannu da littafin, The Alaigbo Development Foundation: Shekaru Goma na Gwagwarmaya da Sabis ga Ƙasar Igbo (2014-2024). [1]''[[Alaigbo Development Foundation|Gidauniyar Ci Gaban Alaigbo]]: Shekaru Goma da Hidima ga Al'ummar Igbo (2014-2024). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE JEFF UNAEGBU 2024.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNrkUDZfSMoB6KEyuwoWUMeIenx2eZF8/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNrkUDZfSMoB6KEyuwoWUMeIenx2eZF8/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook "CURRICULUM VITAE JEFF UNAEGBU 2024.pdf"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-18</span></span>.</cite></ref>'' Tare da Farfesa Chidi Nzeadibe da Obiora Anichebe, ya hada kai da Heart of the Den, wani littafi a kan Faculty of Social Sciences, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da tarihinta daga 1960 zuwa 2025. Unaegbu ya wallafa labarai a matsayin surori na littafi da kuma a cikin mujallu masu ilimi. An kuma ambaci shi a cikin litattafai, littattafai da mujallu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Udok |first=Ekaette C. |date=February 1, 2024 |title=A Study on Music And Entrepreneurial Skills Among Students In Selected Public Secondary Schools In Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. |url=https://www.globalacademicstar.com/download/article/a-study-on-music-and-entreprenueral-skills-among-students-in-selected-public-secondary-schools-in-akwa-ibom-state-nigeria.pdf |journal=International Journal of Current Innovations in Education |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=142 |issn=2646-7380}}</ref> Rubutun nasa da yawa waɗanda aka buga a cikin mujallu na kan layi, sun haɗa da zanga-zangar (wanda aka rubuta tare da Jaanna Nwafor-Orizu) game da kyaututtuka na karni na Najeriya saboda rashin haɗa sunayen yawancin 'yan kasa na farko da suka yi yaƙi don' yancin Najeriya don kyaututtukan; wani labarin game da Ikenga kamar yadda ake gani a matsayin babban asirin kabilun Igbo; da kuma wani rubutu game da tsohon soja, Joe Achuzia. A matsayinsa na ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa, ya yi hira da sanannun marubutan Najeriya, ciki har da [[Chika Unigwe]], da [[Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo]]. kuma ya rubuta game da mutane kamar Grace Adichie (mahaifiyar [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|Chimamanda Adichie]]), .<ref>{{Cite web |last=LagosCityReporters |date=2021-03-03 |title=A Tribute To Mama Grace Adichie. By Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://lagoscityreporters.com/a-tribute-to-mama-grace-adichie-by-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Lagos City Reporters |language=en-US}}</ref> Unaegbu ta shirya kyautar Cecilia Unaegbu a cikin Flash Fiction tare da lambobin yabo na dala 192 na Amurka a watan Yulin 2011. [[Unoma Azuah]] ne ya yi hukunci da shigarwar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwunze-Ibiam |first=Chioma |date=2011-06-21 |title=THE CECILIA UNAEGBU PRIZE FOR FLASH FACT 2011 |url=https://www.creativewritingnews.com/the-cecilia-unaegbu-prize-for-flash-fact-2011/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Creative Writing News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwunze-Ibiam |first=Chioma |date=2011-09-01 |title=RESULTS: CECILIA UNAEGBU PRIZE FOR FLASH FICTION 2011 |url=https://www.creativewritingnews.com/results-cecilia-unaegbu-prize-for-flash-fiction-2011/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Creative Writing News |language=en-US}}</ref> Unaegbu ita ce Alkalin Kyautar Waƙoƙi ta Eriata Oribhabor a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2012-12-21 |title=MONUMENT TO FREEDOM (by Eriata Oribhabor Poetry Prize Judge Jeff Unaegbu) |url=https://www.wrr.ng/poetry/monument-to-freedom/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Words Rhymes & Rhythm |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan jama'a == An nada Jeff Unaegbu a matsayin wakilin / jakadan Oja Cultural Development Initiative (OCDI) a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2019. Tsakanin 5 da 11 ga Disamba 2019, ya kasance a Zimbabwe a kan zama don kula da gine-ginen asalin Igbo ko fili da musayar ra'ayoyin al'adu tare da Dzimbanhete Arts and Culture Interactions Trust (DACIT) a matsayin wakilin OCDI. Ana shirya fili na Igbo don bikin Sauti na Yanar Gizo Mai Tsarki (Agusta 2019-Yuli 2020). A Zimbabwe, Jeff Unaegbu ya kuma wakilci kabilun Igbo ta hanyar shiga cikin Tattaunawar Al'adu da aka shirya tare da hadin gwiwar National Gallery of Zimbabwe a karkashin babban taron su na 'Harare Conversations' wani dandalin fasaha da aka kafa. Tattaunawar da ke da taken Rethinking Epistemes: Cutar da Toxicity da Motsawa zuwa ga Ayyukan Jama'a an yi alama tare da wasu masu magana daga kabilun daban-daban daga Afirka, gami da dan Afirka ta Kudu na kabilun Zulu ubaba Menzi Maseko wanda ya kafa kuma Darakta na Cibiyar Afrikology. Sauran mahalarta sune Sinyoro Chik__wol____wol____wol__ Chazunguza Darakta mai kirkirar Dzimbanhete, Samaita Jonathan Goredema, Darakta na Al'adu da Ruhaniya na Dzimbanheta wanda ke wakiltar masu warkarwa na gargajiya da Dziva Phillip Kusasa, wanda ya kafa kuma Darakta ne na bikin Ndau Arts wanda ke wakilcin kabilar Ndau. A cikin 2020, Jeff Unaegbu ya jagoranci gina babban mutum-mutumi na hannu a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka . Manufar da ke bayan mutum-mutumi ita ce ta buga a kan sanin jama'ar Jami'ar da jama'arta, muhimmancin falsafar iyayensu na Jami'ar. A cikin 2022, Gidauniyar Tropical Gate don Ci gaba mai dorewa ta nada Jeff Unaegbu Darakta na Yarjejeniya da Sadarwa na Dabarun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Jeff Unaegbu Brief Info |url=https://tropicalgatefoundation.com.ng/team/jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=June 8, 2023 |website=www.tropicalgatefoundation.com}}</ref> A cikin 2013, ya yi rajistar kamfani, FIRM Najeriya, tare da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci kuma ya girma ya haɗa da kamfanin wallafe-wallafen, FIRmWORLD Publishers . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Firm World Publishers - HOME |url=https://www.firmworldpublishers.com/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.firmworldpublishers.com}}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == Jeff Unaegbu na ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa ƙungiyar Facebook ta Occupy Nigeria (Nationwide Anti-Fuel Subsidy Removal: Strategies & Protests) wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar matasa a duk faɗin ƙasar game da cire tallafin man fetur a shekarar 2012 ta gwamnatin Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]]. Sauran wadanda suka kafa su ne [[Gimba Kakanda]] da Richard Ali . Wannan shi ne batun bincike don rubutun PhD a tarihi mai taken, "Hotunan hoto, Facebook da Virtualisation of Resistance in Nigeria" na George Emeka Agbo" a Jami'ar Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2016. == Ayyuka == === Hotunan fina-finai === * An ceto ta Sin, sashi na 2 (2007) wanda [[Fidelis Uchenna Okoro]] ya jagoranta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete Film of Saved By Sin Part Two shown Online |url=http://video.onlinenigeria.com/Drama/ad1.asp?blurb=2131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728122104/http://video.onlinenigeria.com/Drama/ad1.asp?blurb=2131 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2011-10-01}}</ref> * An cece shi da zunubi, sashi na 3 (2007) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete Film of Saved By Sin Part Three shown Online |url=http://video.onlinenigeria.com/Drama/ad1.asp?blurb=2132 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728122140/http://video.onlinenigeria.com/Drama/ad1.asp?blurb=2132 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2011-10-01}}</ref> * Zik na Afirka- Tarihin Tarihi (2008/2010) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Detailed Documentary on Azikiwe Directed by Jeff Unaegbu is shown Live |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/JeffUnaegbunam?feature=mhum#p/u/7/2z5fQ9oaVU8 |access-date=2010-01-10 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> * ''Jarida'' (Flash Documentary) (2010) === Tarin gajerun labarai === * Wannan Mosquito a cikin Yanki, (Nsukka: Global Publishers). (2010) {{ISBN|978-31647-4-0}} === Waƙoƙi === * "Za a iya zama Masanin Tarihi a Tsakanin Tsuntsaye" a cikin Mafi Kyawun "Sabon" Mawallafin Afirka Anthology 2020 wanda Tendai Rinos Mwanaka ya shirya. === Ba tatsuniyoyi ba === * 'Yanci a cikin ƙasusuwanmu: Tarihin Masu Fasaha" UNION GOVERNMENT, Jami'ar NIGERIA, NSUKKA (1960-2004), (Onitsha: Blue Publishers, 2007, 2008). (512 Shafuka) .{{ISBN|978-35602-2-0}} * ''Asalin NYSC'', (Nsukka: Global Publishers, 2009). (Labafu 90) .{{ISBN|978-33254-4-2}} * ''ALEXANDER O.E. ANIMALU: Tarihin Babban Farfesa na Physics'' (An rubuta shi tare da Dr. Akpojotor, GE) (Abuja: Gidauniyar Ucheakonam (Nig.) Ltd., 2008). (133 Shafuka) .{{ISBN|978-049-891-5}} * Nelson Mandela da Barack Obama Ƙalubalen Duniya na Afirka: Fasaha da Kimiyya a cikin sake gina Sanin 'yan Afirka a cikin karni na 21, Tattaunawa da Ra'ayoyin Duniya na Yamma da Afirka, (An rubuta tare da Farfesa Animalu, A.O.E.; Umezinwa, W.A. da Achufusi, G.) (Enugu: Snaap Publishers, 2009). (102 Shafuka) .{{ISBN|978-049-951-2}} * ''Matasa da Ci gaban Kasa a Najeriya'' (An shirya tare da Otagburuagu, E.J. da Ohia, NC (Nsukka: Global Publishers / Benak Ventures) (2010) .{{ISBN|978-8060-35-8}} * ''Tarihin Farfesa na Ƙididdigar Najeriya, Farfesa James Nwoye Adichie.'' (An rubuta shi tare da Farfesa Animalu, A.O.E.; Peter Uche) (Abuja: Ucheakonam Foundation (Nig.) Ltd) (2013) . {{ISBN|979-8592635113}} === Littattafan ilimi === * Unaegbu, J. et al. "Shin tilasta dan takara a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyya yana kara yiwuwar lashe zabe?" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jeff |title=Does the imposition of a Candidate at Party Primaries Increase the Probability of Winning an Election? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.31920/2516-5305/2022/19n1a11 |journal=African Renaissance |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.31920/2516-5305/2022/19n1a11 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |via=Sabinet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jeff |date=March 2022 |title=Does the imposition of a Candidate at Party Primaries Increase the Probability of Winning an Election? |url=https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85130916142&origin=inward&txGid=4fb4e2230d961956722bc0afe5b644a7 |journal=African Renaissance |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=225–244 |via=Scopus}}</ref> * Unaegbu, J. "Igbo Post-Contact Proverbs of the Inyi Community" <ref name="omire">{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jephthah |date=2020 |title=Igbo Post-Contact Proverbs of the Inyi Community |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/402896 |journal=[[Proverbium]] |volume=37 |pages=311–340}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jephthah Elochukwu |date=2020 |title=Igbo Post-Contact Proverbs of the Inyi Community |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/278197 |journal=[[Proverbium]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=311–340}}</ref> * Alexander O. E. Animalu, & Jeff Unaegbu, "Gaia hypothesis daga hangen nesa na Afirka" * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2023]. "Igbophobia a Legas da Najeriya Zaben 2023: Labari ko Gaskiya?" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jephthah Elochukwu |date=2023-08-18 |title=IGBOPHOBIA IN LAGOS AND NIGERIA 2023 ELECTIONS: MYTH OR REALITY? |url=https://acjol.org/index.php/ajap/article/view/3788 |journal=AMAMIHE Journal of Applied Philosophy |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |issn=1597-0779}}</ref> * Unaegbu J. et al, "Cibiyar Nnamdi Azikiwe: Tarihin Rashin Mutuwa na Zik's Lodge a Najeriya - Tafiya, Shirin, da Kwarewar Yawon Bude Ido".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Onyejegbu |first=Maureen |last2=Okemini |first2=Ogbonna Onyebuchi |last3=Ikenegbu |first3=ThankGod Chukwuemeka |last4=Unaegbu |first4=Jeff |last5=Onyegiri |first5=Chikodiri |date=September 2023 |title=Nnamdi Azikiwe Center: Historicizing the Immortalization of Zik's Lodge in Nigeria—the Journey, the Project, and Tourism Potentials |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00219347231184236 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |language=en |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=534–550 |doi=10.1177/00219347231184236 |issn=0021-9347 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Unaegbu, Jeff & Ezeigbo, Joy, "Binciken Rayuwar Maɗaukakiyar Maɗaukaki a cikin Tunanin Addini na Ibo" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jeff |last2=Ezeigbo |first2=Joy |date=April 2013 |title=Exploring the Existence of the Supreme Deity Concept in Igbo Premissionary Contact Religious Thoughts: IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=113698329&site=ehost-live |journal=IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |volume=15 |pages=35–59}}</ref> * Emeka Nwabueze da Jeff Unaegbu "Cladding A Galaxy Of Reflections: A Critical B.O.N. Eluwa's Ado-Na-Idu: Tarihin asalin Igbo" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nwabueze |first=Emeka |last2=Unaegbu |first2=Jeff |title=Cladding A Galaxy Of Reflections: A Critical Appraisal Of B.O.N. Eluwa's Ado-Na-Idu: History Of Igbo Origin |url=https://www.ikengajournal.com.ng/admin/img/paper/Complete-IKENGA-VOL.-19-No.1.pdf#page=8 |journal=Ikenga International Journal of African Studies |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=8–}}</ref> * Orajaka, Susan Nwakaego & Unaegbu, Jeff, "Igbo Minstrels As Pathfinders In Contemporary Society: Social Changes and Challenges".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orajaka |first=Susan Nwakaego |last2=Unaegbu |first2=Jeff |date=April 2013 |title=Igbo Minstrels as Pathfinders in Contemporary Society: Social Changes and Challenges: IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=113698338&site=ehost-live |journal=IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |volume=15 |pages=184–195}}</ref> * Jephthah Unaegbu, "Warriya a kan doki (Godiya Uku ga Farfesa BIC Ijomah) "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jephthah |date=March 2021 |title=A Warrior on Horseback (Three Tributes to Prof. BIC Ijomah) |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66049367/Public_Policy_Enquiry_PPI_Vol_1_No._1_March_2021_-libre.pdf?1616073928=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DPublic_Policy_Enquiry_PPI_Vol_1_No_1_Mar.pdf&Expires=1714053782&Signature=EcSboKec9Mn2NgKVttobuqN5gg1BH0VO2qbsIDouhNjE7DxnNSFy27YGTTaVW3I2Tr2PY~zkxvWbHMwZr-4B-fiIJzsInD8opiZdHUUlvrj9thNO5ovxrZeBrHHvYTkdrZmiuU2NFSHO~dN-NaVa1gT8WyQuM~ZIIi~IHcRcuIgi6wpHK2gYu777~t6PiyrM8wSolvkafI~H63KeVys7JODb7Z6yPeZpN7CSTdz7fViWhFT2WrqxeRGkXuq35xQHJ7ykR1wAhgcytTaLnYre9ClErQz02utqNhzOXhBOmaGHoTSM6IBLbl8AwuNEFca2FpozMxFbnRmaV1E8CKtURA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=93 |journal=PUBLIC POLICY INQUIRY (PPI) Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=87–105}}</ref> * Unaegbu, Jeff da Ani, Jude (2017). "A Conceptualized Critique of Achebe's 'An Image of Africa: Racism in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness" a cikin Nwabueze, Emeka (ed.). Chinua Achebe da Juyin Juya Halin Rashin Mutuwa: Sake kimanta Marubucin dangane da Sabon Gaskiya. Enugu: Littattafan CNC. shafi na 309-320.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jeff |date=2017-01-01 |title=A CONTEXTUALIZED CRITIQUE OF ACHEBE'S &quot;AN IMAGE OF AFRICA: RACISM IN CONRAD'S 'HEART OF DARKNESS'&quot; |url=https://www.academia.edu/39793524 |journal=Chinua Achebe and the Convolutions of Immortality: Re-assessing the Writer in Relation to New Realities.}}</ref>&nbsp; * J. E. Unaegbu, "Fisika a cikin Ayyukan gargajiya na Igbo: Halin Ci Gaban Kimiyya da Fasaha a Afirka ta Yau: Ra'ayi na Duniya da Siyasa" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jeff |date=2011 |title=Physics In The Traditional Practices Of The Igbo: Paradigms For Advancement Of Science And Technology In Today's Africa :African Worldview And Politics |url=https://ajp.afrips.org/articles/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/AfrJPVol4-p201-216.pdf |journal=African Journal of Physics |volume=4 |pages=201–216}}</ref> * An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da Ibrananci. "Ƙarin dualism na al'adu biyu: Akwatin Oduche da maciji a cikin Arrow of God" a cikin New Frontiers in Contemporary African Studies (Emeka Nwabueze ed.) * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga J. & Animalu. "Tsarin ra'ayoyi biyu na duniya: dabi'u don sabon shugabancin Afirka " a cikin Perspectives on leadership in Africa (wanda Egodi Uchendu, Pat Uche Okpoko, Edlyne Anugwom suka shirya). == Rayuwa ta mutum == Unaegbu ta auri Ogechukwu Sonia Unaegbu . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE JEFF UNAEGBU 2024.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNrkUDZfSMoB6KEyuwoWUMeIenx2eZF8/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNrkUDZfSMoB6KEyuwoWUMeIenx2eZF8/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook "CURRICULUM VITAE JEFF UNAEGBU 2024.pdf"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Haɗin waje == An tsara wallafe-wallafen ilimi na Jeff Unaegbu a cikin Google Scholar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=bVRP_J8AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> academia <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeff Unaegbu {{!}} University of Nigeria, Nsukka - Academia.edu |url=https://unn-ng.academia.edu/JeffUnaegbu |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=unn-ng.academia.edu}}</ref> da Researchgate. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeff Unaegbu publications |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jeff-Unaegbu}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nz81vktxuxxhu9u3oyihljtn0ull97e 0 122964 875664 746248 2026-07-04T06:18:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 875664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi don Ilimin Masar, fassarar Tsohon Masar shine tsari na juyawa (ko taswirar) matani da aka rubuta a matsayin alamomin [[Harshen Misira|Harshen Masar]] zuwa alamomin [[haruffa]] da ke wakiltar rubutun kalmomi ko takwarorinsu na [[hieratic]] da demotic. Wannan tsari yana sauƙaƙa bugawa da matani inda hada hotuna ko zane-zane na ainihin takardar Masar ba zai yiwu ba. Transliteration ba daidai ba ne da transcription. Transliteration shine wakiltar alamomin da aka rubuta a hanyar da ta dace a cikin tsarin rubutu daban, yayin da Fassara ke nuna furcin rubutu. Ga yanayin Tsohon Masarawa, ba a san cikakkun bayanai game da [[Phonology|ilimin sauti]] ba. Tsarin fassarar tsohuwar Masar ya wanzu, amma sun dogara da Sake fasalin harshe (dangane da shaidar daga Harshen Coptic da sauran bayanai) kuma saboda haka suna da ka'idoji a yanayi. Masana kimiyyar Masar sun dogara da fassarar a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya. Masana kimiyyar Masar kuma suna kiran tsarin jujjuya matani na hieratic zuwa rubutun hieroglyphic a matsayin "transcription". == Matsayi == Yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda fassarar ke da alaƙa da ilimin Masar, babu wani tsari guda ɗaya da ake amfani da shi don rubutun hieroglyphic da hieratic. Koyaya, akwai wasu tsarin da ke da alaƙa da juna waɗanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin na al'ada. Yawancin masana kimiyyar Masar da ba na Jamusanci ba suna amfani da tsarin da aka bayyana a Gardiner 1954, yayin da yawancin malaman Jamusanci suka zaɓi wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Wörterbuch]''_der_ägyptischen_Sprache" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache">Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache (Dictionary of the Egyptian Language), 1926 da 1961 editions by Adolf Erman da Hermann Grapow, misali ƙamus na tsohuwar harshen Masar. Koyaya, akwai yanayin da ke ƙaruwa, har ma tsakanin malaman da ke magana da Ingilishi, don karɓar hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin Wörterbuch (misali, Allen 2000). === Tebur na tsarin fassarar === Kodayake tsarin rubutun Masar yana da rikitarwa sosai, akwai alamomi 24 kawai da aka rarrabe, a cewar Edel (1955) wanda aka fassara kuma aka ba da umarni a cikin haruffa a cikin jerin: === Misalan === An fassara rubutun da ke ƙasa a wasu daga cikin tsare-tsaren da aka fi sani. Lura cewa mafi yawan rubutun a cikin wannan rubutun ba alamomi ne, amma ana iya samun su a cikin Jerin rubutun Masar.<hiero>M23-X1:R4-X8-Q2:D4-W17-R14-G4-R8-O29:V30-U23-N26-D58-O49:Z1-F13:N31-Z2ss-V30:N16:N21*Z1-D45:N25</hiero>U == Duba kuma == * Egyptian biliteral signs - Jeroglyphs wakiltar ma'ana biyu * Egyptian triliteral signs - Jeroglyphs wakiltar consonants uku * Jerin rubutun Masar ==manazarta == {{Reflist}} 8czxhume6fo7gitdwsbrn48v6v0owet 875665 875664 2026-07-04T06:19:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 Pharouqenr moved page [[Fassara na Tsohon Masarawa]] to [[Fassara na Kakannin yan Masar]] 875664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi don Ilimin Masar, fassarar Tsohon Masar shine tsari na juyawa (ko taswirar) matani da aka rubuta a matsayin alamomin [[Harshen Misira|Harshen Masar]] zuwa alamomin [[haruffa]] da ke wakiltar rubutun kalmomi ko takwarorinsu na [[hieratic]] da demotic. Wannan tsari yana sauƙaƙa bugawa da matani inda hada hotuna ko zane-zane na ainihin takardar Masar ba zai yiwu ba. Transliteration ba daidai ba ne da transcription. Transliteration shine wakiltar alamomin da aka rubuta a hanyar da ta dace a cikin tsarin rubutu daban, yayin da Fassara ke nuna furcin rubutu. Ga yanayin Tsohon Masarawa, ba a san cikakkun bayanai game da [[Phonology|ilimin sauti]] ba. Tsarin fassarar tsohuwar Masar ya wanzu, amma sun dogara da Sake fasalin harshe (dangane da shaidar daga Harshen Coptic da sauran bayanai) kuma saboda haka suna da ka'idoji a yanayi. Masana kimiyyar Masar sun dogara da fassarar a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya. Masana kimiyyar Masar kuma suna kiran tsarin jujjuya matani na hieratic zuwa rubutun hieroglyphic a matsayin "transcription". == Matsayi == Yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda fassarar ke da alaƙa da ilimin Masar, babu wani tsari guda ɗaya da ake amfani da shi don rubutun hieroglyphic da hieratic. Koyaya, akwai wasu tsarin da ke da alaƙa da juna waɗanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin na al'ada. Yawancin masana kimiyyar Masar da ba na Jamusanci ba suna amfani da tsarin da aka bayyana a Gardiner 1954, yayin da yawancin malaman Jamusanci suka zaɓi wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Wörterbuch]''_der_ägyptischen_Sprache" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache">Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache (Dictionary of the Egyptian Language), 1926 da 1961 editions by Adolf Erman da Hermann Grapow, misali ƙamus na tsohuwar harshen Masar. Koyaya, akwai yanayin da ke ƙaruwa, har ma tsakanin malaman da ke magana da Ingilishi, don karɓar hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin Wörterbuch (misali, Allen 2000). === Tebur na tsarin fassarar === Kodayake tsarin rubutun Masar yana da rikitarwa sosai, akwai alamomi 24 kawai da aka rarrabe, a cewar Edel (1955) wanda aka fassara kuma aka ba da umarni a cikin haruffa a cikin jerin: === Misalan === An fassara rubutun da ke ƙasa a wasu daga cikin tsare-tsaren da aka fi sani. Lura cewa mafi yawan rubutun a cikin wannan rubutun ba alamomi ne, amma ana iya samun su a cikin Jerin rubutun Masar.<hiero>M23-X1:R4-X8-Q2:D4-W17-R14-G4-R8-O29:V30-U23-N26-D58-O49:Z1-F13:N31-Z2ss-V30:N16:N21*Z1-D45:N25</hiero>U == Duba kuma == * Egyptian biliteral signs - Jeroglyphs wakiltar ma'ana biyu * Egyptian triliteral signs - Jeroglyphs wakiltar consonants uku * Jerin rubutun Masar ==manazarta == {{Reflist}} 8czxhume6fo7gitdwsbrn48v6v0owet 0 123167 875525 768490 2026-07-03T22:37:36Z Umar Bello Kaura 45977 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345260295|Fidelis Duker]]" 875525 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Fidelis Duker''' 'dar fim ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya bikin fina-finai. == Ayyuka == Duker started his career in the year 1988 writing dramas for [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|NTA]], Nigeria's public broadcast television network.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 2003, Duker ya shirya bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Abuja (AIFF), daya daga cikin manyan bukukuwan fina-finai na Afirka da aka gudanar a kowace shekara a Abuja na Najeriya, wanda yake zaune a kan allon a matsayin wanda ya kafa taron da ke gudana a karo na 18 a shekarar 2021. == Nominations da sanarwa == A shekara ta 2016, Duker ya lashe lambar yabo ta 'Lifetime Achievement Award', a [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Kyautar Nollywood mafi kyau]] (BON) da aka gudanar a Aba. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, an ambaci Duker a matsayin daya daga cikin mambobin juriya na bikin fina-finai da talabijin na Pan African na Ouagadougou, FESPACO . == Hotunan fina-finai == * Wannan Atijo - Yoruba - 1993 * Skeleton - Igbo - 1994 * Nemesis - Turanci - 1995 * Ba nufin Ni ba - Turanci - 1996 * Nemesis 2 - Turanci - 1996 * Abin kunya - Turanci - 1997 * An ƙaddara Ya Mutu 1 - Turanci - 1997 * Scandals 2 - Turanci - 1998 * An ƙaddara Ya Mutu 2 - Turanci - 1998 * Blood Brothers - Turanci - 1998 * Visa zuwa Jahannama - Turanci - 1999 * Sarkin Kudi - Turanci - 1999 * Doctor Mutuwa - Turanci - 2000 * Maƙiya a Cikin - Turanci - 2001 * Pure Love - Turanci - 2002 * Hot Passion - Turanci - 2002 * Baka Boys - Turanci - 2003 * Nurses na dare - Turanci - 2003 * Jesu Mushin - Turanci - 2004 * Aljanna A Amurka - 2005 * London Blues - Turanci - 2006 * A Means to An End - Turanci 2007 * Senseless - Turanci - 2008 tare da [[Segun Arinze]], [[Bimbo Akintola]], [[Kanayo O. Kanayo|Kanayo Kanayo]], Femi Branch, [[Ngozi Ezeonu]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seedorf161 |date=2016-05-14 |title=Senseless Love (Pt. 1) [Starr. Segun Arinze, Bimbo Akintola, Kanayo Kanayo, Femi Branch, Ngozi Ezeonu] |url=https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/3432-senseless-love-pt-1-segun-arinze-bimbo-akintola-kanayo-kanayo-femi |access-date=2021-11-16 |website=NetNaija |language=en}}</ref> * Cash And Carry - Turanci - 2009 * Tsibirin Asiri - Yoruba - 2009 * Onyeama - Igbo - 2010 * Sade Oloso - Yoruba - 2011 * Dada Oni Paki - Yoruba - 2012 == Shirye-shiryen talabijin == * Hotuna - jerin shirye-shiryen TV - 2001 * Eldorado - jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin - 2005 * 'Yan mata na kusa - 2007 * Yara kadai - 2008 == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] l98fpj8y7yjunely28ceu2t90ah20cp 875526 875525 2026-07-03T22:39:17Z Umar Bello Kaura 45977 875526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Fidelis Duker''' 'dar fim ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya bikin fina-finai. == Ayyuka == Duker started his career in the year 1988 writing dramas for [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|NTA]], Nigeria's public broadcast television network.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 2003, Duker ya shirya bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Abuja (AIFF), daya daga cikin manyan bukukuwan fina-finai na Afirka da aka gudanar a kowace shekara a Abuja na Najeriya, wanda yake zaune a kan allon a matsayin wanda ya kafa taron da ke gudana a karo na 18 a shekarar 2021. == Nominations da sanarwa == A shekara ta 2016, Duker ya lashe lambar yabo ta 'Lifetime Achievement Award', a [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Kyautar Nollywood mafi kyau]] (BON) da aka gudanar a Aba. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, an ambaci Duker a matsayin daya daga cikin mambobin juriya na bikin fina-finai da talabijin na Pan African na Ouagadougou, FESPACO . == Hotunan fina-finai == * Wannan Atijo - Yoruba - 1993 * Skeleton - Igbo - 1994 * Nemesis - Turanci - 1995 * Ba nufin Ni ba - Turanci - 1996 * Nemesis 2 - Turanci - 1996 * Abin kunya - Turanci - 1997 * An ƙaddara Ya Mutu 1 - Turanci - 1997 * Scandals 2 - Turanci - 1998 * An ƙaddara Ya Mutu 2 - Turanci - 1998 * Blood Brothers - Turanci - 1998 * Visa zuwa Jahannama - Turanci - 1999 * Sarkin Kudi - Turanci - 1999 * Doctor Mutuwa - Turanci - 2000 * Maƙiya a Cikin - Turanci - 2001 * Pure Love - Turanci - 2002 * Hot Passion - Turanci - 2002 * Baka Boys - Turanci - 2003 * Nurses na dare - Turanci - 2003 * Jesu Mushin - Turanci - 2004 * Aljanna A Amurka - 2005 * London Blues - Turanci - 2006 * A Means to An End - Turanci 2007 * Senseless - Turanci - 2008 tare da [[Segun Arinze]], [[Bimbo Akintola]], [[Kanayo O. Kanayo|Kanayo Kanayo]], Femi Branch, [[Ngozi Ezeonu]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seedorf161 |date=2016-05-14 |title=Senseless Love (Pt. 1) [Starr. Segun Arinze, Bimbo Akintola, Kanayo Kanayo, Femi Branch, Ngozi Ezeonu] |url=https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/3432-senseless-love-pt-1-segun-arinze-bimbo-akintola-kanayo-kanayo-femi |access-date=2021-11-16 |website=NetNaija |language=en}}</ref> * Cash And Carry - Turanci - 2009 * Tsibirin Asiri - Yoruba - 2009 * Onyeama - Igbo - 2010 * Sade Oloso - Yoruba - 2011 * Dada Oni Paki - Yoruba - 2012 == Shirye-shiryen talabijin == * Hotuna - jerin shirye-shiryen TV - 2001 * Eldorado - jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin - 2005 * 'Yan mata na kusa - 2007 * Yara kadai - 2008 == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fod62mxqef5wpd1jir42pshmp4rf0u4 0 124670 875532 752091 2026-07-03T23:27:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875532 wikitext text/x-wiki    {{Databox}} '''Filin wasa na Al-Fateh''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Maydan Tamweel Al‑Oula''' saboda dalilai na daukar nauyinsa, filin wasa ne [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|na ƙwallon ƙafa]] da ke birnin Al-Mubarraz, a cikin gundumar Al-Ahsa ta lardin gabas, [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] . Shi ne filin wasa na Al-Fateh . == Tarihi == An buɗe filin wasa na Al-Fateh na asali a shekarar 2004, wanda ke ɗaukar mutane 3,500 kuma ya haɗa da filin wasa. A watan Yunin 2021, [[Ministry of Sport (Saudi Arabia)|Ma'aikatar Wasanni]] ta sanar da shirin sake gina filin wasa don mayar da shi wurin da ya dace [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|da ƙwallon ƙafa]] . <ref name="stadiumdb2">{{Cite web |title=Al Fateh SC Stadium |url=https://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/ksa/al_fateh_sc_stadium |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=StadiumDB.com |language=en}}</ref> An fara aikin sake gina filin wasa a watan Satumba na 2021, kuma an kammala ginin a hukumance kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2023 tare da wasan [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification|neman shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026]] tsakanin [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudiyya]] da [[Pakistan national football team|Pakistan]] . <ref name="acciona2">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-25 |title=ACCIONA Cultura organizes the opening ceremony of the new stadium of Al-Fateh Sports Club |url=https://www.acciona-me.com/updates/news/acciona-cultura-organizes-the-opening-ceremony-of-the-new-stadium-of-al-fateh-sports-club |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Acciona Middle East |language=en}}</ref> Wasan farko na gasar lig a sabon filin wasa ya faru ne a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2023. <ref name="eatnstays2">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title=ACCIONA Cultura hosts Al-Fateh Sports Club's stadium opening |url=https://eatnstays.com/acciona-cultura-hosts-al-fateh-sports-clubs-stadium-opening/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Eat 'N Stays |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, an sake wa filin wasan suna '''Maydan Tamweel Al-Oula''' a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ɗaukar nauyin kare haƙƙin suna na shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=الاتفاقية الإعلانية للملعب |url=https://fatehclub.com/ar/blog/20/609 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Fateh Club |language=ar }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Wasanni == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;" !Kwanan wata ! Lokaci ( SAST ) ! Ƙungiya #1 ! Res. ! Ƙungiya #2 ! Zagaye ! Halartar |- | 16 Nuwamba 2023 | 19:30 |{{Flagicon|KSA}} [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudiyya]] | style="text-align:center;" | 4–0 |{{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national football team|Pakistan]] | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya | style="text-align:center;" | 11,150 |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Saudiyya == Manazarta == fv919n9bnpnhipf93nnlp5jxaixbili 0 124739 875657 752308 2026-07-04T06:16:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 875657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sir Richard William George''' (24 ga Afrilu 1944 - 23 ga Maris 2016) ya kasance mai samar da abinci na Burtaniya wanda ya juya kamfanin [[Weetabix]] ya zama babban alama ta Burtaniya. An ba shi lambar yabo a shekarar 1995 saboda hidimomin da ya yi wa masana'antar abinci.<ref>Sir Richard George</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] 55c3prksuhgsep2sjqhzqbszbqw9fv3 875658 875657 2026-07-04T06:16:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 875658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sir Richard William George''' (24 ga Afrilu 1944 - 23 ga Maris 2016) ya kasance mai samar da abinci na Burtaniya wanda ya juya kamfanin [[Weetabix]] ya zama babban alama ta Burtaniya. An ba shi lambar yabo a shekarar 1995 saboda hidimomin da ya yi wa masana'antar abinci.<ref>Sir Richard George</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] kwl521dqy0jtm6wmq7oksqnv98eb6ax 875659 875658 2026-07-04T06:16:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 875659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sir Richard William George''' (24 ga Afrilu 1944 - 23 ga Maris 2016) ya kasance mai samar da abinci na [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] wanda ya juya kamfanin [[Weetabix]] ya zama babban alama ta Burtaniya. An ba shi lambar yabo a shekarar 1995 saboda hidimomin da ya yi wa masana'antar abinci.<ref>Sir Richard George</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] 6ihbefuv87tihkfdj6gme4esx91ubu1 875660 875659 2026-07-04T06:17:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 875660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sir Richard William George''' (24 ga Afrilu 1944 - 23 ga Maris 2016) ya kasance mai samar da abinci na [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] wanda ya juya kamfanin [[Weetabix]] ya zama babban alama ta [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]]. An ba shi lambar yabo a shekarar 1995 saboda hidimomin da ya yi wa masana'antar abinci.<ref>Sir Richard George</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] l4pq60av87bgut18qdb08ai74tza5dq 0 124909 875719 752733 2026-07-04T08:20:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan Tarihin Jiragen Sama na Kudancin Ostiraliya''', wanda ke Port Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya, gidan tarihi ne na jiragen sama wanda ke nuna jiragen sama, injunan jirgin sama, da rokoki masu mahimmanci ga Kudancin Ostiraliya, da kuma tarihin jiragen sama da masana'antar sararin samaniya a Ostiraliya. == Tarihi == Asalin gidan tarihin za a iya gano shi tun daga shekarar 1984 lokacin da wata ƙungiyar masu sha'awar tarihin jiragen sama da gyaran jiragen sama suka fara shi.[1] A shekarar 1990 ya zama gidan tarihin jiragen sama na hukuma na Kudancin Ostiraliya lokacin da aka ba shi takardar shaidar wucin gadi ta Hukumar Tarihi ta Kudancin Ostiraliya. A shekara mai zuwa ta zama mai alhakin tarin jiragen sama na tarihi na Jihar.[1] A shekarar 1996, gidan tarihi ya zama wurin tattara rokoki na gado da ke da alaƙa da Woomera Test Range a tsakanin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1980. Tarin rokoki na gado mallakar Ƙungiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tsaro ce.<ref> {{Cite web |title=Defence Science and Technology |url=https://www.dst.defence.gov.au/ |access-date=2019-05-18 |website=Defence Science and Technology}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2020)">tabbacin da ya gaza</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Bayan sauye-sauye da dama, an kafa gidan tarihin a wurin da yake a yanzu a shekarar 2006. An ƙara wani wurin ajiye kaya na biyu a shekarar 2017 don ɗaukar tarin jiragen sama, injuna da nunin da ke da alaƙa da gidan tarihin.<ref name="About">{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.saam.org.au/about |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=South Australian Aviation Museum |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922120822/http://www.saam.org.au/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarin == === An nuna jiragen sama === [[Fayil:De-Havilland_Sea_Venom_WZ-931_right_front.JPG|thumb|de Havilland Sea Venom a Gidan Tarihi na Jiragen Sama na Kudancin Australia]] [[Fayil:Westland_Wessex_31B_HAS_chopper.JPG|thumb|Westland Wessex a Gidan Tarihi na Jiragen Sama na Kudancin Australia]] [[Fayil:Canberra_bomber_port_adelaide_Museum.jpg|thumb|Harin bam a Canberra a Gidan Tarihi na Jiragen Sama na Kudancin Australia]] [[Fayil:Aviation_Museum_at_Port_Adelaide.JPG|thumb|CAC CA-30 a Gidan Tarihin Jiragen Sama na Kudancin Australia]] [[Fayil:Sheppard_CS2_(16037234434).jpg|thumb|Sheppard CS2 a Gidan Tarihin Jiragen Sama na Kudancin Australia]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} k8bl2le9kza3obl0i0jhv60lqg6jgw2 0 128275 875074 762312 2026-07-03T15:32:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Enzo Maresca''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 1980) ƙwararren manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Italiya kuma tsohon ɗan wasa . Maresca ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya tare da West Bromwich Albion a shekarar 1998. Ya ci gaba da bugawa ƙungiyoyi da dama a Italiya, ciki har da Juventus, wacce ta ba shi aro sau biyu tsawon lokacin kwangilarsa kuma ta lashe gasar a shekarar 2002. Bayan an sake shi a shekarar 2004, ya je ya buga wasa a kakar wasa ɗaya tare da Fiorentina . Daga nan ya ci gaba da aikinsa a [[La Liga]] tare da [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] (inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru huɗu) da Málaga, inda ya buga wasanni 134 kuma ya zira kwallaye 17 a gasar bayan ya lashe manyan kofuna biyar tare da Sevilla. A tsakanin zamansa biyu a Spain, ya kuma yi shekara ɗaya a Girka tare da Olympiacos . A shekarar 2012, ya koma Italiya, inda ya buga wasa har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017, jimillar wasanni 140 da kwallaye 17 a Serie A. Maresca ta wakilci Italiya a matakin matasa, ciki har da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Italiya, amma ba a taɓa buga mata wasa a matakin manya ba. Bayan ya yi ritaya, Maresca ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin manaja a [[Ascoli Picchio F.C. 1898|Ascoli]] a ƙarƙashin Fulvio Fiorin a kakar wasa [[2017–18 Serie B|ta Serie B ta 2017-18]], sannan daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin manaja a [[Manchester City F.C. EDS and Academy|ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 ta Manchester City]], inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa gasar [[Professional Development League|Premier League]] ta 2020-21. Ya fara aikinsa na kocin ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar [[Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]] ta Italiya a [[Serie B|gasar Serie B]] a 2021, amma aka kore shi daga baya a wannan shekarar. Daga nan ya koma ƙungiyar [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] ta Ingila a 2022, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin manaja a ƙarƙashin kocin [[Pep Guardiola]] . Daga baya ya jagoranci [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] a [[2023–24 EFL Championship|kakar wasa ta 2023-24]], inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa [[EFL Championship|gasar EFL]], sannan ya sami ci gaba zuwa gasar Premier. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya koma Chelsea, inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa gasar [[2024–25 UEFA Conference League|UEFA Conference League ta 2024-25]], kofinsa na biyu a matsayin manaja, kuma ya kare a matsayi na huɗu a gasar kuma ya cancanci shiga gasar zakarun Turai. Kofinsa na uku a matsayin manaja ya zo ne lokacin da ya jagoranci Chelsea zuwa gasar cin [[2025 FIFA Club World Cup|kofin duniya ta FIFA Club World Cup ta 2025]] . == Aikin kulob == === Shekarun farko === An haifi Maresca a Pontecagnano Faiano, Lardin Salerno, ta fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tana da shekaru 11 a AC Milan kuma ta koma Cagliari bayan shekaru uku. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Maresca ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta West Bromwich Albion ta Ingila, duk da cewa bai "san harshen Turanci ba". Ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Bradford City da ci 2-0 a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1998, kuma ya buga wasanni biyu da ba a kammala ba tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> === Juventus === A watan Janairun 2000, Maresca ta koma Italiya ta kuma koma Juventus a cinikin da ya kai fam miliyan 4.3, wanda aka sayar wa Albion a lokacin, wanda ya zama tarihi a kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Ya buga wasa ɗaya a gasar Serie A kafin ƙarshen kakar wasa . A cikin shekaru biyu daga cikin uku da suka biyo baya, an ba Maresca aro ga sauran ƙungiyoyin gasar Bologna da Piacenza - yarjejeniyar mallakar ƙungiya a wannan yanayin - inda ya zira kwallaye tara a kakar wasa ta 2002-03 amma ya fuskanci koma baya daga ƙungiyar. A lokacin kakar wasa ta baya, ya sami nasarar zura kwallo mai mahimmanci a wasan dawowa na Derby della Mole, da Torino maƙwabciyarsa; duk da haka, ya jawo ce-ce-ku-ce lokacin da ya yi bikin ƙwallon ta hanyar kwaikwayon bikin "ƙaho" na Marco Ferrante na Torino (bijimin alama ce ta kulob saboda alama ce ta [[Torino|Turin]], kuma ƙungiyar kuma an san ta da "Toro", bijimin a cikin Italiyanci). <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Daga baya Juventus ta sayi sauran kashi 50% na haƙƙinsa akan Yuro miliyan 2.6. === Fiorentina === A lokacin rani na 2004, Fiorentina ta sanya hannu kan Maresca tare da Fabrizio Miccoli da Giorgio Chiellini akan Yuro 13.&nbsp;miliyan, inda Juventus ke riƙe da rabin haƙƙin 'yan wasa. Ya fara buga wasa a hukumance a ranar 12 ga Satumba, inda ya buga mintuna 60 a wasan da Roma ta sha kashi a waje da ci 0-1. A ƙarshen kakar wasa, yayin da ''Viola'' ta kauce wa faɗuwar manyan 'yan wasa, Juventus ta sayi dukkan ukun akan kusan €6.7.&nbsp;miliyan a gwanjon da aka yi tsakanin ƙungiyoyin. Kudin Maresca ya kai kimanin Yuro 7,000 kacal, <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> amma ƙarin kuɗin wakili na Yuro 420,000 don ci gaba da riƙe ɗan wasan shi ma ya shiga cikin lamarin. === Sevilla === A ranar 16 ga Yuli, 2005, Maresca ta koma [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] kan kuɗin Yuro miliyan 2.5 a kwangilar shekaru huɗu. A kakar wasa ta farko a [[La Liga|gasar La Liga]], ya buga wasanni 29 kuma ya zira kwallaye takwas. Ya buga wasanni goma sha ɗaya kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a kakar wasa ta cin nasara a gasar cin kofin UEFA . Wannan ya haɗa da zura kwallaye biyu a wasan ƙarshe da [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] (4-0), inda aka kuma naɗa shi gwarzon wasan . Maresca ta ba da gudummawar kuɗin Yuro 10,000 ga asibitin San Juan de Dios da ke [[Sevilla|Seville]] . Ya zira kwallaye a bugun fenariti a ƙarshen lokaci, bayan ya sauka daga benci, don kammala nasarar da suka samu a kan [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] a gasar cin kofin UEFA Super Cup ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Maresca ta buga wasanni na mintuna 45 a wasan karshe na cin kofin UEFA na 2007 a Hampden Park, yayin da Sevilla ta yi nasarar kare kambunta na Turai a kan Espanyol . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni a matsakaicin wasanni 22 na gasar a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata. === Olympiakos === A ranar 13 ga Yuli 2009, Maresca ta koma ƙungiyar Olympiacos ta Girka a yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. Ya zura kwallaye a wasansa na farko a gasar Superleague, inda ya ci 2-0 a AEL, kuma ya riƙa fitowa a kai a kai a kakar wasa ta 2009-10 yayin da ƙungiyar da ke Piraeus ta kare a matsayi na biyu. === Málaga === Bayan ya dakatar da kwangilarsa da Olympiacos a watan Agusta na 2010, Maresca ta yi atisaye da tsohuwar ƙungiyar Fiorentina domin ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙoshin lafiya a wasa. A ranar 7 ga Disamba, an sanar da cewa yana tattaunawa da Málaga ; bayan an yi masa gwajin lafiya, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da [[Andalusia|Andalusians]] har zuwa watan Yuni na 2012. Maresca ya fara buga gasarsa ta farko a sabuwar ƙungiyarsa a ranar 8 ga Janairu 2011, inda ya buga mintuna 57 a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Athletic Bilbao a gida. A ranar 7 ga Mayu, ya ba da gudummawa da ci ɗaya ga nasarar da ƙungiyar ta samu a kan [[Atlético Madrid]] da ci 3-0. Maresca ta bayyana a wasanni 19 a kakar wasa ta 2011–12 (fara wasa tara, kwallaye biyu ) yayin da kungiyarsa ta kare a matsayi na hudu kuma ta cancanci shiga [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a karon farko a tarihinta. === Komawa Italiya === A ranar 2 ga Yuli 2012, yayin da kwantiraginsa zai kare, Maresca ta sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekara guda da Málaga; amma daga baya ta koma Italiya don shiga Sampdoria kyauta a ƙarshen watan Agusta. A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, ya zira kwallonsa ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bana ta hanyar bugun keke, a wasan da Atalanta ta sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1. A watan Janairun 2014, bayan da bai buga wasa ba a rabin farko na kakar wasa ta bana, ya amince ya koma Serie B kuma ya koma Palermo, jagoran gasar, wadanda ke bukatar dan wasa mai buga wasa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Maresca ya buga wasanni 13 a gasar yayin da Palermo ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayin zakara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> A watan Satumba, an yi masa tiyata saboda [[Appendicitis|ciwon appendicitis]] mai tsanani, <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> kuma a watan Janairu mai zuwa, ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragi don ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Italiya ce ta zaɓi Maresca a Gasar Toulon ta 2000, kuma ta kammala a matsayi na biyu da 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 a Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta UEFA ta 1999 . Ya kuma wakilci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 tsawon shekaru biyu tsakanin 2000 da 2002, duk da cewa bai buga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta 2002 da aka yi a [[Switzerland]] ba saboda raunin da ya samu yayin da ƙasar ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar. Ba a taɓa buga masa wasa a matakin gaba ɗaya ba. == Salon wasan == Dan wasa mai iya wasa da yawa, mai daidaito, mai sauri, mai kuzari da kuma aiki tukuru, Maresca yana da ikon yin wasa a ko'ina a tsakiyar fili; <ref name="Regista">{{Cite web |last=Cesare Treccarichi |date=20 January 2014 |title=Mondonico: " Maresca, giocatore completo. Regista? Secondo me... " |trans-title=Mondonico: " Maresca, complete player. Playmaker? According to me... " |url=http://www.palermo24.net/primo-piano/mondonico-maresca-giocatore-completo-regista-secondo-me-24800 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122172957/http://www.palermo24.net/primo-piano/mondonico-maresca-giocatore-completo-regista-secondo-me-24800 |archive-date=22 January 2014 |access-date=12 November 2014 |publisher=Palermo 24 |language=it}}</ref> <ref name="Superman">{{Cite web |date=18 October 2000 |title=Piacere, Superman |trans-title=Nice to meet you, Superman |url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/10/18/piacere-superman.html?ref=search |access-date=12 November 2014 |publisher=La Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> <ref name="Tutto">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2010 |title=Palermo, con Maresca sarebbe un centrocampo perfetto |trans-title=Palermo, with Maresca we will have a perfect midfield |url=http://www.tuttopalermo.net/calcio-mercato/palermo-con-maresca-sarebbe-un-centrocampo-perfetto-27368 |access-date=12 November 2014 |publisher=Tutto Palermo |language=it}}</ref> kodayake sau da yawa ana tura shi a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai buga wasa mai zurfi]], saboda iyawarsa ta tsara motsin ƙungiyarsa da ƙirƙirar damar zura kwallaye, matsayin da ya fi so shine a cikin [[Mai buga tsakiya|rawar da za a buga daga akwati zuwa akwati]], ko dai a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan]] [[Mai buga tsakiya|tsakiya]] ko na tsakiya, inda sau da yawa yake nuna ƙwarewarsa ta kai hari, mai son zura kwallo da kuma ƙwarewa wajen yin bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a ƙarshen filin wasa. Hakanan yana da ikon yin wasa a matsayin ''[[Mai buga tsakiya|mezzala]]'' . <ref name="Regista" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> <ref name="eroi in bianconero">{{Cite web |last=Bedeschi |first=Stefano |date=10 February 2014 |title=Gli eroi in bianconero: Vincenzo MARESCA |trans-title=Heroes in black and white: Vincenzo MARESCA |url=http://www.tuttojuve.com/gli-eroi-bianconeri/gli-eroi-in-bianconero-vincenzo-maresca-81416 |access-date=12 November 2014 |publisher=Tutto Juve |language=it |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218003453/http://www.tuttojuve.com/gli-eroi-bianconeri/gli-eroi-in-bianconero-vincenzo-maresca-81416 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="vivoazzurro">{{Cite web |date=16 May 2016 |title="Made in Italy": i migliori italiani della 38 giornata di Serie A per i media |trans-title="Made in Italy": the best Italians of the 38th Serie A matchday |url=http://vivoazzurro.it/news/made-in-italy-i-migliori-italiani-della-38-giornata-di-serie-a-per-i-media/ |access-date=11 February 2017 |publisher=Vivo Azzurro |language=it}}</ref> <ref name="IitalianFootballDaily">{{Cite web |last=Rocco Fasano |date=15 January 2014 |title=OFFICIAL: Maresca to Palermo |url=https://www.italianfootballdaily.com/official-maresca-palermo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213165617/https://www.italianfootballdaily.com/official-maresca-palermo/ |archive-date=13 February 2017 |access-date=13 February 2017 |publisher=Italian Football Daily}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Ɗan wasa mai sauri, mai kuzari da kirkire-kirkire, mai kyakkyawan motsi, dabara da natsuwa a kan ƙwallon, yana da kyakkyawan hangen nesa, wayewa, basirar dabara da ikon wucewa; <ref name="Regista" /> <ref name="Superman" /> <ref name="Tutto" /> <ref name="vivoazzurro" /> <ref name="tuttocalciatori1">{{Cite web |date=26 August 2008 |title=Maresca eroe di Spagna |trans-title=Maresca hero of Spain |url=http://www.tuttocalciatori.net/notizie-645-maresca-eroe-di-spagna |access-date=11 February 2017 |publisher=Tutto Calciatori |language=it}}</ref> saboda halayensa na jiki da na tunani, da kuma ƙarfinsa, juriyarsa da kuma ƙarfin aikinsa, ya kuma kasance mai iya kare kansa. <ref name="Regista" /> <ref name="Superman" /> <ref name="Tutto" /> <ref name="tuttocalciatori1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Saboda baiwar da yake da ita da kuma iyawarsa iri-iri, Emiliano Mondonico, tsohon manajan Maresca a Fiorentina, ya bayyana shi a matsayin "cikakken ɗan wasa". <ref name="Regista"/> == Aikin gudanarwa == A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2017, an bayyana Maresca a matsayin wani ɓangare na ma'aikatan da ba sa wasa a ƙungiyar Serie B ta Ascoli a kakar wasa mai zuwa . Ganin cewa bai sami lambar yabo ta horarwa da ake buƙata ba a lokacin ɗaukar ma'aikata, an naɗa shi a hukumance a matsayin mataimakin sabon kocin Fulvio Fiorin, a da yana horar da matasa kuma mai neman aiki a Milan. A watan Agusta na 2020, [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] ta ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin manajan ƙungiyar Elite Development Squad . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Maresca ta lashe gasar Premier League 2 a kakar wasa ɗaya tilo da ta yi tana jagorantar ƙungiyar Elite Development Squad. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> === Parma === A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2021, an ɗauki Maresca a matsayin sabon kocin Parma, wanda ya buga wasa a Serie B a kakar wasa ta 2021-22 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Maresca ta gaza jagorantar Parma zuwa wuraren haɓɓaka gasar, inda daga ƙarshe aka kore ta a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> === Manchester City === A watan Yunin 2022, ya koma Manchester City a matsayin daya daga cikin mataimakan manajojin [[Pep Guardiola]], inda ya maye gurbin Juanma Lillo, wanda ya zama manajan Al-Sadd . === Leicester City === A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2023, an nada Maresca a matsayin manajan kulob din Championship [[Leicester City F.C.|na Leicester City]], bayan ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da sabuwar kungiyar Ingila da aka sauke daga gasar. Ya shafe watanni biyu na farko yana zaune a sansanin horar da kungiyar. Wasansa na farko da ya jagoranci kungiyar shine wasan M69 derby a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta da Coventry City, wanda ya kare da nasara 2-1 ga Leicester. Bayan fara kakar wasa da nasara 100% a wasanni hudu na farko a gasar Championship, Maresca ta zama Manajan Gasar EFL na Watan a watan Agusta. <ref name="Aug23 MOTM">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=See the Sky Bet Championship Manager and Player of the Month winners for August |url=https://www.efl.com/news/2023/september/09/see-the-sky-bet-championship-manager-and-player-of-the-month-winners-for-august/ |website=EFL}}</ref> A watan Oktoba, ya lashe kyautar a karo na biyu, bayan ya jagoranci Leicester zuwa wani tarihi mai kyau, inda ya samu nasara shida da kwallaye 15 daga wasanni shida. <ref name="Oct23 MOTM">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=See the Sky Bet Championship Manager and Player of the Month winners for October |url=https://www.efl.com/news/2023/november/10/see-the-sky-bet-championship-manager-and-player-of-the-month-winners-for-october/ |website=EFL}}</ref> A watan Disamba, ya lashe kyautar a karo na uku, bayan ya jagoranci Leicester ta kawo karshen shekarar kalandar a saman gasar, inda ya samu nasara shida da kwallaye 18 daga wasanni bakwai. <ref name="Dec23 MOTM">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2024 |title=Sky Bet Championship Manager and Player of the Month for December |url=https://www.efl.com/news/2024/january/12/sky-bet-championship-manager-and-player-of-the-month-for-december/ |website=EFL}}</ref> Kungiyarsa ta Leicester ta samu nasarar komawa [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> ta zama zakaran gasar Championship a ranar 29 ga Afrilu bayan nasarar da ta samu a waje da Preston North End da ci 3-0. An ba shi wani Manajan Gasar EFL na Watan a watan Afrilu, wanda shi ne karo na hudu a kakar wasa, saboda ya tara maki 15 a wasanni bakwai. <ref name="Apr24 MOTM">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Sky Bet Manager and Player of the Month: April winners |url=https://www.efl.com/news/2024/may/03/sky-bet-manager-and-player-of-the-month--april-winners/ |website=EFL}}</ref> === Chelsea === A ranar 3 ga Yuni 2024, ƙungiyar [[Premier League|ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier]] [[Chelsea F.C.|ta Chelsea]] ta sanar da cewa Maresca za ta fara aiki a matsayin kocinta a ranar 1 ga Yuli, inda ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar tare da zaɓin tsawaita shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Agusta, wasansa na farko a matsayin kocin, ya ƙare da rashin nasara a gida da ci 2-0 a hannun zakarun [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Mako guda bayan haka, ya cimma nasararsa ta farko a gasar Premier a matsayin kocin Chelsea ta hanyar doke Wolverhampton Wanderers da ci 6-2, godiya ga kwallaye uku da Noni Madueke ya ci da sauran kwallayen da [[Cole Palmer]], [[Nicolas Jackson]] da [[João Félix]] suka ci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Sakamakon da ya fi kyau a wasanni masu zuwa, tare da nasara uku a jere akan Bournemouth, [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] da [[Brighton & Hove Albion FC|Brighton & Hove Albion]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> ya jagoranci mafi kyawun farawa a kakar wasa ta Premier ta ƙungiyar tun 2021 kuma an nada Maresca a matsayin Manajan Gasar Premier na Watan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Zuwa watan Disamba, an ga Chelsea a matsayin masu fafatawa a gasar, wanda Maresca ta buga ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> A ƙarshe, Maresca ta jagoranci Chelsea zuwa matsayi na huɗu, karo na farko da ƙungiyar ta cancanci shiga [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] tun kakar wasa ta 2021-22 a ƙarƙashin [[Thomas Tuchel]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Mayu 2025, Maresca ta lashe kofinta na farko a matsayin kocin Chelsea ta hanyar lashe gasar UEFA Conference League bayan ta doke Real Betis da ci 4-1 a wasan karshe, wanda hakan ke nufin cewa Chelsea ta zama kungiya daya tilo da ta lashe dukkan manyan gasa uku na UEFA a yanzu. <ref name="conference 25">{{Cite web |last=Begley |first=Emlyn |date=28 May 2025 |title=Real Betis 1–4 Chelsea |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/crk2zx2e1xet |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Yuli 2025, ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa ga nasara a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA Club World Cup ta 2025, bugu na farko na gasar da aka fadada, tare da nasara 3-0 akan wanda ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai kwanan nan, [[Paris Saint-Germain]], a wasan karshe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Wannan yana nufin cewa Maresca ta lashe kofuna biyu gaba daya a kakar wasa ta farko a matsayin kocin Chelsea. == Salon gudanarwa == Tsarin dabarun Maresca yana da tasiri ga na mai ba shi shawara [[Pep Guardiola]], wanda a ƙarƙashinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin manaja a Manchester City. Ya kuma yi amfani da gogewarsa a lokacin da yake wasa a ƙarƙashin manajoji Marcello Lippi, [[Carlo Ancelotti]], da Manuel Pellegrini . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Salon Maresca - wanda aka yi wa lakabi da ''Marescaball'' a cikin manema labarai - an gina shi ne bisa daidaito, kuma ba wai kawai yana da alaƙa da riƙe ƙwallo ba, ƙirƙirar damammaki, zura kwallaye, da gina wasanni daga zurfi, tare da masu tsaron baya da masu tsaron gida suna wucewa daga baya, har ma da kasancewa cikin ƙarfin tsaro. <ref name="Maresca Chelsea's Arteta" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> <ref name="Coaches' Voice">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2024 |title=Enzo Maresca's tactics and style of play |url=https://learning.coachesvoice.com/cv/enzo-maresca-tactics-chelsea-leicester-city-parma/ |access-date=9 June 2025 |publisher=Coaches' Voice}}</ref> Dangane da falsafarsa da kuma rubutunsa a wurin horar da Coverciano mai taken "Ƙwallon ƙafa da Chess", Maresca ta bayyana a cikin wata hira ta 2021 da ''La Gazzetta dello Sport'' : "Mafi mahimmanci shine wasan matsayi da dabarun. Ga koci, yana da mahimmanci a sami tunanin ɗan wasan chess: haɓaka tsari, nazarin motsin counter, zaɓi tsarin ƙwallo." <ref name="Maresca Chelsea's Arteta">{{Cite web |last=Keble |first=Alex |date=1 July 2024 |title=Can Maresca become Chelsea's version of Arteta? |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/4032229 |access-date=9 June 2025 |publisher=www.premierleague.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Maresca ta auri Maria Jesus Pariente. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar gudanarwa == {{Updated|match played 30 December 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Tarihin gudanarwa ta ƙungiya da kuma lokacin aiki ! rowspan="2" | Ƙungiyar ! rowspan="2" | Daga ! rowspan="2" | Zuwa ! colspan="8" | Rikodi ! rowspan="2" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! |- | align="left" | Parma | align="left" | 27 Mayu 2021 | align="left" | 23 Nuwamba 2021{{WDL|14|4|5|5|for=18|against=21|diff=yes}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> |- | align="left" | [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] | align="left" | 16 Yuni 2023 | align="left" | 3 ga Yuni 2024{{WDL|53|36|4|13|for=103|against=50|diff=yes}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> |- | align="left" | [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | align="left" | 1 Yuli 2024 | align="left" | 1 Janairu 2026{{WDL|92|55|16|21|for=191|against=98|diff=yes}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> |- ! colspan="3" | Jimilla {{WDLtot|159|95|25|39|for=312|against=169|diff=yes}} ! |} == Daraja == === Ɗan wasa === '''Juventus''' <ref name="SW">{{Cite web |title=E. Maresca – Trophies |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/enzo-maresca/3124/ |access-date=18 July 2015 |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> * Serie A : 2001–02 '''Sevilla''' <ref name="SW"/> * Copa del Rey : 2006–07 * Gasar Super Cup ta Spain : 2007 * Kofin UEFA : 2005–06, 2006–07 * Kofin UEFA Super : 2006 '''Palermo''' <ref name="Retirement">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2017 |title=Enzo Maresca announces retirement |url=http://www.football-italia.net/98162/enzo-maresca-announces-retirement |access-date=10 February 2017 |publisher=Football Italia}}</ref> * Serie B : 2013–14 [[Fayil:Maresca_Championship_trophy_Leicester_(cropped).jpg|thumb|260x260px|Maresca ta zama kocin [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] bayan ta lashe gasar EFL ta 2023-24]] '''Manchester City 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23''' * Gasar Firimiya ta 2 : 2020–21 '''Leicester City''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai : 2023–24 '''Chelsea''' * Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA : 2024–25 <ref name="conference 25"/> * Kofin Duniya na FIFA Club : 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Kocin Gasar Premier na Watan : Satumba 2024, <ref name="Oct24_MOTM">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2024 |title=Maresca named Barclays Manager of the Month |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/4145565 |access-date=11 October 2024 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Nuwamba 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1998 |title=Sporting Digest: Football |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sporting-digest-football-1200109.html |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> * Manajan Gasar EFL na Watan : Agusta 2023, <ref name="Aug23 MOTM"/> Oktoba 2023, <ref name="Oct23 MOTM"/> Disamba 2023, <ref name="Dec23 MOTM"/> Afrilu 2024 <ref name="Apr24 MOTM"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] esfyx3l484wrbjo9y0k1gke7np78nij 0 131306 875528 833892 2026-07-03T22:55:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fikile Ntshangase''' (an haife ta a kusan 1957) ta kasance [[Gudanar da muhalli|mai fafutukar kare muhalli]] a Afirka ta Kudu wacce aka kashe a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2020. Ta kasance babbar mamba a kungiyar Mfolozi Community Environmental Justice Organization (MCEJO), wacce ke ɗaukar matakin shari'a kan shirin faɗaɗa ma'adinan kwal a buɗe wanda Tendele Coal Mining (Pty) Ltd ke gudanarwa, kusa da Somkhele, wanda ke kusa da wurin shakatawa na Hluhluwe–iMfolozi, wurin adana namun daji mafi tsufa a Afirka. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kockott |first=Fred |last2=Hattingh |first2=Matthew |date=2020-10-28 |title=South African activist killed as contentious coal mine seeks to expand |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/10/south-african-activist-killed-as-contentious-coal-mine-seeks-to-expand/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210054258/https://news.mongabay.com/2020/10/south-african-activist-killed-as-contentious-coal-mine-seeks-to-expand/ |archive-date=2021-02-10 |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fafutukar kare muhalli == === Aikin muhalli === Ntshangase Mataimakin Shugaba ne na wani ƙaramin kwamiti na MCEJO. A baya ƙungiyar ta ƙalubalanci faɗaɗa haƙar ma'adinai a Mthethwa ta hanyar tsarin [[Binciken tasirin muhalli|tantance tasirin muhalli]] . MCEJO tana samun tallafi daga [[Rayuwar Duniya ta Afirka|Earthlife Africa]], groundWork, ActionAid South Africa, da [https://womin.africa/ WoMin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528201054/https://womin.africa/ |date=2022-05-28 }} . ==== Al'ummar Mpukukunyoni ==== MCEJO ta shiga cikin ƙalubalantar ma'adinan Somkhele bisa buƙatar mazauna yankin Mpukukunyoni. An ba Tendele Coal Mining ƙarin haƙƙoƙi a yankin kuma faɗaɗa ma'adinan zai isa kusa da [[Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve|Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Namun daji]] . <ref name="Khaya2">{{Cite news |last=Koko |first=Khaya |date=7 Nov 2020 |title=How we braved danger to honour Fikile Ntshangase |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2020-11-07-how-we-braved-danger-to-honour-fikile-ntshangase/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321164203/https://mg.co.za/news/2020-11-07-how-we-braved-danger-to-honour-fikile-ntshangase/ |archive-date=2021-03-21 |access-date=2021-03-08 |work=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> Ma'adinan yana kusa da gidan Ntshangase a Ophondweni a lardin [[KwaZulu-Natal]], Afirka ta Kudu. Ita ce mafi girman masana'antar [[anthracite]] ta Afirka, wacce ake amfani da ita wajen samar da ƙarfe. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Bond |first=Patrick |date=2022-02-17 |title=Lessons from the assassination of Fikile Ntshangase: Climate violence, the “Right to say No!”, uncompensated resource extraction, financial profiteering and unpaid ecological debt in South Africa's coal mining belt |url=https://www.cadtm.org/Lessons-from-the-assassination-of-Fikile-Ntshangase-Climate-violence-the-Right |access-date=2022-02-17 |website=CADTM |language=en}}</ref> Al'ummar Mpukukunyoni ta saba dogara ne akan kiwo da noma, amma Ma'adinan Coal na Somkhele da wurin shakatawa na Hluhluwe-iMfolozi sune manyan ma'aikata na al'umma a halin yanzu. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Kockott |first=Fred |last2=Hattingh |first2=Matthew |date=2020-10-28 |title=South African activist killed as contentious coal mine seeks to expand |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/10/south-african-activist-killed-as-contentious-coal-mine-seeks-to-expand/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210054258/https://news.mongabay.com/2020/10/south-african-activist-killed-as-contentious-coal-mine-seeks-to-expand/ |archive-date=2021-02-10 |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> Al'ummar yankin sun nuna damuwar lafiya game da ma'adinan, ciki har da matsalolin numfashi da ke da alaƙa da ƙurar kwal; gurɓatar ruwan sha; da kuma busassun hanyoyin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Koko |first=Khaya |date=2020-11-07 |title=Tendele’s mine pollutes their air and water, residents claim |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2020-11-07-tendeles-mine-pollutes-their-air-and-water-residents-claim/ |access-date=2022-02-17 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> An kuma ajiye damuwar al'adu a matsayin kaburburan kakanninmu inda aka tono gawar kuma aka ƙaura zuwa wani wuri ba tare da an gano ainihin asalinta ba. <ref name=":1"/> Bugu da ƙari, Ma'ajiyar Namun Daji ta Hluhluwe-iMfolozi tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙoƙarin kiyaye muhalli a kusa da farin karkanda, kuma akwai fargabar cewa faɗaɗa ma'adinan Somkhele kusa da iyakarta zai ƙara tsananta farautar namun daji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining impacts on Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park |url=https://rovingreporters.co.za/mining-impacts-on-hluhluwe-imfolozi-park/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217224342/https://rovingreporters.co.za/mining-impacts-on-hluhluwe-imfolozi-park/ |archive-date=17 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-17 |website=Roving Reporters |language=en-US}}</ref> Ntshangase wani ɓangare ne na takaddamar shari'a da ta yi adawa da faɗaɗa ma'adinan Somkhele. Tare da taimakon lauyoyi masu kare sauyin yanayi da kuma adalci ga muhalli daga cibiyar kula da dokokin muhalli mai zaman kanta ta ALL RISE, MCEJO ta ƙaddamar da ƙarar shari'a a kan Tendele Coal Mining don dakatar da ayyukanta a ma'adinan Somkhele har sai ta gyara tsarin kula da muhalli kuma ta sami izini masu dacewa don sarrafa sharar gida da kuma cire shuke-shuke masu kariya a yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Koko |first=Khaya |date=2020-11-07 |title=Tendele’s mine pollutes their air and water, residents claim |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2020-11-07-tendeles-mine-pollutes-their-air-and-water-residents-claim/ |access-date=2022-02-17 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Babbar Kotun Pietermaritzburg ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba a buƙatar Tendele ta sami izinin muhalli don haƙƙin haƙar ma'adinai ba. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kirsten |first=Youens |date=2022-01-20 |title=Unfortunate Environmental Authorisation Precedent Stands as Application to the Constitutional Court Dismissed - All Rise |url=https://allrise.org.za/unfortunate-environmental-authorisation-precedent-stands-as-application-to-the-constitutional-court-dismissed/ |access-date=2022-02-17 |language=en-ZA }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lokacin da aka ɗaukaka ƙarar, Kotun Ƙoli ta yi watsi da ƙarar bisa ga cewa MCEJO da ALL RISE ba su fayyace takamaiman ayyukan da Tendele ta yi waɗanda ke buƙatar izinin muhalli ba. <ref name=":3" /> ==== Karuwar tashin hankali ==== Al'ummar yankin sun rabu game da faɗaɗa ma'adinan, wanda hakan ya haifar da tashin hankali. Wasu sun yi ta fafutukar kare rayuwarsu ta karkara da muhalli, amma sauran membobin al'umma suna buƙatar aiki daga ma'adinan kuma suna goyon bayan faɗaɗawa. Wasu mazauna Mpukukunyoni sun yi zanga-zangar nuna sha'awar ƙaura da suka shafi faɗaɗa ma'adinan Tendele, suna masu cewa ba su da isasshen shawarwari na jama'a kafin a ba kamfanin haƙƙin haƙar ma'adinai. <ref name=":1"/> Mazauna kusa da ma'adinan sun fuskanci barazana da barazanar tashin hankali a watanni kafin kisan Ntshangase. An ruwaito cewa an harbi iyalan da suka ƙi ƙaura daga filayen kakanninsu. A watan Afrilun 2020, an harbi harsasai 19 a gidan wani mai fafutukar yaƙi da ma'adinan, Tholakele Mthethwa. <ref name="Khaya" /> Da farko Tendele ma'adinai ta yi ƙoƙarin cimma yarjejeniya da MCEJO don janye shari'o'in kotu da ake yi wa kamfanin, wanda wasu membobin MCEJO suka amince da su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Koko |first=Khaya |date=2020-11-07 |title=Tendele’s mine pollutes their air and water, residents claim |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2020-11-07-tendeles-mine-pollutes-their-air-and-water-residents-claim/ |access-date=2022-02-17 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa Ntshangase ta ƙi sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya kuma ta ƙi cin hancin kamfanin. An ruwaito ta ce, "Na ƙi sanya hannu. Ba zan iya sayar da mutanena ba. Kuma idan ya zama dole, zan mutu saboda mutanena." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-06 |title=Condemnation of the assassination of Mama Fikile Ntshangase in South Africa |url=https://www.foei.org/features/assassination-mama-fikile-ntshangase-south-africa-human-rights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515140635/https://www.foei.org/features/assassination-mama-fikile-ntshangase-south-africa-human-rights |archive-date=2021-05-15 |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=Friends of the Earth International |language=en-US}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Da misalin ƙarfe 6:30 na yamma a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2020, a cewar 'yan sandan yankin, mutane uku sun shiga gidan Ntshangase da ke Ophondweni, suka harbe ta har lahira (sau shida) a nisan mita kaɗan daga jikanta mai shekaru goma sha uku da abokansa biyu (yana da shekaru takwas da goma). Tana da shekaru 63 kuma tana yanka albasa don cin abincin dare a lokacin. Mutuwar Ntshangase wani bangare ne na karuwar masu fafutukar kare muhalli da aka kashe, domin an kashe adadi mafi yawa a duniya a tsakanin 2019 da 2020, a cewar rahotannin Global Witness. Waɗannan mace-macen suna da alaƙa da ƙalubalen masu fafutukar kare muhalli ga masana'antun man fetur, da kuma rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin al'umma game da yadda fafutukar kare muhalli za ta iya shafar rayuwarsu idan babu [[Canjin Adalci|sauyi mai adalci]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bond |first=Patrick |date=2022-02-17 |title=Lessons from the assassination of Fikile Ntshangase: Climate violence, the “Right to say No!”, uncompensated resource extraction, financial profiteering and unpaid ecological debt in South Africa's coal mining belt |url=https://www.cadtm.org/Lessons-from-the-assassination-of-Fikile-Ntshangase-Climate-violence-the-Right |access-date=2022-02-17 |website=CADTM |language=en}}</ref> === Martani na ƙasashen duniya === An yi Allah wadai da mutuwar Ntshangase a matsayin kisan kai daga ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli da na agaji da dama. Misali, a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2020, ƙungiyar kare muhalli [[Ayyukan ƙasa na Burtaniya|ta ƙasa]] ta aika wa hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu wasiƙa tana neman a gudanar da bincike nan take kan mutuwarta, wanda ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta duniya ta tallafawa [[Abokan Duniya|, Friends of the Earth]] . <ref name=":0"/> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Human Rights Watch]] ta rubuta irin wannan wasiƙar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Koko |first=Khaya |date=2020-11-07 |title=Tendele’s mine pollutes their air and water, residents claim |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2020-11-07-tendeles-mine-pollutes-their-air-and-water-residents-claim/ |access-date=2022-02-17 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] 4o9e54diy66kw5rmqv5xhozfurq3sdw 0 132828 875524 803009 2026-07-03T22:36:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fernando Botero Angulo''' (19 Afrilu 1932 - 15 Satumba 2023) ƙwararren mai zane ne kuma mai sassaka ɗan ƙasar Colombia. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |date=15 September 2023 |title=Fernando Botero |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fernando-Botero |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Salon sa na musamman, wanda aka fi sani da "Boterismo", yana nuna mutane da mutane a cikin babban girma, wanda zai iya wakiltar suka ko barkwanci na siyasa, ya danganta da aikin. An ɗauke shi a matsayin mai zane da aka fi sani kuma aka ambata daga Latin Amurka a rayuwarsa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2005 |title='Great Crime' at Abu Ghraib Enrages and Inspires an Artist |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/08/international/americas/08botero.html |access-date=27 October 2016 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyb |first=Marina |date=10 June 2013 |title=Fernando Botero, el aprendiz eterno |url=http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/arte/pintura/Fernando-Botero-MNBA_0_934106624.html |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061921/http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/arte/pintura/Fernando-Botero-MNBA_0_934106624.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=TORREÓN |first=NOTIMEX / EL SIGLO DE |date=April 2012 |title=Fernando Botero, el gran artista de Latinoamérica |url=http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/725150.fernando-botero-el-gran-artista-de-latinoamerica.html |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525114048/https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/725150.fernando-botero-el-gran-artista-de-latinoamerica.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ana iya samun fasaharsa a wurare masu matuƙar gani a duniya, kamar Park Avenue a birnin New York da kuma Champs-Élysées a birnin Paris, a lokuta daban-daban. Mai suna "mafi fasahar Colombian da ta fi shahara a Colombia", Botero ya shahara a ƙasa lokacin da ya lashe kyautar farko a Salón de Artistas Colombianos a 1958. Ya fara ƙirƙirar sassaka bayan ya ƙaura zuwa Paris a 1973, inda ya sami karɓuwa a duniya ta hanyar baje kolin kayan tarihi a faɗin duniya a shekarun 1990. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyb |first=Marina |date=10 June 2013 |title=Fernando Botero, el aprendiz eterno |url=http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/arte/pintura/Fernando-Botero-MNBA_0_934106624.html |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061921/http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/arte/pintura/Fernando-Botero-MNBA_0_934106624.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=TORREÓN |first=NOTIMEX / EL SIGLO DE |date=April 2012 |title=Fernando Botero, el gran artista de Latinoamérica |url=http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/725150.fernando-botero-el-gran-artista-de-latinoamerica.html |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525114048/https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/725150.fernando-botero-el-gran-artista-de-latinoamerica.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manyan gidajen tarihi na duniya, kamfanoni, da masu tattara kayayyaki masu zaman kansu suna tattara fasaharsa, wani lokacin ana sayar da ita akan miliyoyin daloli. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-05-24 |title=Botero painting sets auction record |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2006/05/24/botero-painting-sets-auction-record/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=The Denver Post |language=en-US}}</ref> A 2012, ya sami kyautar Nasarar Rayuwa a Zane-zane na Zamani ta Cibiyar Zane ta Duniya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=www.marlboroughgallery.com |first=Marlborough Gallery |title=Marlborough Gallery – Fernando Botero Receives the Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Sculpture Center |url=http://www.marlboroughgallery.com/news/fernando-botero-receives-the-lifetime-achievement-award-from-the-international-sculpture-center |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=marlboroughgallery.com}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko === An haifi Fernando Botero a [[Medellín]] a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1932. Mahaifinsa, David Botero, mai sayar da kaya wanda ke tafiya da dawaki, ya mutu lokacin da Fernando ke da shekaru huɗu. <ref name="GuardianObit">{{cite news |last1=Caistor |first1=Nick |date=15 September 2023 |title=Fernando Botero obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/sep/15/fernando-botero-obituary |access-date=15 September 2023 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa, Flora Angulo, '''<ref name=":06" />''' ta yi aiki a matsayin mai dinki don tallafa wa iyalin. Wani kawu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwarsa. <ref name="GuardianObit" /> Duk da cewa an ware shi daga fasaha kamar yadda aka gabatar a gidajen tarihi da sauran cibiyoyin al'adu, Botero ya sami tasiri daga salon Baroque na majami'un mulkin mallaka da kuma rayuwar birni na [[Medellín]] yayin da yake girma. Botero ya sami ilimin firamare a Ateneo Antioqueño, kuma godiya ga tallafin karatu, ya ci gaba da karatun sakandare a Makarantar Jesuit ta Bolívar. A shekara ta 1944, kawun Botero ya tura shi makarantar matadors na tsawon shekaru biyu. Wasu daga cikin zane-zanensa na baya sun samo asali ne daga yanayin yaƙin bijimai. Ya sayar da zanensa na farko akan pesos biyu, godiya ga wani ɗan kasuwa wanda ya ba shi damar nuna shi a tagar shagonsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyb |first=Marina |date=10 June 2013 |title=Fernando Botero, el aprendiz eterno |url=http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/arte/pintura/Fernando-Botero-MNBA_0_934106624.html |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061921/http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/arte/pintura/Fernando-Botero-MNBA_0_934106624.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya yi magana da jaridar ''Los Angeles Times'', a lokacin wata hira a watan Nuwamba na 2000, kuma ya bayyana cewa ya rasa kuɗin da ya samu don zanen, don haka, 'yan uwansa ba su taɓa yarda da shi ba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Darling |first=Juanita |date=2000-11-02 |title=Softening the Face of Medellín |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-nov-02-mn-45891-story.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Son da yake yi wa zane-zane tsirara ya haifar da matsala ga iliminsa na Roman Katolika. An kore shi daga makaranta bayan ya kare fasahar Pablo Picasso a cikin wani muƙala. <ref name=":06" /> A shekara ta 1948, Botero yana da shekaru 16 an buga zane-zanensa na farko a cikin ƙarin littafin ''El Colombiano'' na Lahadi, ɗaya daga cikin jaridu mafi mahimmanci a Medellín. Ya yi amfani da kuɗin da aka biya shi don halartar makarantar sakandare a Liceo de Marinilla de Antioquia. === Sana'a === An fara nuna ayyukan Botero a shekarar 1948, a wani wasan kwaikwayo na rukuni tare da sauran masu fasaha daga yankin. [1] Daga 1949 zuwa 1950, Botero ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane, kafin ya koma Bogotá a 1951. Matashin Botero ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a jarida don tallafawa sha'awarsa ta fasaha kuma kafin ya halarci Kwalejin San Fernando. Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Pérez Miami ya sami hoton rayuwar Botero a farkon aikinsa wanda ke nuna apples, tasirin ƙungiyoyin tarihi na fasaha na Turai da masu zane-zane na ƙarni na 20. [2] Nuninsa na farko na mutum ɗaya an gudanar da shi a Galería Leo Matiz da ke Bogotá, 'yan watanni bayan isowarsa. A shekarar 1953, Botero ya koma Paris, inda ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa a Louvre, yana nazarin ayyukan da ke can. Ya zauna a Florence daga 1953 zuwa 1954, yana nazarin ayyukan masters na Renaissance. Daga baya a rayuwarsa, ya zauna mafi yawan lokaci a Paris, amma ya shafe wata ɗaya a shekara a garinsu na Medellín. Ya yi nune-nune sama da 50 a manyan biranen duniya, kuma aikinsa ya kai ga sayar da farashi da miliyoyin daloli. A shekarar 1958, ya lashe bugu na tara na Salón de Artistas Colombianos . [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]] ===MANAZARTA=== hmx2d514yc69ybfd8i9r55q6qutaqrz 0 133390 875372 859823 2026-07-03T19:20:42Z Saudarh2 14842 /* */ 875372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maulana Khawaja Khan Muhammad''' (Urdu; An haife shi a shekarar 1916 - ya rasu 5 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2010) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne a kasar [['Yan Pakistan]], wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ameer na Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Khawaja Khan Muhammad a shekarar 1916 a Gundumar Mianwali ga Khawaja Umar Sahib . Ya halarci makaranta har zuwa aji na shida, sannan ya yi nazarin Alkur'ani da littattafan addini na farko a Khanqah Sirajia Kundian . Ya tafi Jamiah Islamiah Talimuddin Dabhel don ci gaba da ilimi. Daga nan sai ya tafi Darul Uloom Deoband don kammala karatunsa. Baya ga Izaz Ali Amrohi da sauran fitattun malamai, ya kuma sami girmamawa na zama dalibi na musamman na Shaykh-ul-Islam Hazrat Maulana Syed Hussain Ahmad Madani. == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Darul Uloom Deoband a shekarar 1941, ya koma Khanqah Sirajia Kundian kuma ya fara koyarwa a can. Ya yi aiki a Khanqah Sirajia a matsayin shugaban na kimanin shekaru sittin har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat bayan mutuwar [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] a shekarar 1977. Ya kasance yana yin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] kusan kowace shekara, ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kusan [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] 65. Ya mutu a Multan saboda mummunan Jaundice a ranar Laraba 5 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2010 bayan addu'o'in Maghrib. Ɗansa kuma magajinsa Hazret Khawja Abu Saad Khalil Ahmed ne ya ba da addu'o'in jana'izarsa, wanda miliyoyin mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka halarta, kuma an binne shi kusa da mai ba da shawara Hazret Maulana Abdullah Ludhianvi a cikin makabartar Khanqah Sarajia . Masana da yawa kamar Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Ministan Tarayya Atta-ur-Rehman, Ubaidur Rahman Zia, Taqi Usmani, Saleemullah Khan, Abdur Razzaq Iskander, Abdul Ghafoor Haideri da Rafi Usmani, Syed Muhammad Kafeel Bukhari, Maulana Amjad Khan, Hafiz Hussain Ahmed, Abdul Latif Khalid Cheema, Muhammad Hanif Jaland, Gul Naseeb Khan da Qari Fayyaz-ur-Rehman Alvi sun halarci. Dan majalisa na Punjab Ali Haider Noor Khan Niazi wanda ke wakiltar Babban Ministan Punjab na lokacin [[Shehbaz Sharif|Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif]] ya halarci addu'ar jana'izar kuma ya shimfiɗa kambi a kan kabari. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] 2vv2ms1n9mz51mizfmt3i3e24fhhhoh 0 134232 875401 858371 2026-07-03T19:51:55Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Tarihin rayuwa */ 875401 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdur Razzaq Iskander''' (An haife shi a shekarar 1935 - Ya rasu 30 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2021; Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma marubuci. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa kuma babban farfesa na Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, sarkin Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat kuma shugaban Wifaqul Madaris a kasar Pakistan.Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Karachi, Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] da [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] .Ya wallafa littattafai kamar ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' da ''Tahafuzz-e-Madāris'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Abdur Razzaq a shekarar 1935 a cikin iyalin addini a Kokal, Gundumar Abbottabad . Ya yi karatu a Madrassa Darul Uloom Chohar Sharif, Haripur da Ahmed Al-Madrassa Sikandarpur . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya kammala karatu a dars-e-nizami daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia a shekarar 1956. Shi ne dalibi na farko na dars-e-nizami a Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia . <ref name="alert" /> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madinah|Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina]] a shekarar 1962 kuma ya yi karatun tauhidin shekaru hudu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] a shekarar 1972. <ref name="alert" /> Ya kasance almajirin Muhammad Yusuf Ludhianvi a [[Sufiyya|Tasawwuf]] . Malamansa sun hada da [[Muhammad Yousuf Banuri]] da Wali Hasan Tonki . <ref name="alert" /> Abdur Razzaq ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1955. Ya zama Shaykh al-[[Hadisi|hadith]] (babban farfesa na hadisi) na Jami'ar Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan Nizamuddin Shamzai, kuma shugaban bayan kisan Habibullah Mukhtar a shekarar 1997. An sanya shi memba na kwamitin aiki na Wifaq ul Madaris a shekarar 1997 kuma ya nada shi mataimakin shugaban a shekarar 2001. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na watanni tara bayan mutuwar Saleemullah Khan . An nada shi shugaban kasa a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2017.<ref name="alert" /> A shekara ta 1981, an zabe shi memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (AMTKN). A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi mataimakin sarki na tsakiya bayan mutuwar Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini. A shekara ta 2015, ya gaji Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi a matsayin sarkin AMTKN . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ittehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris Pakistan . A watan Agustan shekarar 2016, yayin da yake magana da ikilisiya a Masallacin Birmingham na Tsakiya, Abdur Razzaq ya ce, "Islama ta cika kuma tana nufin cewa babu wani abu da za a iya ƙarawa, cirewa ko canzawa a ciki". Ya ci gaba da cewa mutanen da ke adawa da ƙarshen annabci sun rabu da kansu daga [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. Abdur Razzaq ya mutu a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021 a [[Karachi]] . Qamar Javed Bajwa, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Fazal-ur-Rehman, Shujaat Hussain, Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Imran Ismail, Syed Mustafa Kamal da Anis Kaimkhani ne suka ba da labarin mutuwarsa.<ref name="express" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Abdur Razzaq sun hada da: <ref>{{cite news |title=دین اسلام میں کسی اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں، مولانا عبدالرزاق |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/144023-does-not-require-any-increase-in-islam-abdul-razzaq-iskandar |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Geo TV |language=ur}}</ref> * ''At-Tarīqat al-Asriyyah'' (2 sassa), an haɗa wannan littafin a cikin tsarin karatun Wifaqul Madaris . * ''Mushāhidāt va tāʼas̲s̲urāt: ʻālam-i Islām kī cand ʻaẓīm shak̲h̲ṣiyyāt kā taz̲kirah '' * ''Taḥaffuzī madāris aur ʻulmāʼ va tʼulabāʼ se chand bāten̲'' * ''Tablighi Jamaat da Ka'idoji da Hanyar Dawah'' == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] an6vr4sjg8kkttsqn3wmo3vo8p1tlr7 0 134270 875718 775734 2026-07-04T08:19:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan kayan gargajiya na '''Armenia'''_language" id="mwGg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Armenian language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Armenian Railways (Armenian) gidan kayan gargajiya ne na jirgin kasa a [[Yerevan]], Armenia. A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009, Kamfanin [[Jirgin ƙasa|jirgin kasa]] na Kudancin Caucasus (SCR), mai ba da sabis na jirgin ƙasa a [[Armeniya|Armenia]], mallakar Railways ta Rasha, ta buɗe Gidan Tarihin Jirgin ƙasa a Yerevan a cikin ginin Tashar jirgin kasa ta Yerevan.<ref>[http://www.ukzhd.am/press_17.html Состоялось открытие музея железной дороги Армении] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206231712/http://www.ukzhd.am/press_17.html |date=2015-02-06 }} {{In lang|ru}}</ref> A cewar Babban Injiniya Sergey Harutyunyan, an tsara shi don ya dace da [[:ru:День железнодорожника|Ranar Jirgin Kasa da Kasa]], wanda aka yi bikin a ranar 2 ga Agusta 2009. An gabatar da tarihin hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Armenia a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya, daga 1896 zuwa yanzu. Akwai bangarori 10 a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya, kowannensu yana wakiltar wani lokaci na tarihin jirgin kasa. Nunin ya haɗa da kwafin takardun tarihi game da gina hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a Armenia, hotuna na tsoffin jiragen ƙasa, samfuran tsoffin jiragen kasa da na zamani, da kayan aikin jirgin ƙasa.[1] Wasu daga cikin nune-nunen kyauta ne daga Railways na Rasha.[2] Abubuwa da yawa masu girma suna cikin lambun da aka samu daga gidan kayan gargajiya. Wani locomotive na shekarun 1930, lamba 3ա705-46, da kuma karusa (wanda ya kasance a cikin gidaje a kan gina tsarin jirgin kasa na Caucasus) suna tsaye a cikin tashar da ke kusa.[3] A zamanin Soviet, gidan kayan gargajiya bai yi aiki ba - an wakilci karamin nuni ne kawai a cikin karusar da ke tsaye a kan waƙoƙi.[1] Gidan kayan gargajiya yana buɗewa ga jama'a daga Litinin zuwa Jumma'a (10:00-17:00).<ref>[http://arminfo.info/full_news.php?id=12183&lang=3 Armenian Railways Museum joining 2015 Museum Night]</ref> Ana sanya alamun a cikin Armeniya da Rasha.<gallery> Fayil:David_of_Sasun_Yerevan.jpg|Building of Yerevan railway station Fayil:Հայաստանի_երկաթուղու_թանգարան_(17).jpg|Entrance to the museum Fayil:Հայաստանի_երկաթուղու_թանգարան_(15).jpg|Models of railroad stations in Armenia Fayil:Հայաստանի_երկաթուղու_թանգարան_(1).jpg|Vardan Zoravar (Vardan — the military leader) armoured train small copy Fayil:Հայաստանի_երկաթուղու_թանգարան_(14).jpg|Model of locomotive Fayil:Հայաստանի_երկաթուղու_թանգարան(7).jpg|The equipment used at the station Fayil:Armenian_Railways_Museum_locomotive_Эш705-46_+_coach_-_2018-05-18_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_12.jpg|Locomotive 3ա705-46 and coach </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} q6mt2w0ezuatzr9xk060se7mkx50uyo 0 134460 875872 776087 2026-07-04T11:38:12Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362145274|Oriental Basin]]" 875872 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Kogin Gabas''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Libres-Oriental Basin''', '''Oriental-Serdán Basin''' ko '''San Juan Plains''' (a cikin [[Yaren Sifen|Mutanen Espanya]], ''Llanos de San Juan'' ko ''Cuenca de Libres-Oriental)'', [[Endorheic Basin|basin endorheic]] ne a gabashin tsakiyar Mexico. Tana da fadin kasa murabba'in kilomita 4,958.60, tana kwance a jihohin Puebla, Tlaxcala, da Veracruz . Yanayi yana da yanayi mai kyau da kuma yanayin zafi, mai ɗan bushewa ko kuma mai ɗan danshi, tare da ruwan sama na lokacin rani. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara 12-16 °C, kuma jimillar ruwan sama a kowace shekara shine 400–800 mm. Dazuzzukan tsaunukan da ke kewaye da kwarin Trans-Mexico, waɗanda ke kewaye da kwarin, sun rufe tsaunukan da ke kewaye da kwarin zuwa yamma, arewa, da gabas. [1] Duwatsun da ke arewa da yamma, gami da aman wutar lantarki ta Cofre de Perote, suna barin kwarin a cikin inuwar ruwan sama, kuma ciyayin da ke cikin kwarin Tehuacán sun mamaye tsakiyar kwarin, kuma sun miƙe kudu zuwa kwarin Tehuacán da Cuicatlán. [2] Tsirrai sun haɗa da dazuzzukan itacen oak da dazuzzukan itacen pine-fir a tsaunuka masu tsayi, tare da dazuzzukan itacen pine busasshe, dazuzzukan itacen oak, dazuzzukan juniper, dazuzzukan yucca, dazuzzukan halophytic, da kuma ciyawa. Ya haɗa da Llanos de San Juan da Llanos de San Andres. [3] Kwandon ya ƙunshi tafkuna da dama marasa zurfi, galibi alkaline . Tafkuna biyu na playa na lokaci-lokaci, Totolcinco (El Carmen ko Totolcingo) da Tepeyahualco (El Salado), suna cikin ƙananan ɓangaren kwarin (tsawo mita 2300), kuma suna kasancewa bushe tsawon mafi yawan shekara. Kwandon ya haɗa da tafkuna shida na maar, waɗanda ake kira ''axalpazcos'' na gida, waɗanda ke kwance a cikin ramukan aman wuta marasa zurfi kuma ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ke ci gaba da su. Ƙungiyar tafkuna ta arewa - Alchichica, Quechulac, Atexcac, da La Preciosa - suna kudu maso gabashin Tafkin Tepeyahualco, kuma tafkunan kudu, Aljojuca da San Miguel Tecuitlapa, suna kudu maso gabashin Tafkin Totolcinco. Kwandon kuma yana da busassun maars guda biyar, waɗanda ake kira ''xalapazcos'' . Manyan garuruwan da ke cikin kwandon sun hada da El Carmen Tequexquitla, Tlaxcala ; Perote, Veracruz ; da kuma Oriental, Puebla . Matakan ruwan ƙasa a cikin kwarin sun ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda [[Wuce gona da Iri|yawan amfani]] da ruwa da lalata wuraren sake cika ruwa na halitta. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati tana la'akari da fitar da ruwa mai tsafta daga kwarin Gabas zuwa [[Mexico (birni)|Mexico City]] a yamma da Puebla a kudu. == Tafkunan Maar == Tafkunan maar, ko ''axalpazcos'', na Tekun Gabas suna gida ga nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) daya a kowane tafki. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sun haɗa da kifin Atherinopsid Alchichica silverside ''(Poblana alchichica)'', La Preciosa silverside ''(P.letolepis)'', Chignahuapan silverside ''(P. ferdebueni)'', da Quechulac silverside ''(P. squamata)'' . nau'ikan dace guda uku ''( Evarra bustamantei, E. eigenmanni ,'' da ''E. thlahuacensis )'' waɗanda a da suka kasance a cikin basin ana tsammanin bacewa tun daga 1970. Tsarin kiyaye muhalli na WWF - [[Tsaro na Yanayi|Nature Conservancy]] na yankunan ruwan da ke cike da ruwa ya haɗa da Gabashin Tekun tare da Kwarin Mexico, Kogin Lerma, da Tafkin Chapala a cikin yankin ruwan da ke cikin ruwan da ke cikin ruwan [[Lerma-Chapala]], bisa ga kamanceceniya tsakanin dabbobin daji, musamman tsakanin Atherinopsids. {| bgcolor="#99CCFF" style="border:1px solid black; text-align:center" width="100%" ! bgcolor="#99CCFF" width="34%" |tafki ! bgcolor="#99CCFF" width="22%" | faɗin saman (murabba'in kilomita) ! bgcolor="#99CCFF" width="22%" | girma (miliyoyin mita cubic) ! bgcolor="#99CCFF" width="22%" | zurfin mafi girma (mita) |- | Alchichica | 1.81 | 69.9 | 64.6 |- | La Preciosa | 0.78 | 16.2 | 45.5 |- | Quechulac | 0.50 | 10.9 | 40.0 |- | Aljojuca | 0.44 | 11.6 | 50.6 |- | Atexcac | 0.29 | 6.1 | 39.1 |- | Tecuitlapa | 0.26 | 0.35 | 2.5 |- |} === Tafkin Alchichica === [[Fayil:Laguna_de_Alchichica_Puebla.jpg|right|thumb|225x225px|Tafkin Atexcac]] Tafkin Alchichica (19°25′N 97°24′W / 19.417°N 97.400°W / 19.417) a Tepeyahualco (karamar hukuma) , Puebla, shine mafi girma daga cikin tabkuna maar na Gabashin Gabas, kuma yana da tsawo na mita 2320. Ita ce tafkin halitta mafi zurfi a Mexico, tare da matsakaicin zurfin mita 64, da matsakaitan zurfin mita 38.6. Tafkin yana da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 1.81. Yana da saline da alkaline (pH 8.7-9.2). Tafkin Alchichica yana da yanayi na musamman, tare da tarin stromatolite da kuma babban matakin endemism. Biota ya saba da yanayi mai tsauri wanda ke da yawan ionic na ruwa da ƙarancin sinadarin gina jiki. Nau'in stromatolite mafi rinjaye sune nau'in spongy ''[[Enthophysalis atrata]]'', ''Enthophysalis'' sp. ''Calothrix'' cf. ''Parletina'' da ''Calothrix'' sp. da kuma columnar stromatolites ''[[Enthophysalis lithophyla]]'' da ''Nitzschia'' sp. A cikin zurfin sassan tafkin, yalwar cladophores suna tasowa akan spongy stromatolites, tare da yawancin cyanobacterial epiphytes ''Chamaesiphon halophilus'', ''Heteroleibleiniia profunda'', ''Mantellum rubrum'' da ''Xenococcus candelariae'' . An sami nau'ikan phytoplankton guda 23: nau'ikan Chrysophyta guda goma sha huɗu, biyar na Cyanophyta da huɗu na Chlorophyta . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arredondo Figueroa |first=José Luis |last2=Vera Mackintosh |first2=Oscar |last3=Ortiz Linas |first3=Araceli O. |date=1984 |title=Análisis de Componentes Principales y Cúmulos de datos limnológicos, en el lago de Alchichica, Puebla |trans-title=Principal Component and Cluster Analysis of Limnological Data in Lake Alchichica, Puebla |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/246545596_Analisis_de_Componentes_Principales_y_Cumulos_de_datos_limnologicos_en_el_lago_de_Alchichica_Puebla |url-status=live |journal=Biotica |language=es-MX |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=23-39 |issn=0185-0326 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517095314/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose-Arredondo-Figueroa/publication/246545596_Analisis_de_Componentes_Principales_y_Cumulos_de_datos_limnologicos_en_el_lago_de_Alchichica_Puebla/links/00b4951d9a10c8bb16000000/Analisis-de-Componentes-Principales-y-Cumulos-de-datos-limnologicos-en-el-lago-de-Alchichica-Puebla.pdf?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19 |archive-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> Nau'in da suka fi yawa a duk shekara sune ''Agmenellum'' sp., ''Amphora'' sp., ''Chaetoceros similis'', ''Coscinodiscus'' sp., ''Cyclotella striata'', ''Nodularia spumigenena'', ''Stephanodiscus niagarae'' da ''Synechocystis'' sp. Nau'in da aka fi wakilta mafi kyawun tsirrai na jijiyoyin jini a cikin ''axalpazcos'' sune tushen hydrophytes na asali ''Eleocharis montevidensis'', ''[[Juncus andicola]]'', <nowiki><i id="mwvA">J. balticus</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwvQ">mexicanus</i></nowiki> (syn. ''J.&nbsp;mexicanus'' ), ''Phragmites australis'', ''Scirpus californicus'' da ''Typha domingensis'', hydrophytes da aka samo daga ƙarƙashin ruwa ''Cyperus laevigatus'', ''Potamogeton pectinatus'' da ''Ruppia maritima'', da kuma hydrophyte mai iyo kyauta ''Lemna gibba'' . Dabbobin da ke da yawan jama'a a Tafkin Alchichica sun haɗa da Taylor's Salamander ''(Ambystoma taylori)'', kifi ''Poblana alchichica'' (Alchichica silverside, Charal de Alchichica), da isopod ''[[Caecidotea williamsi]] .'' == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pom6dkjst1c1npw7c0mfwjmzhfcko4o 875873 875872 2026-07-04T11:38:45Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 875873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Kogin Gabas''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Libres-Oriental Basin''', '''Oriental-Serdán Basin''' ko '''San Juan Plains''' (a cikin [[Yaren Sifen|Mutanen Espanya]], ''Llanos de San Juan'' ko ''Cuenca de Libres-Oriental)'', [[Endorheic Basin|basin endorheic]] ne a gabashin tsakiyar Mexico. Tana da fadin kasa murabba'in kilomita 4,958.60, tana kwance a jihohin Puebla, Tlaxcala, da Veracruz . Yanayi yana da yanayi mai kyau da kuma yanayin zafi, mai ɗan bushewa ko kuma mai ɗan danshi, tare da ruwan sama na lokacin rani. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara 12-16 °C, kuma jimillar ruwan sama a kowace shekara shine 400–800 mm. Dazuzzukan tsaunukan da ke kewaye da kwarin Trans-Mexico, waɗanda ke kewaye da kwarin, sun rufe tsaunukan da ke kewaye da kwarin zuwa yamma, arewa, da gabas. [1] Duwatsun da ke arewa da yamma, gami da aman wutar lantarki ta Cofre de Perote, suna barin kwarin a cikin inuwar ruwan sama, kuma ciyayin da ke cikin kwarin Tehuacán sun mamaye tsakiyar kwarin, kuma sun miƙe kudu zuwa kwarin Tehuacán da Cuicatlán. [2] Tsirrai sun haɗa da dazuzzukan itacen oak da dazuzzukan itacen pine-fir a tsaunuka masu tsayi, tare da dazuzzukan itacen pine busasshe, dazuzzukan itacen oak, dazuzzukan juniper, dazuzzukan yucca, dazuzzukan halophytic, da kuma ciyawa. Ya haɗa da Llanos de San Juan da Llanos de San Andres. [3] Kwandon ya ƙunshi tafkuna da dama marasa zurfi, galibi alkaline . Tafkuna biyu na playa na lokaci-lokaci, Totolcinco (El Carmen ko Totolcingo) da Tepeyahualco (El Salado), suna cikin ƙananan ɓangaren kwarin (tsawo mita 2300), kuma suna kasancewa bushe tsawon mafi yawan shekara. Kwandon ya haɗa da tafkuna shida na maar, waɗanda ake kira ''axalpazcos'' na gida, waɗanda ke kwance a cikin ramukan aman wuta marasa zurfi kuma ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ke ci gaba da su. Ƙungiyar tafkuna ta arewa - Alchichica, Quechulac, Atexcac, da La Preciosa - suna kudu maso gabashin Tafkin Tepeyahualco, kuma tafkunan kudu, Aljojuca da San Miguel Tecuitlapa, suna kudu maso gabashin Tafkin Totolcinco. Kwandon kuma yana da busassun maars guda biyar, waɗanda ake kira ''xalapazcos'' . Manyan garuruwan da ke cikin kwandon sun hada da El Carmen Tequexquitla, Tlaxcala ; Perote, Veracruz ; da kuma Oriental, Puebla . Matakan ruwan ƙasa a cikin kwarin sun ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda [[Wuce gona da Iri|yawan amfani]] da ruwa da lalata wuraren sake cika ruwa na halitta. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati tana la'akari da fitar da ruwa mai tsafta daga kwarin Gabas zuwa [[Mexico (birni)|Mexico City]] a yamma da Puebla a kudu. == Tafkunan Maar == Tafkunan maar, ko ''axalpazcos'', na Tekun Gabas suna gida ga nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) daya a kowane tafki. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sun haɗa da kifin Atherinopsid Alchichica silverside ''(Poblana alchichica)'', La Preciosa silverside ''(P.letolepis)'', Chignahuapan silverside ''(P. ferdebueni)'', da Quechulac silverside ''(P. squamata)'' . nau'ikan dace guda uku ''( Evarra bustamantei, E. eigenmanni ,'' da ''E. thlahuacensis )'' waɗanda a da suka kasance a cikin basin ana tsammanin bacewa tun daga 1970. Tsarin kiyaye muhalli na WWF - [[Tsaro na Yanayi|Nature Conservancy]] na yankunan ruwan da ke cike da ruwa ya haɗa da Gabashin Tekun tare da Kwarin Mexico, Kogin Lerma, da Tafkin Chapala a cikin yankin ruwan da ke cikin ruwan da ke cikin ruwan [[Lerma-Chapala]], bisa ga kamanceceniya tsakanin dabbobin daji, musamman tsakanin Atherinopsids. {| bgcolor="#99CCFF" style="border:1px solid black; text-align:center" width="100%" ! bgcolor="#99CCFF" width="34%" |tafki ! bgcolor="#99CCFF" width="22%" | faɗin saman (murabba'in kilomita) ! bgcolor="#99CCFF" width="22%" | girma (miliyoyin mita cubic) ! bgcolor="#99CCFF" width="22%" | zurfin mafi girma (mita) |- | Alchichica | 1.81 | 69.9 | 64.6 |- | La Preciosa | 0.78 | 16.2 | 45.5 |- | Quechulac | 0.50 | 10.9 | 40.0 |- | Aljojuca | 0.44 | 11.6 | 50.6 |- | Atexcac | 0.29 | 6.1 | 39.1 |- | Tecuitlapa | 0.26 | 0.35 | 2.5 |- |} === Tafkin Alchichica === [[Fayil:Laguna_de_Alchichica_Puebla.jpg|right|thumb|225x225px|Tafkin Atexcac]] Tafkin Alchichica (19°25′N 97°24′W / 19.417°N 97.400°W / 19.417) a Tepeyahualco (karamar hukuma) , Puebla, shine mafi girma daga cikin tabkuna maar na Gabashin Gabas, kuma yana da tsawo na mita 2320. Ita ce tafkin halitta mafi zurfi a Mexico, tare da matsakaicin zurfin mita 64, da matsakaitan zurfin mita 38.6. Tafkin yana da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 1.81. Yana da saline da alkaline (pH 8.7-9.2). Tafkin Alchichica yana da yanayi na musamman, tare da tarin stromatolite da kuma babban matakin endemism. Biota ya saba da yanayi mai tsauri wanda ke da yawan ionic na ruwa da ƙarancin sinadarin gina jiki. Nau'in stromatolite mafi rinjaye sune nau'in spongy ''[[Enthophysalis atrata]]'', ''Enthophysalis'' sp. ''Calothrix'' cf. ''Parletina'' da ''Calothrix'' sp. da kuma columnar stromatolites ''[[Enthophysalis lithophyla]]'' da ''Nitzschia'' sp. A cikin zurfin sassan tafkin, yalwar cladophores suna tasowa akan spongy stromatolites, tare da yawancin cyanobacterial epiphytes ''Chamaesiphon halophilus'', ''Heteroleibleiniia profunda'', ''Mantellum rubrum'' da ''Xenococcus candelariae'' . An sami nau'ikan phytoplankton guda 23: nau'ikan Chrysophyta guda goma sha huɗu, biyar na Cyanophyta da huɗu na Chlorophyta . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arredondo Figueroa |first=José Luis |last2=Vera Mackintosh |first2=Oscar |last3=Ortiz Linas |first3=Araceli O. |date=1984 |title=Análisis de Componentes Principales y Cúmulos de datos limnológicos, en el lago de Alchichica, Puebla |trans-title=Principal Component and Cluster Analysis of Limnological Data in Lake Alchichica, Puebla |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/246545596_Analisis_de_Componentes_Principales_y_Cumulos_de_datos_limnologicos_en_el_lago_de_Alchichica_Puebla |url-status=live |journal=Biotica |language=es-MX |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=23-39 |issn=0185-0326 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517095314/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose-Arredondo-Figueroa/publication/246545596_Analisis_de_Componentes_Principales_y_Cumulos_de_datos_limnologicos_en_el_lago_de_Alchichica_Puebla/links/00b4951d9a10c8bb16000000/Analisis-de-Componentes-Principales-y-Cumulos-de-datos-limnologicos-en-el-lago-de-Alchichica-Puebla.pdf?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19 |archive-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> Nau'in da suka fi yawa a duk shekara sune ''Agmenellum'' sp., ''Amphora'' sp., ''Chaetoceros similis'', ''Coscinodiscus'' sp., ''Cyclotella striata'', ''Nodularia spumigenena'', ''Stephanodiscus niagarae'' da ''Synechocystis'' sp. Nau'in da aka fi wakilta mafi kyawun tsirrai na jijiyoyin jini a cikin ''axalpazcos'' sune tushen hydrophytes na asali ''Eleocharis montevidensis'', ''[[Juncus andicola]]'', <nowiki><i id="mwvA">J. balticus</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwvQ">mexicanus</i></nowiki> (syn. ''J.&nbsp;mexicanus'' ), ''Phragmites australis'', ''Scirpus californicus'' da ''Typha domingensis'', hydrophytes da aka samo daga ƙarƙashin ruwa ''Cyperus laevigatus'', ''Potamogeton pectinatus'' da ''Ruppia maritima'', da kuma hydrophyte mai iyo kyauta ''Lemna gibba'' . Dabbobin da ke da yawan jama'a a Tafkin Alchichica sun haɗa da Taylor's Salamander ''(Ambystoma taylori)'', kifi ''Poblana alchichica'' (Alchichica silverside, Charal de Alchichica), da isopod ''[[Caecidotea williamsi]] .'' == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5z6tcguu1r5qkxhcsuqyjo4a2jz1bl8 0 135225 875674 777541 2026-07-04T07:02:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gertrude Moskowitz''' (1928-2021) malamar Amurka ce, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe na waje, mai ba da shawara, marubuci, mai magana da taron kuma editan fim. Ta yi amfani da tsarin shiga cikin ɗalibai a cikin aikinta a matsayin malami da malami na malamai. An yaba mata da tasiri ga ayyukan koyarwa na malamai na harsunan kasashen waje da masu horar da malamai a duk duniya ta hanyar sanya su da kuma karfafa kimanta kansu. Ta shahara ne saboda kasancewa babbar malamai a koyon harshe na [[Humanism|Dan Adam]], koyarwa da horar da malamai. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Gertrude 'Trudy' Rothenstein a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1928, a Toledo, Ohio, Amurka. Mahaifiyarta Ida Rothenstein ce da mahaifinta Hyman, dukkansu 'yan asalin Rasha ne da suka yi hijira zuwa Amurka. Ta halarci Jami'ar Jihar Ohio inda a shekarar 1949 ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Ilimi . Ta ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Temple da ke Philadelphia, Pennsylvania inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Ilimi a shekarar 1961. Don digirin digirgir na uku a shekarar 1966, ta sami lambar yabo ta Phi Delta Gamma Doctoral Award, da kuma lambar yabo ta girmamawa kan gudummawar da ta bayar ga tallafin karatu na bincike, da kuma ayyukan al'umma. [1] == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Moskowitz ta koyar da Sifaniyanci a makarantun firamare da sakandare daga 1949 zuwa 50. Daga 1959 zuwa 1964, ta koyar da Sifaniyanci kuma ta yi lacca a fannin Ilimin Sakandare a Jami'ar Temple. Ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin manhaja da koyarwa daga 1966 zuwa 1974. Tsawon shekaru 26 da suka biyo baya, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin [[Farfesa|farfesoshi]] na farko mace, wacce ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Temple, tana aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin Ilimin Sakandare . Ganin cewa ɗalibanta da yawa suna aiki a rana, Moskowitz galibi tana koyarwa da yamma kuma tana gudanar da bita a ƙarshen mako. An san ta da sauƙin shiga da kuma kula da kai na awanni 24. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miles |first=Gary |date=19 October 2021 |title=Gertrude 'Trudy' Moskowitz, trailblazing professor of foreign-language education at Temple University, dies at 93 |url=https://www.inquirer.com/obituaries/gertrude-trudy-moskowitz-obituary-temple-20211019.html |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=www.inquirer.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-28 |title=Remembering Alumna and Professor Gertrude "Trudy" Moskowitz, MEd '61, EdD '66 |url=https://education.temple.edu/news/2021/10/remembering-alumna-and-professor-gertrude-%E2%80%9Ctrudy%E2%80%9D-moskowitz-med-%E2%80%9961-edd-%E2%80%9966 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=College of Education and Human Development |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619005013/https://education.temple.edu/news/2021/10/remembering-alumna-and-professor-gertrude-%E2%80%9Ctrudy%E2%80%9D-moskowitz-med-%E2%80%9961-edd-%E2%80%9966 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta hanyar [[Earl Stevick]], Moskowitz ta mayar da ajin makarantar sakandare ta gargajiya zuwa wani wuri na musamman, mai haɗin kai, kuma mai mayar da hankali kan ɗalibai. Ta haɗa da Tsarin Nazarin Hulɗa na Flanders (FSIA) a cikin aikinta na malami da kuma mai kula da malamai. Ned Flanders ne ya ƙirƙiro tsarin kuma ya fi mai da hankali kan halayen malami, yana lura da shi da kuma rarraba hulɗar magana a cikin aji. Moskowitz ya daidaita kuma ya faɗaɗa shi zuwa abin da ake kira Hulɗar Harsunan Waje (FLINT). Abubuwan lura na sirri da aka saba gani da kuma shawarwarin da mai kula da su ke bayarwa a zaman ra'ayoyin malamai ana maye gurbinsu da kimanta kai da malamin da kansa bisa ga manufofinsu. Ana ci gaba da amfani da FLINT don nazarin tattaunawar malamai a azuzuwan harsunan waje. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miles |first=Gary |date=19 October 2021 |title=Gertrude 'Trudy' Moskowitz, trailblazing professor of foreign-language education at Temple University, dies at 93 |url=https://www.inquirer.com/obituaries/gertrude-trudy-moskowitz-obituary-temple-20211019.html |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=www.inquirer.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-28 |title=Remembering Alumna and Professor Gertrude "Trudy" Moskowitz, MEd '61, EdD '66 |url=https://education.temple.edu/news/2021/10/remembering-alumna-and-professor-gertrude-%E2%80%9Ctrudy%E2%80%9D-moskowitz-med-%E2%80%9961-edd-%E2%80%9966 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=College of Education and Human Development |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619005013/https://education.temple.edu/news/2021/10/remembering-alumna-and-professor-gertrude-%E2%80%9Ctrudy%E2%80%9D-moskowitz-med-%E2%80%9961-edd-%E2%80%9966 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Zacharjasz |first=Mindy |date=2021-10-19 |title=Remembering Temple education prof Trudy Moskowitz, who pioneered interactive learning |url=https://billypenn.com/2021/10/19/remembering-temple-education-prof-trudy-moskowitz-who-pioneered-interactive-learning/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Billy Penn at WHYY |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] 4l6l6138r7mj8jd38if0yqk77ie6lb7 0 137963 875516 782484 2026-07-03T22:13:48Z Merjoor 14653 875516 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Megamasso (Megamaso) ƙungiyar mawaƙa ce ta Japan. Sautin su yana da rai kuma yana da farin ciki, tare da cakuda na musamman na punk, piano ballads da pop rock. Da farko sun sanya hannu a NXSIE Records, yanzu an haɗa su da lakabin HPQ na Avex Group. Tun lokacin da aka saki "SWAN SONG", sun sauya lakabin su zuwa Timely Records. == Tarihin rayuwa == Megamasso ya samo asali ne daga Ryōhei, tsohon mai ba da guitar na Ayabie. Ya dauki sabbin mambobi na kiɗa don samar da sabon sauti. An rarraba ƙaramin kundi na farko, <nowiki><i id="mwFQ">Namida Neko</i></nowiki>, wanda aka saki a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba, ta hanyar shagunan LIKE AN EDISON a [[Osaka]], [[Tokyo]], da [[Nagoya]]. A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, Megamasso ya gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon su na farko a Shibuya O-East, wanda aka yi fim kuma aka saki a kan DVD Mega-star Tokyo . Wannan kide-kide ya haɗa da waƙoƙin da ba a sake bugawa ba waɗanda za su kasance a cikin ƙaramin kundi na biyu, Kai no Mokutō no Zokuryō, wanda aka saki Janairu 24. Yūta ya yanke shawarar barin ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Yuni saboda ba shi da sha'awar salon kiɗa na poppy, idan aka kwatanta da sautin asali wanda ya fi nauyi.[1] Megamasso ya rufe ɓoye tare da Spread Beaver's "Rocket Dive" a kan tarin Crush! ''2 -90's V-Rock Mafi kyawun Waƙoƙin Waƙoƙi-''. An saki kundin ne a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba, 2011 kuma yana dauke da 'yan wasa na yanzu da ke rufe waƙoƙi daga ƙungiyoyin da ke da mahimmanci ga motsi na '90s visual kei.<ref name="Crush! 2 -90's V-Rock Best Hit Cover Songs-"> {{Cite web |title=Aoi, Moran, and more to release '90s Visual Kei cover album |url=http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/09/aoi-moran-and-more-to-release-90s-visual-kei-cover-album/ |access-date=2011-11-26 |website=tokyohive.com}} </ref> Bayan shekaru 11 tare, Megamasso ya ƙare a hukumance a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, 2017. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lqx77cldbqe3ca0fc8azr3tggm5ca4w 875592 875516 2026-07-04T05:04:32Z Merjoor 14653 875592 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Megamasso (Megamaso) ƙungiyar mawaƙa ce ta Japan. Sautin su yana da rai kuma yana da farin ciki, tare da cakuda na musamman na punk, piano ballads da pop rock. Da farko sun sanya hannu a NXSIE Records, yanzu an haɗa su da lakabin HPQ na Avex Group. Tun lokacin da aka saki "SWAN SONG", sun sauya lakabin su zuwa Timely Records. == Tarihin rayuwa == Megamasso ya samo asali ne daga Ryōhei, tsohon mai ba da guitar na Ayabie. Ya dauki sabbin mambobi na kiɗa don samar da sabon sauti. An rarraba ƙaramin kundi na farko, <nowiki><i id="mwFQ">Namida Neko</i></nowiki>, wanda aka saki a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba, ta hanyar shagunan LIKE AN EDISON a [[Osaka]], [[Tokyo]], da [[Nagoya]]. A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, Megamasso ya gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon sa na farko a Shibuya O-East, wanda aka yi fim kuma aka saki a kan DVD Mega-star Tokyo . Wannan kide-kide ya haɗa da waƙoƙin da ba a sake bugawa ba waɗanda za su kasance a cikin ƙaramin kundi na biyu, Kai no Mokutō no Zokuryō, wanda aka saki Janairu 24. Yūta ya yanke shawarar barin ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Yuni saboda ba shi da sha'awar salon kiɗa na poppy, idan aka kwatanta da sautin asali wanda ya fi nauyi.[1] Megamasso ya rufe ɓoye tare da Spread Beaver's "Rocket Dive" a kan tarin Crush! ''2 -90's V-Rock Mafi kyawun Waƙoƙin Waƙoƙi-''. An saki kundin ne a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba, 2011 kuma yana dauke da 'yan wasa na yanzu da ke rufe waƙoƙi daga ƙungiyoyin da ke da mahimmanci ga motsi na '90s visual kei.<ref name="Crush! 2 -90's V-Rock Best Hit Cover Songs-"> {{Cite web |title=Aoi, Moran, and more to release '90s Visual Kei cover album |url=http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/09/aoi-moran-and-more-to-release-90s-visual-kei-cover-album/ |access-date=2011-11-26 |website=tokyohive.com}} </ref> Bayan shekaru 11 tare, Megamasso ya ƙare a hukumance a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, 2017. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sd44a0i93nvkkrbsm1zwgu0gxmkn0hn 0 138223 875727 840068 2026-07-04T08:59:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan Tarihi na Randall''' gidan tarihi ne da ke tsakiyar [[San Francisco]], [[California]], mallakar kuma ke kula da Sashen Nishaɗi da Wuraren Shakatawa na San Francisco tare da goyon bayan Randall Friends. Gidan Tarihi yana mai da hankali kan kimiyya, yanayi da fasaha. A kan baje kolin akwai dabbobin gida masu rai da kuma nunin yanayi. Sauran wurare sun haɗa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo, shagon katako, da kuma ɗakunan zane-zane da yumbu. Wurin da yake zama na dindindin yana cikin Corona Heights Park, a kan wani babban tudu tsakanin gundumar Castro da Haight-Ashbury na San Francisco. Wurin Corona Heights yana da kyawawan ra'ayoyi na birnin, gundumar kuɗi ta tsakiyar gari da kuma San Francisco Bay . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:San_Francisco_View_from_Randall_Museum.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayin tsakiyar birnin San Francisco daga Gidan Tarihi na Randall]] Asalin sunan wannan gidan tarihi an sanya masa suna "Gidan Tarihi na Matasa", an kafa wannan gidan tarihi a shekarar 1937 a wani tsohon gidan yari na birni a kan abin da yanzu shine harabar Kwalejin City ta San Francisco . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2012 |title=Randall Museum |url=http://www.sfparksalliance.org/our-parks/parks/randall-museum |access-date=7 July 2016 |publisher=San Francisco Parks Alliance |archive-date=8 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808043500/http://www.sfparksalliance.org/our-parks/parks/randall-museum |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 1947, an bayar da lamuni na dala miliyan 12 don ƙirƙirar ayyukan nishaɗi da wuraren shakatawa, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya haɗa da sabon gidan tarihi. A shekarar 1951, an buɗe gidan tarihi a wurin da yake a yanzu a cikin wani gini da William Merchant ya tsara <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2015 |title=Randall Museum Renovation, Contract No. 3219V (ID NO. FCP15110) |url=http://mission.sfgov.org/oca_bid_attachments/FA41589.pdf |access-date=15 February 2018 |publisher=San Francisco Recreation & Parks |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905182915/http://mission.sfgov.org/OCA_BID_ATTACHMENTS/FA41589.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da baje kolin kayan tarihi, gidan wasan kwaikwayo, azuzuwa, shagunan fasaha da sana'o'i da ɗakunan studio, ɗakin dabbobi masu rai da lambuna da ke kallon Tekun San Francisco. <ref name="SFC-030523" /> Magajin Gari Elmer Robinson ne ya keɓe gidan tarihin a hukumance a ranar 23 ga Satumba na wannan shekarar a matsayin 'Gidan Tarihi na Matasa na Josephine D. Randall' don girmama wanda ya kafa shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cindy |date=6 September 2012 |title=Watching the Wind at the Randall Museum |url=http://www.artandarchitecture-sf.com/watching-the-wind-at-the-randall-museum.html |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=Public Art and Architecture from Around the World [blog]}}</ref> Josephine Randall ta fara ziyartar Corona Heights a shekarar 1928. Kafin a saye ta kuma yi amfani da ita don gidan tarihi mai suna, an yi amfani da ita a matsayin wurin hakar duwatsu har zuwa girgizar ƙasa ta San Francisco a shekarar 1906 ; murhu a kan gangaren tudun ya fashe ya ruguje bayan girgizar ƙasa, kuma daga baya aka yi watsi da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. === Gyaran Gidaje === A shekara ta 2003, gidan tarihi ya keɓe muhallin ilmantarwa na waje, wanda ya maye gurbin wurin ajiye motoci da hanyar shiga. Daraktan gidan tarihi, Amy Dawson, ta bayyana gine-ginen da suka gabata a matsayin "kwanƙolin kwalta". An ƙaura da zane-zanen Beniamino Bufano na ɗan lokaci zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Randall daga 2004 zuwa 2006 yayin da aka rushe gidansu na dindindin, aikin gidaje na Lambunan Valencia a The Mission, aka sake gina shi. An sanar da shirye-shiryen a shekarar 2013 kan dala $6 An yi wa miliyoyin gyare-gyare don ninka sararin da ake da shi don nunin faifai da shirye-shirye, [1] wanda Liz Ranieri na Kuth Ranieri Architects ya tsara a wani haɗin gwiwa da Pfau Long Architecture. [2] [3] [4] Wurin Corona Heights ya rufe a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2015, don aiwatar da gyare-gyaren da aka tsara. [5] A lokacin gyare-gyare, gidan kayan tarihi ya mayar da nunin dabbobi da shirye-shiryensa zuwa 745 Treat Ave, tsakanin 20th da 21st Street, a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Mission. [6] == Manazarta == qi1fst5ttomnh5got8suukvq7dzm70u 0 138241 875851 792999 2026-07-04T11:22:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ejegod Windmill''' ( Danish ) wani injin niƙa ne da ke arewacin Nykøbing a tsibirin Falster na ƙasar [[Denmark]] . An gyara wajen ginin gaba ɗaya a tsakanin 2002 {{En dash}} 2010. An kafa gidan kayan tarihi [[Toy (Abin Wasan Yara)|na kayan wasan yara]] a cikin tsohon gidan niƙa a cikin 2009s. == Bayani == Hasumiyar mai girman octagonal mai siffar gallery tana tsaye a kan harsashin gini da dutse mai faɗi . Sashen da aka gina da tubali a ƙarƙashin gallery yana fuskantar katako yayin da ɓangaren sama yana da shingles kamar murfin ogee . Yana da jiragen ruwa masu sarrafa kansu ta atomatik tare da yaw da hannu. <ref name="dsd">[http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/Falster/Falster_-_m%C3%B8ller/Ejegod_M%C3%B8lle "Ejegod Mølle"], ''Den Store Danske''. {{In lang|da}} Retrieved 24 November 2012.</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Jens_Nicolai_Jappe.jpg|thumb|197x197px|Jens Nicolai Jappe, masani a Ejegod]] An gina wannan injin niƙa a shekarar 1816 don gonar Ejegod (wanda yanzu ta rushe) ta hannun jami'in diflomasiyya [[Michael Classen]], ɗan uwan Johan Frederik Classen na Corselitze da ke kusa. A shekara mai zuwa, an yi wa injin niƙa da gidan mai niƙa maƙwabta inshora daga gobara. An fara ambaton wurin ajiyar ciyawa da ke kudancin injin niƙa a shekarar 1830. <ref name="dsd"/> Masu mallakar injinan suna gudanar da injinan, waɗanda daga cikinsu akwai Jens Nicolai Jappe wanda ya fito daga dangin masu niƙa. Injinan ya fara fuskantar mawuyacin hali a shekarun 1850, wataƙila sakamakon injinan da ke aiki a Nykøbing da ke tuƙa ruwa. Bayan da ayyukan suka ƙare gaba ɗaya, Hukumar Nyborg ta sayi injinan a shekarar 1939 saboda matsayinsa a cikin gadon yankin. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da faɗuwa cikin lalacewa har sai da wani shiri na 'yan ƙasa ya haifar da aikin gyara a shekarun 1960 da 1970. Bayan haka, ya sake lalacewa har sai da ya shiga hannun ƙungiyar Ejegod Møllelaug a shekarar 2002. An kammala aikin gyaran waje mai yawa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2002, a shekarar 2010 tare da sabon gidan tarihi da sabbin shingles a rufin. [1] [2] Ƙungiyar yanzu tana ƙoƙarin tara kuɗi don gyara cikin injinan. [3] Kamfanin niƙa, tare da gidan mai niƙa da kuma wani gida a waje, ya zama gini mai rijista a shekarar 1964. <ref>[http://www.ejegodmoelle.dk/82791813 "Renoveringens 3 etaper"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222020449/http://www.ejegodmoelle.dk/82791813 |date=2014-02-22 }}, Ejegod Møllelaug. {{In lang|da}} Retrieved 24 November 2012.</ref> <ref>[http://www.moellearkivet.dk/egeskov-mlle3 "Ejegod Mølle, Ejegodvej 4, 4800 Nykøbing F (Guldborgsund Kommune)"] {{Webarchive}}, Møllearkivet.dk. {{In lang|da}} Retrieved 24 November 2012.</ref> An kafa gidan kayan wasan yara a cikin tsohon gidan niƙa a shekarar 2009, kuma ƙungiyar niƙa tana samun tallafi. <ref name="dsd"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gc96acmlrswoc6wtixlobbfrt6ky1na 0 139646 875595 830575 2026-07-04T05:16:50Z Nura Bello 24854 875595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Treena Livingston Arinzeh''' (an haife ta ne a shekara ta 1970) injiniya ce ta likitanci kuma mai ilimi a Amurka. Ita farfesa ce a fannin injiniyan likitanci a Jami'ar Columbia, kuma ta fara aiki a shekarar 2022. Ta kasance Farfesa a fannin Injiniyan Halittu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta New Jersey da ke Newark, New Jersey . An san ta da binciken da ta yi kan maganin ƙwayoyin halitta na manya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Arinzeh a shekarar 1970 kuma ta girma a Cherry Hill, New Jersey . <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rutgers African-American Alumni Alliance: HOF Profile |url=http://www.rutgersblackalumni.org/hall_of_fame/hof_profile.php?news_id=27&PHPSESSID=cff3f1b67fbb526d7a0cee9ca5d294a5 |access-date=2016-10-11 |website=www.rutgersblackalumni.org |archive-date=2016-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012081558/http://www.rutgersblackalumni.org/hall_of_fame/hof_profile.php?news_id=27&PHPSESSID=cff3f1b67fbb526d7a0cee9ca5d294a5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta fara sha'awar kimiyya ta hanyar gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da aka yi ta tunaninsu a ɗakin girki tare da mahaifiyarta, wacce malamar tattalin arziki ce ta gida . Malamar kimiyyar lissafi ta makarantar sakandare ta ƙarfafa ta ta ci gaba da karatun STEM . <ref> name=":43">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2005 |title=BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: Treena Livingston Arinzeh |url=http://diverseeducation.com/article/4279/ |access-date=January 13, 2005 |website=Diverse Issues in Higher Education}}</ref> Arinzeh ta yi karatun Injiniyan Injiniya a Jami'ar Rutgers, inda ta sami digirin BS a shekarar 1992. <ref>name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Rutgers African-American Alumni Alliance: HOF Profile |url=http://www.rutgersblackalumni.org/hall_of_fame/hof_profile.php?news_id=27&PHPSESSID=cff3f1b67fbb526d7a0cee9ca5d294a5 |access-date=2016-10-11 |website=www.rutgersblackalumni.org |archive-date=2016-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012081558/http://www.rutgersblackalumni.org/hall_of_fame/hof_profile.php?news_id=27&PHPSESSID=cff3f1b67fbb526d7a0cee9ca5d294a5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta sami digirin MSE a fannin Injiniyan Biomedical daga Jami'ar Johns Hopkins a shekarar 1994. <ref>NOTE: Some sources, including this [https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10735717 NIH profile give her middle name as '''"Lynne"'''], nih.gov. Accessed February 10, 2024.</ref> Ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, inda ta kammala digirin PhD a Injiniyan Biomedical a shekarar 1999. == Bincike da aiki == Arinzeh ta yi aiki a Osiris Therapeutics, wanda ke Baltimore, Maryland, a matsayin injiniyan haɓaka samfura. <ref> name=":43">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2005 |title=BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: Treena Livingston Arinzeh |url=http://diverseeducation.com/article/4279/ |access-date=January 13, 2005 |website=Diverse Issues in Higher Education}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://diverseeducation.com/article/4279/ "BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: Treena Livingston Arinzeh"]. ''Diverse Issues in Higher Education''. January 13, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2005</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2001, ta koma jami'a kuma ta fara aiki a Cibiyar Fasaha ta New Jersey (NJIT) da ke Newark, New Jersey, <ref>name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Rutgers African-American Alumni Alliance: HOF Profile |url=http://www.rutgersblackalumni.org/hall_of_fame/hof_profile.php?news_id=27&PHPSESSID=cff3f1b67fbb526d7a0cee9ca5d294a5 |access-date=2016-10-11 |website=www.rutgersblackalumni.org |archive-date=2016-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012081558/http://www.rutgersblackalumni.org/hall_of_fame/hof_profile.php?news_id=27&PHPSESSID=cff3f1b67fbb526d7a0cee9ca5d294a5 |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.rutgersblackalumni.org/hall_of_fame/hof_profile.php?news_id=27&PHPSESSID=cff3f1b67fbb526d7a0cee9ca5d294a5 "Rutgers African-American Alumni Alliance: HOF Profile"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012081558/http://www.rutgersblackalumni.org/hall_of_fame/hof_profile.php?news_id=27&PHPSESSID=cff3f1b67fbb526d7a0cee9ca5d294a5 |date=2016-10-12 }}. ''www.rutgersblackalumni.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> inda ta kafa Dakin Gwaji na Injiniyan Tissue da Applied Biomaterials na farko a NJIT a kaka ta 2001. <ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Treena Livingston Arinzeh |url=https://www.nsbp.org/nsbp-news/bhm-physics-profiles/2019-honorees/133-treena-livingston-arinzeh |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.nsbp.org}}</ref> Ta kasance a NJIT har zuwa 2022 a matsayin Farfesa Mai Daraja na Injiniyan Biomedical . Ta shiga Jami'ar Columbia a matsayin Farfesa a Injiniyan Biomedical a 2022. Ta buga labarai sama da 60 na mujallu, shirye-shiryen taro, da babi na littafi. <ref>NOTE: Some sources, including this [https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10735717 NIH profile give her middle name as '''"Lynne"'''], nih.gov. Accessed February 10, 2024.</ref> Binciken da take yi a yanzu ya mayar da hankali ne a kan nazarin tsari kan tasirin halayen halittu kan bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin halitta . <ref>name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Rutgers African-American Alumni Alliance: HOF Profile |url=http://www.rutgersblackalumni.org/hall_of_fame/hof_profile.php?news_id=27&PHPSESSID=cff3f1b67fbb526d7a0cee9ca5d294a5 |access-date=2016-10-11 |website=www.rutgersblackalumni.org |archive-date=2016-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012081558/http://www.rutgersblackalumni.org/hall_of_fame/hof_profile.php?news_id=27&PHPSESSID=cff3f1b67fbb526d7a0cee9ca5d294a5 |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.rutgersblackalumni.org/hall_of_fame/hof_profile.php?news_id=27&PHPSESSID=cff3f1b67fbb526d7a0cee9ca5d294a5 "Rutgers African-American Alumni Alliance: HOF Profile"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012081558/http://www.rutgersblackalumni.org/hall_of_fame/hof_profile.php?news_id=27&PHPSESSID=cff3f1b67fbb526d7a0cee9ca5d294a5 |date=2016-10-12 }}. ''www.rutgersblackalumni.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> An san ta da gano cewa haɗa ƙwayoyin tushe tare da scaffolding yana ba da damar sake farfaɗo da ci gaban ƙashi da kuma gyara lalacewar nama. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Lum |first=Lydia |year=2005 |title=Engineering a Cure |journal=Black Issues in Higher Education |volume=21 |issue=24 |page=23}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Timeline {{!}} engineering100 |url=https://www.njit.edu/engineering100/timeline |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=www.njit.edu }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta gano cewa ana iya dasa ƙwayoyin halittar mutum ɗaya a cikin wani mutum ba tare da haifar da mummunan martani ga garkuwar jiki ba. <ref name=":22"/> A shekarar 2018, ta sami kyautar QED don yin aiki akan lokacin murmurewa da kuma kashe kuɗin da marasa lafiya ke samu bayan an yi musu dashen ƙashi. <ref name=":53">{{Cite web |title=QED Spotlight: Treena Arinzeh |url=http://sciencecenter.org/news/qed-spotlight-treena-arinzeh |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=sciencecenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnan Connecticut ne ya zaɓe ta a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Binciken Kwayoyin Halittar Connecticut. Ita abokiyar aiki ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Likitanci da Injiniyan Halittu ta Amurka (AIMBE), <ref>NOTE: Some sources, including this [https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10735717 NIH profile give her middle name as '''"Lynne"'''], nih.gov. Accessed February 10, 2024.</ref> Ƙungiyar Injiniyan Halittu (BMES), <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Treena Arinzeh {{!}} People |url=https://people.njit.edu/faculty/arinzeh |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=people.njit.edu |language=en}}</ref> da Kwalejin Ƙirƙira ta Ƙasa (NAI). Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar cibiyar kimiyya da fasaha ta NSF kan Injiniyan Injiniya-Biology, wacce cibiya ce mai cibiyoyi da yawa tare da Jami'ar Pennsylvania da Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis . <ref name=":1"/> Bugu da ƙari, Arinzeh jagora ce a shirin ACS Project Seeds wanda ƙungiyar American Chemical Society ke tallafawa. Kowace bazara, tana ba wa ɗaliban makarantar sakandare shawara don su koyi game da injiniyanci da bincikenta. <ref>NOTE: Some sources, including this [https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10735717 NIH profile give her middle name as '''"Lynne"'''], nih.gov. Accessed February 10, 2024.</ref> A shekarar 2018, an zaɓi Arinzeh don zama sabuwar lambar yabo ta Innovating Science Panel Award ta mujallar kimiyya ta Alƙali ta Nature . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Treena Livingston Arinzeh |url=https://www.nsbp.org/nsbp-news/bhm-physics-profiles/2019-honorees/133-treena-livingston-arinzeh |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=www.nsbp.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nsbp.org/nsbp-news/bhm-physics-profiles/2019-honorees/133-treena-livingston-arinzeh "Treena Livingston Arinzeh"]. ''www.nsbp.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> An bayyana nasarorin da ta samu a cikin labarai daban-daban na jaridu, mujallu, Baƙaƙen da suka shafi Ilimi Mai Girma, da Mujallar Essence. Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ta karrama ta a cikin wani rahoto na Majalisar Dokoki. <ref>NOTE: Some sources, including this [https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10735717 NIH profile give her middle name as '''"Lynne"'''], nih.gov. Accessed February 10, 2024.</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * 2018: Mai karɓar lambar yabo ta QED <ref name=":53"/> * 2018: Wanda ya lashe kyautar George Bugliarello <ref>NOTE: Some sources, including this [https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10735717 NIH profile give her middle name as '''"Lynne"'''], nih.gov. Accessed February 10, 2024.</ref> * 2010: Grio Awards <ref>NOTE: Some sources, including this [https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10735717 NIH profile give her middle name as '''"Lynne"'''], nih.gov. Accessed February 10, 2024.</ref> * 2004: Kyautar Shugaban Ƙasa ta Farko ga Masana Kimiyya da Injiniyoyi da suka karɓi aiki <ref>NOTE: Some sources, including this [https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10735717 NIH profile give her middle name as '''"Lynne"'''], nih.gov. Accessed February 10, 2024.</ref> <ref name=":3"/> * 2003: An ba wa Malamai kyautar Ci gaban Aiki a Farko, wadda Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta ba su <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Treena Arinzeh {{!}} Biomedical Engineering |url=https://biomedical.njit.edu/people/arinzeh.php |access-date=2016-10-11 |website=biomedical.njit.edu |archive-date=2016-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012090344/https://biomedical.njit.edu/people/arinzeh.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Zaɓi wallafe-wallafe == * 2017: Tsarin fibril mai girma uku na piezoelectric yana haɓaka bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin tushe na mesenchymal. ''Kayan halitta'' . <ref>NOTE: Some sources, including this [https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10735717 NIH profile give her middle name as '''"Lynne"'''], nih.gov. Accessed February 10, 2024.</ref> * 2015: Tasirin PVDF-TrFE scaffolds akan ƙwayoyin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da aka samo daga ƙwayoyin tushe. ''Fasahar kere-kere da Injiniyan Halittu.'' <ref>NOTE: Some sources, including this [https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10735717 NIH profile give her middle name as '''"Lynne"'''], nih.gov. Accessed February 10, 2024.</ref> * 2015: Binciken wakilan haɗin gwiwa na gama gari kan daidaiton sassan collagen na electrospun. ''Mujallar Binciken Kayan Lafiya.'' <ref>NOTE: Some sources, including this [https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10735717 NIH profile give her middle name as '''"Lynne"'''], nih.gov. Accessed February 10, 2024.</ref> * 2013: Binciken tsarin electrospinning na emulsion don inganta sakin sunadaran bioactive daga zaruruwan electrospun. ''Mujallar Binciken Kayan Lafiya.'' <ref>NOTE: Some sources, including this [https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10735717 NIH profile give her middle name as '''"Lynne"'''], nih.gov. Accessed February 10, 2024.</ref> * 2005: "Nazarin kwatancen da aka yi kan tukwanen calcium phosphate na biphasic don samuwar ƙashi da ƙwayoyin halittar jini na ɗan adam suka haifar" ''Biomaterials.'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arinzeh |first=T. Livingston |last2=Tran |first2=T. |last3=Mcalary |first3=J. |last4=Daculsi |first4=G. |date=2005-06-01 |title=A comparative study of biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics for human mesenchymal stem-cell-induced bone formation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961204008646 |journal=Biomaterials |language=en |volume=26 |issue=17 |pages=3631–3638 |doi=10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.09.035 |issn=0142-9612 |pmid=15621253 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Bayanan kula == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ru5uy3btycdtv6rptyvxi291h6vzu44 0 141327 875794 874732 2026-07-04T10:34:59Z Abdultambura18 32142 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362186650|Director Pink]]" 875794 wikitext text/x-wiki Praise Onyeagwalam Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da '''Daraktan Pink''', shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwaokolo |first=Nneamaka |title=Top 13 Nigerian Music Video Directors of All Time |url=https://unorthodoxreviews.com/best-nigerian-music-video-directors |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Unorthodox Reviews}}</ref> mai gudanarwa mai kirkirar abubuwa kuma malami. Ta yi fice bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa "Running To You" na Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] da "Abracadabra".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Meet the 21-Year-Old Female Director Behind Chike's ft Mayorkun Video |url=https://notjustok.com/article/interviews/meet-director-pink-the-21-year-old-female-director/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce babban jami'in Pinkline Films kuma ita ce ta kafa Pinkline Academy, shirin horar da fim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=And The Nominees Are: Pinkline Films' Director Pink and Goodgirl LA |url=https://documentwomen.com/and-the-nominees-are-pinkline-films-director-pink-and-goodgirl-la |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=documentwomen.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Onyeagwalam ne a Jihar Legas, Najeriya . Ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Legas, inda ta kuma sami karatun sakandare. A cikin 2020, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Legas . Ta kuma kammala karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London . == Ayyuka == Onyeagwalam ya fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na gani tun yana matashi. Koyaya, ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai da bidiyo a hukumance a cikin 2020. Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon fim din "Running To You" na Chike wanda ke nuna Simi wanda ya zama bidiyon kiɗa da aka fi kallo a farkon rabin 2021. [1][2] A watan Nuwamba 2021, ta samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai ban tsoro mai taken "Lady Koikoi" wanda ya dogara ne akan tarihin makarantar sakandare ta Najeriya "Madam Koikoi".[3][4] Ta yi aiki tare da masu zane-zane a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da Wizkid, Lil Kesh, Mercy Chinwo da sauransu. === Fim din Pinkline da Kwalejin Pinkline === Ta kafa Pinkline Films, kamfanin samar da kayayyaki na Legas wanda ke samar da bidiyon kiɗa, abun ciki mai alama, da gajeren fina-finai. Onyeagwalam ya kuma kafa Kwalejin Pinkline, shirin horar da fina-finai wanda aka haɓaka don horar da masu kirkirar Afirka masu tasowa, haɓaka ayyukan kirkirar mata da samar da ƙwarewar samarwa, jagoranci, da kuma samun damar masana'antu. == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken waƙar !Mai zane |- | rowspan="9" |2025 |10 Kilo |[[Davido]] |- |Mbali |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Summerdina |Babban Firist, Boypee da Zoro |- |Jumma'a da dare |Nasboi |- |Lokacin da Ka Ce Wani Abu |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Odeshi |Timaya |- |Kai ne |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Wanda ya tsira |Olivetheboy x [[Qing Madi]] |- |Saroje |Dera |- |2024 |Egwu |Chike ft [[MohBad|Mohbad]] |- | rowspan="14" |2023 |Tabbaci <ref>{{Cite web |last=TheTalkHive |date=2023-03-26 |title=Mercy Chinwo's Confidence Music Video A Depiction of Her Musical Journey? Cana by Seyi vibez |url=https://thetalkhive.com/mercy-chinwos-confidence-music-video-a-depiction-of-her-musical-journey/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Talk Hive |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Magana <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudasiru |first=Wisdom |date=2023-03-15 |title=Chike and Oxlade Join Forces to Deliver Emotionally Charged "Spell (Remix)" |url=https://culturecustodian.com/chike-and-oxlade-join-forces-to-deliver-emotionally-charged-spell-remix/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian}}</ref> |Chike ft Oxlade |- |Barka da shi |DJ Neptune ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Babu Sauran Yanayi |Rexxie ft Zinoleesky |- |Asiko |Rexxie ft Lojay |- |Abracadabra <ref>{{Cite web |last=Somto |first=Bisina |date=2023-04-02 |title=Abracadabra (Remix): See Rexxie, Wizkid In New Video |url=https://www.primebusiness.africa/abracadabra-remix-see-rexxie-wizkid-in-new-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Prime Business Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Wizkid]], Skiibii, [[Naira Marley]] & Rexxie |- |Man fetur |[[Qing Madi]] ft [[Daniel Etiese Benson (Bnxn)|BNXN]] (Fka Buju) |- |Ego Oyibo <ref>{{Cite web |last=FAB.NG |date=2023-07-26 |title=New Video: Chiké – Ego Oyibo Directed by Director Pink - Fab Magazine |url=https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/,%20https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike |- |Ovami <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-23 |title=#MUSICVID: Rich Nigerian Culture Is Well Exhibited In Oxlade & Flavour's New Hit Song 'OVAMI' - Fashion GHANA |url=https://www.fashionghana.com/site/oxlade-flavour-ovami-nigerian-culture-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Oxlade ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Baƙo |[[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- |Jin ban dariya |[[Lil Kesh]] ft [[Young Jonn|Matashi John]] |- |Dukkanin Idanu a kaina |[[Niniola]] |- |Har ila yau, guda |Harmonize ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Kulawa |Sound |- | rowspan="13" |2022 |Abincin safe |Ugoccie ft Phyno |- |Da wuya a samu |Chike ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Zaman Lafiya |Brown Joel |- |Nwoke Oma <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Chiké Delves Deeper Inwards and Preaches Reality in Visuals for "Nwoke Oma" - Afrocritik |url=https://www.afrocritik.com/chike-delves-deeper-inwards-and-preaches-reality-in-visuals-for-nwoke-oma/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref> |Chike |- |Yin niƙa |DJ Neptune ft S1mba |- |Ya riga ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwu |first=Adaora |date=2022-07-01 |title=Dunnie Debuts Music Video For New Single 'Already Won' Featuring Chike |url=https://culturecustodian.com/dunnie-debuts-music-video-for-new-single-already-won-featuring-chike/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Dunnie ft Chike |- |Nack |Mai warkarwa |- |WYD <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-12 |title=Watch Killertunes In Visuals For "WYD" |url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/,%20https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Jukebox Music |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Killertunes |- |Hosanna |Masterkraft ft Chike |- |Bi ka |Fiokee ft Gyakie & Chike |- |Chi Efo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2022-05-17 |title=New Video: J'Dess feat. The Cavemen, Waje, Selebobo, Chigurl, Zoro & Loud Urban Choir – Chi Efo |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/05/music-video-jdess-chi-efo/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref> |J'dess ft Cavemen, [[Waje]], [[Chigul]], [[Selebobo]], Zoro & Loud Choir |- |Medusa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okim |first=Itty |date=2022-10-19 |title=Layzee Ella References Art in Stunning "Medusa" Video ft. Khaid Directed by Pink |url=https://digimillennials.com/press-releases/layzee-ella-references-art-in-stunning-new-medusa-video-ft-khaid/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Layzee Ella ft [[Khaid]] |- |Mugun Ra'ayi |TAR1Q |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |Mai haɗari |Cibiyar [[Ayra Starr]] |- |Ɗan Ɗan Ɗaya |Ric Hassani |- |Domin Kai |[[Chidinma|Chidinma Ekile]] |- |Daidaitawa |B2C Uganda |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Ba ku son ni |Chike ft [[Mayorkun]] |- |Gudun Gudu Ganuwa<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-02-12 |title=Chike unveils cinematic video for 'Running (To You)' feat. Simi {{!}} WATCH VIDEO! |url=https://notjustok.com/videos/chike-simi-running-to-you-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- | |Filomena |Marxii |- | |Roju |Chike |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2021 |Lady Koi Koi |Mai gabatarwa |Gajeren fim |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2025 |Headies |Bidiyo na Kiɗa na Shekara "Egwu" - Darakta Pink |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Headies Award 2025 winners full list: Davido, Odumodu BLVCK, Tems, Rema and odas wey win for di 17th edition |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c62je7k97nro.amp |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref> |- |2024 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta TurnTable |Kyakkyawan Nasarar Gudanarwa don Bidiyo na Kiɗa |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The TurnTable 2024 Music Awards |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/magazine/6th/134 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=TurnTable}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Magana|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Headies Award 2023 nominees list: Asake, Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage plus odas wey make di list |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c06e8prrgm2o |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo |__|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=AFRIMMA Awards 2023 Nominees : The Complete List Notjustok |url=https://notjustok.com/eastafrica/awards/afrimma-awards-2023-nominees/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Latest East African & Bongo Flava Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Roju|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aderoju |first=Darlene |date=2022-07-27 |title=Wizkid Leads 2022 Headies Awards Nominees: See Complete List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/headies-awards-2022-nominations-1235118266/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=#15thHeadies: Meji Alabi, TG Omori, Others Nominated For Best Music Video {{!}} SEE LIST |url=https://notjustok.com/news/15thheadies-best-music-video-nomination/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Mace-mace Oma|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Here Are All the Winners at the AFRIMA Awards - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afrima-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=#AFRIMA8: Here Is The Full List Of Winners At The AFRIMA Awards 2023 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/the-full-list-of-winners-at-the-afrima-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Galaxy |Daraktan Bidiyo na Shekara |__|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=#GMA22: Official Nomination List and Voting Link, Out Now! – The GMAs |url=https://galaxymusicawards.com/gma22-official-nomination-list-and-voting-link-out-now/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fkghpqbe6w3v7bd9tflxey2nbekp4qf 875798 875794 2026-07-04T10:35:59Z Abdultambura18 32142 875798 wikitext text/x-wiki Praise Onyeagwalam Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da '''Daraktan Pink''', shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwaokolo |first=Nneamaka |title=Top 13 Nigerian Music Video Directors of All Time |url=https://unorthodoxreviews.com/best-nigerian-music-video-directors |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Unorthodox Reviews}}</ref> mai gudanarwa mai kirkirar abubuwa kuma malami. Ta yi fice bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa "Running To You" na Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] da "Abracadabra".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Meet the 21-Year-Old Female Director Behind Chike's ft Mayorkun Video |url=https://notjustok.com/article/interviews/meet-director-pink-the-21-year-old-female-director/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce babban jami'in Pinkline Films kuma ita ce ta kafa Pinkline Academy, shirin horar da fim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=And The Nominees Are: Pinkline Films' Director Pink and Goodgirl LA |url=https://documentwomen.com/and-the-nominees-are-pinkline-films-director-pink-and-goodgirl-la |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=documentwomen.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Onyeagwalam ne a Jihar Legas, Najeriya . Ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Legas, inda ta kuma sami karatun sakandare. A cikin 2020, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Legas . Ta kuma kammala karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London . == Ayyuka == Onyeagwalam ya fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na gani tun yana matashi. Koyaya, ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai da bidiyo a hukumance a cikin 2020. Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon fim din "Running To You" na Chike wanda ke nuna Simi wanda ya zama bidiyon kiɗa da aka fi kallo a farkon rabin 2021. [1][2] A watan Nuwamba 2021, ta samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai ban tsoro mai taken "Lady Koikoi" wanda ya dogara ne akan tarihin makarantar sakandare ta Najeriya "Madam Koikoi".[3][4] Ta yi aiki tare da masu zane-zane a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da Wizkid, Lil Kesh, Mercy Chinwo da sauransu. === Fim din Pinkline da Kwalejin Pinkline === Ta kafa Pinkline Films, kamfanin samar da kayayyaki na Legas wanda ke samar da bidiyon kiɗa, abun ciki mai alama, da gajeren fina-finai. Onyeagwalam ya kuma kafa Kwalejin Pinkline, shirin horar da fina-finai wanda aka haɓaka don horar da masu kirkirar Afirka masu tasowa, haɓaka ayyukan kirkirar mata da samar da ƙwarewar samarwa, jagoranci, da kuma samun damar masana'antu. == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken waƙar !Mai zane |- | rowspan="9" |2025 |10 Kilo |[[Davido]] |- |Mbali |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Summerdina |Babban Firist, Boypee da Zoro |- |Jumma'a da dare |Nasboi |- |Lokacin da Ka Ce Wani Abu |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Odeshi |Timaya |- |Kai ne |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Wanda ya tsira |Olivetheboy x [[Qing Madi]] |- |Saroje |Dera |- |2024 |Egwu |Chike ft [[MohBad|Mohbad]] |- | rowspan="14" |2023 |Tabbaci <ref>{{Cite web |last=TheTalkHive |date=2023-03-26 |title=Mercy Chinwo's Confidence Music Video A Depiction of Her Musical Journey? Cana by Seyi vibez |url=https://thetalkhive.com/mercy-chinwos-confidence-music-video-a-depiction-of-her-musical-journey/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Talk Hive |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Magana <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudasiru |first=Wisdom |date=2023-03-15 |title=Chike and Oxlade Join Forces to Deliver Emotionally Charged "Spell (Remix)" |url=https://culturecustodian.com/chike-and-oxlade-join-forces-to-deliver-emotionally-charged-spell-remix/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian}}</ref> |Chike ft Oxlade |- |Barka da shi |DJ Neptune ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Babu Sauran Yanayi |Rexxie ft Zinoleesky |- |Asiko |Rexxie ft Lojay |- |Abracadabra <ref>{{Cite web |last=Somto |first=Bisina |date=2023-04-02 |title=Abracadabra (Remix): See Rexxie, Wizkid In New Video |url=https://www.primebusiness.africa/abracadabra-remix-see-rexxie-wizkid-in-new-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Prime Business Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Wizkid]], Skiibii, [[Naira Marley]] & Rexxie |- |Man fetur |[[Qing Madi]] ft [[Daniel Etiese Benson (Bnxn)|BNXN]] (Fka Buju) |- |Ego Oyibo <ref>{{Cite web |last=FAB.NG |date=2023-07-26 |title=New Video: Chiké – Ego Oyibo Directed by Director Pink - Fab Magazine |url=https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/,%20https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike |- |Ovami <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-23 |title=#MUSICVID: Rich Nigerian Culture Is Well Exhibited In Oxlade & Flavour's New Hit Song 'OVAMI' - Fashion GHANA |url=https://www.fashionghana.com/site/oxlade-flavour-ovami-nigerian-culture-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Oxlade ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Baƙo |[[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- |Jin ban dariya |[[Lil Kesh]] ft [[Young Jonn|Matashi John]] |- |Dukkanin Idanu a kaina |[[Niniola]] |- |Har ila yau, guda |Harmonize ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Kulawa |Sound |- | rowspan="13" |2022 |Abincin safe |Ugoccie ft Phyno |- |Da wuya a samu |Chike ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Zaman Lafiya |Brown Joel |- |Nwoke Oma <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Chiké Delves Deeper Inwards and Preaches Reality in Visuals for "Nwoke Oma" - Afrocritik |url=https://www.afrocritik.com/chike-delves-deeper-inwards-and-preaches-reality-in-visuals-for-nwoke-oma/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref> |Chike |- |Yin niƙa |DJ Neptune ft S1mba |- |Ya riga ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwu |first=Adaora |date=2022-07-01 |title=Dunnie Debuts Music Video For New Single 'Already Won' Featuring Chike |url=https://culturecustodian.com/dunnie-debuts-music-video-for-new-single-already-won-featuring-chike/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Dunnie ft Chike |- |Nack |Mai warkarwa |- |WYD <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-12 |title=Watch Killertunes In Visuals For "WYD" |url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/,%20https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Jukebox Music |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Killertunes |- |Hosanna |Masterkraft ft Chike |- |Bi ka |Fiokee ft Gyakie & Chike |- |Chi Efo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2022-05-17 |title=New Video: J'Dess feat. The Cavemen, Waje, Selebobo, Chigurl, Zoro & Loud Urban Choir – Chi Efo |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/05/music-video-jdess-chi-efo/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref> |J'dess ft Cavemen, [[Waje]], [[Chigul]], [[Selebobo]], Zoro & Loud Choir |- |Medusa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okim |first=Itty |date=2022-10-19 |title=Layzee Ella References Art in Stunning "Medusa" Video ft. Khaid Directed by Pink |url=https://digimillennials.com/press-releases/layzee-ella-references-art-in-stunning-new-medusa-video-ft-khaid/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Layzee Ella ft [[Khaid]] |- |Mugun Ra'ayi |TAR1Q |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |Mai haɗari |Cibiyar [[Ayra Starr]] |- |Ɗan Ɗan Ɗaya |Ric Hassani |- |Domin Kai |[[Chidinma|Chidinma Ekile]] |- |Daidaitawa |B2C Uganda |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Ba ku son ni |Chike ft [[Mayorkun]] |- |Gudun Gudu Ganuwa<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-02-12 |title=Chike unveils cinematic video for 'Running (To You)' feat. Simi {{!}} WATCH VIDEO! |url=https://notjustok.com/videos/chike-simi-running-to-you-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- | |Filomena |Marxii |- | |Roju |Chike |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2021 |Lady Koi Koi |Mai gabatarwa |Gajeren fim |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2025 |Headies |Bidiyo na Kiɗa na Shekara "Egwu" - Darakta Pink |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Headies Award 2025 winners full list: Davido, Odumodu BLVCK, Tems, Rema and odas wey win for di 17th edition |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c62je7k97nro.amp |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref> |- |2024 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta TurnTable |Kyakkyawan Nasarar Gudanarwa don Bidiyo na Kiɗa |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The TurnTable 2024 Music Awards |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/magazine/6th/134 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=TurnTable}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Magana|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Headies Award 2023 nominees list: Asake, Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage plus odas wey make di list |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c06e8prrgm2o |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo |__|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=AFRIMMA Awards 2023 Nominees : The Complete List Notjustok |url=https://notjustok.com/eastafrica/awards/afrimma-awards-2023-nominees/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Latest East African & Bongo Flava Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Roju|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aderoju |first=Darlene |date=2022-07-27 |title=Wizkid Leads 2022 Headies Awards Nominees: See Complete List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/headies-awards-2022-nominations-1235118266/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=#15thHeadies: Meji Alabi, TG Omori, Others Nominated For Best Music Video {{!}} SEE LIST |url=https://notjustok.com/news/15thheadies-best-music-video-nomination/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Mace-mace Oma|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Here Are All the Winners at the AFRIMA Awards - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afrima-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=#AFRIMA8: Here Is The Full List Of Winners At The AFRIMA Awards 2023 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/the-full-list-of-winners-at-the-afrima-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Galaxy |Daraktan Bidiyo na Shekara |__|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=#GMA22: Official Nomination List and Voting Link, Out Now! – The GMAs |url=https://galaxymusicawards.com/gma22-official-nomination-list-and-voting-link-out-now/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pz8b4twovzwxj9aspyz6jar97ez89kg 875800 875798 2026-07-04T10:37:21Z Abdultambura18 32142 875800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Praise Onyeagwalam Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da '''Daraktan Pink''', shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwaokolo |first=Nneamaka |title=Top 13 Nigerian Music Video Directors of All Time |url=https://unorthodoxreviews.com/best-nigerian-music-video-directors |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Unorthodox Reviews}}</ref> mai gudanarwa mai kirkirar abubuwa kuma malami. Ta yi fice bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa "Running To You" na Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] da "Abracadabra".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Meet the 21-Year-Old Female Director Behind Chike's ft Mayorkun Video |url=https://notjustok.com/article/interviews/meet-director-pink-the-21-year-old-female-director/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce babban jami'in Pinkline Films kuma ita ce ta kafa Pinkline Academy, shirin horar da fim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=And The Nominees Are: Pinkline Films' Director Pink and Goodgirl LA |url=https://documentwomen.com/and-the-nominees-are-pinkline-films-director-pink-and-goodgirl-la |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=documentwomen.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Onyeagwalam ne a Jihar Legas, Najeriya . Ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Legas, inda ta kuma sami karatun sakandare. A cikin 2020, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Legas . Ta kuma kammala karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London . == Ayyuka == Onyeagwalam ya fara aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na gani tun yana matashi. Koyaya, ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai da bidiyo a hukumance a cikin 2020. Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya bayan ta ba da umarnin bidiyon fim din "Running To You" na Chike wanda ke nuna Simi wanda ya zama bidiyon kiɗa da aka fi kallo a farkon rabin 2021. [1][2] A watan Nuwamba 2021, ta samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai ban tsoro mai taken "Lady Koikoi" wanda ya dogara ne akan tarihin makarantar sakandare ta Najeriya "Madam Koikoi".[3][4] Ta yi aiki tare da masu zane-zane a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da Wizkid, Lil Kesh, Mercy Chinwo da sauransu. === Fim din Pinkline da Kwalejin Pinkline === Ta kafa Pinkline Films, kamfanin samar da kayayyaki na Legas wanda ke samar da bidiyon kiɗa, abun ciki mai alama, da gajeren fina-finai. Onyeagwalam ya kuma kafa Kwalejin Pinkline, shirin horar da fina-finai wanda aka haɓaka don horar da masu kirkirar Afirka masu tasowa, haɓaka ayyukan kirkirar mata da samar da ƙwarewar samarwa, jagoranci, da kuma samun damar masana'antu. == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken waƙar !Mai zane |- | rowspan="9" |2025 |10 Kilo |[[Davido]] |- |Mbali |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Summerdina |Babban Firist, Boypee da Zoro |- |Jumma'a da dare |Nasboi |- |Lokacin da Ka Ce Wani Abu |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Odeshi |Timaya |- |Kai ne |[[Yemi Alade]] |- |Wanda ya tsira |Olivetheboy x [[Qing Madi]] |- |Saroje |Dera |- |2024 |Egwu |Chike ft [[MohBad|Mohbad]] |- | rowspan="14" |2023 |Tabbaci <ref>{{Cite web |last=TheTalkHive |date=2023-03-26 |title=Mercy Chinwo's Confidence Music Video A Depiction of Her Musical Journey? Cana by Seyi vibez |url=https://thetalkhive.com/mercy-chinwos-confidence-music-video-a-depiction-of-her-musical-journey/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Talk Hive |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Mercy Chinwo|Rahama Chinwo]] |- |Magana <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudasiru |first=Wisdom |date=2023-03-15 |title=Chike and Oxlade Join Forces to Deliver Emotionally Charged "Spell (Remix)" |url=https://culturecustodian.com/chike-and-oxlade-join-forces-to-deliver-emotionally-charged-spell-remix/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian}}</ref> |Chike ft Oxlade |- |Barka da shi |DJ Neptune ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Babu Sauran Yanayi |Rexxie ft Zinoleesky |- |Asiko |Rexxie ft Lojay |- |Abracadabra <ref>{{Cite web |last=Somto |first=Bisina |date=2023-04-02 |title=Abracadabra (Remix): See Rexxie, Wizkid In New Video |url=https://www.primebusiness.africa/abracadabra-remix-see-rexxie-wizkid-in-new-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Prime Business Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Wizkid]], Skiibii, [[Naira Marley]] & Rexxie |- |Man fetur |[[Qing Madi]] ft [[Daniel Etiese Benson (Bnxn)|BNXN]] (Fka Buju) |- |Ego Oyibo <ref>{{Cite web |last=FAB.NG |date=2023-07-26 |title=New Video: Chiké – Ego Oyibo Directed by Director Pink - Fab Magazine |url=https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/,%20https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike |- |Ovami <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-23 |title=#MUSICVID: Rich Nigerian Culture Is Well Exhibited In Oxlade & Flavour's New Hit Song 'OVAMI' - Fashion GHANA |url=https://www.fashionghana.com/site/oxlade-flavour-ovami-nigerian-culture-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Oxlade ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Baƙo |[[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- |Jin ban dariya |[[Lil Kesh]] ft [[Young Jonn|Matashi John]] |- |Dukkanin Idanu a kaina |[[Niniola]] |- |Har ila yau, guda |Harmonize ft Ruger[[Ruger (musician)|Ragewa]] |- |Kulawa |Sound |- | rowspan="13" |2022 |Abincin safe |Ugoccie ft Phyno |- |Da wuya a samu |Chike ft dandano[[Flavour (mawaƙi)|Jin daɗi]] |- |Zaman Lafiya |Brown Joel |- |Nwoke Oma <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Chiké Delves Deeper Inwards and Preaches Reality in Visuals for "Nwoke Oma" - Afrocritik |url=https://www.afrocritik.com/chike-delves-deeper-inwards-and-preaches-reality-in-visuals-for-nwoke-oma/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref> |Chike |- |Yin niƙa |DJ Neptune ft S1mba |- |Ya riga ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwu |first=Adaora |date=2022-07-01 |title=Dunnie Debuts Music Video For New Single 'Already Won' Featuring Chike |url=https://culturecustodian.com/dunnie-debuts-music-video-for-new-single-already-won-featuring-chike/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Dunnie ft Chike |- |Nack |Mai warkarwa |- |WYD <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-12 |title=Watch Killertunes In Visuals For "WYD" |url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/,%20https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Jukebox Music |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Killertunes |- |Hosanna |Masterkraft ft Chike |- |Bi ka |Fiokee ft Gyakie & Chike |- |Chi Efo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2022-05-17 |title=New Video: J'Dess feat. The Cavemen, Waje, Selebobo, Chigurl, Zoro & Loud Urban Choir – Chi Efo |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/05/music-video-jdess-chi-efo/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref> |J'dess ft Cavemen, [[Waje]], [[Chigul]], [[Selebobo]], Zoro & Loud Choir |- |Medusa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okim |first=Itty |date=2022-10-19 |title=Layzee Ella References Art in Stunning "Medusa" Video ft. Khaid Directed by Pink |url=https://digimillennials.com/press-releases/layzee-ella-references-art-in-stunning-new-medusa-video-ft-khaid/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Layzee Ella ft [[Khaid]] |- |Mugun Ra'ayi |TAR1Q |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |Mai haɗari |Cibiyar [[Ayra Starr]] |- |Ɗan Ɗan Ɗaya |Ric Hassani |- |Domin Kai |[[Chidinma|Chidinma Ekile]] |- |Daidaitawa |B2C Uganda |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Ba ku son ni |Chike ft [[Mayorkun]] |- |Gudun Gudu Ganuwa<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-02-12 |title=Chike unveils cinematic video for 'Running (To You)' feat. Simi {{!}} WATCH VIDEO! |url=https://notjustok.com/videos/chike-simi-running-to-you-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] |- | |Filomena |Marxii |- | |Roju |Chike |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2021 |Lady Koi Koi |Mai gabatarwa |Gajeren fim |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2025 |Headies |Bidiyo na Kiɗa na Shekara "Egwu" - Darakta Pink |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Headies Award 2025 winners full list: Davido, Odumodu BLVCK, Tems, Rema and odas wey win for di 17th edition |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c62je7k97nro.amp |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref> |- |2024 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta TurnTable |Kyakkyawan Nasarar Gudanarwa don Bidiyo na Kiɗa |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The TurnTable 2024 Music Awards |url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/magazine/6th/134 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=TurnTable Charts |publisher=TurnTable}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Magana|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Headies Award 2023 nominees list: Asake, Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage plus odas wey make di list |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c06e8prrgm2o |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo |__|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=AFRIMMA Awards 2023 Nominees : The Complete List Notjustok |url=https://notjustok.com/eastafrica/awards/afrimma-awards-2023-nominees/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Latest East African & Bongo Flava Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |Headies |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Roju|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aderoju |first=Darlene |date=2022-07-27 |title=Wizkid Leads 2022 Headies Awards Nominees: See Complete List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/headies-awards-2022-nominations-1235118266/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=#15thHeadies: Meji Alabi, TG Omori, Others Nominated For Best Music Video {{!}} SEE LIST |url=https://notjustok.com/news/15thheadies-best-music-video-nomination/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |AFRIMMA |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa |Mace-mace Oma|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Here Are All the Winners at the AFRIMA Awards - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afrima-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=#AFRIMA8: Here Is The Full List Of Winners At The AFRIMA Awards 2023 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/the-full-list-of-winners-at-the-afrima-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Galaxy |Daraktan Bidiyo na Shekara |__|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=#GMA22: Official Nomination List and Voting Link, Out Now! – The GMAs |url=https://galaxymusicawards.com/gma22-official-nomination-list-and-voting-link-out-now/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3wk504ngmznn4c81xaxi6a8w0y7cxwl 0 141388 875651 797716 2026-07-04T06:13:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 875651 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''[[Masallaci]] Charar-e-Sharief''' (wanda aka fi sani da Charar-i-Sharef, Charari Sharief, '''Chrari-Sharif''', da dai sauransu) masallaci ne da masallaci na Sufi da ke cikin garin Charari Sharef a Gundumar Budgam, a cikin yankin Jammu da Kashmir, [[Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 1995 |title=Kashmir: Despite killing of key militants at Charar shrine, India loses a battle |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19950531-kashmir-despite-killing-of-key-militants-at-charar-shrine-india-loses-a-battle-807323-1995-05-31 |access-date= |website=India Today}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin wuraren ibada na Musulmai na Indiya, gami da [[Kwarin Kashmir]] wanda aka keɓe ga wani saint na [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] Sufi Nund Rishi .<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHARAR-E-SHARIF IN KASHMIR |url=https://www.jktdc.co.in/charar-e-sharif.aspx}}</ref> Masallacin da masallacin, wanda aka gina a cikin 1460 don girmamawa ga mai daraja na Kashmiri Sufi saint Nund Rishi, suna tsaye a matsayin muhimmiyar alama ce ta al'adun addini da al'adu na Kashmir. Musulmai ne ke girmamawa kuma Hindu ne ke ziyarta, shafin yana wakiltar doguwar al'adar jituwa ta al'umma a yankin. A shekara ta 1995, an lalata masallacin Sufi a cikin wuta a cikin yanayi mai rikitarwa. Duk da yake labaran jihar Indiya sun yi ƙoƙari su danganta lamarin da tserewa daga wani dan bindiga na Pakistan, mazauna yankin sun ci gaba da cewa Sojojin Indiya sun ƙone masallacin da gangan yayin ayyukanta a yankin. Mutanen yankin sun ambaci lamarin a matsayin misali na rashin kulawar jihar Indiya ga al'adun addini na Kashmiri. == Tarihi == Bayan mutuwar Nund Rishi a kusa da 1438, an binne shi a Charari Sharief . A cikin shekara ta 1446, Sultan na takwas na kwarin, Zain-ul-Abidin, ya kafa dutsen tushe na masallaci Charar-e-Sharief a wurin binnewa. A tsawon lokaci, masallacin ya lalace. Daga baya, Yakub Shah Chak ya gyara ɓangarorin da suka lalace. A cikin karni na 19, wani gwamnan Afghanistan mai suna [[Atta Mohammad Khan]], ya sake gina masallacin. An tsara masallacin ne lokacin da Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad ke aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na jihar. A shekara ta 1979, Jammu da Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages sun shigar da dutse a Mazar (mausoleum) na Nund Rishi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Featured story |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001021/windows/main3.htm |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> === Rashin tsarki === A ranar 11 ga Mayu 1995, 'yan ta'adda na Hizbul Mujahideen sun sami mafaka a cikin masallacin yayin rikici da jami'an tsaro na Indiya. Yaƙin bindiga da ya biyo baya ya haifar da kwashe mazauna sama da 25,000 daga yankin da ke kewaye, waɗanda suka gudu zuwa ƙauyukan da ke kusa da su suna tsoron za a kama su a cikin fada. Rahotanni na farko sun bayyana cewa kimanin gidaje 1,000 sun lalace kuma kimanin shaguna 200 sun lalace yayin aikin. An ruwaito cewa jami'an tsaro na Indiya sun hana 'yan jarida shiga yankin da abin ya shafa. Rikicin ya haifar da mutuwar kimanin 'yan ta'adda talatin da' yan tsaro goma sha biyar, yayin da akalla farar hula daya, mai shekaru 65 da haihuwa, ya mutu a cikin wuta. Mazauna yankin Kashmiri da shaidu sun yi jayayya da labarin hukuma na abubuwan da suka faru, suna zargin cewa sikelin lalacewa da ƙaurawar farar hula sakamakon yawan karfi da jami'an tsaro na Indiya suka yi amfani da shi. Yawancin mazauna sun zargi sojojin da nuna rashin girmamawa ga rayuwar farar hula da dukiya yayin aikin. A cewar BBC News, Sojojin Indiya sun mamaye masallacin a lokacin gamuwa. == Dubi kuma == * [[Musulunci a Indiya]] * Jerin masallatai a Indiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5ik78n5vcutz4abjfmdqs9mlxjlovpo 875652 875651 2026-07-04T06:13:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 875652 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''[[Masallaci]] Charar-e-Sharief''' (wanda aka fi sani da Charar-i-Sharef, Charari Sharief, '''Chrari-Sharif''', da dai sauransu) masallaci ne da masallaci na Sufi da ke cikin garin Charari Sharef a Gundumar Budgam, a cikin yankin Jammu da Kashmir, [[Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 1995 |title=Kashmir: Despite killing of key militants at Charar shrine, India loses a battle |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19950531-kashmir-despite-killing-of-key-militants-at-charar-shrine-india-loses-a-battle-807323-1995-05-31 |access-date= |website=India Today}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin wuraren ibada na Musulmai na Indiya, gami da [[Kwarin Kashmir]] wanda aka keɓe ga wani saint na [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] Sufi Nund Rishi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHARAR-E-SHARIF IN KASHMIR |url=https://www.jktdc.co.in/charar-e-sharif.aspx}}</ref> Masallacin da masallacin, wanda aka gina a cikin 1460 don girmamawa ga mai daraja na Kashmiri Sufi saint Nund Rishi, suna tsaye a matsayin muhimmiyar alama ce ta al'adun addini da al'adu na Kashmir. Musulmai ne ke girmamawa kuma Hindu ne ke ziyarta, shafin yana wakiltar doguwar al'adar jituwa ta al'umma a yankin. A shekara ta 1995, an lalata masallacin Sufi a cikin wuta a cikin yanayi mai rikitarwa. Duk da yake labaran jihar Indiya sun yi ƙoƙari su danganta lamarin da tserewa daga wani dan bindiga na Pakistan, mazauna yankin sun ci gaba da cewa Sojojin Indiya sun ƙone masallacin da gangan yayin ayyukanta a yankin. Mutanen yankin sun ambaci lamarin a matsayin misali na rashin kulawar jihar Indiya ga al'adun addini na Kashmiri. == Tarihi == Bayan mutuwar Nund Rishi a kusa da 1438, an binne shi a Charari Sharief . A cikin shekara ta 1446, Sultan na takwas na kwarin, Zain-ul-Abidin, ya kafa dutsen tushe na masallaci Charar-e-Sharief a wurin binnewa. A tsawon lokaci, masallacin ya lalace. Daga baya, Yakub Shah Chak ya gyara ɓangarorin da suka lalace. A cikin karni na 19, wani gwamnan Afghanistan mai suna [[Atta Mohammad Khan]], ya sake gina masallacin. An tsara masallacin ne lokacin da Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad ke aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na jihar. A shekara ta 1979, Jammu da Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages sun shigar da dutse a Mazar (mausoleum) na Nund Rishi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Featured story |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001021/windows/main3.htm |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> === Rashin tsarki === A ranar 11 ga Mayu 1995, 'yan ta'adda na Hizbul Mujahideen sun sami mafaka a cikin masallacin yayin rikici da jami'an tsaro na Indiya. Yaƙin bindiga da ya biyo baya ya haifar da kwashe mazauna sama da 25,000 daga yankin da ke kewaye, waɗanda suka gudu zuwa ƙauyukan da ke kusa da su suna tsoron za a kama su a cikin fada. Rahotanni na farko sun bayyana cewa kimanin gidaje 1,000 sun lalace kuma kimanin shaguna 200 sun lalace yayin aikin. An ruwaito cewa jami'an tsaro na Indiya sun hana 'yan jarida shiga yankin da abin ya shafa. Rikicin ya haifar da mutuwar kimanin 'yan ta'adda talatin da' yan tsaro goma sha biyar, yayin da akalla farar hula daya, mai shekaru 65 da haihuwa, ya mutu a cikin wuta. Mazauna yankin Kashmiri da shaidu sun yi jayayya da labarin hukuma na abubuwan da suka faru, suna zargin cewa sikelin lalacewa da ƙaurawar farar hula sakamakon yawan karfi da jami'an tsaro na Indiya suka yi amfani da shi. Yawancin mazauna sun zargi sojojin da nuna rashin girmamawa ga rayuwar farar hula da dukiya yayin aikin. A cewar BBC News, Sojojin Indiya sun mamaye masallacin a lokacin gamuwa. == Dubi kuma == * [[Musulunci a Indiya]] * Jerin masallatai a Indiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} lvdci9c7d4dbhxzlbsbawhcphphlg9x 875653 875652 2026-07-04T06:14:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 875653 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Masallaci Charar-e-Sharief''' (wanda aka fi sani da Charar-i-Sharef, Charari Sharief, '''Chrari-Sharif''', da dai sauransu) masallaci ne da masallaci na Sufi da ke cikin garin Charari Sharef a Gundumar Budgam, a cikin yankin Jammu da Kashmir, [[Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 1995 |title=Kashmir: Despite killing of key militants at Charar shrine, India loses a battle |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19950531-kashmir-despite-killing-of-key-militants-at-charar-shrine-india-loses-a-battle-807323-1995-05-31 |access-date= |website=India Today}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin wuraren ibada na Musulmai na Indiya, gami da [[Kwarin Kashmir]] wanda aka keɓe ga wani saint na [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] Sufi Nund Rishi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHARAR-E-SHARIF IN KASHMIR |url=https://www.jktdc.co.in/charar-e-sharif.aspx}}</ref> Masallacin da masallacin, wanda aka gina a cikin 1460 don girmamawa ga mai daraja na Kashmiri Sufi saint Nund Rishi, suna tsaye a matsayin muhimmiyar alama ce ta al'adun addini da al'adu na Kashmir. Musulmai ne ke girmamawa kuma Hindu ne ke ziyarta, shafin yana wakiltar doguwar al'adar jituwa ta al'umma a yankin. A shekara ta 1995, an lalata masallacin Sufi a cikin wuta a cikin yanayi mai rikitarwa. Duk da yake labaran jihar Indiya sun yi ƙoƙari su danganta lamarin da tserewa daga wani dan bindiga na Pakistan, mazauna yankin sun ci gaba da cewa Sojojin Indiya sun ƙone masallacin da gangan yayin ayyukanta a yankin. Mutanen yankin sun ambaci lamarin a matsayin misali na rashin kulawar jihar Indiya ga al'adun addini na Kashmiri. == Tarihi == Bayan mutuwar Nund Rishi a kusa da 1438, an binne shi a Charari Sharief . A cikin shekara ta 1446, Sultan na takwas na kwarin, Zain-ul-Abidin, ya kafa dutsen tushe na masallaci Charar-e-Sharief a wurin binnewa. A tsawon lokaci, masallacin ya lalace. Daga baya, Yakub Shah Chak ya gyara ɓangarorin da suka lalace. A cikin karni na 19, wani gwamnan Afghanistan mai suna [[Atta Mohammad Khan]], ya sake gina masallacin. An tsara masallacin ne lokacin da Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad ke aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na jihar. A shekara ta 1979, Jammu da Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages sun shigar da dutse a Mazar (mausoleum) na Nund Rishi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Featured story |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001021/windows/main3.htm |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> === Rashin tsarki === A ranar 11 ga Mayu 1995, 'yan ta'adda na Hizbul Mujahideen sun sami mafaka a cikin masallacin yayin rikici da jami'an tsaro na Indiya. Yaƙin bindiga da ya biyo baya ya haifar da kwashe mazauna sama da 25,000 daga yankin da ke kewaye, waɗanda suka gudu zuwa ƙauyukan da ke kusa da su suna tsoron za a kama su a cikin fada. Rahotanni na farko sun bayyana cewa kimanin gidaje 1,000 sun lalace kuma kimanin shaguna 200 sun lalace yayin aikin. An ruwaito cewa jami'an tsaro na Indiya sun hana 'yan jarida shiga yankin da abin ya shafa. Rikicin ya haifar da mutuwar kimanin 'yan ta'adda talatin da' yan tsaro goma sha biyar, yayin da akalla farar hula daya, mai shekaru 65 da haihuwa, ya mutu a cikin wuta. Mazauna yankin Kashmiri da shaidu sun yi jayayya da labarin hukuma na abubuwan da suka faru, suna zargin cewa sikelin lalacewa da ƙaurawar farar hula sakamakon yawan karfi da jami'an tsaro na Indiya suka yi amfani da shi. Yawancin mazauna sun zargi sojojin da nuna rashin girmamawa ga rayuwar farar hula da dukiya yayin aikin. A cewar BBC News, Sojojin Indiya sun mamaye masallacin a lokacin gamuwa. == Dubi kuma == * [[Musulunci a Indiya]] * Jerin masallatai a Indiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} tbxe4bspqwd18zmxt619ho32hkc3mac 875654 875653 2026-07-04T06:14:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 875654 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masallaci Charar-e-Sharief''' (wanda aka fi sani da Charar-i-Sharef, Charari Sharief, '''Chrari-Sharif''', da dai sauransu) masallaci ne da masallaci na Sufi da ke cikin garin Charari Sharef a Gundumar Budgam, a cikin yankin Jammu da Kashmir, [[Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 1995 |title=Kashmir: Despite killing of key militants at Charar shrine, India loses a battle |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19950531-kashmir-despite-killing-of-key-militants-at-charar-shrine-india-loses-a-battle-807323-1995-05-31 |access-date= |website=India Today}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin wuraren ibada na Musulmai na Indiya, gami da [[Kwarin Kashmir]] wanda aka keɓe ga wani saint na [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] Sufi Nund Rishi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHARAR-E-SHARIF IN KASHMIR |url=https://www.jktdc.co.in/charar-e-sharif.aspx}}</ref> Masallacin da masallacin, wanda aka gina a cikin 1460 don girmamawa ga mai daraja na Kashmiri Sufi saint Nund Rishi, suna tsaye a matsayin muhimmiyar alama ce ta al'adun addini da al'adu na Kashmir. Musulmai ne ke girmamawa kuma Hindu ne ke ziyarta, shafin yana wakiltar doguwar al'adar jituwa ta al'umma a yankin. A shekara ta 1995, an lalata masallacin Sufi a cikin wuta a cikin yanayi mai rikitarwa. Duk da yake labaran jihar Indiya sun yi ƙoƙari su danganta lamarin da tserewa daga wani dan bindiga na Pakistan, mazauna yankin sun ci gaba da cewa Sojojin Indiya sun ƙone masallacin da gangan yayin ayyukanta a yankin. Mutanen yankin sun ambaci lamarin a matsayin misali na rashin kulawar jihar Indiya ga al'adun addini na Kashmiri. == Tarihi == Bayan mutuwar Nund Rishi a kusa da 1438, an binne shi a Charari Sharief . A cikin shekara ta 1446, Sultan na takwas na kwarin, Zain-ul-Abidin, ya kafa dutsen tushe na masallaci Charar-e-Sharief a wurin binnewa. A tsawon lokaci, masallacin ya lalace. Daga baya, Yakub Shah Chak ya gyara ɓangarorin da suka lalace. A cikin karni na 19, wani gwamnan Afghanistan mai suna [[Atta Mohammad Khan]], ya sake gina masallacin. An tsara masallacin ne lokacin da Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad ke aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na jihar. A shekara ta 1979, Jammu da Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages sun shigar da dutse a Mazar (mausoleum) na Nund Rishi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Featured story |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001021/windows/main3.htm |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> === Rashin tsarki === A ranar 11 ga Mayu 1995, 'yan ta'adda na Hizbul Mujahideen sun sami mafaka a cikin masallacin yayin rikici da jami'an tsaro na Indiya. Yaƙin bindiga da ya biyo baya ya haifar da kwashe mazauna sama da 25,000 daga yankin da ke kewaye, waɗanda suka gudu zuwa ƙauyukan da ke kusa da su suna tsoron za a kama su a cikin fada. Rahotanni na farko sun bayyana cewa kimanin gidaje 1,000 sun lalace kuma kimanin shaguna 200 sun lalace yayin aikin. An ruwaito cewa jami'an tsaro na Indiya sun hana 'yan jarida shiga yankin da abin ya shafa. Rikicin ya haifar da mutuwar kimanin 'yan ta'adda talatin da' yan tsaro goma sha biyar, yayin da akalla farar hula daya, mai shekaru 65 da haihuwa, ya mutu a cikin wuta. Mazauna yankin Kashmiri da shaidu sun yi jayayya da labarin hukuma na abubuwan da suka faru, suna zargin cewa sikelin lalacewa da ƙaurawar farar hula sakamakon yawan karfi da jami'an tsaro na Indiya suka yi amfani da shi. Yawancin mazauna sun zargi sojojin da nuna rashin girmamawa ga rayuwar farar hula da dukiya yayin aikin. A cewar BBC News, Sojojin Indiya sun mamaye masallacin a lokacin gamuwa. == Dubi kuma == * [[Musulunci a Indiya]] * Jerin masallatai a Indiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 18n1fjmzx7wgnbt6uzdj5b2h82g6stt 875655 875654 2026-07-04T06:14:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 875655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masallaci Charar-e-Sharief''' (wanda aka fi sani da Charar-i-Sharef, Charari Sharief, '''Chrari-Sharif''', da dai sauransu) masallaci ne da masallaci na Sufi da ke cikin garin Charari Sharef a Gundumar Budgam, a cikin yankin Jammu da Kashmir, [[Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 1995 |title=Kashmir: Despite killing of key militants at Charar shrine, India loses a battle |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19950531-kashmir-despite-killing-of-key-militants-at-charar-shrine-india-loses-a-battle-807323-1995-05-31 |access-date= |website=India Today}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin wuraren ibada na Musulmai na Indiya, gami da [[Kwarin Kashmir]] wanda aka keɓe ga wani saint na [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] Sufi Nund Rishi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHARAR-E-SHARIF IN KASHMIR |url=https://www.jktdc.co.in/charar-e-sharif.aspx}}</ref> Masallacin da masallacin, wanda aka gina a cikin 1460 don girmamawa ga mai daraja na Kashmiri Sufi saint Nund Rishi, suna tsaye a matsayin muhimmiyar alama ce ta al'adun addini da al'adu na Kashmir. Musulmai ne ke girmamawa kuma Hindu ne ke ziyarta, shafin yana wakiltar doguwar al'adar jituwa ta al'umma a yankin. A shekara ta 1995, an lalata masallacin Sufi a cikin wuta a cikin yanayi mai rikitarwa. Duk da yake labaran jihar Indiya sun yi ƙoƙari su danganta lamarin da tserewa daga wani dan bindiga na Pakistan, mazauna yankin sun ci gaba da cewa Sojojin Indiya sun ƙone masallacin da gangan yayin ayyukanta a yankin. Mutanen yankin sun ambaci lamarin a matsayin misali na rashin kulawar jihar Indiya ga al'adun addini na Kashmiri. == Tarihi == Bayan mutuwar Nund Rishi a kusa da 1438, an binne shi a Charari Sharief . A cikin shekara ta 1446, Sultan na takwas na kwarin, Zain-ul-Abidin, ya kafa dutsen tushe na masallaci Charar-e-Sharief a wurin binnewa. A tsawon lokaci, masallacin ya lalace. Daga baya, Yakub Shah Chak ya gyara ɓangarorin da suka lalace. A cikin karni na 19, wani gwamnan Afghanistan mai suna [[Atta Mohammad Khan]], ya sake gina masallacin. An tsara masallacin ne lokacin da Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad ke aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na jihar. A shekara ta 1979, Jammu da Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages sun shigar da dutse a Mazar (mausoleum) na Nund Rishi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Featured story |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001021/windows/main3.htm |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> === Rashin tsarki === A ranar 11 ga Mayu 1995, 'yan ta'adda na Hizbul Mujahideen sun sami mafaka a cikin masallacin yayin rikici da jami'an tsaro na Indiya. Yaƙin bindiga da ya biyo baya ya haifar da kwashe mazauna sama da 25,000 daga yankin da ke kewaye, waɗanda suka gudu zuwa ƙauyukan da ke kusa da su suna tsoron za a kama su a cikin fada. Rahotanni na farko sun bayyana cewa kimanin gidaje 1,000 sun lalace kuma kimanin shaguna 200 sun lalace yayin aikin. An ruwaito cewa jami'an tsaro na Indiya sun hana 'yan jarida shiga yankin da abin ya shafa. Rikicin ya haifar da mutuwar kimanin 'yan ta'adda talatin da' yan tsaro goma sha biyar, yayin da akalla farar hula daya, mai shekaru 65 da haihuwa, ya mutu a cikin wuta. Mazauna yankin Kashmiri da shaidu sun yi jayayya da labarin hukuma na abubuwan da suka faru, suna zargin cewa sikelin lalacewa da ƙaurawar farar hula sakamakon yawan karfi da jami'an tsaro na Indiya suka yi amfani da shi. Yawancin mazauna sun zargi sojojin da nuna rashin girmamawa ga rayuwar farar hula da dukiya yayin aikin. A cewar BBC News, Sojojin Indiya sun mamaye masallacin a lokacin gamuwa. == Dubi kuma == * [[Musulunci a Indiya]] * Jerin masallatai a Indiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 8zn96bjz6g64hbpokubcsm3263s32r9 0 144408 875398 839890 2026-07-03T19:37:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Falsafar Musulunci daga Asalinsa zuwa Yanzu: Falsafa a cikin Land of Prophecy littafi ne na Seyyed Hossein Nasr, masanin falsafar Iran kuma Farfesa na Jami'ar [[Ilimin Musulunci|Nazarin Musulunci]] a Jami'ar George Washington . Littafin tarihi ne da kuma bayyani game da falsafar Islama da ke rufe asalinsa a karni na 9 zuwa zamanin zamani.<ref name="fdsp14"> {{Cite web |title=Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy, by Seyyed Hossein Nasr – Globethics |trans-title= |url=https://repository.globethics.net/handle/20.500.12424/1204451 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=en}} </ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Littafin ya gabatar da labarin ci gaban falsafar a duniyar Islama, da alakarsa da [[wahayi]] da al'amari mai tsarki. Marubucin ya yi niyyar gabatar da falsafar Islama ta hanyar koyarwa, da kuma tattauna ci gabanta a cikin tarihin duniyar Islama, musamman alaƙar da take da ita da wahayi na Islama.<ref name="fdsp5">{{Cite web |title=کتاب فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت سید حسین نصر – طاقچه |trans-title=The book Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy Seyyed Hossein Nasr – Taaghche |url=https://taaghche.com/book/77253/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828050238/https://taaghche.com/book/77253/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}}</ref><ref name="fdsp18"> {{Cite web |title=کتاب فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت اثر سیدحسین نصر – کتابچی |trans-title=The book Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy by Seyyed Hossein Nasr – Kitabchi |url=https://ketabchi.com/product/35390/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}} </ref> Marubucin ya mayar da hankali kan ƙarshen lokacin falsafar Islama, musamman a Iran. Bayan mamayewar Mongol, Iran ta zama mafi mahimmancin fagen ci gaba da tunanin Islama. Marubucin ya yi iƙirarin cewa a wannan lokacin, falsafar Islama ta zama kusa da gaskiyar ciki da aka bayyana ta hanyar wahayi. Ya kuma yi amfani da wannan lokacin daga baya don Nazarin kwatankwacin, kwatanta al'adun falsafar Islama da Kirista da kuma nazarin yadda suka rabu kuma suka bi makoma daban-daban.<ref name="fdsp17">{{Cite web |title=فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت – کتاب ترجمان |trans-title=Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy – Tarjomaan book |url=https://tarjomaan.shop/product/%d9%81%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%81%d9%87-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%b2%d9%85%db%8c%d9%86-%d9%86%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%aa-pa/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205114602/https://tarjomaan.shop/product/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA-pa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=جرجانی |first=شیما |date= |title=شایسته مطالعه به زبان فارسی |trans-title=Worthy of Study in Farsi language |url=http://pebr.faslnameh.org/files/site1/user_files_bbc6cb/shima_jorjani-A-10-30-190-9355475.pdf |journal=فصلنامه نقد کتاب: کلام، فلسفه و اخلاق |language=fa |volume= |issue= |pages=۲۵۰–۲۵۱ |doi= |access-date= |quote=سال چهارم، شماره ۱۳-۱۴، بهار و تابستان ۱۳۹۶ |archive-date=2023-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102224506/http://pebr.faslnameh.org/files/site1/user_files_bbc6cb/shima_jorjani-A-10-30-190-9355475.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="fdsp20"> {{Cite web |title=فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت – کتابخانه تخصصی تاریخ اسلام و ایران |trans-title=Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy – The specialized library on Islam and Iran |url=http://historylib.com/books/2075/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}} </ref> Littafin shine sakamakon kimanin shekaru hamsin na binciken marubucin da kuma tunani game da falsafar da batutuwan falsafa.<ref name="fdsp6"> {{Cite web |title=فلسفه و وحی: روزنامه اعتماد (۱۳۹۸/۰۱/۲۴) – مگیران |trans-title=Philosophy and Revelation: Etemad newspaper (13/04/2019) – Magiran |url=https://www.magiran.com/article/3889207 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}} </ref><ref name="fdsp7">{{Cite web |title=فلسفه و وحی: كتابخانه – روزنامه اعتماد |trans-title=Philosophy and Revelation: Library – Etemad newspaper |url=https://www.etemadnewspaper.ir/fa/main/detail/122827/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin gabatarwa na fassarar [[Farisawa|Farisa]] na littafin, marubucin Seyyed Hossein Nasr ya bayyana cewa littafin ƙoƙari ne na kalubalanci labaran masu gabas game da tunanin Islama, kuma shi da Henry Corbin suna daga cikin masu binciken da ke ƙoƙarin kalubalantar maganganun Yammacin Turai.<ref name="fdsp8"> {{Cite web |title=«فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت» اثر سید حسین نصر به چاپ دوم رسید – ایران آنلاین |trans-title="Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy" by Seyyed Hossein Nasr reached the second edition – Iran Online |url=https://www.ion.ir/news/382212/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}} </ref><ref name="fdsp3"> {{Cite web |title=چاپ دوم «فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت؛ فلسفه اسلامی از آغاز تا امروز» – خبرگزاری مهر |trans-title=The second edition of "Islamic Philosophy from its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy" – Mehr news agency |url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/4340362/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}} </ref><ref name="fdsp5"/> == Bayani game da shi == Littafin ya fara ne da gabatarwa da sassan fassarar, da kuma gabatarwa na marubucin. A bangare na farko, marubucin ya gabatar da rahoto game da binciken Yammacin zamani game da falsafar Islama. Ya haɗa da bayani game da matsayin falsafar Islama a duniyar Islama, alakarta da sauran fannoni da kimiyya, da kuma ma'anar falsafar Islami daga hangen nesa na [[Jerin malaman falsafar musulmi|Masana falsafa Musulmi]].<ref name="fdsp9"> {{Cite web |title=تاریخ فلسفه نبوی در ایران اسلامی – جامعه خبری تحلیلی الف |trans-title=History of Prophetic Philosophy in Islamic Iran – Alef Analytical News Society |url=https://www.alef.ir/news/3961118138.html |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}} </ref><ref name="fdsp10">{{Cite web |title=ترجمان – فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت |trans-title=Tarjomaan – Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy |url=https://tarjomaan.com/publication/8477/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108050742/https://tarjomaan.com/publication/8477/ |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}}</ref> A kashi na biyu marubucin ya tattauna game da wanzuwar abubuwan da ke tattare da su da kuma kwarangwal na [[Transcendent theosophy|falsafar]] Islama. Musamman, ana tattauna metaphysics a cikin falsafar Islama, gami da ra'ayin [[Martin Heidegger]] cewa komawa ga [[Kasancewar|kasancewa]] shine hanyar ceto. [[Western philosophy|Falsafar Yamma]] tana magana game da ƙarshen metaphysics, amma halin yanzu na falsafar Islama shine haɗuwa tsakanin [[ontology]] da metaphyrics, kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin falsafar [[Mulla Sadra]], bisa ga ka'idar "Primacy of Existence". <ref name="fdsp19">{{Cite web |title=The Principle of Primacy of "Existence" over "Quiddity" and Its Philosophical Results in the Ontological System of Mulla Sadra |trans-title= |url=http://www.mullasadra.org/new_site/english/Paper%20Bank/Ontology/78187-4%20Akbarian%20@.htm |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="fdsp92">{{Cite web |title=تاریخ فلسفه نبوی در ایران اسلامی – جامعه خبری تحلیلی الف |trans-title=History of Prophetic Philosophy in Islamic Iran – Alef Analytical News Society |url=https://www.alef.ir/news/3961118138.html |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}}</ref> <ref name="fdsp102">{{Cite web |title=ترجمان – فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت |trans-title=Tarjomaan – Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy |url=https://tarjomaan.com/publication/8477/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108050742/https://tarjomaan.com/publication/8477/ |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}}</ref> Sashe na uku shine mafi cikakken bayani, yana gabatar da tsarin nazarin falsafar Islama ta hanyar tarihi, da kuma ma'amala da falsafar Islami daga farkon zuwa zamani.<ref name="fdsp9"/> A kashi na huɗu, marubucin yana hulɗa da halin yanzu na tunani a duniyar Islama, yana nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin Islama da tunanin zamani, kuma yana nazarin yadda falsafar ke gudana a cikin duniyar annabci a baya da yanzu. ==manazarta== ggo82z65a9hzk2csyejj4c04dwu1oyu 0 144516 875503 807063 2026-07-03T21:34:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fatoumata Binta Diallo''' 'yar siyasa ce a [[Gini|Guinea]]. Tsohuwar Ministar Makamashi da Ruwa ce kuma Ministar Masana'antu, Ƙanana da Matsakaitan Kamfanoni da Haɓaka Sassan Masu Zaman Kansu, a halin yanzu ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar mata 'yan majalisar dokokin Guinea. == Aiki == Fatoumata Binta Diallo 'yar tsohon shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasar Guinea Boubacar Biro Diallo ce.<ref name=aminata>{{cite news|title=Entre le RPG et l'UFDG, les enfants d'Elhadj Biro Diallo de plus en plus divisés - Aminata|url=https://aminata.com/entre-le-rpg-et-lufdg-les-enfants-delhadj-biro-diallo-de-plus-en-plus-divises/|accessdate=25 November 2017|work=Aminata|date=23 October 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030131948/http://aminata.com/entre-le-rpg-et-lufdg-les-enfants-delhadj-biro-diallo-de-plus-en-plus-divises/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ita 'yar Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasar Guinea ce mai wakiltar mazaɓar Koundara.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tougué : enfin, l'UFDG désigne un président par intérim de la délégation spéciale - Guinée Matin - Les Nouvelles de la Guinée profonde|url=http://guineematin.com/a-la-une/tougue-enfin-lufdg-designe-president-interim-de-delegation-speciale/|accessdate=25 November 2017|work=Guinée Matin|date=24 October 2017|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=matin1/> Binta Diallo 'yar ƙungiyar Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea ce.<ref name=matin1/> Binta Diallo ta yi aiki a majalisar ministocin Guinea a matsayin Ministar Makamashi da Ruwa.<ref>{{cite book|title=Africa Confidential|date=2006|publisher=Miramoor Publications Limited|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0sAQAAIAAJ|language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2015 da 2016 ta kasance Ministar Masana'antu, Ƙanana da Matsakaitan da Haɓaka Sassan Masu Zaman Kansu a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Alpha Condé.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heath-Brown|first1=Nick|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2016: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World|date=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349578238|page=565|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDkUDgAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Turner|first1=B.|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2015: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349672783|page=564|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtvMDQAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref> Binta Diallo ta sauya sheƙa zuwa Majalisar Al'ummar Guinea a watan Oktoban 2017.<ref name=matin1>{{cite news|title=Femmes parlementaires : Hadja Binta (UFDG) est élue présidente du forum|url=http://guineematin.com/actualites/femmes-parlementaires-hadja-binta-ufdg-elue-presidente-forum/|accessdate=25 November 2017|work=Guinée Matin|date=9 July 2016|language=fr-FR}}</ref> An zaɓi Binta Diallo a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar mata 'yan majalisar dokokin Guinea a watan Yulin 2016, ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin ma'ajin kuɗin hukumar.<ref name=matin1/> Her aims are to improve the representation of women in the Guinean parliament, local government and judiciary.<ref>{{cite news|title=Campagne de lobbying : "nous voulons des maires-mères et non des maires-pères"|url=http://guineematin.com/a-la-une/campagne-de-lobbying-voulons-maires-meres-non-maires-peres/|accessdate=25 November 2017|work=Guinée Matin|date=2 November 2017|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Manufarta ita ce inganta wakilcin mata a majalisar dokokin Guinea, ƙananan hukumomi da kuma shari'a.<ref name=matin1/> Binta Diallo ta ƙarfafa marubuciya [[Adnan Qureshi]] da ta yi tafiya zuwa Guinea don yin rikodin annobar cutar Ebola ta Yammacin Afirka ta shekarar 2013-1016.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Qureshi|first1=Adnan|title=Ebola Virus Disease: From Origin to Outbreak|date=2016|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780128042427|page=xvii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zyXCgAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0t4914a97tx2cnrllsw6x10a4mduqae 0 145038 875227 826703 2026-07-03T17:45:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eunice Silva''' (an haife ta a watan Afrilu 1956) injiniya ce ta ƙasar [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]], marubuciya kuma 'yar siyasa daga Santiago. == Aiki == An haifi Eunice Andrade da Silva Spencer Lopes a Santiago, Cape Verde a watan Afrilun 1956 kuma ita ce ta biyu a cikin 'yan'uwa tara. Ta halarci [[Rostov State Building University|Cibiyar Fasaha da Masana'antu]] da ke Rostov, [[Rasha]] kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin injiniyanci na gine-gine a shekarar 1980. Ta dawo Cape Verde a shekarar 1981, Silva ta shiga kamfanin gine-gine mallakar gwamnati kuma ta zama memba na [[Organization of Cape Verdean Women]] (OCVW), wata ƙungiyar fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata. Ta yi karatun tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Havana, Cuba a shekarar 1995, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Jihar Central Connecticut a shekarar 2001. <ref name="hab">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Eunice Andrade da Silva Spencer Lopes - Speakers |url=http://habitat3.org/the-conference/programme/speakers/dr-eunice-andrade-da-silva-spencer-lopes/ |access-date=13 November 2017 |website=Habitat III |publisher=United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development}}</ref> Bayan dawowar Silva Cape Verde, ta shiga [[Minister for Infrastructure, Planning and Housing|Ma'aikatar Kayayyakin more rayuwa, Tsare-tsare da Gidaje]], bayan ta yi murabus daga mambanta a OCVW. Ta kasance darakta a ofishin karatu da tsare-tsare na ma'aikatar kuma ta yi aiki a hukumar ba da izinin ayyukan gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. Daga baya Silva ta shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kuma zama sakatare-janar na ƙungiyar 'yan kwangila ta ƙasar.<ref name=hab/><ref>{{cite news|title='7 Wonders Of Cape Verde' Named|url=http://afkinsider.com/35600/sites-see-7-wonders-cape-verde-named/|accessdate=13 November 2017|work=AFK Insider|date=28 December 2013}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An zaɓi Silva a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a shekarar 2011. <ref name="hab"/> Tun daga lokacin ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Hukumar Musamman ta Tattalin Arziki, Muhalli da Tsare-tsare na Sararin Samaniya. Kuma shugabar Cibiyar Majalisar Dokokin Cape Verde da Muhalli, Yaƙi da Hamada da Talauci. <ref name="hab" /> Silva ta shirya zaɓe a duk faɗin ƙasar a shekarar 2013 don tantance manyan abubuwan al'ajabi guda bakwai na Cape Verde sannan daga baya ta samar da ''kundin abubuwan al'ajabi na Cape Verde''. <ref name="hab" /> Ta jagoranci martanin fashewar Fogo ta 2014-15, gami da samar da gidaje, kuɗi da aikin yi ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. <ref name="hab" /> Silva ta kuma jagoranci binciken majalisar game da asarar jirgin ruwan ''Vicente'' a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu 2015 wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 15. <ref name="hab" /> A ranar 22 ga watan Yunin 2016 aka naɗa Silva a matsayin Ministar Kayayyakin more rayuwa, Tsare-tsare da Gidaje a cikin majalisar ministocin Movement for Democracy ta Ulisses Correia e Silva. Silva kuma mataimakiyar shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa ce da kuma wakilan da aka zaɓa na gida don kare muhalli a ƙasashen da ke gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma (APPEL), ƙungiyar zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai na membobin [[Subregional Fisheries Commission|Hukumar Kamun Kifi ta Yankin]] (Cape Verde, [[Gambiya|Gambia]], Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Senegal]], Sierra Leone). <ref name="hab"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Subregional Fisheries Commission |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/rfb/srfc/en |access-date=13 November 2017 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2010 |title=Competion [sic] to produce a logo |url=https://www.iucn.org/content/competion-produce-logo |access-date=13 November 2017 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Silva ta yi rubutu a jaridun Cape Verde kan harkokin tsara birane da zamantakewa. Tana da aure, tana da 'ya'ya biyu da jikoki uku. <ref name="hab"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} j2fsbg7v1k3ir6qdmtm0s7nsksk6u2x 0 145075 875567 826857 2026-07-04T02:42:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Funmilayo Waheed-Adekojo''' (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1983) ƙwararriyar 'yar kasuwa ce a Najeriya, mai taimakon jama'a, 'yar siyasa, mai ilimi kuma ƙwararriya a masana'antu. Ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma Babbar Jami'ar Funmi Ayinke Nigeria Limited da kuma Funmi Ayinke Music Record Label (FRL) <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Funmi Ayinke and Nigeria's history |url=https://guardian.ng/features/funmi-ayinke-and-nigerias-history/ |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=guardian.ng}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Funmi Waheed-Adekojo a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1983. Ta halarci [[Jami'ar Takanolaji na Ladoke Akintola|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ladoke Akintola]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Injiniyan Injiniya . Sannan tana da digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA). == Sana'a == Waheed-Adekojo ta fara aikinta da [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|Hukumar Kula da Matasa ta Ƙasa]] a Ma'aikatar Aiki da Gidaje, Gumel, [[Jihar Jigawa]] . Bayan watanni tara, ta koma Sashen Ayyuka da Ayyuka na Jami'ar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), [[Jihar Ogun]] . Ta shiga Sashen Injiniyan Injiniya na Sashen Ayyuka da Ayyuka na FUNAAB a watan Fabrairun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2021 |title=Funmilayo Waheed-Adekojo 'Whatever a man can do today, the enablement came from a woman's womb' |url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/funmilayo-waheed-adekojowhatever-a-man-can-do-today-the-enablement-came-from-a-womans-womb/ |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=guardian.ng}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, bayan ta bar FUNAAB, Funmi ta kafa kamfaninta, Funmi Ayinke Nigeria Limited . Ta kuma ƙaddamar da kamfanin rikodin nata, Funmi Ayinke Music Record Label (FRL) a watan Oktoban 2021, inda ta sanya hannu kan mawaka uku daga Legas. [1] Waƙarta ta farko ita ce a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta coci. Fim ɗinta na farko, "It's Our Time", ya samo asali ne daga zanga-zangar " End SARS " a Najeriya. [2] [3] == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Funmi Ayinke ta lashe kyaututtuka biyu na Waƙoƙin Gabashin Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 2021 a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Waƙar da ta fi burgewa a Shekara da kuma Mafi Kyawun Marubucin Waƙa na Shekara a 2020/2021, <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2021 |title=Funmi Ayinke Bags Gospel Music Awards |url=https://factualtimesng.com/funmi-ayinke-bags-gospel-music-awards/ |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=factualtimesng.com}}</ref> kuma ta lashe kyaututtukan Mujallar City People don Mafi Kyawun Waƙar da ta fi ƙarfafawa a Shekara da kuma Mai Rubuta Waƙa na Shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2021 |title=FUNMI AYINKE WAHEED ADEKOJO ON HER FORAY INTO MUSIC |url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/funmi-ayinke-waheed-adekojo-on-her-foray-into-music/ |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=citypeopleonline.com}}</ref> * An ba ta kyautar "Gwarzon Jin Kai na Shekarar 2020" daga City People. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2020 |title=CITY PEOPLE HONOURS ENGR. FUNMI AYINKE ADEKOJO |url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/city-people-honours-engr-funmi-ayinke-adekojo/ |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=citypeopleonline.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2021 |title=FUNMIAYINKE WAHEED ADEKOJO BAGS NELSON MANDELA AWARD FOR LEADERSHIP AND INTEGRITY |url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/funmiayinke-waheed-adekojo-bags-nelson-mandela-award-for-leadership-and-integrity/ |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=citypeopleonline.com}}</ref> * Ayinke ya zama jakadan kamfanin [https://nordmotion.com/about/ Nord Automobiles] a shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2022 |title=Nord names brand ambassador, gifts car |url=https://businessday.ng/transport/article/nord-names-brand-ambassador-gifts-car/ |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=businessday.ng}}</ref> * An naɗa Funmi Ayinke jakadiyar Peace Corps. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2022 |title=Engr. Funmi Ayinke bags Peace Corps ambassadorial appointment |url=https://ayokinews.com/funmilayo-ayinke-bags-peace-corps-ambassadorial-appointment/ |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=ayokinews.com |archive-date=16 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716144148/https://ayokinews.com/funmilayo-ayinke-bags-peace-corps-ambassadorial-appointment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Sake fasalin rayuwa ta hanyar makanikai da kiɗa <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2022 |title=Re-engineering Life via mechanics and music: The FunmiAyinke model |url=https://dailytimesng.com/re-engineering-life-via-mechanics-and-music-the-funmiayinke-model/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=dailytimesng.com}}</ref> * Funmi Ayinke zai saki EP <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2022 |title=Funmi Ayinke set to release EP |url=https://punchng.com/funmi-ayinke-set-to-release-ep/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=punchng.com}}</ref> * Kyauta Don Jagoranci Mai Kyau a Duniya da Kasuwancin Kamfanoni, London, 2023 * Injiniya Dr. Funmi Ayinke Ta Lashe Kyautar 'Shugaban Kamfanin Shekara Mai Zama Na Shekara' A Landan * Injiniya Dr. Funmilayo Waheed-Adekojo Ta Haska a Gasar Golden Star ta 2023 * Engr. Dr. Funmilayo Waheed-Adekojo ta zama Matron na APPON <ref>{{Cite web |title=Engr. Dr. Funmi Ayinke Shines At APPON Annual Conference, Becomes Life Matron |url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/engr-dr-funmi-ayinke-shines-at-appon-annual-conference-becomes-life-matron/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=saharaweeklyng.com |archive-date=2023-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720215708/https://saharaweeklyng.com/engr-dr-funmi-ayinke-shines-at-appon-annual-conference-becomes-life-matron/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Funmi Ayinke tana da aure da 'ya'ya huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2021 |title=A Billionaire at 38: Meet Africa's Best Rated Engineer, Funmi Ayinke Waheed Adekojo |url=https://www.theelitesng.com/a-billionaire-at-38-meet-africas-best-rated-engineer-funmi-ayinke-waheed-adekojo/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=theelitesng.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] kw6yoi65aa7m3lrokb019dsnaz9kszi 0 147046 875018 816205 2026-07-03T13:59:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emem Peace Essien''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2001) ƙwararriyar ' yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta mata wacce a halin yanzu take bugawa Kickstart FC a gasar Indian Women's League . <ref name="CAF">{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |title=Emem Essien: A journey from street football to continental glory |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/emem-essien-a-journey-from-street-football-to-continental-glory/ |website=[[Confederation of African Football|CAF]]}}</ref>   == Aikin kulob == Bayan ta buga wasa a kungiyoyi kamar Ibom Angels, Sunshine Queens da [[Bayelsa Queens F.C.|Bayelsa Queens]], Emem Essien ta koma Edo Queens a 2021. <ref name="Essien">{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=My dream is to help Nigeria win World Cup - Emem Essien |url=https://punchng.com/my-dream-is-to-help-nigeria-win-world-cup-emem-essien/ |website=Punch Newspapers}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2023 |title=Flying Officers Cup 2021: Emem Essien lifts Edo Queens past Confluence Queens into final |url=https://www.sports247.ng/flying-officers-cup-2021-emem-essien-lifts-edo-queens-past-confluence-queens-into-final-as-fc-robo-queens-ends-osun-babes-dream/ |website=Sports247}}</ref> Ta kasance muhimmiyar rawa ga rawar da Edo Queens ta taka a kakar wasa ta 2023–24, wanda ya sa suka lashe gasar kuma suka cancanci shiga gasar zakarun CAF a karon farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=NWFL Playoffs: Edo Queens win first-ever league title |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/697983-nwfl-playoffs-edo-queens-win-first-ever-league-title.html |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref> A wannan kakar, ta zura kwallaye 6 kuma an zabe ta a matsayin 'yar wasa mafi daraja a kakar wasa. <ref name="Edo">{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title="No room for complacency" - Emem Essien leads Edo Queens with steely resolve |url=https://www.sports247.ng/no-room-for-complacency-emem-essien-leads-edo-queens-with-steely-resolve/ |website=Sports247}}</ref> A wasannin share fagen shiga gasar zakarun CAF ta 2024, ta kare a matsayin wacce ta fi kowa zura kwallaye da kwallaye 6. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2024 |title=CAFWCL: Emem Essien eye top finish with Edo Queens |url=https://nigeriasoccernet.com/cafwcl-emem-essien-eye-top-finish-with-edo-queens |website=Nigeria Soccer Net}}</ref> Ta kuma ci kwallaye uku a babban gasar; inda ta ci kwallaye a matakin rukuni a nasarar da ta samu a kan kungiyar CBE ta Habasha da Mamelodi Sundowns, <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2024 |title=Dominant Edo Queens victorious over CBE with commanding win |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/dominant-edo-queens-victorious-over-cbe-with-commanding-win/ |website=CAF}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2024 |title=Emem Essien bags Woman of the Match award after epic performance |url=https://naijafeministsmedia.org.ng/emem-essien-bags-woman-of-the-march-award-after-epic-performance/ |website=Naija Feminists Media}}</ref> inda ta lashe kyautar 'Woman of the Match', kwallo daya tilo da ta ci a wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun TP Mazembe a wasan kusa da na karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2024 |title=TP Mazembe deny Edo Queens historic CAF Women's Champions League final |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/755612-tp-mazembe-deny-edo-queens-historic-caf-womens-champions-league-final-ticket.html |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref> <ref name="Essien"/> Aikinta a wannan shekarar ya sa aka zabe ta a matsayin 'yar wasan CAF Interclub na shekara ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |title=Edo Queens' Essien, Oyono Nominated for CAF Interclub |url=https://firstdaily.ng/edo-queens-essien-oyono-nominated-for-caf-interclub-player-award/ |website=First Daily News}}</ref> The following season, she scored 7 goals in the 2024–25 NWFL, finishing as one of the top scorers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=NWFL Super Six: Emem Essien and other top stars to watch out for |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/story/nwfl-super-six-emem-essien-and-other-top-stars-to-watch-out-for-2025050911000670807 |website=Pulse Sports}}</ref><ref name="Edo"/> A shekarar 2025, ta koma ƙungiyar Kickstart FC ta Indiya bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci da ta yi da Bayelsa Queens . [1] == Aikin ƙungiyar ƙasa == A watan Mayun 2025, an kira ta zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Najeriya]] a wasannin sada zumunci da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kamaru|Kamaru]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2025 |title=Ememe Essie ready for Cameroon friendly |url=https://www.panafricafootball.com/post/super-falcons-emem-essien-ready-for-cameroon-friendly/ |website=Pan Africa Football |access-date=30 March 2026 |archive-date=9 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409012445/https://www.panafricafootball.com/post/super-falcons-emem-essien-ready-for-cameroon-friendly/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2025 |title=Falcons to face Cameroon in Ikenne, Abeokuta |url=https://punchng.com/falcons-to-face-cameroon-in-ikenne-abeokuta/ |website=The Punch}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta fito daga dangin 'ya'yana. Ta ayyana mahaifinta a matsayin mai ba ta shawara. <ref name="CAF"/> <ref name="Essien"/> == Daraja == * [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Najeriya|Gasar Firimiya ta NWFL]] : 2023–24 * MVP na NWFL : 2024 == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f74k3s8i7f1cusy1fiy1gv7aa7eyru9 0 148782 875141 828064 2026-07-03T16:30:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875141 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Esther Ballestrino na Careaga''' (20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1918 - ta ɓace 17 ko 18 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1977) ta kasance masanin kimiyyar halittu kuma mai fafutukar siyasa a [[Paraguay]]. Ta fi shahara da alaƙar da take da ita da [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] na gaba da kuma tilasta bacewar ta (sarraba da kisan kai) a Argentina ta hanyar mulkin kama-karya na soja na Tsarin sake tsarawa na kasa (1976-1983). Ta taimaka wajen gano Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, wanda ya shirya zanga-zangar da uwaye na yara da suka ɓace suka dauka da hukumomi suka dauka. == Rayuwa == An haifi Ballestrino a Paraguay, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar Asunción . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=enciclopedia delle donne: Ballestrino de Careaga Esther |url=https://www.enciclopediadelledonne.it/edd.nsf/biografie/esther-ballestrino-de-careaga |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=www.enciclopediadelledonne.it |language=it}}</ref> Ta zama mai aiki a siyasa a matsayin memba na jam'iyyar Socialist February Revolutionary Party; daga baya ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci [[Women's Movement of Paraguay|Ƙungiyar Mata ta Paraguay]] . Siyasa ta kasance mai haɗari a ƙarƙashin mulkin soja na Higinio Morínigo, kuma dole ne ta bar ƙasar a 1947. A Argentina, ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya mata uku, Esther Careaga, Mabel Careaga, da Ana María Careaga . <ref name=":0" /> Ta yi aiki a sashen abinci a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Hickethier-Bachmann a Buenos Aires, inda daya daga cikin ma'aikatanta Jorge Mario Bergoglio, wanda daga baya zai zama [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]]. Ya tuna yana aiki a gare ta da kuma kulawarta ga daki-daki. Daga baya ya yi sharhi cewa Marxists na iya zama mutane masu kyau, kuma ya ga Ballestrino a matsayin babban tasiri a kansa. An ce Ballestrino ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama shugaban shugaban shugaban shugaban Kirista na gaba. A shekara ta 1976, an sace surukan Ballestrino guda biyu, Manuel Carlos Cuevas da Ives Domergue, kuma sun ɓace. An yaba wa Ballestrino da taimakawa wajen gano Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo wanda ya shirya uwaye na yara da suka ɓace suna zanga-zanga a Plaza de Mayo . A shekara ta gaba, 'yarta mai ciki Ana Maria Careaga ta kuma sace ta a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1977 ta hannun hukumomi kuma ta azabtar da ita. Ballestrino ta tuntubi abokinta, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Jorge Mario Bergoglio]], kuma ta nemi ya zo ya ba da al'adun karshe ga dangi. Katolika Bergoglio ya yi mamakin, saboda ya san cewa Ballestrino Marxist ne. Lokacin da ya isa, ya fahimci cewa ainihin niyyar Ballestrino shine ya fitar da tarin littattafan kwaminisanci na iyali. Ballestrino ta damu da cewa waɗannan littattafan za su kai ga kama ta idan aka bincika gida. Bergoglio ya yi kamar yadda aka nema kuma ya fitar da littattafan. == Yunkurin siyasa a Paraguay == Bellestrino ya zama mai aiki a siyasa a Paraguay a cikin shekarun 1940, ya shiga jam'iyyar Socialist Revolutionary Febrerista Party, sannan kuma Unión Democrática de Mujeres, ƙungiyar mata da ta taru a kan mulkin kama karya. Ayyukanta a Paraguay an tsara su ne a kan gwamnatin soja a karkashin Higinio Moríngo, wanda ya yi niyya ga ƙungiyoyin adawa da ƙuntata sauye-sauyen siyasa. Bayanan shaidu daga 'yarta, Mabel, sun bayyana jajircewar Ballestrino ga gwagwarmayar hadin gwiwa, suna jaddada cewa ta kalli gwagwarmaya da mulkin kama karya fiye da iyalinta ga duk wadanda suka ɓace daga tashin hankali na jihar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Galante |first=Miguel A. |title="Madres de Plaza de Mayo desaparecidas: Esther Balestrino de Careaga, militante de exilio paraguayo, en la subjetividad de sus hijas" //// "Missing Mothers of Plaza de Mayo: Mrs. Esther Ballestrino de Careaga, militant exiled in Paraguay since the subjectivity of her daughters" |url=https://www.academia.edu/23837116/_Madres_de_Plaza_de_Mayo_desaparecidas_Esther_Balestrino_de_Careaga_militante_de_exilio_paraguayo_en_la_subjetividad_de_sus_hijas_Missing_Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo_Mrs_Esther_Ballestrino_de_Careaga_militant_exiled_in_Paraguay_since_the_subjectivity_of_her_daughters_ |journal=Historia, Voces y Memoria. Revista del Programa de Historia Oral |volume=3}}</ref> Ta yi aiki don tallafawa iyalai waɗanda ƙaunatattun su suka ɓace, ta tsara aikinta a matsayin ɗabi'a da siyasa. Shirye-shiryen Ballestrino zai haifar da tsanantawa kuma ya tilasta zuwa gudun hijira a Argentina. Tare da wannan gudun hijira, gwagwarmayarta ta fadada amma ta sanya kanta a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar kasa da kasa waɗanda suka haɗa gwagwarmaya da mulkin kama karya da buƙatar amsoshi ga waɗanda abin ya shafa.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> == Gudun hijira da gwagwarmaya a Argentina == Bayan da ta yi gudun hijira daga Paraguay, Ballestrino ta ci gaba da shirya siyasa da mata a Argentina. Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, wanda aka kafa a 1977 wanda ke buƙatar bayani game da mutanen da suka ɓace a ƙarƙashin mulkin kama-karya na soja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trigona |first=Marie |date=2010-10-22 |title=Argentina's Mothers of Plaza de Mayo: A Living Legacy of Hope and Human Rights |url=https://truthout.org/articles/argentinas-mothers-of-plaza-de-mayo-a-living-legacy-of-hope-and-human-rights/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Truthout |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan motsi ya canza baƙin ciki na sirri zuwa zanga-zangar jama'a ta hanyar shiga cikin zanga-zambe a wuraren Buenos Aires a matsayin alama ce ta juriya game da zalunci na jihar. Ballestrino ya yi aiki tare da wasu masu gwagwarmaya, kamar su Azucena Villa flor da María Ponce de Bianco, a cikin rubuce-rubuce da shirya tafiye-tafiye, Tare, matan sun nemi matsawa gwamnati don bayyana bayanan wadanda suka ɓace da kuma riƙe wadanda ke da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. <ref name=":0"/> == Tasirin Paparoma Francis == Yayinda yake aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti na Hickethier-Bachmann, Ballestrino ya kula da kuma jagorantar Jorge Bergoglio mai shekaru 16 a lokacin, wanda daga baya aka sani da Paparoma Francis. Labaran sun bayyana ta a matsayin mutum mai tasiri a kan tunaninsa na siyasa da na ɗabi'a. Ta gabatar da Bergoglio ga ra'ayoyin Marxist kuma ta ƙarfafa shi ya yi tunani game da adalci da siyasa, da kuma yin magana ga waɗanda aka zalunta ko kuma ba su da murya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=REDACCION |date=2025-04-22 |title=La mujer que marcó al papa Francisco y terminó arrojada al mar |url=https://palermonline.com.ar/wordpress/la-mujer-que-marco-al-papa-francisco-y-termino-arrojada-al-mar/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Red |first=Argentina en |date=2025-04-24 |title=Una mujer común, un cura, y un papado para la memoria de futuras generaciones |url=https://www.argentinaenred.com/2025/04/24/una-mujer-comun-un-cura-y-un-papado-para-la-memoria-de-futuras-generaciones/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Argentina en Red |language=es-AR}}</ref> Jagorancinta ya tsara aikin farko na Bergoglio don taimakawa matalauta da bin adalci na zamantakewa, yana ba da tsarin ɗabi'a wanda ya jaddada gwagwarmayar hadin gwiwa da kare waɗanda ba su da murya. Jagoranta ya haɗa asalin kimiyya da gwagwarmayar siyasa zuwa ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a masu yawa, waɗanda Bergoglio daga baya zai yarda ya rinjayi tunaninsa game da jagoranci da sanin zamantakewa.<ref name=":3"/> Tasirin Ballestrino ya nuna yadda 'yan gwagwarmayar mata da Marxist suka ba da gudummawa ga tunanin ɗabi'a da addini a Argentina a lokacin mulkin kama karya.<ref name=":2"/> == Satar da kuma kisan kai == A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1977, Ballestrino, tare da Sisters Alice da Léonie da sauran Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, sun shirya buƙatar sunayen waɗanda suka ɓace da kuma gwamnati ta bayyana inda suke. An yada ''Ƙasar'' a cikin jaridar La Nación a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1977. Kyaftin din Sojan Ruwa Alfredo Astiz ya shiga cikin Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, kuma hukumomi sun matsa wa shugabannin kungiyar. Sojojin tsaro sun kwace Ballestrino da [[María Ponce na Bianco]] a [[Church of Santa Cruz (Buenos Aires)|Cocin Santa Cruz]] a cikin garin Buenos Aires. An kai matan zuwa cibiyar tsare-tsare da ake kira The Navy Mechanics School (ESMA) <ref name=":2"/> ta hanyar jami'an tsaro na Argentina, inda aka azabtar da su sannan aka jefa su cikin teku daga jirgin sama yayin da ake zaton har yanzu suna da rai, wani abu da ake kira jirgin mutuwa. Bayanan shaidu daga 'ya'yanta mata sun ba da jadawalin lokaci game da gudun hijira, sacewar Ballestrino, da kuma tabbatar da mutuwarta. Kokarin dangin don dawo da gawarwakinta da cikakkun bayanai game da mutuwarta ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 30 saboda taimakon kungiyar Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team, tana ba da rufewa yayin da take jaddada zaluncin tashin hankali na jihar Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title="My mother was a revolutionary who taught us to feel the pain of others as our own" - Latin america News |url=https://latin-american.news/my-mother-was-a-revolutionary-who-taught-us-to-feel-the-pain-of-others-as-our-own/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106063902/https://latin-american.news/my-mother-was-a-revolutionary-who-taught-us-to-feel-the-pain-of-others-as-our-own/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Neman ragowar == A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1977, an gano gawawwakin kusa da wuraren wanka na Santa Teresita da Mar del Tuyú. Binciken bincike ya tabbatar da dalilin mutuwar ya zama "hadari a kan abubuwa masu wuya daga tsawo mai tsawo". An kammala wannan daga nau'in karyewar ƙashi da aka ci gaba kafin mutuwa. Ba tare da ƙarin bincike ba, an sanya gawarwakin a cikin kaburbura marasa alama a cikin makabartar garin Janar Lavalle. Sun kasance a can na ɗan lokaci.<ref name="rio" /> Hukumar Kasa kan bacewar mutane da kuma Shari'ar Juntas ta jagoranci a shekarar 1984 zuwa fitar da gawawwakin a makabartar Janar Lavalle. Binciken ya nuna ƙasusuwan da suka kasance na gawarwakin da aka samu a bakin rairayin bakin teku na San Bernardo da La Lucila del Mar. An yi amfani da wannan shaidar a cikin shari'ar da Alkalin Horacio Cattani ya yi wa Juntas. Ba har zuwa shekara ta 2003 ba ne ƙarin bayani ya haifar da ƙarin binciken gawawwakin da kungiyar Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team ta yi, wanda ya gano gawawwakuna takwas, gami da mata biyar da suka ɓace a 1977: Ballestrino, [[Azucena Villaflor]], [[María Ponce na Bianco]], Angela Auad, da Sister [[Léonie Duquet]]. Dokar dokokin Argentina da aka sani da Ley de Punto Final da Ley de Obediencia Debida sun kawo karshen ci gaba da bincike, saboda yanzu an ɗauka cewa wadanda ke da hannu suna bin umarni. Cattani yana da shaidar da aka bayyana a matsayin "mita murabba'i 40" a shekarar 1995. An sake binne dukkan gawawwakin a lambun cocin Santa Cruz. Ba a sami ragowar Sister [[Alice Domon]] ba kuma sun ɓace. == Ilimi daga gwamnatin Amurka == Takardun daga gwamnatin Amurka, waɗanda aka bayyana a shekara ta 2002, sun nuna cewa gwamnatin Amurka ta san a shekara ta 1978 cewa an sami gawarwakin 'yan majami'ar Faransa Alice Domon da Léonie Duquet, da Madres de Plaza de Mayo Azucena Villaflor, Esther Ballestrino, da María Ponce, a kan rairayin bakin teku na Lardin Buenos Aires. An bayyana wannan sirri a cikin Takaddar #1978-BUENOS-02346, wanda tsohon Jakadan Amurka a Argentina, Raúl Castro, ya shirya don Sakataren Gwamnatin Amurka. An rubuta shi a ranar 30 ga Maris, 1978, kuma yana da layin batun "Rahoton mutuwar nun". Takardar ta ce:<blockquote>1. Labarin A.F.P. Maris 28 da aka gabatar daga Paris ya ba da rahoton cewa an gano gawarwakin 'yan majami'ar Faransa biyu (Alicia Doman da Renée Duguet) (sic) waɗanda aka sace a tsakiyar watan Disamba tare da wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam goma sha ɗaya daga cikin gawawwakin kusa da Bahía Blanca. 2. Buenos Aires ta cika da irin wannan jita-jita sama da wata daya da suka gabata bisa ga asusun gano gawawwakin da iska mai karfi ta hanyar Tekun Atlantika, yana nuna kusa da bakin Kogin La Plata kimanin kilomita 300-350 zuwa arewacin Bahía Blanca. 3. (Sunan da aka gyara), wanda ke ƙoƙarin bin diddigin waɗannan jita-jita, yana da bayanan sirri cewa jami'an tsaro na Argentina sun sace 'yan majami'ar kuma a wani lokaci an tura su kurkuku da ke garin [[Buenos Aires]]">Junín, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 150 a yammacin Buenos Aires. 4. Ofishin Jakadancin kuma yana da bayanan sirri ta hanyar tushen gwamnatin Argentina (mai kariya) cewa an gano gawawwaki bakwai da suka gabata a bakin rairayin bakin teku kusa da Mar del Plata. A cewar wannan tushe, gawarwakin sune na nunan biyu da uwaye biyar da suka ɓace tsakanin Disamba 8 da Disamba 10, 1977. Tushenmu ya tabbatar da cewa mambobin jami'an tsaro da ke aiki a karkashin babban umarni game da 'yan ta'adda da masu tayar da kayar baya ne suka tsare wadannan mutane. Tushen ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa mutane kalilan a GOA sun san wannan bayanin. 5. Tushen ya ba da rahoton abin dogaro a baya, kuma muna da dalilin yin imani da shi amintacce ne game da tambayoyin bacewar.</blockquote> == Kyauta == A cikin 2014, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya sadu da mijin daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Ballestrino wanda ya zauna a gudun hijira a [[Sweden]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1918]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5e1xvhqweocsukw28raj2f2nvusc6if 0 150444 875540 839922 2026-07-04T01:18:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875540 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Francesco Acerbi 2021.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Francesco Acerbi | hoto = Francesco Acerbi 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Francesco Acerbi | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1988|2|10}} | wurin_haihuwa = Vizzolo Predabissi, Italiya | tsawo = 1.92 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya | kungiyar_yanzu = {{nowrap|[[Inter Milan]]}} | lamba = 15 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2000–2006 | matasa_klub1 = Pavia | shekaru1 = 2006–2010 | klub1 = Pavia | wasa1 = 65 | kwallaye1 = 4 | shekaru2 = 2010–2011 | klub2 = Renate | wasa2 = 28 | kwallaye2 = 2 | shekaru3 = 2011 | klub3 = Spezia | wasa3 = 16 | kwallaye3 = 0 | shekaru4 = 2011–2012 | klub4 = Reggina | wasa4 = 40 | kwallaye4 = 1 | shekaru5 = 2012–2013 | klub5 = AC Milan | wasa5 = 6 | kwallaye5 = 0 | shekaru6 = 2012–2013 | klub6 = → Chievo (aro) | wasa6 = 18 | kwallaye6 = 1 | shekaru7 = 2013–2018 | klub7 = Sassuolo | wasa7 = 149 | kwallaye7 = 10 | shekaru8 = 2018–2023 | klub8 = Lazio | wasa8 = 135 | kwallaye8 = 5 | shekaru9 = 2022–2023 | klub9 = → Inter Milan (aro) | wasa9 = 30 | kwallaye9 = 1 | shekaru10 = 2023– | klub10 = Inter Milan | wasa10 = 0 | kwallaye10 = 0 | tawagar_kasa1 = Italiya | shekarun_tawagar1 = 2014– | wasannin_tawagar1 = 34 | kwallayen_tawagar1 = 1 }} '''Francesco Acerbi''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Italiya]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar [[Inter Milan]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya. An haife shi ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1988 a garin Vizzolo Predabissi dake ƙasar Italiya. An san Acerbi da ƙwarewa wajen tsaron gida, ƙarfin jiki, da kuma iya karanta wasan abokan hamayya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inter.it/en/teams/first-team/francesco-acerbi|title=Francesco Acerbi Profile|publisher=Inter Milan|access-date=2026-05-11|archive-date=2023-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319020741/https://www.inter.it/en/teams/first-team/francesco-acerbi|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Francesco Acerbi ya taso ne a yankin Lombardy na ƙasar Italiya inda ya fara sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara buga wasa a makarantar matasa ta Pavia kafin daga baya ya shiga manyan kungiyoyin ƙananan rukuni a ƙasar Italiya. Rayuwarsa ta farko ta kasance mai cike da ƙalubale saboda ya yi fama da rashin samun dama a manyan kungiyoyi tun yana matashi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.figc.it/en/national-teams/players/francesco-acerbi/|title=Francesco Acerbi – Italy National Team|publisher=FIGC|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Farkon aikinsa === Acerbi ya fara buga wasa da ƙungiyar Pavia inda ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai a matsayin mai tsaron baya. Daga baya ya koma Renate da Spezia kafin ya samu damar shiga Reggina a shekarar 2011. A Reggina ne ya fara samun suna saboda yadda yake nuna jajircewa da ƙwarewa wajen dakile hare-haren abokan wasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/francesco-acerbi/profil/spieler/131075|title=Francesco Acerbi Career Stats|publisher=Transfermarkt|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> === AC Milan === A shekarar 2012, ƙungiyar [[AC Milan]] ta sayi Acerbi domin ƙarfafa garkuwarta. Duk da cewa bai samu damar taka rawar gani sosai ba a Milan, wannan mataki ya taimaka wajen ƙara masa ƙwarewa saboda ya yi wasa tare da manyan ‘yan wasa da gogaggun masu horarwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acmilan.com/en/club/players/francesco-acerbi|title=Francesco Acerbi at Milan|publisher=AC Milan|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> === Sassuolo === Bayan barinsa Milan, Acerbi ya koma [[US Sassuolo Calcio]] inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan tsaron ƙungiyar. A lokacin da yake Sassuolo ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen samun nasarori masu yawa a gasar Serie A da kuma shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. Ya zama jagora a bayan gida kuma ana yaba masa saboda ƙoƙarinsa da jajircewarsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sassuolocalcio.it/giocatore/francesco-acerbi/|title=Francesco Acerbi – Sassuolo|publisher=Sassuolo Calcio|access-date=2026-05-11}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Lazio === A shekarar 2018, Acerbi ya koma [[SS Lazio]] inda ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewa sosai. Ya taimaka wa Lazio wajen lashe Coppa Italia da kuma Supercoppa Italiana. A lokacin da yake Lazio ya kasance daga cikin mafi kyawun masu tsaron baya a Serie A saboda jajircewa, iya shugabanci, da kuma tsayin daka wajen kare gida.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sslazio.it/en/player/francesco-acerbi|title=Francesco Acerbi Lazio Profile|publisher=SS Lazio|access-date=2026-05-11}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Inter Milan === A shekarar 2022 Acerbi ya koma [[Inter Milan]] aro kafin daga baya ƙungiyar ta saye shi dindindin. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Inter wajen kaiwa wasan ƙarshe na UEFA Champions League da kuma fafatawa a Serie A. Kwarewarsa da gogewarsa sun taimaka sosai wajen ƙarfafa tsaron ƙungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/250030512--francesco-acerbi/|title=Francesco Acerbi UEFA Profile|publisher=UEFA|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Acerbi ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Italiya wasa a shekarar 2014. Ya kasance cikin tawagar da ta lashe gasar UEFA Euro 2020 bayan Italiya ta doke Ingila a wasan ƙarshe. An yaba masa saboda yadda yake taka rawa wajen kare gida da kuma kawo kwanciyar hankali a bayan tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/players/250030512--francesco-acerbi/|title=Francesco Acerbi Euro Profile|publisher=UEFA|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Francesco Acerbi ya sha fama da cutar kansa sau biyu a rayuwarsa, amma ya yi nasarar warkewa kuma ya dawo fili domin ci gaba da buga ƙwallo. Wannan ya sa mutane da dama suke kallonsa a matsayin abin koyi saboda jajircewa da ƙarfin zuciya wajen fuskantar ƙalubale.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/francesco-acerbi-cancer-comeback-story|title=Francesco Acerbi Cancer Comeback Story|publisher=FIFA|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Acerbi ana saninsa da ƙwarewa wajen yanke ƙwallaye, iya tsayawa da ƙarfi, da kuma iya fara kai hari daga baya. Tsawonsa da ƙarfinsa na taimaka masa wajen cin ƙwallayen sama da kuma dakatar da ‘yan gaba masu sauri. Haka kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen jagorantar masu tsaron baya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/player/francesco-acerbi|title=Francesco Acerbi Player Analysis|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Lazio === * Coppa Italia: 2018–19 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2019 === Inter Milan === * Coppa Italia: 2022–23 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2022, 2023 * Serie A: 2023–24 === Italiya === * UEFA Euro 2020 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Tawagar Italiya UEFA Euro 2020}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwallon kafa na Italiya]] [[Category:Masu tsaron baya]] [[Category:Yan wasan Inter Milan]] [[Category:Yan wasan Lazio]] [[Category:Yan wasan AC Milan]] [[Category:Yan wasan Serie A]] [[Category:Yan wasan tawagar kasar Italiya]] ikcql2pjp381g33tbqk8tsmlmzl8ul7 0 150662 874984 834347 2026-07-03T12:01:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 874984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elena Igorevna Morozova''' ( Russian ) ɗan wasan tsakiya ne na ƙwallon ƙafa na Rasha, wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa Ryazan VDV wasa a gasar cin kofin Rasha . Ta taɓa bugawa ƙungiyar Energiya Voronezh, WFC Rossiyanka, Zorky Krasnogorsk da Kubanochka Krasnodar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=WFC Rossiyanka-Rossiyanka |url=https://www.fc-ross.ru/team/osnovnoy_sostav/igroki/1814/ |access-date=2026-05-11 |archive-date=2012-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033615/http://www.fc-ross.ru/team/osnovnoy_sostav/igroki/1814/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Morozova ta fara aikinta a shekarar 2002, a Voronezh. A shekarar 2004, ta zama memba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Rasha, kuma daga baya ta shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2009, inda ta fara da Ingila da Italiya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=UEFA |url=http://uk.uefa.com/womenseuro/matches/season=2009/round=15046/match=304295/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729035244/http://uk.uefa.com/womenseuro/matches/season=2009/round=15046/match=304295/index.html |archive-date=29 July 2012}}</ref> A matsayinta na 'yar ƙasa da shekara 19, ta lashe gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta 2005, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Rasha. Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, ta lashe gasar zakarun Rasha sau 7, da kuma gasar cin kofin Rasha sau 4. Morozova ta fara buga wasa a ƙasashen duniya tare da Rasha a wasan da suka yi da Ireland a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2005. Daga baya, ta buga wasa na 100 kuma na ƙarshe a duniya da Wales a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ЕЛЕНА МОРОЗОВА |url=https://rfs.ru/national-womens/players/morozova-elena-igorevna |access-date=13 October 2019 |website=rfs.ru |language=ru}}</ref> == Lakabi == * Gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta 2005 * Gasar Rasha guda 7 (2002, 2003, 2006, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2016) * Kofuna 4 na Rasha (2006, 2008, 2009, 2010) == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |+Goals scored for the Russian WNT in official competitions ! width="175px" |Competition ! width="75px" |Stage ! width="75px" |Date ! width="100px" |Location ! width="185px" |Opponent ! width="25px" |Goals ! width="25" |Result ! width="25px" |Overall |- align="center" | rowspan="4" |2007 FIFA World Cup | rowspan="4" |Qualifiers |2005–08–28 |[[Moscow]] | align="left" |{{Fbw|SCO}} |'''1''' | bgcolor="#CCFFCC" |6–0 | rowspan="4" |'''4''' |- align="center" |2005–09–01 |Zug | align="left" |{{Fbw|SUI}} |'''1''' | bgcolor="#CCFFCC" |2–1 |- align="center" |2006–05–24 |Perth | align="left" |{{Fbw|SCO}} |'''1''' | bgcolor="#CCFFCC" |4–0 |- align="center" |2006–09–23 |[[Moscow]] | align="left" |{{Fbw|SUI}} |'''1''' | bgcolor="#CCFFCC" |2–0 |- align="center" |'''2009 UEFA Euro''' |Qualifiers |2007–06–16 |Krasnoarmeysk | align="left" |{{Fbw|POL}} |'''1''' | bgcolor="#CCFFCC" |3–1 |'''1''' |- align="center" |2011 FIFA World Cup |Qualifiers |2009–10–25 |Krasnoarmeysk | align="left" |{{Fbw|IRL}} |'''1''' | bgcolor="#CCFFCC" |3–0 |'''1''' |- align="center" | rowspan="4" |'''2013 UEFA Euro''' | rowspan="3" |Qualifiers |2011–09–21 |Racibórz | align="left" |{{Fbw|POL}} |'''1''' | bgcolor="#CCFFCC" |2–0 ¹ | rowspan="4" |'''6''' |- align="center" |2012–03–31 |Podolsk | align="left" |{{Fbw|MKD}} |'''3''' | bgcolor="#CCFFCC" |8–0 |- align="center" |2012–06–21 |[[Sarajevo]] | align="left" |{{Fbw|BIH}} |'''1''' | bgcolor="#CCFFCC" |1–0 |- align="center" |'''First Stage''' |2013–07–12 |Norrköping | align="left" |{{Fbw|FRA}} |'''1''' | bgcolor="#FFCCCC" |1–3 |- align="center" | rowspan="2" |2015 FIFA World Cup | rowspan="2" |Qualifiers |2013–10–31 |Senec | align="left" |{{Fbw|SVK}} |'''1''' | bgcolor="#CCFFCC" |2–0 | rowspan="2" |'''2''' |- align="center" |2014–08–21 |[[Samara]] | align="left" |{{Fbw|SVK}} |'''1''' | bgcolor="#CCFFCC" |3–1 |- align="center" |2019 FIFA World Cup |Qualifiers |2018–04–05 |Zenica | align="left" |{{Fbw|BIH}} |'''1''' | bgcolor="#CCFFCC" |6–1 |'''1''' |} ¹ <small>Daga baya an canza layin maki don samun nasara ta asali 3-0.</small> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] 4b4icfahnm71v93f7iicxn0861yi8hj 0 151150 875816 835854 2026-07-04T10:51:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Gift Orban | image = | fullname = Gift Emmanuel Orban | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|7|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Benue State]], Najeriya | position = [[Dan gaba (ƙwallon ƙafa)|Dan gaba]] | currentclub = [[Olympique Lyonnais]] | clubnumber = 9 | youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = | years1 = 2021–2022 | clubs1 = [[Bison FC]] | caps1 = | goals1 = | years2 = 2022–2023 | clubs2 = [[Stabæk Fotball|Stabæk]] | caps2 = 22 | goals2 = 16 | years3 = 2023–2024 | clubs3 = [[K.A.A. Gent]] | caps3 = 38 | goals3 = 32 | years4 = 2024– | clubs4 = [[Olympique Lyonnais|Lyon]] | caps4 = | goals4 = | nationalyears1 = 2023– | nationalteam1 = [[Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] | nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 = | club-update = 14 Mayu 2026 | nationalteam-update = 14 Mayu 2026 }} '''Gift Emmanuel Orban''' (an haife shi ranar 17 ga Yulin 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Najeriya wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba ga ƙungiyar [[Olympique Lyonnais]] da kuma [[Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]]. Ya shahara saboda saurin gudunsa, iya zura ƙwallaye da kuma ƙwarewarsa wajen kai hare-hare cikin gaggawa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gift Orban Profile |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/gift-orban/profil/spieler/923831 |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> ==Rayuwar farko== An haifi Gift Orban a jihar [[Benue State|Benue]] da ke Najeriya, inda ya taso cikin yanayi mai cike da sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Tun yana ƙarami ya kasance yana taka leda a unguwarsu tare da makarantu da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Hazakarsa ta fara bayyana ne tun yana matashi, musamman wajen zura ƙwallaye da saurin motsi a filin wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Gift Orban? |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/who-is-gift-orban/blt |website=Goal.com |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Orban ya yi ƙoƙari sosai wajen neman damar taka leda a Turai duk da ƙalubalen da matasan ’yan wasa ke fuskanta a Najeriya. Daga baya ya samu damar shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta Bison FC, wadda ta taimaka masa wajen bunƙasa fasaharsa kafin tafiyarsa zuwa nahiyar Turai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gift Orban journey to Europe |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/gift-orban-story |website=Pulse Sports Nigeria |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> ==Aikin ƙungiya== ===Bison FC=== Gift Orban ya fara taka leda a matakin ƙwararru ne tare da ƙungiyar Bison FC ta Najeriya. A lokacin da yake can ya nuna bajintarsa wajen zura ƙwallaye masu yawa, abin da ya jawo hankalin masu bibiyar ’yan wasa daga Turai. Kwarewarsa wajen kai hari da amfani da damar zura ƙwallo ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan ’yan wasan Najeriya masu tasowa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bison FC and Gift Orban development |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid= |website=All Nigeria Soccer |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> ===Stabæk=== A shekarar 2022, Orban ya koma ƙungiyar [[Stabæk Fotball]] ta ƙasar Norway. A can ne ya fara jan hankali sosai bayan ya zura ƙwallaye masu yawa a gasar lig ta Norway. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen samun nasarori da dama tare da taka rawar gani a matsayin babban ɗan gaba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stabaek signs Gift Orban |url=https://www.stabak.no/nyheter/gift-orban-signing |website=Stabæk Fotball |access-date=14 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, Orban ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ’yan wasan ƙungiyar saboda yadda yake iya zura ƙwallaye daga kusan kowace dama. Wasanninsa masu kyau sun sa manyan ƙungiyoyin Turai suka fara nuna sha’awa a kansa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gift Orban shines in Norway |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/376 |website=ESPN |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> ===Gent=== A watan Janairun 2023, Orban ya koma ƙungiyar [[K.A.A. Gent]] ta Belgium. Bayan komawarsa ne ya kara shahara a nahiyar Turai saboda yawan ƙwallayen da ya rika zura wa a gasar Belgium da kuma gasa ta Turai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gent complete Gift Orban transfer |url=https://www.kaagent.be/en/news |website=KAA Gent Official Website |access-date=14 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2023-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713023727/https://www.kaagent.be/en/news |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2023, Orban ya kafa tarihi bayan ya ci hat-trick cikin mintuna kaɗan a gasar UEFA Europa Conference League, abin da ya sanya sunansa cikin jerin matasan ’yan wasa masu tasowa a Turai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gift Orban scores historic hat-trick |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaconferenceleague/news/ |website=UEFA |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Gent, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu zura ƙwallaye a ƙungiyar. Salon wasansa ya haɗa da gudu mai ƙarfi, dribbling da kuma iya kammala hare-hare cikin sauri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Europe admires Gift Orban |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news |website=Sky Sports |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> ===Lyon=== A shekarar 2024, Orban ya rattaba hannu da ƙungiyar [[Olympique Lyonnais]] ta Faransa. Komawarsa Ligue 1 ta kasance wani babban mataki a aikinsa, inda ake tsammanin zai ci gaba da bunƙasa a ɗaya daga cikin manyan lig-lig na Turai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lyon sign Gift Orban |url=https://www.ol.fr/en/news/gift-orban-signs |website=Lyon Official Website |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewa wajen kai hare-hare da kuma taimakawa ƙungiyarsa ta hanyar zura ƙwallaye da bayar da gudummawar nasara a wasanni daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gift Orban performance analysis |url=https://www.flashscore.com/player/orban-gift/ |website=Flashscore |access-date=14 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Aikin ƙasa== Saboda bajintarsa a Turai, an gayyaci Gift Orban zuwa [[Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] domin wakiltar Najeriya a wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan ’yan wasan gaba da za su taimaka wajen cigaban tawagar Super Eagles nan gaba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria invite Gift Orban |url=https://www.thenff.com/ |website=Nigeria Football Federation |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Masu sharhi kan ƙwallon ƙafa sun yaba masa saboda ƙoƙarinsa, kuzari da kuma yadda yake iya matsa wa masu tsaron baya lamba a filin wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Super Eagles future stars |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football |website=BBC Sport |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> ==Salon wasa== Gift Orban ɗan wasa ne mai saurin gudu wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba. Ya kware wajen amfani da ƙafafunsa biyu wajen zura ƙwallaye kuma yana iya bugun daga nesa. Haka kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen motsi ba tare da ƙwallo ba, abin da ke ba shi damar samun damar cin ƙwallaye cikin sauƙi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gift Orban scouting report |url=https://totalfootballanalysis.com/player-analysis/gift-orban-analysis |website=Total Football Analysis |access-date=14 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Masana ƙwallon ƙafa sun kwatanta shi da wasu fitattun ’yan wasan gaba na Afirka saboda yadda yake haɗa sauri da ƙwarewar zura ƙwallaye.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gift Orban compared with African strikers |url=https://africa.espn.com/football/ |website=ESPN Africa |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===K.A.A. Gent=== Belgian Player of the Month UEFA Europa Conference League Team of the Week<ref>{{cite web |title=Gift Orban awards |url=https://www.uefa.com/ |website=UEFA |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} rwumnigevy9oz3njfg1bycc3fhtw01x 0 151180 875569 835941 2026-07-04T02:47:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Funsho Ibrahim Bamgboye''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Janairu 1999) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar TFF 1. Lig club Hatayspor . == Aikin kulob == === Shekarun farko === An haife shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Bamgboye ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta Aspire Academy ta Senegal a shekarar 2012, lokacin da shirin neman hazaka na Aspire Football Dreams ya gano shi kuma aka ba shi tallafin karatu. Ya cancanci shiga gasar ta hanyar sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa uku a cikin shekarunsa daga cikin waɗanda aka zaɓa daga [[Najeriya]] . Ya jagoranci ƙungiyarsa zuwa ga nasara a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Al Kass ta 2014 a [[Qatar]], inda suka doke [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] a wasan ƙarshe a bugun fenariti. <ref name="Gulf" /> Ya fara jan hankalin mutane ne a watan Afrilun 2015, lokacin da ya taimaka wa kulob dinsa lashe Kofin Kasa da Kasa na 'yan kasa da shekara 16 na Mediterranean a [[Ispaniya|Spain]], wanda ya kunshi kungiyoyi kamar Villarreal da [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] . Ya bayar da taimako wajen cin kwallaye a wasan karshe. === Hungary === A ƙarshen shekarar 2016, an ruwaito cewa Bamgboye ya yi gwaji a Hungary tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Szombathelyi Haladás . A watan Janairun 2017, a ranar haihuwarsa ta goma sha takwas, Bamgboye ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu da rabi tare da Haladás a hukumance. Duk da cewa da farko akwai matsala game da samun izinin aiki, amma daga ƙarshe ya fara bugawa a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, yayin da Újpest ta sha kashi da ci 2-0. Ya shigo wasa ne a matsayin madadin Márk Jagodics da mintuna 70. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2017 |title=Szombathelyi Haladás 0 – 2 Újpest |url=http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/02/25/hungary/nb-i/szombathelyi-haladas/ujpest-fc/2277448/ |access-date=26 March 2017 |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> Jimilla, Bamgboye ya buga wasanni 43 a Haladás, 36 a gasar Hungary da kuma 7 a Magyar Kupa, da kwallaye 4 da kuma ƙwallaye 5 masu mahimmanci. A ranar 7 ga Yulin 2019, Funsho ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi da Fehérvár, bayan da Haladás ya fice daga Nemzeti Bajnokság I zuwa rukuni na biyu a kakar wasa ta 2018-19 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2019 |title=Official: Nigeria's U17 World Cup-Winning Striker Joins New Club in Hungary |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=32805 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=allnigeriasoccer.com |publisher=All Nigeria Soccer |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin da yake aiki, ya buga wasanni 95 a kungiyar, inda ya zira kwallaye 13 sannan ya taimaka wajen taimakawa 19. Gudunmawar da ya bayar ta taimaka wa Fehérvár a gasar lig-lig ta cikin gida da kuma gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Abin lura shi ne, ya buga wasa da Újpest a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Hungary kuma ya kasance muhimmin bangare na kungiyar da ta kammala Nemzeti Bajnokság I a matsayi na biyu a shekarar 2020. Ya kuma halarci gasar Turai tare da kungiyarsa, inda ya buga wasanni 10, biyu a gasar Europa League da takwas a gasar Conference League . Gabaɗaya, zamansa a Fehérvár ya nuna kwarewarsa a matsayin dan wasan gaba da kuma dan wasan gefe, yana bayar da gudummawa a gida da kuma a matakin Turai. === București Mai Sauƙi === Bayan shekaru shida na wasa a Hungary, a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2023, ɗan wasan gaban na Najeriya ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragi da ƙungiyar Rapid Bucureşti ta Romania har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2024, tare da zaɓin tsawaita shi zuwa wani kakar wasa. Ya fara buga wasansa na ƙwararru a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da FC Voluntari da ci 4-1. Bayan watanni biyu, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Farul Constanţa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Rapid L-A Transferat Pe Funsho Bamgboye |url=https://wwww.fcrapid.ro/rapid-l-a-transferat-pe-funsho-bamgboye/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=fcrapid.ro |language=ro }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Hatayspor === A watan Yulin 2024, Bamgboye ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu ga kulob din [[Süper Lig]] Hatayspor . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2024 |title=OFICIAL Funsho Bamgboye a plecat de la Rapid! Cu cine a semnat |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-1/funsho-bamgboye-a-plecat-de-la-rapid-cu-cine-a-semnat-3052347 |access-date=13 October 2024 |publisher=digisport.ro |language=ro}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A watan Oktoban 2015, an sanya Bamgboye a cikin tawagar Najeriya don wakiltar tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 17 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 da aka yi a [[Chile]] a shekarar 2015. Ya buga wasanni biyar a gasar, inda ya taimaka wa 'yan wasa uku. A wasan karshe da suka fafata da Mali, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 2-0 don taimakawa ''Golden Eaglets'' wajen lashe kofin duniya. <ref name="Eupen" /> Ya kuma wakilci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta 2017. Duk da cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan ƙungiyar, babban kocin ƙungiyar Emmanuel Amunike ya bar shi a wasan farko na zagaye na uku da Sudan . [1] Ya dawo ƙungiyar a zagaye na biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin 'yan wasan da za su fara wasa. [2] Ya zura kwallo a minti na 26 da kai daga ƙwallon da abokin wasansa Samuel Chukwueze ya ci; [3] duk da haka, Najeriya ta sha kashi 4-3 kuma an cire ta a ragar 'yan wasan da suka zira kwallaye a waje. == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|18 October 2025}}<ref name="sw">{{Soccerway}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="2" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofukan Cikin Gida ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="4" | Haladas | 2016–17 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 3 | 0 |- | 2017–18 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 4 | 0 |- | 2018–19 | 31 | 4 | 5 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 36 | 4 |- ! Jimilla ! 36 ! 4 ! 7 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | — ! 43 ! 4 |- | rowspan="5" | Fehérvar | 2019–20 | 16 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 3 |- | 2020–21 | 31 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 40 | 7 |- | 2021–22 | 20 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 24 | 1 |- | 2022–23 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 18 | 2 |- ! Jimilla ! 78 ! 12 ! 17 ! 1 ! 10 ! 0 ! 105 ! 13 |- | rowspan="3" | București Mai Sauƙi | 2022–23 | 12 | 3 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 12 | 3 |- | 2023–24 | 39 | 5 | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | 42 | 5 |- ! Jimilla ! 51 ! 8 ! 3 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | — ! 54 ! 8 |- | rowspan="3" | Hatayspor | 2024–25 | 31 | 2 | 3 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | 34 | 3 |- | 2025–26 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 2 | colspan="2" | — | 11 | 5 |- ! Jimilla ! 41 ! 5 ! 4 ! 3 ! colspan="2" | — ! 45 ! 8 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimillar Aiki ! 206 ! 29 ! 31 ! 4 ! 10 ! 0 ! 247 ! 33 |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jokporampxuzzjubv4bwasipfypuetj 0 151342 875683 836389 2026-07-04T07:28:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 6 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Giant Brillars FC | fullname = Giant Brillars Football Club | nickname = The Brillars | founded = 2020 | ground = Bwari Stadium | capacity = 5,000 | owner = Giant Brillars Sports Academy | chairman = | manager = | league = Nigeria National League | season = 2024–25 }} '''Giant Brillars FC''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Najeriya wadda ke da hedikwata a yankin [[Bwari]], cikin [[Abuja]], Najeriya. Ƙungiyar tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin matasa masu tasowa a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya, kuma tana taka rawa wajen bunƙasa hazikan 'yan wasa ta hanyar shirye-shiryen horaswa da gasa. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://giantbrillars.com/ |title=About Giant Brillars FC |website=Giant Brillars FC Official Website |access-date=15 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An kafa Giant Brillars FC ne domin samar da dama ga matasa masu sha'awar ƙwallon ƙafa domin su nuna bajintarsu tare da samun damar shiga manyan ƙungiyoyi a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Kulob ɗin ya fara ne a matsayin makarantar horas da matasa kafin daga baya ya shiga manyan gasannin cikin gida. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://giantbrillars.com/academy/ |title=Giant Brillars Academy |website=Giant Brillars FC Official Website |access-date=15 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarun baya-bayan nan, Giant Brillars FC ta samu karɓuwa a Najeriya sakamakon rawar da take takawa wajen haɓaka matasa 'yan wasa. Wasu daga cikin 'yan wasan kulob ɗin sun samu damar shiga gwaji da kuma komawa ƙungiyoyi a Turai da sauran ƙasashe. Wannan ya sa ake kallon ƙungiyar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin haɓaka matasa masu tasowa a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite news |title=Nigerian youth clubs producing future stars |work=Daily Trust |date=2024-07-11 |url=https://dailytrust.com/ |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ƙungiyar tana amfani da wasannin sada zumunci, gasannin makarantu, da kuma gasa ta matasa wajen gano sababbin hazikai. Haka kuma tana haɗin gwiwa da masu horaswa da masu kula da harkokin wasanni domin tabbatar da cigaban 'yan wasa a fannin ilimi da tarbiyya. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://giantbrillars.com/programs/ |title=Youth Development Programs |website=Giant Brillars FC Official Website |access-date=15 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == Giant Brillars FC ta fara samun shahara ne bayan shiga gasa daban-daban na matasa a Najeriya inda ta nuna ƙwarewa da tsari mai kyau wajen horas da 'yan wasa. Daga baya kulob ɗin ya fara shiga manyan gasannin cikin gida tare da neman gurbin hawa zuwa manyan lig-lig na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://giantbrillars.com/history/ |title=Club History |website=Giant Brillars FC Official Website |access-date=15 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Makarantar horaswa == Makarantar Giant Brillars tana bai wa matasa horaswa a fannoni daban-daban na ƙwallon ƙafa da suka haɗa da dabarun wasa, jiki, da kuma ilimin shugabanci. Kulob ɗin na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke ƙoƙarin haɗa ilimi da wasanni domin samar da cikakken ci gaba ga matasa. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://giantbrillars.com/academy/ |title=Academy Structure |website=Giant Brillars FC Official Website |access-date=15 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Filin wasa == Ƙungiyar tana amfani da filayen wasa da dama a yankin Abuja domin gudanar da atisaye da wasanninta. Bwari Stadium na daga cikin wuraren da ake danganta da kulob ɗin wajen gudanar da wasu daga cikin wasanninta da shirye-shiryenta. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://giantbrillars.com/contact/ |title=Club Contact Information |website=Giant Brillars FC Official Website |access-date=15 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria National League]] * [[Kwallon kafa a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da aka kafa a 2020]] [[Category:Wasanni a Abuja]] qpysjnm4rnl4ip7kcpfalt61k3gcti0 0 151361 875534 858547 2026-07-03T23:59:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox kungiyar kwallon kafa | suna = First Bank FC | cikakken_suna = First Bank Football Club | lakabi = Bankers | kafa = 1984 | wuri = Lagos, Najeriya | filin_wasa = Onikan Stadium | karfin_wasa = 10,000 | shugaba = | mai_horo = | gasar = Nigeria Nationwide League | kaya1 = | kaya2 = }} '''First Bank FC''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wacce ke da hedikwata a birnin Lagos, Najeriya. Ƙungiyar tana da alaƙa da [[First Bank of Nigeria]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan bankunan Najeriya. An kafa ƙungiyar domin bunƙasa wasanni da kuma bai wa matasa damar nuna ƙwarewarsu a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://firstbanknigeria.com/ |title=First Bank of Nigeria Official Website |publisher=First Bank of Nigeria |access-date=15 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2026-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514110558/https://www.firstbanknigeria.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kafa First Bank FC a shekarar 1984 a matsayin ƙungiyar wasanni ta ma’aikatan bankin First Bank of Nigeria. Daga baya ƙungiyar ta bunƙasa tare da shiga gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa daban-daban a Najeriya. A tsawon lokaci, ƙungiyar ta zama sananniya wajen haɓaka matasan ‘yan wasa masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigchamp.html |title=Nigeria League History |publisher=RSSSF |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> First Bank FC ta taɓa taka rawa a manyan matakan gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya, musamman a shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000. Ƙungiyar ta yi gogayya da manyan kungiyoyi kamar [[Enyimba F.C.]], [[Rangers International F.C.]] da [[Shooting Stars SC]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://npfl.ng/ |title=Nigeria Professional Football League |publisher=NPFL |access-date=15 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2026-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305231352/http://npfl.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙungiyar tana gudanar da wasanninta a filin wasa na Onikan Stadium da ke Lagos. Filin wasan yana daga cikin tsofaffin filayen wasa a Najeriya kuma ya karɓi wasanni daban-daban na cikin gida tsawon shekaru masu yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/onikans-stadium-history/ |title=History of Onikan Stadium |publisher=The Guardian Nigeria |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> First Bank FC ta fi mayar da hankali wajen horas da matasa da samar da sababbin ‘yan wasa ga ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya. Wasu daga cikin tsoffin ‘yan wasan ƙungiyar sun ci gaba zuwa manyan kungiyoyi a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brila.net/ |title=Nigerian Football Development News |publisher=Brila FM |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Duk da cewa ƙungiyar ba ta cikin fitattun kungiyoyin Najeriya a halin yanzu, har yanzu tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin ƙasa. First Bank FC na daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka taimaka wajen ci gaban wasannin kamfanoni a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thenff.com/ |title=Nigeria Football Federation |publisher=NFF |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[First Bank of Nigeria]] * [[Nigeria Professional Football League]] * [[Ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da aka kafa a 1984]] [[Category:Lagos]] 0njy6u68hwvuf9hov4ptsqxmle7w9qg 0 151564 875597 837209 2026-07-04T05:22:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox stadium | name = Gateway International Stadium | image = Gateway Stadium 2.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = Gateway International Stadium a Sagamu, Jihar Ogun | fullname = Gateway International Stadium | location = Sagamu, [[Jihar Ogun]], Najeriya | coordinates = {{coord|6|50|N|3|38|E|display=inline,title}} | opened = 2007 | owner = Gwamnatin Jihar Ogun | operator = Gwamnatin Jihar Ogun | surface = Ciyawa | capacity = 5,000–10,000 | tenants = [[Remo Stars F.C.]] }} '''Gateway International Stadium''' filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke birnin Sagamu a [[Jihar Ogun]], Najeriya. Ana amfani da filin galibi wajen wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa kuma yana daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin wasanni da ake da su a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Filin ya kasance gida ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Remo Stars F.C.]] wadda ke taka leda a gasar firimiyar Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://devs.ng/remo-stars-stadium/ |title=Remo Stars Stadium – A Home for Football Enthusiasts |website=Devs.ng |access-date=17 May 2026 |archive-date=5 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805110816/https://devs.ng/remo-stars-stadium/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gina filin ne a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Jihar Ogun domin bunƙasa harkokin wasanni da samar da ingantaccen wuri ga matasa masu sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa an kammala aikin ginin filin a shekarar 2007, tare da samar da kujeru ga dubban masu kallo da kuma kayayyakin zamani kamar ɗakunan ‘yan wasa, fitilun dare da kuma wurin ‘yan jarida.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://devs.ng/remo-stars-stadium/ |title=Remo Stars Stadium – A Home for Football Enthusiasts |website=Devs.ng |access-date=17 May 2026 |archive-date=5 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805110816/https://devs.ng/remo-stars-stadium/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Filin wasan yana kusa da babbar hanyar Lagos–Ibadan Expressway, abin da ya sa yake da sauƙin isa daga manyan biranen Najeriya. Har ila yau yana kusa da sansanin NYSC da ke Sagamu, wanda hakan ya sa filin ke karɓar manyan taruka da wasannin sada zumunta lokaci zuwa lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/gateway-international-stadium-sagamu-0802-698-0278 |title=Gateway International Stadium, Sagamu |website=AfricaBizInfo |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref> Gateway International Stadium ya taɓa karɓar wasannin gasar Najeriya da kuma wasu wasannin sada zumunta na cikin gida. Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa filin yana da kujeru tsakanin mutum 5,000 zuwa 10,000, duk da cewa adadin yana bambanta daga majiya zuwa wata.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.africa2trust.com/B2BAfrica/nigeria/entertainment/stadiums/gateway-international-stadium-sagamu-ng/Profile/AboutUs/1/6/74196/2/ |title=About Gateway International Stadium, Sagamu |website=Africa2Trust |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref> Filin ya samu yabo daga masu ziyara saboda yanayin ciyawarsa da tsafta. Masu sharhi sun bayyana cewa filin yana da kyakkyawan yanayi domin gudanar da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman saboda kula da filin da kuma tsaro da ake samu a wurin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ng.infoaboutcompanies.com/Catalog/Ogun/Owode/Stadium/Gateway-International-Stadium%2C-Sagamu |title=Gateway International Stadium, Sagamu |website=InfoAboutCompanies |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref> ==Duba kuma== * [[Remo Stars F.C.]] * [[MKO Abiola International Stadium]] * [[Otunba Dipo Dina International Stadium]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Haɗin waje== * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gateway_Stadium_2.jpg Hoton Gateway International Stadium a Wikimedia Commons] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gateway_Stadium_3.jpg Karin hotunan filin wasan] haj46dfl7655vtypt7fwgzo9hdwpfsq 0 151649 875295 837599 2026-07-03T18:43:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox filin wasa | suna = FIFA Goal Project Pitch | hoto = | cikakken_suna = FIFA Goal Project Pitch | wuri = Abuja, Najeriya | mallaka = Hukumar Kwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya | nauyi = Kwallon ƙafa | ƙasa = Najeriya | buɗewa = | amfani = Wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa }} '''FIFA Goal Project Pitch''' fili ne na ƙwallon ƙafa da ke cikin birnin [[Abuja]], a ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Filin yana daga cikin ayyukan ci gaban wasanni da [[FIFA]] ta tallafa domin inganta harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. Ana amfani da filin wajen horaswa, shirya gasar matasa da kuma ayyukan bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA Goal Programme |url=https://inside.fifa.com/development/technical/goal-projects |publisher=FIFA |access-date=18 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An gina filin ne a ƙarƙashin shirin '''FIFA Goal Project''', wani tsari da FIFA ta ƙaddamar domin tallafawa ƙasashe mambobi wajen samar da kayayyakin more rayuwa na wasanni. Shirin ya taimaka wajen samar da filayen wasa, cibiyoyin horaswa da ofisoshin gudanarwa a ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya, ciki har da Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Goal Programme boosts football infrastructure worldwide |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/organisation/development/goal-programme |publisher=FIFA |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> Filin FIFA Goal Project Pitch yana ƙarƙashin kulawar [[Nigeria Football Federation|Hukumar Kwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya (NFF)]]. Ana amfani da shi wajen horas da 'yan wasa, alkalai da masu horarwa. Haka kuma filin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya sansanonin horas da matasa masu tasowa a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{cite web |title=NFF and FIFA development projects |url=https://thenff.com/ |publisher=Nigeria Football Federation |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> Baya ga horaswa, filin yana taimakawa wajen bunƙasa wasannin mata da na matasa a Najeriya. Kungiyoyi daban-daban na cikin gida kan yi anfani da filin domin atisaye da shirye-shiryen gasa. Wannan ya taimaka wajen ƙara samun matasa masu baiwa a ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA Forward Development Programme |url=https://inside.fifa.com/football-development/fifa-forward |publisher=FIFA |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> A cikin shekaru da dama, ayyukan FIFA Goal Project sun taimaka wajen inganta kayayyakin wasanni a nahiyar Afirka. Najeriya na daga cikin ƙasashen da suka amfana da wannan shiri ta hanyar gina filaye da cibiyoyin horaswa domin bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa daga tushe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Football development in Africa |url=https://www.cafonline.com/ |publisher=Confederation of African Football |access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Najeriya]] * [[FIFA]] * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Kwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] [[Category:Wasanni a Abuja]] [[Category:Kwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] pu9va7w6inwb072vf73w63i7h8s339s 0 152134 875545 854596 2026-07-04T02:05:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Fred Swaniker | image = | birth_name = Frederick Kenneth Swaniker | birth_date = 1976 | birth_place = Ghana | nationality = Ɗan Ghana | education = [[Macalester College]], [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]] | occupation = Ɗan kasuwa, malami, mai haɓaka shugabanci | known_for = Kafa African Leadership Academy da African Leadership University | years_active = 2000–yanzu }} '''Fred Swaniker''' ɗan kasuwa ne kuma masani kan shugabanci daga ƙasar [[Ghana]] wanda ya shahara wajen kafa cibiyoyin ilimi da shugabanci a [[Afirka]]. Shi ne wanda ya kafa '''African Leadership Academy (ALA)''', '''African Leadership University (ALU)''', da kuma '''African Leadership Group'''. An san shi da ƙoƙarinsa na bunƙasa shugabannin matasa a nahiyar [[Afirka|Afirka.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fred Swaniker |url=https://www.africanleadershipacademy.org/ala_board/fred-swaniker/ |website=African Leadership Academy |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Fred Swaniker a [[Ghana]] a shekarar 1976. Mahaifinsa lauya ne kuma alkali, yayin da mahaifiyarsa malama ce. Bayan juyin mulki a [[Ghana]], iyalinsu suka yi rayuwa a ƙasashe daban-daban na Afirka ciki har da Botswana da Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barret |first=Victoria |title=Fighting Africa's Brain Drain |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/05/23/africa-brain-drain-tech-ebiz-cz_vb_0526africa.html |work=Forbes |date=2008-05-26 |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> Ya yi karatun digiri a fannin tattalin arziki a [[Macalester College]] da ke [[Amurka]], sannan ya samu MBA daga [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]], inda aka karrama shi da lambar yabo ta ''Arjay Miller Scholar'' saboda ƙwarewa a karatu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fred Swaniker |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/fred-swaniker/ |website=World Economic Forum |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> == Aiki == Fred Swaniker ya fara aikinsa a kamfanin ba da shawara na [[McKinsey & Company]]. Yayin da yake Stanford, ya tsara manufar kafa makarantar da za ta horar da shugabannin Afirka na gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An entrepreneurial education for everyone |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/careers/meet-our-people/careers-blog/fred-s |website=McKinsey & Company |date=2016-10-13 |access-date=2026-05-24 |archive-date=2025-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217092220/https://www.mckinsey.com/careers/meet-our-people/careers-blog/fred-s |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2004 ya haɗa kai da wasu abokan aikinsa wajen kafa '''African Leadership Academy''' a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. Makarantar tana koyar da matasa dabarun shugabanci, kasuwanci, da ilimi na zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Leadership Academy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Leadership_Academy |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> Daga baya ya kafa '''African Leadership University''' mai rassan karatu a Rwanda da Mauritius. Jami’ar tana amfani da tsarin koyarwa na zamani wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan warware matsalolin Afirka da koyon sana’o’i.<ref>{{Cite news |title='It's Time Africa Had Its Own Harvard.' Inside a University Training African Leaders to Solve African Problems |url=https://time.com/5603886/african-leadership-university-mauritius-fred-swaniker/ |work=TIME |date=2019-06-11 |access-date=2026-05-24 |archive-date=2025-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723104527/https://time.com/5603886/african-leadership-university-mauritius-fred-swaniker/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Haka kuma ya kafa '''ALX''' domin koyar da fasahohin zamani da ƙwarewar aiki ga matasan Afirka.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Fred Swaniker Is All In on Education |url=https://time.com/6333485/fred-swaniker-time100-impact-awards/ |work=TIME |date=2023-11-30 |access-date=2026-05-24 |archive-date=2025-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512130151/https://time.com/6333485/fred-swaniker-time100-impact-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ra'ayi da hangen nesa == Fred Swaniker ya bayyana cewa babban ƙalubalen Afirka shi ne rashin shugabanci nagari. Ya yi imanin cewa ilimi da horon shugabanci na iya canza nahiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet The Man Who Is Grooming Africa's Next Generation Of Leaders |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2011/09/07/meet-the-man-who-is-grooming-africas-next-generation-of-leaders/ |work=Forbes |date=2011-09-07 |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> A jawabinsa na TIME100 Gala, ya ƙarfafa matasa da su “yi abubuwa masu wahala” domin magance manyan matsalolin duniya.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Do Hard Things.' Fred Swaniker Gives Inspirational Toast at 2019 TIME 100 Gala |url=https://time.com/5574441/fred-swaniker-time-100-gala-toast/ |work=TIME |date=2019-04-24 |access-date=2026-05-24 |archive-date=2025-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513062927/https://time.com/5574441/fred-swaniker-time-100-gala-toast/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == An saka Fred Swaniker cikin jerin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya na mujallar TIME a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fred Swaniker: The 100 Most Influential People of 2019 |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567724/fred-swaniker/ |work=TIME |date=2019 |access-date=2026-05-24 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sannan an zaɓe shi a matsayin: * TED Fellow * Young Global Leader na World Economic Forum * Ɗaya daga cikin matasan Afirka mafi tasiri na Forbes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fred Swaniker |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/fred-swaniker/ |website=World Economic Forum |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.africanleadershipacademy.org/ African Leadership Academy] * [https://www.alueducation.com/ African Leadership University] [[Category:Mutanen Ghana]] [[Category:'Yan kasuwa]] [[Category:Masu ilimi]] [[Rukuni:Masu rajin cigaban Afirka]] o2ork2e6dty5b5kg0nz6azwxofz9n70 0 152433 875580 858605 2026-07-04T04:35:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Garissa''' (Somali: Gaarrisa [[Larabci|Arabic]]: قارسا) is the capital of Garissa County, [[Kenya]]. It is situated in the former North Eastern Province. == Yanayin ƙasa == Kogin Tana, wanda ya tashi a [[Dutsen Kenya]] a gabashin Nyeri, yana gudana ta hanyar Garissa. Gidan Giraffe na Bour-Algi, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 5 a kudancin Garissa, gida ne ga namun daji da ke cikin haɗari ciki har da Giraffe na Rothschild, gerenuk da sauran masu cin ganyayyaki ciki har da dik-dik na Kirk, ƙaramin kudu, warthog da waterbuck.&nbsp; == Yawan jama'a == Yawancin mazaunan Garissa 'yan kabilar Somaliya ne daga Ogaden . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya Police Service |url=http://www.kenyapolice.go.ke/nep.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113021738/http://www.kenyapolice.go.ke/nep.asp |archive-date=2011-11-13 |access-date=2017-07-06 |website=www.kenyapolice.go.ke |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == [[Fayil:Garissa_downtown.jpg|left|thumb|Tashar man fetur ta BP a cikin garin Garissa.]] Garissa cibiyar kasuwa ce kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta Garissa County . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Garissa |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/226009/Garissa |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Garin yana da jami'a, Kwalejin Jami'ar Garissa da kwalejoji da yawa ciki har da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, an kaddamar da Garissa Solar Power Station, yana ba da wutar lantarki ga garin Garissa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Uhuru launches Sh13b solar power plant |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001353188/uhuru-launches-sh13b-solar-power-plant |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Standard Media}}</ref> Bankuna da ke cikin Garissa sun haɗa da Bankin Gulf African da ke cikin gidan Al-Wayf Alkur'ani, Postbank a Cibiyar Siyayya ta Garissa, da Bankin Al'umma na Farko (FCB) a cikin Ginin Bajwed . <ref name="Grsb">{{Cite web |title=garissacity.com |url=http://garissacity.com/mps/ |website=garissacity.com |access-date=2026-05-28 |archive-date=2013-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325022810/http://garissacity.com/mps/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sauran bankunan da ke da rassa a cikin birni sun haɗa da [[Bankin Absa Kenya|Bankin Absa]], Bankin Kasuwanci na Kenya, Bankin Kasa na Kenya, Chase Bankin da Bankin hadin gwiwa na Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Equity Bank Kenya • GARISSA - Branches |url=http://www.equitybank.co.ke/index.php/branches/view/garissa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522172545/http://www.equitybank.co.ke/index.php/branches/view/garissa |archive-date=2013-05-22 |website=equitybank.co.ke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Personal |url=http://www.kcbbankgroup.com/ke/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73&Itemid=78 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410152638/http://www.kcbbankgroup.com/ke/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73&Itemid=78 |archive-date=2013-04-10 |access-date=2017-07-06 |website=www.kcbbankgroup.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Bank of Kenya |url=http://www.nationalbank.co.ke/index.php?page=branch-networks-contacts |website=nationalbank.co.ke}}</ref> Kiwon dabbobi wani muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin garin. Tsakanin shekara ta 2005 zuwa 2007, manoman shanu na Garissa sun sami sama da KES1.8 biliyan a cikin tallace-tallace a cikin gida da na kasashen waje. An kuma fara gina sabon wurin yanka a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007. Dangane da shigo da dabbobi, yawancin shanu na Garissa sun fito ne daga cinikin kan iyaka tsakanin 'yan kasuwa na dabbobi na Somaliya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livestock Farming in Kenya |url=http://softkenya.com/farming/livestock-supply-in-kenya/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326042454/http://softkenya.com/farming/livestock-supply-in-kenya/ |archive-date=2013-03-26 |access-date=2013-04-07 |website=Farming in Kenya}}</ref> == Harin ta'addanci na 2015 == A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2015, wasu 'yan bindiga sun kai hari Kwalejin Jami'ar Garissa, inda suka kashe mutane 147 tare da jikkata akalla 79. Kungiyar 'yan bindiga da kuma reshen Al-Qaeda, [[Al-Shabaab (ƙungiyar Mayaƙa)|Al-Shabaab]], sun dauki alhakin harin. 'Yan bindigar sun yi garkuwa da dalibai sama da 700, inda suka 'yantar da Musulmai suka kuma kashe wadanda suka bayyana a matsayin Kiristoci. Kawancen ya kare a ranar da aka kashe dukkan maharan hudu. Daga baya an kama mutane biyar dangane da harin, kuma an bayar da lada ga wanda ake zargi da shirya harin, Mohamed Mahmoud, wanda aka fi sani da Dulyadeyn. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Daga baya an kashe Dulyadeen daga hannun kwamandojin Somaliya da Amurka ta horar daga Rundunar Sojin Ƙasa ta Somaliya a daren ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2016, a Bulo Gadud, wani gari mai biyayya ga Al-Shabaab, kimanin kilomita 30 a arewa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kismayo a Somaliya. Harin Jami'ar Garissa shi ne hari na biyu mafi muni a tarihin Kenya tun bayan samun 'yancin kai (bayan hare-haren bama-bamai na ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Nairobi a shekarar 1998, inda mutane 213 suka mutu). == Shugabanci == A matsayinsa na babban birnin Garissa, Garissa ita ce hedikwatar Gwamnatin Gundumar Garissa da kuma Majalisar Gundumar. Gwamnan gundumar shine Nathif Jama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Governor – Garissa County Government |url=http://garissa.go.ke/staff/governor/ |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2021-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724063843/https://garissa.go.ke/staff/governor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Mohamed Dekow Barow|Mohammed Dekow Barow]], ɗan Majalisar Somaliya mai wakiltar Gundumar Garissa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta Kenya ne ke wakiltar birnin. An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan Majalisar Dokokin Kenya ta hanyar [[UDA Party|Jam'iyyar UDA]] . A zamanin mulkin mallaka, Garissa, da sauran sassan NFD, an haɗa su wuri ɗaya a matsayin lardin ''Trans-juba'' na Birtaniya a Gabashin Afirka, daga baya kuma za a kira shi Jubaland, wanda ya rabu biyu a tsakiyar shekarun 1920. == Yanayi == Garissa tana da yanayi mai zafi na bushewa ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen category]] ''BWh'' ), duk da cewa tana samun kimanin {{Convert|375|mm|in|0}} na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, saboda yawan kwararar ruwa. Yanayin Garissa galibi busasshiyar ƙasa ce, hamada. Birnin yana kusa da Kogin Tana, kuma yana da yanayi mai zafi saboda ƙarancin tsayi da nisan da ke tsakanin yankunan bakin teku masu sanyi. Zafin rana yakan tashi sama da {{Convert|33|C|F|1}} kowace rana, amma yana sanyaya kowace dare. == Manazarta == cj34dt912ijsbt6kb1oe503txy4u0av 0 152447 875192 840823 2026-07-03T16:59:55Z Sirjat 20447 /* Dutsen wuta */ 875192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Edward''' (a cikin gida '''Rwitanzigye''' ko '''Rweru''') yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan manyan tabkuna na Afirka. Tana cikin [[Kyautar Albertine|Albertine Rift]], reshen yammacin Rift na Gabashin Afirka, a kan iyaka tsakanin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC) da [[Uganda]], tare da iyakar arewacin 'yan kilomita a kudancin ma'auni. == Tarihi == Mai binciken Welsh Henry Morton Stanley ya fara ganin tafkin a 1888, a lokacin Emin Pasha Relief Expedition . An sanya wa tafkin suna don girmama Albert Edward, Yarima na Wales, ɗan [[Sarauniya Victoria]], kuma daga baya ya zama Sarki Edward VII. A cikin 1973, [[Uganda]] da Zaire (DRC) na lokacin sun sake masa suna Lake [[Idi Amin]] bayan mai mulkin kama-karya na Uganda Idi Amin . Bayan da aka hambarar da shi a shekarar 1979, ya dawo da tsohon sunansa. A cikin shekara ta 2014, tafkin ya kasance cibiyar takaddamar mai. SOCO International ta shiga cikin filin shakatawa na Virunga inda tafkin yake don neman mai. Koyaya, an yi wa mazauna ƙauyen da ma'aikatan da suka yi ƙoƙari su dakatar da kamfanin mai daga shiga yankin duka har ma an sace su kuma an azabtar da su. An yi la'akari da tsare-tsaren sake zana layin iyakokin Virunga da ware tafkin. Koyaya, tunda wurin shakatawa wuri ne na al'adun duniya kuma tafkin yana cikinta, irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren sun saba wa Yarjejeniyar Al'adun Duniya. == Yanayin ƙasa == === Yanayin ƙasa da magudanar ruwa === Tafkin Edward yana kan tsayin {{Convert|920|m|ft}}, yana da {{Convert|77|km|mi}} tsawon {{Convert|40|km|mi}} faɗinsa a matsakaicin maƙasudinsa, kuma ya ƙunshi jimillar faɗin {{Convert|2,325|km2|mi2}} , wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ta 15 mafi girma a nahiyar. Kogin Nyamugasani, Kogin Ishasha, [[Kogin Rutshuru]], Kogin Ntungwe, da Kogin Rwindi suna ciyar da tafkin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">an buƙata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tafkin George da ke arewa maso gabas ya kwarara cikinsa ta hanyar [[Kazinga channel|Tashar Kazinga]] . Tafkin Edward ya kwarara zuwa arewa ta hanyar Kogin Semliki zuwa cikin [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]], inda ya haɗu da Farin Kogin Nilu, daga ƙarshe yana kwarara zuwa Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]]. Yankin yammacin Great Rift Valley ya kai mita 2,000 (6,600 sama da yammacin bakin tafkin. Yankin kudanci da gabas suna da filayen lava. Duwatsun Ruwenzori suna da nisan kilomita 20 (12 a arewacin tafkin. [[Fayil:Lake_Edward_Drainage.jpg|alt=Map of the Lake Edward Drainage shed. An area of 27,000 km² (10,000 sq. miles) surrounding the lake contributes flow from land in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.|left|thumb|Taswirar tafkin Edward ko ruwa. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Taswirar hulɗa]]] === Dutsen wuta === Yankin yana nuna shaidar aiki na dutsen wuta a cikin shekaru 5000 da suka gabata. Filin Katwe-Kikorongo da Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, tare da manyan cones da craters, suna kwance a kowane bangare na Kazinga Channel a arewa maso yammacin bakin tafkin. An yi tunanin cewa Lakes George da Edward sun kasance suna haɗuwa a matsayin tafki mafi girma, amma laka daga waɗannan filayen ya gudana ya raba shi, ya bar Kazinga Channel kawai a matsayin ragowar ƙungiyar da ta gabata. A kudu akwai dutsen mai fitattun wuta mai suna May-ya-Moto mai nisan kilomita 30 (19 , kuma dutsen mai fashewa na [[Nyamuragira]] a yammacin Dutsen Virunga yana da nisan kilomita 80 (50 kudu, amma ruwan da ke gudana ya kai tafkin a baya. Filin Katwe-Kikorongo yana da manyan craters da cones da ke rufe yanki na kilomita 30 (19 da kilomita 15 (9.3 tsakanin tabkuna Edward da George, kuma ya haɗa da tabkuna bakwai. Mafi girma daga cikin wadannan, 2.5 kilomita (1.6 tsawo Lake Katwe, yana da rami mai nisan kilomita 4 (2.5 a fadin kuma an raba shi da Lake Edward da kawai mita 300 (980 na ƙasa. Crater din yana da zurfin mita 100 (330 , kuma Tafkin Katwe yana da kimanin mita 40 (130 ƙasa da Tafkin Edward. Yana da ban mamaki cewa asalin dutsen wuta na wannan yankin kudu maso gabashin Ruwenzoris ba a san shi ba har sai G. F. Scott Elliot ya ruwaito shi a cikin 1894. Stanley ya ziyarci Tafkin Katwe a cikin 1889 kuma ya lura da zurfin bakin ciki, salinity na tafkin, da kuma maɓuɓɓugar ruwan sulphurous a kusa, amma ya kasa haɗa wannan da dutsen wuta.<ref> Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{Doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> Bincike mai zurfi game da abubuwan da ke cikin calcite da biogenic silica (BSi) a cikin piston cores daga Lake Edward, Equatorial Africa, sun rubuta rikitarwa mu'amala tsakanin canjin yanayi da lacustrine geochemistry a cikin shekaru 5400 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> Irin wannan filin Bunyaruguru a wancan gefen Tashar Kazinga ya ƙunshi kusan tabkuna 30 na crater, wasu daga cikinsu sun fi Lake Katwe girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ===Garuruwa=== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Tabkin Edward daga Mweya a Gidan Shakatawa na Kasa na Queen Elizabeth]] Tabkin Edward yana can gaba daya a cikin Gidan Shakatawa na Kasa na Virunga (DRC) da Gidan Shakatawa na Kasa na Queen Elizabeth (Uganda) kuma ba shi da yawaitar mazaunin bil'adam a gabar tekunsa, in ban da Ishango (DRC) da ke arewa, wanda gida ne ga cibiyar horar da masu gadin gidan shakatawa. Kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na ruwansa suna cikin DRC sannan kashi daya cikin uku a Uganda. Baya ga Ishango, babban mazaunin Kongo a kudu shi ne Vitshumbi, yayin da mazaunan Uganda sune Mweya da Katwe a arewa maso gabas, kusa da tabkin crater na wannan sunan, wanda shi ne babban mai samar da gishiri ga Uganda. Birane mafi kusa sune Kasese a Uganda zuwa arewa maso gabas da Butembo a DRC zuwa arewa maso yamma, wadanda ke da nisa da kusan 50 km da 150 km bi da bi ta kan hanya.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4 000 000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> ==Ilimin Halittu== Tabkin Edward gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa, gami da al'ummar Bagrus docmak, Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis leucostictus, da sama da nau'ikan Haplochromis 50 da sauran nau'ikan haplochromine, wadanda 25 ne kawai aka bayyana a hukumance. Kamun kifi muhimmin aiki ne a tsakanin mazauna yankin. Dabbobin da ke zaune a gabar tabkin – gami da birai na chimpanzees, giwaye, kada, da zakoki – suna karkashin kariyari ta gidajen shakatawa na kasa. Har ila yau, yankin gida ne ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu dorewa da masu hijira da yawa. === Ragwar dawakun ruwa da tilapia === [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|alt=Lake Edward Katwe landing site|thumb|Hoton wurin saukar jiragen ruwa na Katwe a Tabkin Edward]] A shekarun 1970, Tabkin Edward yana da adadin dawakun ruwa kusan 29,000 a ciki da kewaye da yankin tabkin. Amma saboda karuwar farautar ba bisa ka'ida ba tsawon shekaru, an sami raguwar kashi 95% na yawan jama'arsu, inda adadin ya fado zuwa ‘yan daruruwa kalilan a karshen shekarar 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Schrank|first=Delphine|date=2009-06-01|title=As Go the Hippos …|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> An gudanar da kidayar kasa a shekarar 2019 inda aka kiyasta cewa yawan jama'arsu a yanzu ya kai mambobi 1,500.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park|url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Virunga National Park|language=en-US}}</ref> Masu farautar tsubu galibi suna farautar dokin ruwa ne saboda dimbin namansa da kuma hauren giwa da ake samu a hakoransa. Sakamakon tsadar farashin da naman dokin ruwa da hauren giwa ke samu, masu farautar na kishin farautar wadannan dabbobi, wanda hakan ke haifar da mummunan tasiri ba wai kawai ga dawakun ruwa ba, har ma da tsarin halittu na Tabkin Edward da masunata na cikin gida wadanda suka dogara da tabkin don rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-12-22|title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies|access-date=2021-11-04|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Yawan dawakun ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga tsarin halittu na Tabkin Edward saboda kasancewarsa babban nau'in halitta na kashin baya. Dawakun ruwa suna samar da kashi, wanda ke ciyar da kifin tilapia, wani nau'in kifi da ya taba yin yawa a Tabkin Edward. Dokin ruwa guda daya zai iya samar da kusan kilogiram 24 ko fam 55 na kashi a kowace rana, wanda zai iya ciyar da dubban tilapias a cikin tsarin halittu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-04-08|title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes|url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Global Press Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> Yayin da dawakun ruwa suka ragu saboda farautar ba bisa ka'ida ba, abincin da suke baiwa kifin tilapia ya fara bace wa shima. Wannan ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin al'ummar tilapia, domin raguwar dawakun ruwa ba zai iya tallafawa adadin kifin tilapia iri daya kamar da ba, wanda ke haifar da babbar matsala ba wai ga tsarin halittu kadai ba, har ma ga masunta a cikin kauyukan da suka kewaye Tabkin Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|alt=Fishermen on Lake Edward|thumb|Masunta a Tabkin Edward]] Kasancewansu kusa da Tabkin Edward, kauyukan da ke cikin yankin galibi sun dogara ne da kifi, musamman tilapia, don tallafawa iyalansu da abinci da kudi. A baya, Tabkin Edward zai iya tallafawa buƙatun kifi na duk gabashin DRC. Tabkin yana da karfin samar da kifin tilapia tsakanin tan 15,000 zuwa 20,000 duk shekara, tare da kimanta kusan kwalekwalen kamun kifi 700 a kan tabkin. Sakamakon raguwar dawakun ruwa a yankin saboda farauta, wannan ya shafi adadin tilapia a cikin tabkin, wanda ya sa masunta a kauyukan da ke kusa su wahala, da ma sauran gabashin DRC. Kasuwanni da yawa ba su iya dorewar kifin na su ba, a yanzu sai sun shigo da kifi daga wasu yankuna don ci gaba da kasuwancinsu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Kodayake, raguwar dawakun ruwa ba ita ce kadai barazana ga tilapia a Tabkin Edward ba. Sakamakon raguwar al'ummar tilapia, wuraren haifuwa da wuraren kamun kifi sun kasance haramun ga masunta. Amma wasu gungun 'yan tawaye da barayi ko masunta ba bisa ka'ida ba suna gwada sa'arsu a wadannan yankunan, galibi suna haifar da karin matsaloli lokacin kokarin kiyayewa da haɓaka yawan tilapia a yankin.<ref name=":1" /> Saboda haka, kauyuka da yawa a kewaye da Tabkin Edward gami da tsarin halittu na Tabkin Edward suna shan wahala. == Karamin Yakin Tabkin Edward na 2018 == A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2018, an yi wani fada na ruwa tsakanin kasashen biyu na Uganda da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a Tabkin Edward. Wannan arangama ta fara ne sakamakon tura jiragen ruwan yaki na Kongo don bincikar rahotannin cewa sojojin ruwan Uganda sun kama jiragen kamun kifi na Kongo da dama, da kuma farar hula. Wannan arangama ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutum daya, da raunata wasu mutane uku.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |date=July 7, 2018 |website=africanews.com}}</ref> Rahotannin farko na jami'an gudanarwa na Kongo na cikin gida sun yi ikirarin cewa mutane bakwai ne aka kashe a fadan, sai dai hakan bai sami goyon baya daga kowace gwamnatin kasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/uganda-and-dr-congo-clash-on-lake-edward/ |title=Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward |agency=BBC |date=July 6, 2018 |website=Club of Mozambique }}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuli, jami'in Arewacin Kivu Muhindo Kyakwa ya yi ikirarin cewa an kashe masunta na Kongo guda goma sha biyu a arangamar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-and-congo-forces-clash-in-lake-edward-dispute/a-44594461 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |quote="The 12 bodies of our compatriots are still floating on Edward Lake," said Muhindo Kyakwa, a senior Congolese official of the province of North Kivu. |title=Uganda and Congo forces clash in Lake Edward dispute |date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == 469ottq1csw0i07qwmq3tfbkssl3ekm 0 152476 875721 840885 2026-07-04T08:30:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wurin Ajiye Namun Daji na Marromeu''' yanki ne mai kariya na {{Convert|1,500|km2|sqmi}} na [[Filin Ambaliyar|yankin ambaliyar ruwa]] a [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]], yanki ɗaya tilo da ke gefen kogin. Wurin ajiyar yana da manyan filayen kiwo da koguna da rafuka da yawa. Giwar Afirka, hartebeest na Lichtenstein, barewa mai laushi, eland, zebra na burchell, hippopotamus, waterbuck, da reedbuck duk ana samun su a can. Karnukan daji, zakuna, damisa, cheetahs, da kuraye masu tabo duk mafarauta ne. Wurin shakatawa na Marromeu yana aiki tukuru don sake mamaye yankin da barewa bayan yawan jama'arsu ya ragu zuwa 30,000. Daga iyakar wurin ajiyar barewa zuwa tsaunukan Cheringoma maƙwabta, wani yanki na farauta mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 8,252 ya kewaye Marromeu Complex, wanda ya ƙunshi wurin ajiyar musamman na Marromeu mai tsawon murabba'in kilomita 1,500. An keɓe shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1969. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=L. J. |title=Marromeu |url=http://www.mpaglobal.org/index.php?action=showMain&site_code=4649 |access-date=20 June 2012 |website=MPA Global }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yana kusa da [[Beira]] . == Tsuntsaye == Nau'o'in tsuntsayen ruwa da dama, ciki har da Pelicans masu launin fari da ruwan hoda, da Storks masu launin rawaya da na Afirka masu buɗewa, da kuma Cormorants masu launin fari, duk suna da wuraren kiwon dabbobi masu yawa a cikin wurin, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ƙasar dausayi ta Mozambique tare da mafi yawan tsuntsayen ruwa. Baya ga samar da mafaka ga tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura, fadama tana zama wurin kiwon nau'ikan tsuntsayen Wattled Crane guda 120 da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa. Sauran nau'ikan tsuntsayen da ke fuskantar barazanar a duniya sun haɗa da crane mai launin toka-toka, stork mai wuyan saddlebill, stork mai wuyan ulu, goliath heron, skimmer na Afirka, pratincole mai fikafikai ja, da kuma tern na caspian. == Samun dama == == Sauyin yanayi == A shekarar 2022, Rahoton Kimantawa na IPCC na Shida ya haɗa da Wurin Ajiye Namun Daji na Marromeu a cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na Afirka waɗanda za su fuskanci barazanar [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da zaizayar ƙasa a ƙarshen ƙarni, amma sai idan [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ya biyo bayan RCP 8.5, wanda shine yanayin hayakin [[Greenhouse gas|hayaki]] mai yawa da ke ƙaruwa da ke da alaƙa da dumamar yanayi sama da 4.{{Spaces}}°C., kuma ba a sake ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai yiwuwa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hausfather |first=Zeke |last2=Peters |first2=Glen |date=29 January 2020 |title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading |journal=Nature |volume=577 |issue=7792 |pages=618–20 |bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3 |pmid=31996825 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hausfather |first=Zeke |last2=Peters |first2=Glen |date=20 October 2020 |title=RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions |journal=PNAS |volume=117 |issue=45 |pages=27791–27792 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2017124117 |pmc=7668049 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sauran yanayi masu yuwuwar haifar da ƙarancin matakan ɗumama jiki da kuma ƙarancin hauhawar matakin teku: duk da haka, matakan teku za su ci gaba da ƙaruwa na tsawon shekaru 10,000 a ƙarƙashin dukkan su. Ko da kuwa ɗumamar yanayi ta iyakance ga 1.5{{Spaces}}°C, ana sa ran hauhawar matakin teku a duniya zai wuce {{Convert|2-3|m|ft|0}} bayan shekaru 2000 (kuma matakan ɗumamawa mafi girma za su ga ƙaruwa mai yawa nan da nan), sakamakon haka ya wuce matakan 2100 na hauhawar matakin teku a ƙarƙashin RCP 8.5 (~ {{Convert|0.75|m|ft|0}} tare da kewayon {{Convert|0.5-1|m|ft|0}} ) kafin shekara ta 4000. == Manazarta == sz5gmjx66vica5o0grdeqdvzh7tx517 0 152569 875513 841100 2026-07-03T22:11:31Z Merjoor 14653 875513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Baringo''', bayan [[Tafkin Turkana]], mafi arewacin tabkuna na Kenyan Rift Valley, tare da yanki na kilomita 130 (50 sq da tsawo na mita 970 (3,180 . Koguna da yawa ne ke ciyar da tafkin: [[Molo River|Molo]], Perkerra da Ol Arabel . Ba shi da wata hanyar fita; ana zaton ruwan ya shiga cikin tafkin a cikin dutsen dutse mai fitattun wuta. Yana daya daga cikin tabkuna biyu na ruwa mai laushi a cikin Rift Valley a Kenya, ɗayan kuma shine [[Tafkin Naivasha]]. Tafkin yana cikin wani yanki mai zafi da ƙura mai nisa tare da fiye da nau'in tsuntsaye 470, wani lokaci ciki har da flamingos masu ƙaura. Wani Goliath heronry yana kan wani dutse tsibiri a cikin tafkin da aka sani da Gibraltar. Ludwig Krapf da J. Rebmann ne suka fara bayar da rahoton kasancewar Tafkin Baringo a Turai, mishaneri na Jamus da ke zaune a Mombasa, game da 1850; a cikin taswirar J. H. Speke na tushen Nilu (1863) Baringo ya rikice da Kavirondo Gulf na Victoria Nyanza; ya kasance a cikin taswira na Sir H. M. Stanley (1877) a matsayin babban takardar ruwa NE na Victoria Nyança. Joseph Thomson, a cikin tafiyarsa ta ƙasar Masai a 1883, shi ne Turai don ganin tafkin da kuma gyara ra'ayoyin da suka wuce gona da iri game da girmansa. Hadisin asalin, duk da haka, ya tabbatar da cewa tafkin ya taɓa rufe yanki mafi girma.{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} == Bayyanawa == Tafkin yana daga cikin tsarin Rift na Gabashin Afirka. Tuddan Tugen, wani kuskuren kuskuren dutsen wuta da dutsen metamorphic, yana yammacin tafkin. Laikipia Escarpment yana gabas. Ruwa yana gudana cikin tafkin daga Mau Hills da Tugen Hills. Yana da mahimman mazauni da mafaka ga fiye da nau'in tsuntsaye da dabbobi 500, wasu daga cikin nau'in nau'in ruwa masu ƙaura suna da mahimmanci a yankin da kuma duniya. Tafkin kuma yana ba da wurin zama ga nau'ikan kifi na ruwa mai laushi guda bakwai. Ɗaya, ''Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis'' (ƙananan nau'in Nilu), yana cikin tafkin. Kifi na tafkin yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na gida. Bugu da ƙari yankin mazaunin nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa ciki har da Hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius''), giwayen Nilu (''Crocodylus niloticus'') da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa, amphibians, dabbobi masu rarrafe da al'ummomin da ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="kenyabirds">{{Cite web |title=Kenya Birds - baringo |url=http://www.kenyabirds.org.uk/baringo.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302021900/http://www.kenyabirds.org.uk/baringo.htm |archive-date=2008-03-02 |access-date=2008-03-17 |publisher=www.kenyabirds.org.uk}}</ref> Duk da yake hannun jari na Nile tilapia a cikin tafkin yanzu sun ragu, raguwar wannan nau'in ya nuna ta hanyar nasarar wani, marmara lungfish (''Protopterus aethiopicus'') wanda aka gabatar da shi a tafkin a 1974 kuma wanda yanzu ke samar da mafi yawan kifi daga tafkin. An rage matakan ruwa ta hanyar fari da yawan ban ruwa. Tafkin yawanci yana da turbid tare da turɓaya, wani bangare saboda tsananin rushewar ƙasa a yankin da aka karɓa, musamman a filin Loboi a kudancin tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Adamba |first=Stephanie Wangare Kamau |last2=Otachi |first2=Elick Onyango |last3=Ong’ondo |first3=Geoffrey Odhiambo |date=2020-02-19 |title=Parasite Communities of Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis (Trewavas, 1983) in Relation to Selected Water Quality Parameters in the Springs of Lorwai Swamp and Lake Baringo, Kenya |journal=Acta Parasitologica |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=441–451 |doi=10.2478/s11686-020-00178-2 |issn=1230-2821 |pmid=32077035 |s2cid=211171158}}</ref> Halin ƙasar a cikin unguwar tafkin shine "dutse" na ƙwari (fararen tururuwa). Su ne ginshiƙai masu zurfi 10 zuwa 12 ft. tsawo kuma daga 1 ft. zuwa 18 in. mai faɗi. mafi girma kudu, kusan ba a san shi ba a wasu wurare a Gabashin Afirka, yana zaune a gefen Laikipia escarpment zuwa gabashin tafkin kuma yana zuwa tuddai da ke kusa da Baringo don ciyarwa.{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa akwai dangantaka mai kyau da mara kyau tsakanin wasu sigogi na ingancin ruwa da yaduwar kwayar cutar da aka dawo da ita. ''O. niloticus baringoensis'' daga Tafkin Baringo kuma ya rubuta babban yaduwar kwayar cuta kuma wannan yana kira ga wayar da kan jama'a game da haɗarin da zai iya tasowa daga amfani da kifin da ba a dafa shi ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Adamba |first=Stephanie Wangare Kamau |last2=Otachi |first2=Elick Onyango |last3=Ong’ondo |first3=Geoffrey Odhiambo |date=2020-02-19 |title=Parasite Communities of Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis (Trewavas, 1983) in Relation to Selected Water Quality Parameters in the Springs of Lorwai Swamp and Lake Baringo, Kenya |journal=Acta Parasitologica |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=441–451 |doi=10.2478/s11686-020-00178-2 |issn=1230-2821 |pmid=32077035 |s2cid=211171158}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdambaOtachiOng’ondo2020">Adamba, Stephanie Wangare Kamau; Otachi, Elick Onyango; Ong’ondo, Geoffrey Odhiambo (2020-02-19). </cite></ref> Tafkin yana da ƙananan tsibirai da yawa, mafi girma shine [[Ol Kokwe Island|Tsibirin Ol Kokwe]] . Ol Kokwe, cibiyar dutsen mai fitattun wuta da ke da alaƙa da dutsen mai fashewa na Korosi a arewacin tafkin, tana da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da fumaroles da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun haifar da asusun sulfur. Wani rukuni na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi suna fitowa tare da bakin teku a Soro kusa da kusurwar arewa maso gabashin tsibirin. Yawancin mahimman wuraren tarihi da palaeontological, wasu daga cikinsu sun samar da burbushin hominoids da hominins, suna cikin jerin abubuwan da ke cikin Miocene zuwa Pleistocene na Tugen Hills. Babban garin da ke kusa da tafkin shine Marigat, yayin da ƙananan ƙauyuka suka haɗa da [[Kampi ya Samaki|Kampi da Samaki]] da Loruk . Yankin yana ƙara ziyartar masu yawon bude ido kuma yana a kudancin ƙarshen yankin Kenya wanda yawancin kabilun makiyaya suka haɗa da Il Chamus, Rendille, Turkana da Kalenjin. Gidaje, (hotal, gidajen cin abinci da wuraren shakatawa) da kuma ayyukan jirgin ruwa suna samuwa a da kusa da Kampi-Ya-Samaki a bakin yamma, da kuma tsibirai da yawa a cikin tafkin.<ref name="Lake Baringo"> {{Cite web |title=Lake Baringo |url=http://www.lake-baringo.com/rift/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115084108/http://www.lake-baringo.com/rift/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=10 |archive-date=2012-01-15 |access-date=2012-02-16 |publisher=www.lake-baringo.com}}</ref> Wani rahoto na Gwamnatin Kenya a cikin 2021 ya kiyasta cewa yankin tafkin Baringo ya karu da sama da 100% zuwa murabba'in kilomita 268 a cikin lokacin 2010-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tobiko |first=Keriako |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-28 |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Kenya Government and UNDP}}</ref> An ambaliya ƙauyukan da ke gefen tafkin kuma mutane sun rasa muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, an sami karuwa a cikin yawan dabbobi kamar su crocodiles, tare da hulɗa tsakanin waɗannan dabbobi da mutane. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tgfr4lq81i07qs6fng7ge6i9z4kp8hi 0 152935 875041 844505 2026-07-03T15:02:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah | image = Professor Emmanuel Unuabonah.jpg | caption = Professor Emmanuel Unuabonah | birth_date = January 16, 1975 | birth_place = Benin City | death_date = March 26, 2025 | workplaces = [[Redeemer's University]], [[Bells University of Technology]], [[Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun]] | alma_mater = [[University of Ibadan]] | known_for = Water treatment technologies, Environmental sustainability research | awards = TWAS-ROSSA Prize (2012) }} '''Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah''' (16 ga Janairu, 1975 – 26 ga Maris, 2025) wani ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya kasance masani a fannin ilimi, masanin kimiyyar muhalli, kuma farfesa a fannin '''Sinadaran Masana’antu (Industrial Chemistry)'''.[1] An san shi saboda bincikensa kan '''tsabtace ruwa''' da '''dorewar muhalli'''. Shi ne darektan kafa na '''African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER)''' a '''Jami'ar Redeemer's University''' da ke Najeriya. Haka kuma, ya taba zama shugaban '''Nigerian Young Academy''', ƙungiyar matasan masana kimiyya ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Africasti |date=April 2, 2025 |title=First winner of NAS Gold Medal in Physical Sciences Passes at 50 |url=https://africasti.net/first-winner-of-nas-gold-medal-in-physical-sciences-passes-at-50/ |access-date=September 21, 2025}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Unuabonah ya sami B.Sc. digiri a cikin ilmin sunadarai na masana'antu daga [[Jami'ar Benin]] a 1999, da kuma M.Sc. da digiri na PhD a cikin ilmin sunadarai na masana'antu daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a 2003 da 2007, bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Global Young Academy |date=2025 |title=Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah |url=https://globalyoungacademy.net/eiunuabonah/ |access-date=September 21, 2025}}</ref> A lokacin da yake koyarwa a Jami'ar Redeemer a [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], Najeriya, ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Darakta na Shirye-shiryen Ilimi da Tabbatar da Inganci da Cibiyar Kwarewar Afirka don Ruwa da Binciken Muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Brief History |url=https://run.edu.ng/directorate-of-academic-planning-and-quality-assurance/ |access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2025 |title=About ACEWATER |url=https://run-acewater.org/about-acewater/ |access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Matasan Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigerian Young Academy |title=In Loving Memory of Professor Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah, Founding President, Nigerian Young Academy (NYA) |url=https://nigerianyoungacademy.org/tribute/ |access-date=September 8, 2025}}</ref> Unuabonah ya mutu a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=In memoriam |url=https://twas.org/memoriam |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) |language=en}}</ref> == Littattafai == Unuabonah mai bincike ne tare da littattafai sama da 100 da aka sake dubawa, tare da nassoshi sama da 5500 da h-index na 41, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=qLOKMCgAAAAJ |access-date=September 19, 2025 |website=Google Scholar |archive-date=January 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106132636/https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=qLOKMCgAAAAJ |url-status=dead }}</ref> mafi yawansu sun mai da hankali kan Fasahar maganin ruwa, gurɓata muhalli, da bincike na kayan ɗorewa. Kungiyar bincikensa ta haɓaka ƙarancin farashi, adsorbents na gida don cire maganin rigakafi, masu rushe endocrine, [[microplastics]], da mahaɗan phenolic daga ruwa mai gurbatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PositiveNaija |date=October 24, 2022 |title=Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah Wins 2017 NAS Gold Medal Prize |url=https://www.positivenaija.com/emmanuel-iyayi-unuabonah-wins-2017-nas-gold-medal-prize/ |access-date=September 21, 2025}}</ref> Ya hada da Springer Water volume Strategic Management of Wastewater daga Intensive Rural Industries (2025), yana ba da gudummawa ga surori kan ruwa mai guba daga dyeing, textile, mai-palm processing, da sauran yankunan karkara. Zaɓuɓɓukan bincike sun haɗa da: membranes na photocatalytic na yumɓu, kayan da ba su da tsada don maganin ruwa, Kayan aiki na yumbu mai ɗorewa don rage benzenediols, ingantaccen tsari da ƙarfin aiki don tsarkake ruwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ugwuja |first=Chidinma |last2=Olorunnisola |first2=Damilare |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Clay-based Photocatalytic Membranes: Low-cost Alternative Materials for Water Treatment |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ma/d5ma00313j |journal=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref> Binciken haɗari da ƙwayoyin cuta masu tsayayya da ƙwayoyi a cikin tushen ruwa daga Ede, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Gloria |last2=Ogunlaja |first2=Aemere |last3=Olukanni |first3=Olumide |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Risk assessment and photo-disinfection of antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water sources from Ede, Nigeria |journal=Heliyon |volume=11 |issue=1 |bibcode=2025Heliy..1141538T |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41538 |pmc=11759553 |pmid=39866425 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Binciken yiwuwar ƙirƙirar tsarin ƙwayoyin ruwa mai ƙwayoyin halitta na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin jini da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙwayoyin adsorption na ruwa masu guba da su (Afrilu na adsorption Blueca), [2] Bincike .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alfred |first=Moses |last2=Ibeh |first2=Samson |last3=Adesina |first3=Morenike |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Sustainable biomass-clay-ZnWO4 combos for the abatement of benzenediols: Process optimization and dynamics for water purification |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214714425013145 |journal=Journal of Water Process Engineering |volume=76 |doi=10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108242 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oladoja |first=NA |last2=Ogunniyi |first2=JA |date=2025 |title=Evaluating the feasibility of creating a zero waste discharge aquaculture system |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2025/ew/d4ew01080a |journal=Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1325–1338 |doi=10.1039/D4EW01080A |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bolujoko |first=Nathaniel |date=September 20, 2021 |title=Toxicity and removal of parabens from water: A critical review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721031636 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=792 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.79248092B |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148092 |pmid=34147811 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Omorogie |first=Martins |last2=Babalola |first2=Jonathan |date=August 1, 2016 |title=Regeneration strategies for spent solid matrices used in adsorption of organic pollutants from surface water: a critical review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1944398624037020 |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=518–544 |bibcode=2016DWatT..57..518O |doi=10.1080/19443994.2014.967726 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unuabonah |first=Emmanuel |last2=Adie |first2=Gilbert |last3=Onah |first3=Lora |last4=Adeyemi |first4=Olalere |date=December 15, 2009 |title=Multistage optimization of the adsorption of methylene blue dye onto defatted Carica papaya seeds |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894709004999 |journal=Chemical Engineering Journal |volume=155 |issue=3 |pages=567–579 |bibcode=2009ChEnJ.155..567U |doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.07.012 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Tasiri da ambato a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya === Takardar da ya yi a shekarar 2013 a kan yumbu mai haɗari da aka shirya daga tsaba na [[Gwanda|Carica papaya]] da Kaolinite an ambaci shi a matsayin ingantaccen madadin mai tsada don cire ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin sake dubawa na baya na abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jaspal |first=Dipika |last2=Malviya |first2=Arti |date=2020-05-01 |title=Composites for wastewater purification: A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653519330292 |journal=Chemosphere |volume=246 |bibcode=2020Chmsp.24625788J |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125788 |issn=0045-6535 |pmid=31918098 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Har ila yau, kafofin watsa labarai na kimiyya na duniya sun rufe binciken, wanda ya nuna yiwuwar adana farashi don ruwa mai tsabta a cikin saitunan da ba su da wadata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=American Chemical Society |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Papaya-clay combo could cut cost of water purification in developing countries |url=https://phys.org/news/2013-06-papaya-clay-combo-purification-countries.html |access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Michael |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Papaya-clay combo could cut cost of water purification in developing countries |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/689760 |access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref> An yi amfani da bita mai mahimmanci na 2016 game da dabarun sake farfadowa don adsorbents a matsayin dutse mai mahimmanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka biyo baya game da sake farfadawa da sake amfani da adsorbants masu tsada. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Omorogie |first=Martins |date=2016 |title=Regeneration strategies for spent solid matrices used in adsorption of organic pollutants from surface water: a critical review. |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19443994.2014.967726 |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=518–544 |bibcode=2016DWatT..57..518O |doi=10.1080/19443994.2014.967726 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=El Messaoudi |first=Noureddine |last2=Mohammed |first2=El Khomri |date=2024 |title=Regeneration and reusability of non-conventional low-cost adsorbents to remove dyes from wastewaters in multiple consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles: a review. |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19443994.2014.967726 |journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=11739–11756 |bibcode=2016DWatT..57..518O |doi=10.1080/19443994.2014.967726 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bincike mai zurfi game da adsorbents na yumbu kamar haka ya ambaci kuma ya tsara hanyoyin sake farfadowa da suka dace da gudummawarsa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Momina |first=Mohammad Shahadat |last2=Isamil |first2=Suzylawati |date=July 10, 2018 |title=Regeneration performance of clay-based adsorbents for the removal of Industrial dyes: a review |journal=Royal Society of Chemistry |volume=8 |issue=43 |pages=24571–24587 |bibcode=2018RSCAd...824571M |doi=10.1039/C8RA04290J |pmc=9082090 |pmid=35539168}}</ref> Bincike na gaba yana binciken kwayar papaya a matsayin adsorbent / coagulant kuma yana tattauna gyaran kwayar papay / yumbu, yana ambaton da faɗaɗa hanyar da aka fara a cikin nazarin HYCA.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khee |first=Y.L |last2=Kiew |first2=P.L |date=2023 |title=Valorizing papaya seed waste for wastewater treatment: a review |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-022-04178-9 |journal=International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=2327–2346 |bibcode=2023JEST...20.2327K |doi=10.1007/s13762-022-04178-9 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bayode |first=Ajibola |date=May 2, 2023 |title=A review on the versatility of Carica papaya seed: an agrogenic waste for the removal of organic, inorganic and microbial contaminants in water |journal=Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology |volume=98 |issue=9 |pages=2095–2109 |bibcode=2023JCTB...98.2095B |doi=10.1002/jctb.7415 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daga baya nazarin gwaji da bambance-bambance na fasaha sun gina akan asalin asalin yumbu don fadada aikin zuwa gurɓataccen anionic da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, yana nuna yaduwar hanyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jun An |first=Hyung |last2=Jong |first2=Min Park |date=April 8, 2020 |title=Adsorptive removal of bulky dye molecules from water with mesoporous polyaniline-derived carbon |url=https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjnano/articles/11/47?utm_source=researcher_app&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound |journal=Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology |volume=11 |pages=597–605 |doi=10.3762/bjnano.11.47 |pmc=7155913 |pmid=32318320}}</ref> == Bayanan kafofin watsa labarai == Wani bayanin martaba daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Duniya ya bayyana bincikensa na tsarkakewa mai tsada ta amfani da yumɓu da tsaba na papaya kuma ya lura da tallafin tallafin TWAS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Serra |first=Cristina |date=August 27, 2015 |title=Clean water for Nigeria |url=https://www.twas.org/article/clean-water-nigeria |access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref> Jaridu da yawa na Najeriya sun rufe lambar yabo ta zinare ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya, gami da Vanguard, The Guardian, da The Punch. Rubuce-rubucen yumbu na duniya ya bayyana a kan sanannun kafofin watsa labarai yana jaddada farashi da yiwuwar tasiri ga ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=American Chemical Society |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Papaya-clay combo could cut cost of water purification in developing countries |url=https://phys.org/news/2013-06-papaya-clay-combo-purification-countries.html |journal=American Chemical Society}}</ref> Ofishin Jakadancin FAPESP ya ba da rahoton hadin gwiwar Brazil-Nijeriya karkashin jagorancin masu bincike, gami da Unuabonah, hada kayan aiki masu tsada da makamashi na hasken rana don tsabtace ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencia FAPESP |date=April 28, 2021 |title=Novel Water Decomination Method Combines Low-Cost Composites and Solar Energy |url=https://agencia.fapesp.br/novel-water-decontamination-method-combines-low-cost-composites-and-solar-energy/35716 |access-date=September 19, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2025 |title=TWAS Directory |url=https://twas.org/directory/unuabonah-emmanuel-iyayi |website=}}</ref> == Jagora da Fellowships == A matsayin shugaban kafa Kwalejin Matasan Najeriya (2010-2014). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigerian Young Academy |date=2025 |title=In Loving Memory of Professor Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah |url=https://nigerianyoungacademy.org/tribute/ |access-date=September 21, 2025}}</ref> Ya kasance yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin ilimi da yawa, gami da: Shirin Jagorancin Kimiyya na Afirka (Alumnus), Kwalejin Matasa ta Duniya (Alumnu), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa Science Leadership Programme |date=2015 |title=Africa Science Leadership Programme 2015 |url=https://www.aslp.science/our-cohorts/africa-science-leadership-programme-2015/ |access-date=September 19, 2025}}</ref> Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya (Fellow), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Africasti |date=April 2, 2025 |title=First winner of NAS Gold Medal in Physical Sciences Passes at 50 |url=https://africasti.net/first-winner-of-nas-gold-medal-in-physical-sciences-passes-at-50/ |access-date=September 9, 2025}}</ref> da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Afirka (Fellower-zaɓaɓɓen). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Global Young Academy |date=2014 |title=Alumni of the GYA - Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah |url=https://globalyoungacademy.net/eiunuabonah/ |access-date=September 19, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2025 |title=The African Academy of Sciences Welcomes 88 Newly Elected Fellows |url=https://aasciences.africa/news/the-african-academy-of-sciences-welcomes-88-newly-elected-fellows |access-date=September 19, 2025 |website=The African Academy of Sciences}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] ixqu7cu20tp0sdx098rh6843mqwslh9 0 153093 875859 842457 2026-07-04T11:24:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ginin Hydroelectric na Gouina (Faransa: Centrale hydroélectrique de Gouina) shigarwa ce ta ruwa mai gudana a kan Gouina Falls tare da [[Kogin Senegal]] a [[Mali]] . Tana kusa da {{Convert|18|km|mi}} (11 kudu maso gabashin Diamou a Yankin Kayes . Shine aikin na huɗu na Hukumar Raya Kogin Senegal kuma bikin da aka yi a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2013 ya halarci shugabannin kasashe na kowace ƙasa memba. Shugaban Mauritania Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz ya kafa harsashin ginin. An dakatar da aikin farko saboda juyin mulkin Mali na 2012 da kuma Rikicin Arewacin Mali. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2013 |title=OMVS launches Gouina dam project in Kayes region |url=http://www.africanmanager.com/site_eng/detail_article.php?art_id=21170 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103214645/http://www.africanmanager.com/site_eng/detail_article.php?art_id=21170 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |access-date=3 January 2015 |publisher=African Manager}}</ref> Firayim Ministan Mali [[Abdoulaye Maiga (officer)|Abdoulaye Maïga]] ne ya kaddamar da shuka a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022. Ya kashe dala miliyan 329 kuma kilomita {{Convert|280|km|mi}} (170 na layin watsawa ya kashe dala miliyan 65.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2011 |title=Update of the ECOWAS Revised Master Plan for the generation and transmission of electrical energy |url=http://www.ecowapp.org/?dl_id=451 |access-date=3 January 2015 |publisher=West African Power Pool |page=6/17 |format=PDF |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523105307/http://www.ecowapp.org/?dl_id=451 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aikin ya sami kashi 85 cikin 100 na kudadensa daga Bankin Exim na kasar Sin tare da dala miliyan 1 daga Asusun Amincewa da Infrastructure na EU-Africa da dala miliyan 1.4 daga Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Duniya da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Yana da ƙarfin shigarwa na {{Convert|140|MW}} kuma zai yi amfani da fitowar Manantali Dam sama don daidaita ruwa a cikin shuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gouina |url=https://www.eu-africa-infrastructure-tf.net/activities/grants/gouina-hydropower.htm |access-date=3 January 2015 |publisher=EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund |archive-date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114011017/https://eu-africa-infrastructure-tf.net/activities/grants/gouina-hydropower.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani tsawo mai tsawon mita {{Convert|1230|m|ft}} (4,040 sama da faduwar ruwa yana jagorantar ruwa cikin tashar da za ta ciyar da gidan wutar lantarki a ƙasa da faduwa. Gidan wutar lantarki ya ƙunshi masu samar da turbine na 46.6 MW Kaplan guda uku. Bambanci a cikin tsawo ruwa ya faɗi da weir yana ba da kai na hydraulic (ruwa) na {{Convert|22.5|m|ft}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2013 |title=Macky Sall and three Heads of State inaugurated the central Félou and lay the cornerstone of the Gouina |url=http://senetoile.net/actualite-senegal/25-economie/981698-2013-12-17-18-22-21.html |access-date=3 January 2015 |publisher=Senegal News |language=French}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Scenarios et Simulations du Plan Optimal D'investissements |url=http://www.ecowrex.org/system/files/repository/2008_planfication_secteur_electricite_scenarios_et_plan_-_min_ener.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215759/http://www.ecowrex.org/system/files/repository/2008_planfication_secteur_electricite_scenarios_et_plan_-_min_ener.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=3 January 2015 |publisher=Mali – Ministere de L’energie, des Mines et de L’eau – Direction Nationale De L’energie |language=French}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dam Projects |url=http://www.portail-omvs.org/infrastructure-regionale/barrages/projets-barrages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303123323/http://www.portail-omvs.org/infrastructure-regionale/barrages/projets-barrages |archive-date=3 March 2017 |access-date=3 January 2015 |publisher=Senegal River Basin Authority |language=French}}</ref> ==manazarta== tpdxvkr0zx50yk8p50gy7561cj2hx4b 0 153318 875733 843081 2026-07-04T09:14:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan shakatawa na Augrabies Falls''' wani wurin shakatawa ne na kasa wanda ke kusa da Augrabies Fall, kimanin kilomita {{Cvt|120|km}} (75 yammacin Upington a Lardin Arewacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Augrabies Falls ya ƙunshi faɗin fili mai fadin murabba'in {{Cvt|820|km2}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Augrabies Falls National Park (South African media online) |url=http://sanparks.africamediaonline.com/mmc/gallery/detail/events/augrabies_falls_national_park |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105200/http://sanparks.africamediaonline.com/mmc/gallery/detail/events/augrabies_falls_national_park |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=30 July 2015 |website=sanparks.africamediaonline.com/}}</ref> kuma ya miƙe tare da [[Kogin Orange]] . Yankin yana da bushewa sosai. Ruwan ruwan yana da kusan {{Cvt|60|metres}} tsayi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Augrabies Falls National Park |url=http://www.places.co.za/accommodation/augrabies-falls-national-park.html |access-date=30 July 2015 |website=SA Places}}</ref> kuma yana da ban mamaki lokacin da kogin ke cikin ambaliyar ruwa. Kwazazzabin da ke ƙarƙashin ruwan sama yana da matsakaicin kusan {{Cvt|240|m}} zurfi kuma yana gudana don {{Cvt|18|km}} . Kwazazzabon ya ba da misali mai ban sha'awa na zaizayar ƙasa zuwa cikin ginshiki mai duwatsu . An kafa wurin shakatawa a shekarar 1966. == Mazauna asali == Asalin mutanen [[Khoekhoe]] sun sanya wa ruwan suna Ankoerebis, ma'ana "wurin hayaniya mai girma". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Augrabies Falls National Park |url=http://www.sanparks.co.za/parks/augrabies/ |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320180702/http://www.sanparks.co.za/parks/augrabies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Al'ummomin [[Khoisan|Khoi]] da [[Mutanen San|San]] a cikin babban wurin shakatawa na ƙasa suna zaune a cikin bukkoki masu katanga da ake kira matjiehuise . Bukkokin sun dace da yanayin zafi da sanyi. A lokacin zafi mai zafi, tushen bishiyar da aka samar da tabarmi yana raguwa, wanda ke ba da damar bayyana gibi - yana ƙirƙirar tsarin sanyaya iska. Juyawar tana faruwa ne a lokacin sanyi, yayin da tushen ya faɗaɗa don hana sanyi fita. Trekboers waɗanda daga baya suka zauna a yankin sun samo sunan Augrabies. Wani lokaci ana rubuta sunan Aughrabies. Akwai tarin lu'u-lu'u masu yawa a gefen Kogin Orange kuma tatsuniya ta nuna cewa mafi girman tarin lu'u-lu'u a duniya yana cikin ramin juyawa da ya lalace cikin dutse a ƙasan ruwan da ke ƙarƙashin ruwan sama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Encounter South Africa: Augrabies Falls |url=http://www.encounter.co.za/article/89.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185720/http://www.encounter.co.za/article/89.html |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> == Rayuwar dabbobi da shuke-shuke == [[Fayil:Sociable_Weavers_nest_in_Quiver_Tree_(Aloidendron_dichotomum)_(51008121987).jpg|left|thumb|Mai saƙa mai zaman kansa a cikin Itacen Quiver.]] Tsire-tsire mafi mahimmanci a cikin wurin shakatawa shine babban itace aloe (''Aloidendron dichotomum'') wanda aka sani a cikin gida kamar itacen quiver ko kokerboom . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Augrabies Falls, Northern Cape |url=http://www.southafrica.net/za/en/articles/entry/article-southafrica.net-augrabies-falls-northern-cape |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> Ya dace da wuraren da aka bushe a cikin hamada da aka samu a cikin Nama-Karoo, yana iya tsayayya da matsanancin yanayin zafi da ƙasa marar amfani. Wannan itacen, wanda ke girma har zuwa mita biyar, ya sami sunansa daga gaskiyar cewa Bushmen (San) sun yi amfani da rassan masu laushi don yin kibiya ga kibiyarsu. Halin da ke kama ido na itacen quiver ya dace da wannan ɓangaren yankin Arewacin Cape. Lokacin da bishiyoyi suka yi fure a cikin hunturu, ana jan hankalin tsuntsaye ga ruwan tsami mai yawa, kuma ana iya ganin baboons suna tsage furanni don samun barasa mai dadi. Itacen makiyayi, itace mai tsayi wanda ke girma a cikin busasshiyar, bude gandun daji da bushveld, ana iya samunsa a yankin. Al'ummomin Khoi da San da ke kewaye da waɗannan yankuna suna riƙe da wannan itacen cikin girmamawa mai zurfi; an haramta hallaka shi sosai. Wannan itacen kuma yana girma a wani ɓangare na lardin Free State. Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa a kan hekta 28 000 na Gidan shakatawa na Augrabies. Wasan kamar springbok, gemsbok da kuma tsakiya na tsakiya na kudancin tsakiya ana iya samun su a nan. Ana iya ganin dabbobi masu ban sha'awa kamar Cape clawless otter a yankin, tare da Jackal mai baki, Caracal, fox mai kunne da kuma kare na Afirka. [[Fayil:Echo_Corner_in_Augrabies_Falls_National_Park.jpg|left|thumb|Halin ra'ayi na Echo Corner ya ƙunshi yawan namun daji.]] Ana iya samun Mai kula da Nilu, mafi girman lizard na Afirka, tare da ruwa. Za'a iya samun Sandgrouse mai laushi biyu a nan, tare da Namaqua sandgrouse da aka fi gani. Ana samun waɗannan a cikin tsarin ruwa mai laushi, lagoons, da teku muddin akwai ruwan sha mai laushi. Wani shahararren alama a cikin wurin shakatawa shine Moon Rock, babban dome mai tsayi wanda ke auna kusan mita 700 (2,300 da mita 100 (330 da kuma mita 30 (98 tsawo.<ref name="koedoe40-2">{{Cite journal |last=African Protected Area Conservation and Science |year=1997 |title=Popups on Moon Rock, Augrabies Falls National Park |url=http://www.koedoe.co.za/index.php/koedoe/issue/view/22 |journal=Koedoe |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=75–84 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v40i2.274 |issn=0075-6458 |access-date=12 July 2010 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Baya ga Augrabies Falls, manyan ayyukan da ke cikin wurin shakatawa sun haɗa da tafiye-tafiye na dare a lokacin mafi girma; hanyar Dassie da tafiyar tafiye-taren Klipspringer na kwana 3. Gidan shakatawa na Augrabies yana da kimanin awanni 8 daga Cape Town, da kuma awanni 10 daga [[Johannesburg]].<ref name="Northern Cape" /> == Manazarta == ndihzvjabpfrj550knvo4uw7eumi6gf 0 153717 875562 844023 2026-07-04T02:32:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Froylan D. Salinas''' (5 ga Oktoba, 1939 - 10 ga Mayu, 2021) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas daga 1977 zuwa 1985. Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat, shi ne dan majalisa na farko na Latino daga Lubbock . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Adam |date=2021-05-12 |title=Former State Rep. Froy Salinas, who broke barriers as first Hispanic lawmaker from Lubbock, has died |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/2021/05/12/former-state-rep-froy-salinas-who-broke-barriers-first-hispanic-lawmaker-lubbock-has-died/5068367001/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |publisher=}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Salinas ya zauna a Lubbock, Texas . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Froy Salinas |url=https://lrl.texas.gov/legeleaders/members/memberdisplay.cfm?memberID=482 |access-date=2021-05-14 |publisher=Lrl.texas.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=Former Lubbock Rep. Froy Salinas dies at 81 |url=https://www.kcbd.com/2021/05/13/former-lubbock-rep-froy-salinas-dies/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |publisher=Kcbd.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://missionmemorials.com/tribute/details/3928/Froylan-Salinsa/obituary.html |title=Froylan D. Salinas-obituary |access-date=2026-05-31 |archive-date=2021-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516125538/https://missionmemorials.com/tribute/details/3928/Froylan-Salinsa/obituary.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Texas a shekara ta 1976, kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 1985. Ya bayyana a cikin wata hira ta 2010 cewa nuna bambancin launin fata ya zama ruwan dare har sai 'yan shekaru kafin zabensa, yana mai cewa "Har yanzu ina tuna alamun a kan kofofin gidan cin abinci da windows suna cewa babu Mexicans ko karnuka da aka yarda".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangel |first=Enrique |title=Hispanic former representative hopes for more minority presence |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/local/2010/08/30/hispanic-former-representative-hopes-more-minority-presence/15263864007/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin dan majalisa, ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai fafutuka da kuma shugaban Jami'ar Texas Tech . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cantu |first=Michael A. |date=2021-05-13 |title=Former Lubbock Rep. Froy Salinas dies at 81 |url=https://www.kcbd.com/2021/05/13/former-lubbock-rep-froy-salinas-dies/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=KCBD |language=en}}</ref> Ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2021, a [[Austin|Austin, Texas]], yana da shekaru 81. <ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] 1pjiepsrinjch5wusxnkjmibadx4yoq 0 154099 875622 845051 2026-07-04T05:42:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Genale Dawa III Power Station''', kuma GD-3 Power Station, tashar wutar lantarki ce a fadin [[Ganale Doria River|Kogin Ganale Doria]] a [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Ginin ya fara ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011 kuma an ba da izinin kasuwanci '''GD-3 Tashar Wutar Lantarki''' a watan Fabrairun 2020. Ci gaban ababen more rayuwa mai sabuntawa mallakar Gwamnatin Habasha ce kuma China Gezhouba Group ce ta gina shi, wani reshe na Kamfanin Injiniyan Makamashi na China a kimanta farashin fam miliyan 352.7 ($ miliyan 451), wanda Bankin Exim na China da Gwamnatin Habasha suka hada kai.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=NS Energy |date=February 2020 |title=Genale–Dawa III Multipurpose Hydropower Project |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/genale-dawa-iii-multipurpose-hydropower-project/ |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=NSEnergybusiness.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aaron Larson |date=1 September 2020 |title=Award-Winning Hydropower Project Helps Electrify Ethiopia |url=https://www.powermag.com/award-winning-hydropower-project-helps-electrify-ethiopia/ |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Power Magazine Online}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Tashar wutar lantarki tana gefen [[Ganale Doria River|Kogin Ganale Doria]], tare da iyakar ''Kobadi Woreda'' da ''Meda Welabu Woreda'', a cikin Yankin Bale na Yankin Oromia na Habasha. Wannan kusan kilomita 610 ne (379 ta hanyar hanya, kudu maso gabashin [[Addis Ababa]], birni mafi girma da babban birnin Habasha. Yanayin ƙasa na Genale-Dawa 3 Hydroelectric Power Station shine 05°30'36.5"N, 39°43'05.0"E (Latitude:5.510139; Longitude:39.718056). == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Dam din "dams din da aka yi da dutse ne". Rashin ruwa yana da tsayi na mita 110 (361 kuma yana da tsawon mita 456 (1,496 . Rashin tafkin yana da ƙarfin riƙewa na mita 3,200,000 (113,006,934 cu na ruwa. Gidan wutar lantarki na karkashin kasa yana da Turbines na Francis guda uku, kowannensu an kiyasta shi a 84.7 megawatts, yana ba da wutar lantarki ga mai sauyawa a sama.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=6 May 2021 |title=Ethiopia: CGGC to commission Genale Dawa III Dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/ethiopia-cggc-to-commission-genale-dawa-iii-dam/ |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205180338/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/ethiopia-cggc-to-commission-genale-dawa-iii-dam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga tashar wutar lantarki, layin watsa wutar lantarki guda biyu (ɗaya a 400kV kuma ɗayan a 230kV), canja wurin makamashi jimlar kilomita 295 (183 zuwa tashar mallakar wutar lantarki ta Habasha, inda aka haɗa makamashi cikin grid na ƙasa.<ref name="1R" /> == Mallaka == Genale-Dawa III Hydroelectric Power Station mallakar Gwamnatin Habasha ce kuma tana sarrafawa.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="5R"/> == Kudin gini da kudade == An ambaci kasafin kudin gini a matsayin £ 352.7 miliyan (US $ 451 miliyan). Teburin da ke ƙasa ya tsara tushen kudade don gina madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki, gami da kayan aikin da ke tattare da su.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="5R"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+Tushen Tattalin Arziki Don Genale Dawa III Hydroelectric Power Station !Matsayi !Funder !Gudummawa a cikin Birnin Burtaniya !Kashi !Bayani |- |1 |Bankin Tsohon na kasar Sin |Miliyan 254.85 |72.26 |Rance <ref name="1R"/> |- |2 |Gwamnatin Habasha |Miliyan 53.00 |15.03 |Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci <ref name="1R" /> |- |3 |Sauran |Miliyan 44.83 |12.71 |Rance <ref name="1R" /> |- | |'''Jimillar''' |'''Miliyan 352.7''' |'''100.00''' | |- |} * Lura: Jimillar suna da ɗan raguwa saboda zagaye. == Sauran la'akari == GD-3 Dam madatsar ruwa ce mai amfa da yawa. Baya ga samar da wutar lantarki, tafkin madatsar ruwa yana aiki ne a matsayin wurin adana ruwa don amfani a lokacin karancin ruwa. Bugu da kari, za a yi amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa na kimanin hekta 15,000 (58 mi), a matsayin wani ɓangare na Lower Genale Irrigation Development Project.<ref name="1R"/> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Habasha * [[Dam in Renaissance na Habasha|Babban madatsar ruwan Renaissance na Habasha]] == Manazarta == 89jtshsc1j7ua74mq8eo0ls8mwd9x0g 0 154175 875292 845233 2026-07-03T18:41:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar wutar lantarki ta FE2''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta 36 megawatt a [[Gabon]]. An fara gina wannan madatsar ruwan ne a shekarar 2010. Saboda rashin isasshen kudade, an watsar da aikin a cikin 2013. A cikin 2018, bayan hutu na shekaru biyar, Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Limited (TBEA), mai samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa na kasar Sin (IPP), tare da hadin gwiwar Asusun Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Gabon, ya nuna niyyar su saka hannun jari na Yuro miliyan 180 a cikin ci gaban FE2 HPP.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Boris Ngounou |date=6 September 2018 |title=Gabon: Work on FE2 hydroelectric power plant construction site to resume |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/gabon-work-on-fe2-hydroelectric-power-plant-construction-site-to-resume/ |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An ba da kwangilar injiniya, sayarwa da gini (EPC) ga Kamfanin China Gezhouba Group Company (CGGC). Mai karɓar makamashi shine Société d'Énergie et d'Eau du Gabon (SEEG), kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Gabon.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Bonface |date=3 July 2019 |title=Construction of hydroelectric power stations in Gabon to begin |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/construction-hydroelectric-power-stations-gabon-begin/ |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Tashar wutar lantarki tana gefen rafin ruwa na FE2 a kan [[Kogin Okano]], kudu maso gabashin garin Mitzic, a cikin Sashen Okano, a Lardin Woleu-Ntem, a arewacin Gabon . <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Gauff Engineering |date=1 November 2014 |title="FE2" hydroelectric power plant in Gabon: Technical Assistance for the energy ministry on an EPC contract for the construction of the "FE2" hydroelectric power plant in Gabon |url=https://www.gauff.net/en/referenzen/gabon/fe2.html |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=Gauff.net}}</ref> Mitzic tana da nisan kilomita 112 (70 kudu da birnin Oyem, hedkwatar lardin. Wannan kusan kilomita 323 (201 ne ta hanyar hanyar arewa maso gabashin [[Libreville]], birni mafi girma da babban birnin Gabon. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Tsarin tashar wutar lantarki yana kira ga tashar gudu-na-kogi tare da shugaban ruwa na mita 88 (289 . Turbines guda uku na Francis, kowannensu an kiyasta shi a 12 MW, zai samar da damar 36 megawatts. Sauran ci gaban ababen more rayuwa masu alaƙa sun haɗa da sabon tashar, layin watsawa, sansanin ma'aikata da hanyoyin shiga shafin.<ref name="3R"/> Ana sa ran cewa mai karɓar makamashi da aka samar a nan zai zama kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasa, SEEG. An yi niyyar rarraba wutar lantarki ga birnin [[Libreville]], babban birnin ƙasa, zuwa Ndjolé, a cikin Sashen Abanga-Bigne na Lardin Moyen-Ogooué da lardin Woleu-Ntem . <ref name="1R"/> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == Ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2020, gwamnatin Gabon har yanzu tana neman kudade don kammala ginin FE2 Hydroelectric Power Station, wanda aka lissafa fitar da makamashi na shekara-shekara a 240 GWh a kowace shekara.<ref name="XXR">{{Cite web |last=Aristide Ngari* |date=19 December 2020 |title=Tackling Gabon's future energy needs scientifically |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/industry-sectors/generation/tackling-gabons-future-energy-needs-scientifically/ |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=ESI-Africa |place=Cape Town, South Africa}}</ref> Aristide Ngari shi ne Darakta Janar, Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Gwamnatin Gabon . == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Gabon * Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kinguélé Aval == Manazarta == efzwwrgn3juvkarjz0fywdk1c5vntmw 0 154494 875685 846106 2026-07-04T07:33:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Gidaje a [[Azerbaijan]] suna da alaƙa da yawan mallakar gidaje masu zaman kansu.[ Gine-gine a masana'antar gidaje sun fara inganta a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, sakamakon dokar shugaban ƙasa (1997), wadda ta kawar da ikon mallakar ɓangaren gine-gine na gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tikinti kompleksinin inhisarsızlaşdırılması və özəlləşdirilməsi tədbirləri haqqında |url=http://www.e-qanun.az/framework/4086 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.e-qanun.az}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azerbaijan 2016 {{!}} CONSTRUCTION & REAL ESTATE {{!}} REVIEW: CONSTRUCTION & REAL ESTATE |url=https://www.thebusinessyear.com/azerbaijan-2016/moving-on-up/review |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=The Business Year }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nau'ikan gidaje == Two types of residence are predominant in [[Azerbaijan]]: the single-family detached home and multi-family residential. Additional kinds of housing include dormitories, communal apartments, and summerhouses.<ref name="Nikki Kazimova 2011" /> Housing stock of [[Azerbaijan]] is divided into 2 groups as existing and recently built. Existing houses are also classified by the period of their construction:<ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017"/> * Gidajen da aka gina kafin shekarun 1920 - galibi suna cikin sassan tarihi na birane. Irin wannan dukiya tana buƙatar sake ginawa da gyare-gyare don saduwa da ka'idodin gidaje na yau da kullun. * ''Gidajen da aka gina kafin Yaƙin Duniya na 2'' - a cikin 1920-1940 - galibi suna cikin yankunan karkara. Ana raba kicin da dakunan wanka na irin waɗannan gidajen da aka gina a cikin birane. * ''Gidajen da aka gina bayan Yaƙin Duniya na 2 -'' a cikin shekarun 1960 gina gidaje da aka riga aka gina sun karu kuma an shirya sabbin gundumomi da za a cika su da irin waɗannan gidaje. * ''Gidajen da aka gina bayan samun 'yancin kai''. Saboda yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, yanayin siyasa na kasar, gina gidaje ya ragu a cikin shekarun 1990. A wannan lokacin, an gina gidaje masu zaman kansu mafi yawa. Gine-gine masu yawa a cikin manyan biranen sun zama masu yawa bayan shekara ta 2000.<ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017"/> == Ginin gidaje == [[Fayil:Yeni_Binalar-_Bakixanov_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|235x235px|Gidajen iyali da yawa a Baku]] Bangaren gine-gine na ƙasar ya inganta sosai yayin da tattalin arzikin ƙasar ke bunƙasa a farkon shekarun 2000. Da farko, tsarin gini yana gudana cikin sauri a cibiyoyin birane da wuraren yawon buɗe ido a faɗin ƙasar. Bangaren gidaje ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan sassan ci gaban tattalin arzikin Azerbaijan. Bukatar sabbin gidaje na zamani da ake buƙata ta bunƙasa ya buƙaci haɓaka gine-ginen gidaje masu hawa da yawa. Sakamakon haka, an kafa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da yawa waɗanda ke gina gine-ginen gidaje kuma suka zama babban mai samar da gine-ginen kasuwanci. Sabbin ayyuka na gine-ginen gidaje da na gidaje suna ƙaruwa. A shekara ta 2003, ginin gidaje ya sami ci gaba daga murabba'in mita 803,000 a 2002 zuwa murabba'in mita miliyan 1339 a sabbin gine-ginen gidaje. Matsakaicin adadi na 2003-2008 shine murabba'in mita miliyan 1. Matsakaicin adadi na 2003-2008 shine murabba'in mita miliyan 1.<ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |year=2010 |title=Country profiles on the housing sector - Azerbaijan |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/cp.azerbaijan.e.pdf |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=UNECE.org |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> == Hukumomin gwamnati == Dokoki da ka'idoji game da gine-gine da ake buƙata don a canza su bayan [[Azerbaijan]] ta sake samun 'yancin kanta, kamar yadda a baya aka yi amfani da su a duk faɗin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|USSR]] ba tare da an tsara su da kyau ga yanayin gida ba. Saboda haka, an dauki matakai da yawa don magance wannan batun. Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan ta gudanar da batutuwan gidaje kafin 1993. Daga nan, an canza ma'aikatar zuwa Kwamitin Gidaje da Ayyukan Jama'a a karkashin Ma'aikatun Ministocin Azerbaijan a watan Mayu 1993. An kawar da kwamitin kuma an canja ayyukansa zuwa Kwamitin Jiha na Gine-gine a shekara ta 2001. <ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017"/> An soke shi a shekara ta 2006 kuma an kafa Kwamitin Jiha na Gine-gine da Gine-gine maimakon hukumar da ta gabata a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Azərbaycan Respublikası Dövlət Şəhərsalma və Arxitektura Komitəsi |url=http://www.arxkom.gov.az/9/komitenin_yaradilmasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222010101/http://www.arxkom.gov.az/9/komitenin_yaradilmasi.html |archive-date=2017-12-22 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.arxkom.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Jiha a Gine-gine da Ma'aikatar Yanayi na Gaggawa a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2006. An kafa [[Azerbaijan]])" id="mwXg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="State Property Issues Committee (Azerbaijan)">Kwamitin Jiha kan Batutuwan Dukiya na Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan bisa ga Dokar Shugaban Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2009. Kwamitin shine babban bangare na zartarwa wanda ke aiwatar da manufofin jihar da ka'idoji kan gudanar da dukiya da kuma mallakar ta, kuma yana da alhakin saka hannun jari, sarrafa amfani da kariya ga ƙasashe, da gudanar da rajistar jihar da kuma kaddamar da dukiya a Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Information on the State Committee on Property Issues of the Republic of Azerbaijan |url=http://www.stateproperty.gov.az/index.php/en/2014-01-18-10-59-25/2014-05-08-05-48-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102004/http://www.stateproperty.gov.az/index.php/en/2014-01-18-10-59-25/2014-05-08-05-48-06 |archive-date=2017-12-23 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.stateproperty.gov.az |language=en-gb}}</ref> [[Fayil:Housing_fund_in_Azerbaijan.png|left|thumb|405x405px|Yanayin gidaje na yawan jama'a, Bayanan Asusun Gidaje da aka cire daga [https://www.stat.gov.az/source/healthcare/?lang=en www.stat.gov.az]]] == Kasuwanci == [[Fayil:Privatization_of_housing_fund_Azerbaijan.png|thumb|394x394px|Yanayin gidaje na yawan jama'a, keɓance asusun gidaje An cire [https://www.stat.gov.az/source/healthcare/?lang=en www.stat.gov.az]]] Don inganta mallakar masu zaman kansu, Gwamnatin [[Azerbaijan]] ta karɓi Dokar kan Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci a cikin 1993, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Azərbaycan Respublikasında mənzil fondunun özəlləşdirilməsi haqqında |url=http://www.e-qanun.az/framework/8124 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.e-qanun.az}}</ref> Shirin Kasuwanci ya Jiha a Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan na 1995-1998, da Shirin Kashi na Biyu kan Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Jamhuriwar Azerbaijan a cikin 2000. Adadin masu zaman kansu ya karu zuwa kashi 85% na dukkan gidaje har zuwa 2010. Idan aka kwatanta da farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin mallakar yana da daidaituwa yanzu. Wannan dokar ta sauƙaƙa tsarin mallakar gidaje kuma ta soke abin da ake buƙata na biyan darajar gidan don mallakar.<ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017"/> == Gidajen jama'a == Manufofin zamantakewa na gwamnati sun fi mayar da hankali kan matsalolin gidaje na wasu ƙungiyoyi masu rauni, kamar 'yan gudun hijira, 'yan gudun hijira, nakasassu ko waɗanda suka ji rauni a yaƙi. Akwai hukumomin gwamnati da dama da ke magance wannan batu, kamar Kwamitin Jiha kan Harkokin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Ma'aikatar Kare Jama'a, Asusun Ba da Lamuni.<ref name="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2017"/> ''Kwamitin Jiha kan Harkokin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da IDP'' suna kula da batutuwan gidaje na takamaiman kungiyoyi masu saukin kamuwa, musamman IDPs, wanda yawan su ya kasance 603251 (iyalai 120650) a cikin 2009. Yawancin IDPs suna zaune a kusan cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa 360 na [[Baku]] da Sumgayit. Wadannan cibiyoyin jama'a galibi suna cike da mutane kuma ba sa biyan bukatun mutanen da ke zaune a can, saboda akwai matsaloli tare da kicin, ɗakunan wanka na mutum. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa; Gwamnati ta fara kafa sabbin ƙauyuka ga masu shigo da kaya tun daga shekara ta 2000. Fiye da iyalai 17000 IDP an samar da gidaje a cikin sababbin ƙauyuka 61 da aka gina tsakanin 2004 da 2008. Mutanen da suka ji rauni a lokacin rikici da Armenia, waɗanda gwamnati ta goyi bayan an kuma ba su ko dai gidaje a cikin gine-ginen zama na iyalai da yawa ko kuma gidaje daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, Gwamnati tana inganta koyarwa a yankunan karkara don cika gibin malamai a waɗancan yankuna. Ana gina ƙananan gidaje a matsayin wani ɓangare na takamaiman shirye-shirye ga malamai. Har ila yau, akwai ci gaba da tsari don tallafawa iyalai matasa waɗanda ke buƙatar yanayin rayuwa mafi kyau. Don rufe wannan fitowar, an kirkiro wani takamaiman sashi mai taken "Inganta yanayin rayuwa ga iyalai matasa" a cikin Shirin Jiha a Sashin Demography da Ci gaban Jama'a da Shugaban Azerbaijan ya amince a shekara ta 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Azərbaycan Respublikasında demoqrafiya və əhali sakinliyinin inkişafı sahəsində Dövlət Proqramının təsdiq edilməsi haqqında |url=http://www.e-qanun.az/framework/5685 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=www.e-qanun.az}}</ref> Dangane da wannan shirin, an bayyana cibiyoyin da ke da alhakin don ƙirƙirar tsarin rance mai ragi don inganta yanayin rayuwa na iyalai matasa da ke cikin bukata. Asusun jinginar gida a karkashin Bankin Kasa na Azerbaijan wanda aka kafa ta hanyar umarnin Shugaban kasa, don bunkasa yanayin rayuwa na yawan jama'a, ƙirƙirar ingantaccen tsarin kudi na gidaje, <ref>{{Cite web |title=About AMF |url=http://www.amf.az/?/en/menu/76/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222010101/http://www.amf.az/?%2Fen%2Fmenu%2F76%2F |archive-date=2017-12-22 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=amf.az}}</ref> ya fara kula da tsarin rarraba rance tun 2005. Asusun yana ba da jinginar gida kamar kashi 4% ga takamaiman kungiyoyi. === Gidajen kamfanoni === Wasu kamfanonin Azerbaijan suna kula da ginin gidaje na kansu ga ma'aikatan da ke cikin bukata. Misali, SOCAR ta kafa "Neftchi" Housing Construction Cooperative a shekarar 2010 domin inganta yanayin gidaje na ma'aikatanta. Ana gudanar da zama memba a wannan hadin gwiwa bisa ga aikace-aikacen ma'aikatan da suka yi rijista a tsarin gidaje na SOCAR. SOCAR tana biyan wani ɓangare na kuɗin gidan, sauran kuma ma'aikacin ne ke biyansa ga hadin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Career-SOCAR |url=http://www.socar.az/socar/az/careers/career-at-socar/working-at-socar |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=www.socar.az |language=en |archive-date=2017-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225145024/http://www.socar.az/socar/az/careers/career-at-socar/working-at-socar |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, hadin gwiwar "Neftchi" tana gina sabbin gine-ginen zama, yayin da aka sanya ɗayan gine-giginen aiki a cikin 2016 a gundumar Khatai ta [[Baku]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=News Archive-SOCAR President has presented the new apartments to the oilmen |url=http://www.socar.az/socar/az/news-and-media/news-archives/news-archives/id/10117 |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=www.socar.az |language=az |archive-date=2017-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225145021/http://www.socar.az/socar/az/news-and-media/news-archives/news-archives/id/10117 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai, da Azerbaijan Railways CJSC suma sun ba ma'aikatansu gidaje.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sariyeva |first=Irada |date=2013-12-10 |title=State programs and public interests in the sphere of housing maintenance of budget workers |url=http://www.anl.az/down/meqale/baki_xeber/2013/dekabr/340738.htm |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=www.anl.az}}</ref> == Gidaje masu araha == An kafa Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Jiha a karkashin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan bisa ga Dokar No. 858 a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2016 tare da manufar biyan bukatun 'yan ƙasa a cikin gidaje, inganta yanayin rayuwarsu, da kuma gina gidaje masu yawa. Bayan haka, an kafa "MIDA" LLC a karkashin Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Jiha don inganta gina gine-ginen zama masu hawa da yawa a cikin ƙasar da kuma tabbatar da cewa 'yan ƙasa suna jin daɗin tallace-tallace na gidaje, da kuma amfani da kudaden da aka ware don gina gine-gine masu hawa da sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azərbaycan Respublikasının Prezidenti yanında Mənzil İnşaatı Dövlət Agentliyi |url=http://mida.gov.az/az/about/history/ |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=mida.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> === Ayyuka === * Yasamal Residential Complex - aikin farko na Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Jiha an shirya don gina gidaje masu yawa 29 tare da gidaje 1843 a yankin 11.6 ha a gundumar Yasamal ta [[Baku]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projects |url=http://mida.gov.az/az/projects/progress/ |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=mida.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> An fara aikin gini na farko a cikin hadaddun a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016 kuma an shirya za a ba da izini a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yasamal RC - Homepage |url=http://yasamal.mida.az/about |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=yasamal.mida.az |language=az }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the State Agency for Housing Construction for the first half of 2017 |url=http://mida.gov.az/az/newsread/108/ |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=mida.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> * Hovsan Residential Complex - a watan Fabrairun 2017, an ware wani yanki na hekta 20 a yankin Surakhani na [[Baku]] don gina gidaje masu yawa bisa ga dokar majalisar ministoci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Projects - Hovsan - Progress |url=http://mida.gov.az/az/projects/progress/ |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=mida.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> tsarin gini na gidan farko na wannan hadaddun ya fara ne a ranar 24 ga Disamba 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Groundbreaking ceremony of the first building in Hovsan Residential Complex |url=http://mida.gov.az/az/newsread/157/ |access-date=2017-12-25 |website=mida.gov.az |language=az}}</ref> Gidan zama mai gidaje 2962 an kaddamar da shi a ranar 24 ga Maris, 2020, ta hanyar Shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban Azerbaijan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilham Aliyev attended opening of Hovsan residential complex |url=https://en.president.az/articles/36241 |access-date=2020-04-29 |website=Official website of President of Azerbaijan |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ratio_of_state,_public_and_housing_cooperatives_and_dwelling_stocks_in_Azerbaijan.png|thumb|442x442px|Yanayin gidaje na yawan jama'a, Inganta asusun gidaje Bayanan da aka cire daga [https://www.stat.gov.az/source/healthcare/?lang=en www.stat.gov.az]]] == Ayyuka == Karamar hukuma suna da alhakin samar da kayan aiki a cikin gine-gine. Masu samar da wutar lantarki, iskar gas da tsabtace muhalli kamfanoni ne na jihar, yayin da kamfanoni na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu ke ba da kula da sharar gida. Don inganta ingancin kayan aiki, [[Bankin Cigaban Asiya|Bankin Ci Gaban Asiya]], da Bankin Duniya sun shiga cikin samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli. == Dubi kuma == Kwamitin Batutuwan Kasuwanci na Jiha (Azerbaijan) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aqen0179zo38vy476m6s7pu77uc7px8 0 154724 875686 858674 2026-07-04T07:36:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DATABOX}} [[Fayil:Bulleen-estate2.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Gidaje na yau da kullun da aka samu a yawancin Victoria.]] Mazauna a jihar Victoria, Ostiraliya na da alaƙa da yawan kuɗin mallakar gidaje masu zaman kansu, ƙarancin gidaje da rashin gidaje na jama'a da yawan buƙatu, kuma galibin gidaje na haya. A wajen Melbourne, gida mai kashi 70% na yawan jama'ar jihar, gidaje da haya ya fi araha. A Melbourne, samun damar samun gidajen jama'a gabaɗaya ya fi kyau, amma gidaje da haya ba su da araha. Gidajen jama'a a Victoria yawanci ana ba da su ne daga sassan gwamnatin jihar Victoria kuma suna aiki a cikin tsarin Yarjejeniyar Gidajen Commonwealth-State, wanda gwamnatocin tarayya da jihohi ke ba da tallafi ga gidajen jama'ar. Tun daga 2010, duka Victoria da Melbourne suna fuskantar haɓaka cikin sauri a yawan jama'a, suna haifar da babban buƙatun gidaje. Wannan ya haifar da haɓakar gidaje, haɓaka farashin gidaje da yin tasiri akan farashin haya da kuma samun kowane nau'in gidaje.. == Gidaje masu zaman kansu == Gidaje masu zaman kansu a Victoria suna da inganci gabaɗaya, yawancin su ana gina su bayan yaƙi da ƙarshen karni na 20. Koyaya, yana fama da rashin samun dama ga kayan aikin sufuri na jama'a da abubuwan more rayuwa, dangane da wurin da yake. Ana tilasta wa mazauna da yawa mallakar mota don ba da damar samun damar abubuwan more rayuwa da ayyuka da kuma samar da sufuri zuwa da dawowa daga aiki. Yawancin matsalolin ababen more rayuwa na gidaje masu zaman kansu suna cikin gidajen haya na Victoria. Kasuwancin yanayin sufuri na jama'a a Melbourne yana kusa da kashi 10 cikin dari, yayin da yawancin garuruwan Victoria na yankin sun fi ƙasa. A ƙarshen 2000s, farashin gidaje masu zaman kansu a Ostiraliya, dangane da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga, sun kasance daga cikin mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya haifar da hasashe cewa ƙasar tana fuskantar kumfa na ƙasa kamar sauran ƙasashe da yawa. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2007, bashin jinginar gida ya yi daidai da 80% na GDP na Australiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debunking Economics |url=http://www.debunkingeconomics.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622235520/http://debunkingeconomics.com/ |archive-date=2012-06-22 |access-date=2010-01-04}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ya tashi zuwa mafi girman matakan da ya samu a duk lokacin tarihin Australiya, kusan sau uku na bashin masu zaman kansu a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali. Dangane da Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016, kashi 32.3% na gidaje a Victoria mallakar su ne, kashi 35.3% mallakar su ta amfani da jinginar gida, yayin da ake hayar 28.7.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=23 October 2017 |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Victoria |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/2?opendocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609051412/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/2%3Fopendocument |archive-date=2019-06-09 |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> == Gidajen haya == Gidajen haya a cikin Victoria a halin yanzu yana cikin buƙatu da yawa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai yawa daga haɓakar yawan jama'a. Sakamakon haka, gidaje na haya na iya zama da wahala a samu, musamman ma gidajen haya mai araha. Masu neman hayan gida galibi suna ba da ƙarin hayar hayar, hayan watanni da yawa a gaba da sauran abubuwan ƙarfafawa ga masu gida don tabbatar da gidaje. A halin yanzu babu kaɗan ko babu sarrafa haya da aka aiwatar a Victoria. == Gidajen jama'a == [[Fayil:Housing_Commission_High_Rise_Collingwood.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Babban ɗaki na jama'a a Collingwood, Melbourne]] Gidajen jama'a a Victoria yana da halin rashin wadata da inganci gabaɗaya, yawancin mazauna a cikin gidajen jama'a sun kasance masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Gine-ginen gine-ginen gine-ginen da Hukumar Gidaje ta Victoria ta gina a Melbourne a cikin shekarun 1960, kusan duk ana amfani da su a yau. Ayyukan gidaje na jama'a na baya-bayan nan sun kasance na ƙanana zuwa ƙananan matsakaicin yawa. Samun damar samun gidajen jama'a a Victoria na iya zama da wahala kamar yadda yawancin mazauna dole ne su jira a jerin jira har sai ɗakuna da gidaje sun kasance. Akwai rashin saka hannun jari a cikin gidajen jama'a, wanda ke haifar da rashin wadata da inganci. Kamar sauran jihohi da yankuna a Ostiraliya, ana ɗaukar gidajen jama'a a Victoria a matsayin abin zargi, kuma galibi ana ganin su kuma "an tsara su a matsayin wuraren haɗari, kwayoyi da mugunta".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sisson, Alistair |last2=Chatterjee, Pratichi |date=7 August 2020 |title=Why public housing is stigmatised and how we can fix it |url=https://theconversation.com/why-public-housing-is-stigmatised-and-how-we-can-fix-it-142913 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref> Wannan zargi, a tsakanin sauran dalilai, na iya haifar da mutanen da ke zaune a cikin gidajen jama'a da ke fuskantar nuna bambanci da cin zarafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atkinson |first=Rowland |last2=Jacobs |first2=Keith |date=2 June 2008 |title=Public housing in Australia: stigma, home and opportunity |url=https://apo.org.au/node/311 |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tarihin gidaje na Victoria yana da alaƙa da hanyoyin sufuri a cikin amfani da yawa a lokacin ginin gidaje. Yankunan ciki na Melbourne da wasu garuruwan yanki, waɗanda aka haɓaka a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, suna jin daɗin samun damar zirga-zirgar jama'a, jiragen ƙasa, trams, bas da kayan aikin keke. Sabanin haka, kewayen birni da na waje na Melbourne da garuruwan yanki, waɗanda aka haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 20, suna fama da nau'ikan birane masu cin gashin kai tare da matalauta ko rashin samun damar zirga-zirgar jama'a. Wannan ababen more rayuwa ya tsara abubuwa da yawa na gidaje a Victoria; daga farashin gidaje masu zaman kansu, haya, farashi na gaba ɗaya, inganci, gentrification da wadatar gidaje, gabaɗaya yana ƙaruwa inda aka fi dacewa da jin daɗi da sufuri na jama'a. Yawancin yankuna masu wadata da masu arziki suna da kyakkyawar damar samun kayan more rayuwa da sufuri na jama'a, yayin da yankunan da ke kusa da birni da na waje galibi sun fi rahusa kuma ba su da damar samun kyawawan kayan more rayuwa. == Nau'ikan gidaje == [[Fayil:Three_storey_terraces_in_drummond_street_carlton.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Gidaje na Victorian, na yau da kullun a cikin birni na Melbourne da wasu garuruwan yanki]] Nau'o'in gidaje a cikin Victoria suna mamaye gidaje guda ɗaya ko bene biyu waɗanda ke bayan gida, galibinsu sun haɗa da wuraren zama kamar iyali/ɗakin zama, ɗakin cin abinci, da dai sauransu, gareji, gaban da/ko bayan gida da titin mota. A cikin Melbourne da wasu yankuna na ciki na garuruwan yanki, yawancin nau'ikan gidaje suna da ƙananan matsakaicin matsakaicin nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban da matakan dangane da wadatar tarihi ko rashin shi na yankin. A cikin Melbourne da wasu yankuna, manyan gidaje masu yawa kuma suna nan. Tubalan salon akwatin takalmi da aka gina a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970 sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin tsofaffin yankunan birni na Melbourne. Yawancin waɗannan suna cikin salon Dingbat. Yawancin manyan gine-ginen gidaje an gina su a Melbourne cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000. == Albarka da tallafi == Akwai wasu tsarin tallafi da jin dadin wadanda ke zaune a cikin gidaje a Victoria, waɗannan sun haɗa da samun dama ga cibiyoyin kamar Tenants Unions, hukumomin gwamnati kamar Kotun Jama'a da Gudanarwa ta Victoria da jin dadin kamar 'Rent Assistance' da aka rarraba ta hanyar Centrelink. == Kasuwar gidaje == Tun daga shekarun 1980s matsakaicin farashin gida a Victoria yana ƙaruwa da kashi 7.9% a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Housing Prices in Australia: 1970 to 2003 |url=http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228091902/http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2013 |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=econ.mq.edu.au}}</ref> Matsakaicin sashi / farashin gida yana ƙaruwa da kashi 7.73% a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Median House Prices - By Type and Sale Year |url=https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Property/Median-House-Prices-By-Type-and-Sale-Year/i8px-csib |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=data.melbourne.vic.gov.au |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811181529/https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Property/Median-House-Prices-By-Type-and-Sale-Year/i8px-csib |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kididdigar da ake samu, Yuni 2004: * Yawan jama'a: 4,644, 950 * Jimlar Gidaje: 1,928,617 (Mayu 2010) (Source: [http://www.tuv.org.au/articles/files/housing_statistics/housing_and_tenancy_statistics_Victoria_052010.pdf http://www.tuv.org.au/articles/files/housing_statistics/housing _and_tenancy_statistics_Victoria_052010.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402073619/http://tuv.org.au/articles/files/housing_statistics/housing_and_tenancy_statistics_Victoria_052010.pdf |date=2014-04-02 }}) * Adadin Gidajen Ma'aikata: 382,981 * Adadin Gidajen Masu Rashin Rashin Rashi: 328,176 * Rarraba Gidaje a Kasuwar Rental: 17.9% * Adadin Gidajen Masu Rashin Rashin Rashi A Melbourne: 247,208 * Adadin Gidajen Ma'aikata na Jama'a: 62,645 * Adadin masu karɓar Taimako na Commonwealth Rent: 194,507 * Adadin gidaje masu zaman kansu tare da samun kudin shiga na mako-mako bai kai $ 500 ba: 85,186 * Adadin mazauna a cikin wuraren shakatawa na Caravan: 15,650 * Adadin mazauna a cikin Gidajen Gidaje: Ba a sani ba === Sauran kididdiga === * Kashi na duk masu haya tare da matsalolin tsari ko gyare-gyare tare da gidansu: gidaje shekaru goma ko ƙasa da haka: 53.2% gidaje sama da shekaru goma: 66.5% ** gidaje shekaru goma ko ƙasa da haka: 53.2% ** gidaje sama da shekaru goma: 66.5% * Rarrabawar gidajen haya masu zaman kansu ba tare da dumama ba: 10% * Rarrabawar gidajen haya ba tare da wata matsala a ƙofar gaba ba: 34% * Rarrabawar gidajen haya ba tare da wata matsala a ƙofar baya ba: 55% reqeiq53los2jp474vh8zl5kgqb5rjm 0 154916 875044 847306 2026-07-03T15:12:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875044 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Rectal_bulb_syringe.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Rectal bulb syringe don gudanar da ƙananan enemas.]]{{Databox}} '''Enema''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Clyster''', shine gudanar da ruwa ta hanyar allura a cikin Ƙananan hanji ta hanyar anus. Kalmar enema kuma na iya nufin ruwan da aka yi wa allura, <ref name="Merriam-Webster_Enema">{{Cite web |title=enema noun |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/enema |access-date=2019-04-15 |website=[[Webster's Dictionary#Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language|Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language]] |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> <ref name="Free_Dictionary_Enema">{{Cite web |title=Enema |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Enema |access-date=2019-04-15 |website=The Free Dictionary |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]]}}</ref> da kuma na'urar don gudanar da irin wannan allura. <ref>{{Cite web |title=enema |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/enema |access-date=2019-04-15 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=s[[Ask.com]]}}</ref> A cikin magani na yau da kullun, amfani da enemas akai-akai shine don sauƙaƙe ƙishirwa da kuma tsaftace hanji kafin gwajin likita ko hanya; [1] kuma, ana amfani da su azaman ƙananan jerin gastrointestinal (wanda ake kira barium enema), [2] don magance zawo na matafiyi, [3] a matsayin abin hawa don gudanar da abinci, ruwa ko magani, a matsayin mai motsawa ga tsarin gaba ɗaya, a matsayin aikace-aikacen gida kuma, a matsayin hanyar rage yawan zafin jiki, [4] a matsayin magani don maganin intravenous (ba) [5] == Amfani da magani == Babban amfani da magani na enemas sune: === Tsabtace hanji === ==== Magunguna masu tsanani ==== A matsayin masu motsa jiki na hanji, ana amfani da enemas don dalilai iri ɗaya kamar yadda ake ba da magunguna ta baki: don sauƙaƙa ƙishirwa; don magance tasirin fecal; don zubar da hanji kafin tsarin likita kamar colonoscopy. Lokacin da ba a nuna magungunan magunguna ba ko kuma sun isa, enemas na iya zama ma'auni mai ma'ana da mahimmanci.<ref name="Pharmacological treatment">{{Cite journal |last=Clemens |first=Katri E. |last2=Faust |first2=Markus |last3=Jaspers |first3=Birgit |last4=Mikus |first4=Gerd |date=June 2013 |title=Pharmacological treatment of constipation in palliative care |journal=Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=183–191 |doi=10.1097/SPC.0b013e32835f1e17 |pmid=23478431 |s2cid=3283246}}</ref> Za'a iya ba da babban enema <ref>{{Cite web |title=high enema |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/high%20enema |access-date=17 February 2018 |website=Medical Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> don tsaftace yawancin hanji kamar yadda zai yiwu na datti. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2015 |title=Administering an Enema |url=http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/meds/prac_skills_alg/Care%20of%20patients/Administering%20an%20Enema.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223111015/http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/meds/prac_skills_alg/Care%20of%20patients/Administering%20an%20Enema.htm |archive-date=23 February 2018 |access-date=17 February 2018 |website=Care of patients |publisher=Ternopil State Medical University}}</ref><ref name="Fundamentals of Nursing Practice">{{Cite web |last=Rhodora Cruz |title=Types of Enemas |url=http://www.peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/nursepractice/ch/ch12e1.html |access-date=17 February 2018 |website=Fundamentals of Nursing Practice |publisher=Professional Education, Testing and Certification Organization International |archive-date=1 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201160214/http://www.peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/nursepractice/ch/ch12e1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Koyaya, ƙananan enema yawanci yana da amfani ne kawai don turare a cikin madaidaiciya, ba a cikin hanji ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=low enema |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/low%20enema |access-date=17 February 2018 |website=Medical Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> Irin wannan tsarin enemas ya kunshi girman ruwa wanda ke haifar da fadadawar hanji da sauri tare da, a cikin wasu mafita, fushin mucosa na hanji wanda ke motsa peristalsis da lubricates a cikin turare don ƙarfafa motsi na hanji.[1] Ingancin enema ya dogara da dalilai da yawa ciki har da ƙarar da aka yi wa allura da zafin jiki da abinda ke cikin ruwan.[2] Don enema ya zama mai tasiri, mai haƙuri ya kamata ya riƙe mafita na minti biyar zuwa goma, kamar yadda aka yarda. [1][3] ko, kamar yadda wasu litattafan jinya suka ba da shawarar, na minti biyar zuwa goma sha biyar ko kuma tsawon lokacin da zai yiwu.[4] ===== Enemas mai girma ===== [[Fayil:Soapsuds_Enemas.jpg|thumb|Soapsuds enemas, daya a cikin guga na enema tare da nozzle na al'ada don enema mai tsaftacewa, kuma wani a cikin jaka na enema da nozzle ya al'ada ga enema mai banbanci]] Don zubar da dukkan hanji kamar yadda zai yiwu <ref name="Fundamentals of Nursing Practice"/> ana amfani da zurfi da mafi girma don isa ga manyan sassan colon. <ref name="Pharmacological treatment"/> Gidan yana fadadawa kuma yana fadada lokacin da aka yi amfani da ruwa mai yawa a ciki. A colon yana amsawa ga wannan fadada kwatsam tare da raguwa gaba ɗaya, peristalsis, yana motsa abubuwan da ke ciki zuwa ga madaidaiciya.<ref name="Biology_Online_Dictionary">{{Cite web |title=Soapsuds enema |url=http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Soapsuds_enema |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=Biology-Online Dictionary |publisher=Biology-Online}}</ref> Soapsuds enema ma'anar da ake amfani da ita akai-akai don babban enema (ko da yake sabulu ba lallai ba ne don tasiri). <ref name="Biology_Online_Dictionary"/> Ana iya amfani da enema mai girma a cikin gida don sauƙaƙa ƙishirwa na lokaci-lokaci, kodayake ana iya buƙatar kulawa ta likita don maimaitawa ko lokuta masu tsanani na ƙishirwa.<ref name="Biology_Online_Dictionary"/> ====== Maganin ruwa ====== Ana iya amfani da ruwa mai sauƙi, yana aiki ta hanyar inji don fadada colon, don haka yana haifar da kwashewa. Saline na yau da kullun ba shi da damuwa ga hanji. Kamar ruwa mai sauƙi, yana aiki ne kawai ta hanyar inji don fadada hanji, amma yana da tsaka-tsaki mai maida hankali, ba ya jawo electrolytes daga jiki, kamar yadda yake faruwa da ruwa mai sauƙi. Don haka, ana iya amfani da maganin ruwan gishiri lokacin da ake so a riƙe lokaci mai tsawo, kamar don sauƙaƙa tasirin. Sau da yawa ana ƙara sabulu na Castile saboda fushinsa na lining na colon yana ƙara gaggawa na gujewa.<ref name="Safety_and_effectiveness">{{Cite journal |last=Marilee Schmelzer |last2=Lawrence R. Schiller |last3=Richard Meyer |last4=Susan M. Rugari |last5=Patti Case |date=November 2004 |title=Safety and effectiveness of large-volume enema solutions |journal=Applied Nursing Research |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=265–274 |doi=10.1016/j.apnr.2004.09.010 |pmid=15573335}}</ref> Koyaya, bai kamata a yi amfani da ruwan sha da kayan wankewa ba.<ref name="Biology_Online_Dictionary"/> Glycerol wani takamaiman mucosal ne na hanji wanda ke aiki don haifar da peristalsis ta hanyar Tasirin hyperosmotic.<ref name="Glycerol">{{Cite web |title=Glycerin Enema |url=https://www.drugs.com/cdi/glycerin-enema.html |access-date=2018-09-09 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> Ana amfani da shi a cikin bayani mai narkewa, misali, 5% . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bertani E, Chiappa A, Biffi R, Bianchi PP, Radice D, Branchi V, Spampatti S, Vetrano I, Andreoni B |year=2011 |title=Comparison of oral polyethylene glycol plus a large volume glycerine enema with a large volume glycerine enema alone in patients undergoing colorectal surgery for malignancy: a randomized clinical trial |journal=Colorectal Disease |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=e327–e334 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-1318.2011.02689.x |pmid=21689356 |s2cid=32872781}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] maq8q4vkudjv02fef6iacmiy79zshyq 0 155267 875661 859750 2026-07-04T06:17:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 875661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Rivers_of_Lesoto_OSM.png|thumb|Koguna na Lesotho]] Wannan jerin koguna ne a [[Lesotho]]. Wannan jerin an shirya shi ta hanyar kwandon ruwa, tare da masu ba da gudummawa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowane babban rafi. [[Fayil:OrangeRiverUpington.jpg|thumb|Rana a kan Kogin Orange kusa da Upington a Arewacin Cape]] * [[Kogin Orange]] (River Senqu) Kogin Caledon (River Mohokare) Little Caledon Kogin Ngoe Kogin Tele Kogin Makhaleng Kogin Senqunyane Kogin Mantsonyane Kogin Tsedike Kogin Malibamatšo Kogin Pelaneng Kogin Dinakeng Kogin Khubelu Kogin Mokhotlong ** [[Kogin Caledon]] (Mohokare River) Little Caledon Kogin Ngoe *** [[Little Caledon River (Lesotho)|Little Caledon River]] *** [[Ngoe River|Kogin Ngoe]] ** [[Tele River|Kogin Tele]] ** [[Kogin Makhaleng]] ** [[Kogin Senqunyane]] *** [[Mantsonyane River|Kogin Mantsonyane]] ** [[Tsedike River|Kogin Tsedike]] ** [[Kogin Malibamatšo]] *** [[Pelaneng River|Kogin Pelaneng]] ** [[Dinakeng River|Kogin Dinakeng]] ** [[Khubelu River|Kogin Khubelu]] ** [[Kogin Mokhotlong]] == Manazarta == * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/lesotho_pol90.jpg Hukumar leken asiri ta Amurka ta tsakiya 1990] * [http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/ GEOnet Sunayen Sabon] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://&#x3C;i&#x20;id= WaterwayMap.org Jerin]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} da [https://waterwaymap.org/#map=7/-29.544/28.328 taswirar mu'amala na rafi da koguna na Lesotho] daga WaterwayMap.org 4qqca964lvcz3enypxp0zztojnc5xiy 875662 875661 2026-07-04T06:17:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 875662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Rivers_of_Lesoto_OSM.png|thumb|Koguna na Lesotho]] Wannan jerin koguna ne a [[Lesotho]]. Wannan jerin an shirya shi ta hanyar kwandon ruwa, tare da masu ba da gudummawa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowane babban rafi. [[Fayil:OrangeRiverUpington.jpg|thumb|Rana a kan Kogin Orange kusa da Upington a Arewacin Cape]] * [[Kogin Orange]] (River Senqu) Kogin Caledon (River Mohokare) Little Caledon Kogin Ngoe Kogin Tele Kogin Makhaleng Kogin Senqunyane Kogin Mantsonyane Kogin Tsedike Kogin Malibamatšo Kogin Pelaneng Kogin Dinakeng Kogin Khubelu Kogin Mokhotlong ** [[Kogin Caledon]] (Mohokare River) Little Caledon Kogin Ngoe *** [[Little Caledon River (Lesotho)|Little Caledon River]] *** [[Ngoe River|Kogin Ngoe]] ** [[Tele River|Kogin Tele]] ** [[Kogin Makhaleng]] ** [[Kogin Senqunyane]] *** [[Mantsonyane River|Kogin Mantsonyane]] ** [[Tsedike River|Kogin Tsedike]] ** [[Kogin Malibamatšo]] *** [[Pelaneng River|Kogin Pelaneng]] ** [[Dinakeng River|Kogin Dinakeng]] ** [[Khubelu River|Kogin Khubelu]] ** [[Kogin Mokhotlong]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/lesotho_pol90.jpg Hukumar leken asiri ta Amurka ta tsakiya 1990] * [http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/ GEOnet Sunayen Sabon] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://&#x3C;i&#x20;id= WaterwayMap.org Jerin]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} da [https://waterwaymap.org/#map=7/-29.544/28.328 taswirar mu'amala na rafi da koguna na Lesotho] daga WaterwayMap.org twf7ebr3b23ao9vu4jo2rbf9f5dea4g 0 155655 875722 850531 2026-07-04T08:34:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan ajiyar Lake Télé Community yanki ne mai kariya a [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] . == Tarihi == An kafa ajiyar ne a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2001. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, Yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatocin [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC) a kan tafkin Tele - tafkin Tumba ya samar da kirkirar yankin kariya na kasa da kasa ciki har da Lake Télé Community Reserve da yankin Ngiri-Tumba-Maindombe a cikin DRC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2010 |title=Accord de coopération entre les gouvernements de la République démocratique du Congo et la République du Congo relatif à la mise en place de la binationale lac Télé - lac Tumba |url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/accord_sur_la_binationale_lac_tele_lac_tumba.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171425/http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/accord_sur_la_binationale_lac_tele_lac_tumba.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2012-01-30 |publisher=COMMISSION DES FORETS D'AFMOUE CENTRALE |language=French}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da muhalli == Ajiyar babban yanki ne na gandun daji mara kyau, ba tare da hanyoyi ba. Ite ya rufe kilomita 4,389 (1,695 sq a kusa da [[Tafkin Tele]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lac Télé Community Reserve |url=http://protectedplanet.net/sites/313494 |access-date=2012-01-30 |website=Protected Planet |archive-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316010356/http://protectedplanet.net/sites/313494 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ajiyar tana ƙunshe da manyan shagunan peat wanda ke da wadataccen carbon. Wannan binciken ya sa kiyaye yankin ya fi mahimmanci, kamar dai an dame shi carbon zai iya tserewa cikin yanayi wanda ke kara yawan dumamar duniya. Dangane da wannan binciken, Kungiyar Kula da Kayan daji ta ba da shawarar fadada ajiyar. === Dabbobi na daji === A cikin 2006 da 2007 masu bincike daga Cibiyar Kula da Kayan daji ta Amurka sun bincika yankin, suna samun shaidar kimanin yawan jama'a 125,000 na Yammacin Yamma. Wannan ya fi yawan mutanen da aka kiyasta a yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2008 |title=More than 100,000 rare gorillas found in Congo |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120015018/http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD |archive-date=January 20, 2012 |access-date=2012-01-30 |website=CNN World}}</ref> An sanya wurin shakatawa a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda yana tallafawa yawan jama'a na nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Lake Télé Community Reserve |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-t%C3%A9l%C3%A9-community-reserve-iba-congo |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Manazarta == p0vdqb02ub94zfvfmy84y25agw9v48u 0 155661 875536 850553 2026-07-04T00:57:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fort Pearson''' wani katanga ne da Turawan Ingila suka gina a gefen Natal na kan iyaka da Zululand a lokacin da aka fara Yaƙin Anglo-Zulu na 1879. An gina wani katanga mai faɗin {{Convert|300|ft|-2}} babban dutse da ke kallon [[Kogin Tugela]], sansanin soja da kuma wuraren da ke waje guda biyu sun samar da wani muhimmin hanyar ketare kogi. Ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan mamayar farko ta watan Janairun 1879 ne aka yi amfani da shi, wanda a lokacin aka kewaye shi da Eshowe a Zululand. An sake amfani da hanyar ketarewa ta hanyar ginshiƙin agaji na Eshowe a watan Maris da kuma ta biyu a watan Afrilu. An ƙarfafa sansanin a watan Afrilun 1879 kuma an haɗa shi da Pietermaritzburg ta hanyar telegraph a watan Yuni. Birtaniya ta ci nasarar yaƙin a watan Yuli amma sojojin Birtaniya sun sake mamaye sansanin a shekarar 1883 a lokacin [[Third Zulu Civil War|Yaƙin Basasa na Zulu na Uku]] . == Kafin yaƙi == [[File:Fort_pearson_james_hagger.jpg|thumb|Wani hoto na zamani na sansanin soja wanda ke nuna tsaunin kogi]] Fort Pearson wani gini ne da aka gina da ƙasa {{Sfn|Morris|1965}} wanda rundunar sojoji ta 2 ta Rundunar Soja ta 3 (Buffs) da kuma wani ɓangare na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa (ma'aikatan Rundunar Sojan Ruwa da ke aiki a matsayin sojojin ƙasa) suka gina a gefen Natal na [[Kogin Tugela]] a watan Nuwamba na 1878. Daga baya waɗannan rundunonin sun taimaka wajen tsare sansanin. {{Sfn|Laband|2009}} An gina sansanin a kan {{Convert|300|ft|-2}} babban dutse mai tsayi, yana kallon wani kwararowar ruwa (ƙasa mai zurfi) na Tugela. {{Sfn|Knight|2004}} Wurin yana da ƙarfi sosai har Turawan Ingila suka ɗauke shi a matsayin wanda ba za a iya shawo kansa ba ga harin Zulu. {{Sfn|Knight|2004}} A ɗan gajeren nisa daga sansanin sojojin Birtaniya, Turawan Ingila sun sanya wani jirgin ruwa mai ratsawa don tallafawa ci gaban sansanin. {{Sfn|Laband|2009}} {{Sfn|Morris|1965}} Baya ga babban sansanin sojojin, akwai kuma ƙananan jiragen ruwa guda biyu (ciki har da Euphorbia Hill Redoubt) don taimakawa wajen sarrafa ketare kogin. {{Sfn|Laband|2009}} An sanya masa suna ne saboda Kanar Charles Knight Pearson . Ketare sansanin soja a ƙarƙashin sansanin shine wurin da aka yi taron 11 ga Disamba, 1878 tsakanin jami'in mulkin mallaka na Natal [[John Shepstone]] da tawagar Zulu indunas inda Shepstone ya gabatar da wa'adi ga Zulu. {{Sfn|David|2004}} Wa'adin ya kasance mai tsauri, yana buƙatar canji mai mahimmanci a rayuwar Zulu, kuma Turawan Birtaniya sun yi niyya cewa sarkin Zulu Cetshwayo ya ƙi shi kuma wannan zai zama abin da zai zama ''abin kunya'' ga Yaƙin Anglo-Zulu . {{Sfn|Paulin|2001}} An ayyana yaƙi a watan Janairun 1879 kuma kwamandan sojojin Birtaniya Lord Chelmsford ya fara mamaye Zululand mai matakai uku. {{Sfn|Knight|2000}} == Yaƙin Anglo-Zulu == [[Fayil:The_Zulu_War;_Garrison_of_Fort_Pearson,_&c_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Garrison na Fort Pearson a filin wasa na Gatling, daga hoto]] Sansanin ya yi aiki a matsayin wurin adana kayayyaki da kuma tushen ayyukan ginin sashin Dama (Lambar 1) a lokacin mamayar farko ta Zululand, inda a watan Janairu, aka gina sansanin sojojin Tenedos a gefen kogin Zulu . Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta bar bindigogin filin su guda biyu masu nauyin kilo 12 a sansanin lokacin da suka haɗu da ci gaban ginin zuwa Eshowe . {{Sfn|Laband|2009}} Ketare Tugela ta farko ta ginshiƙin, ta amfani da tuddai kuma matuƙan jirgin ruwa na Royal Navy suka shirya shi, abin birgewa ne kuma ya jawo hankalin jama'a daga Durban. {{Sfn|Knight|2000}} {{Sfn|Morris|1965}} A lokacin ci gaba, an yi wa sansanin katanga katanga da ƙungiyoyi biyu na Rundunar Kafa ta 99 da kuma wani ɓangare na Rundunar 'Yan Asalin Natal katanga . {{Sfn|Greaves|2005}} A ranar 13 ga Maris, wani sirri na Rundunar 99 ya gudu daga asibitin sansanin ya kashe kansa ta hanyar jefa kansa daga kan dutse zuwa cikin Tugela. {{Sfn|Knight|2004}} {{Sfn|Knight|2008}} [[Fayil:Anglo_Zulu_War_1879_-_9.jpg|thumb|Kaburbura a makabartar zamanin Yaƙin Anglo-Zulu]] Sansanin ya goyi bayan ginshiƙin agajin Eshowe (wanda ya rage yaƙin Eshowe ) na Maris-Afrilu 1879 da kuma Sashe na 1, Rundunar Sojan Afirka ta Kudu, a cikin mamaye na biyu (Afrilu-Yuli 1879). {{Sfn|Laband|2009}} Bayan an rage ƙarfin Eshowe da kuma kafin mamaye Zululand na biyu, a watan Afrilu 1879, sojojin Manjo-Janar Henry Hope Crealock na 1 sun ƙarfafa sansanin. {{Sfn|Laband|2009}} A watan Mayu, an maye gurbin jirgin ruwan pont da gadar pontoon, kuma a watan Yuni, an ketare babban tashar da gadar trestle mai rabin-dindin. {{Sfn|Morris|1965}} A wannan lokacin, hanyar sadarwa ta telegraph ta haɗa Fort Pearson da [[Durban]] zuwa Pietermaritzburg . {{Sfn|Morris|1965}} A lokacin sauran yakin, sansanin ya zama asibiti ga marasa lafiya da waɗanda suka ji rauni. Da farko an sanya musu kayan gado 200, ba da daɗewa ba suka gaza saboda yawan maza da ke rashin lafiya, kuma duk da cewa ana kai ayarin marasa lafiya zuwa asibitin sansanin da ke Durban akai-akai, wani lokacin ana ɗaukar mutane 400. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Frances Colenso}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yuli, Janar Garnet Wolseley, wanda aka aika ya maye gurbin Chelmsford, ya isa sansanin. Da isarsa, Wolseley ya sami labarin cewa Chelmsford ya ci Zulu a Yaƙin Ulundi kuma ya yi nasara a yaƙin. {{Sfn|David|2004}} == Amfani daga baya == [[Fayil:Anglo_Zulu_War_1879_-_97.jpg|thumb|Dutse mai alamar wurin da sansanin ya kasance, wanda aka ɗauki hotonsa a shekarar 2013]] An sake amfani da sansanin soja a Yaƙin Basasa na Uku na Zulu a shekarar 1883. A ƙarshen watan Satumba, rundunar sojojin Birtaniya ta taru a wurin kafin a kai hari zuwa Eshowe don kare kwamishinan Birtaniya a wurin. {{Sfn|Laband|2009}} Daga baya aka yi watsi da wurin. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta ba shi kariya a matsayin wurin tarihi na lardin a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1950. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Declared Sites |url=https://sahris.sahra.org.za/declaredsites?title_op=contains&title=&field_fullsitename_value_op=contains&field_fullsitename_value=&province_op=is&province=&field_declarationtype_tid_op=or&field_declarationtype_tid=All&field_archivestatus_value_op=contains&field_archivestatus_value=&field_sitetype_tid_op=or&order=field_fullsitename&sort=asc&page=39 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=South African Heritage Resources Agency |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201101920/https://sahris.sahra.org.za/declaredsites?title_op=contains&title=&field_fullsitename_value_op=contains&field_fullsitename_value=&province_op=is&province=&field_declarationtype_tid_op=or&field_declarationtype_tid=All&field_archivestatus_value_op=contains&field_archivestatus_value=&field_sitetype_tid_op=or&order=field_fullsitename&sort=asc&page=39 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana iya samun damar shiga ta hanyar yin yarjejeniya da Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife waɗanda ke kula da Harold Johnson Nature Reserve . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2hcr84yn6hg60v8pkwkptstiqpohxm4 0 155785 875577 851133 2026-07-04T03:24:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Yomi Kasali | birth_name = Abayomi Matthew Kasali | birth_date = 28 Fabrairu 1963 | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, malamin addini, marubuci | known_for = Wanda ya kafa Foundation of Truth Assembly (FOTA) }} '''Abayomi Matthew Kasali''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 Fabrairu 1963), wanda aka fi sani da '''Yomi Kasali''', fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, malamin Kiristanci, kuma wanda ya kafa '''Foundation of Truth Assembly (FOTA)''', wata coci mai hedikwata a Lagos, Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yomi Kasali says Church cathedrals are built with corrupt money |url=https://ynaija.com/church-blog-video-yomi-kasali-thinks-church-cathedrals-built-corrupt-money/ |work=YNaija |date=11 Oktoba 2017}}</ref> Kasali ya shahara saboda wa'azozinsa kan gaskiya, adalci, da yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya. Ya yi fice wajen sukar yadda cin hanci da rashawa ya yi tasiri a harkokin siyasa da addini a ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The cathedrals we're building are with corruption loot, not tithes & offering |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/10/corruption-church-yomi-kasali/ |work=BellaNaija |date=11 Oktoba 2017}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Yomi Kasali a ranar 28 Fabrairu 1963. Ya karɓi addinin Kirista tun farkon shekarun 1980, abin da ya zama tushen fara aikinsa na wa'azi da koyarwar addini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the official website of Rev. Yomi Kasali |url=https://yomikasali.com/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |archive-date=2025-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016040102/https://yomikasali.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin addini == Kasali ya kafa '''Foundation of Truth Assembly (FOTA)''', wata ma'aikatar Kiristanci da ke koyar da abin da ya bayyana a matsayin gaskiyar Littafi Mai Tsarki. Cocin tana da rassan ibada a Lagos, Abuja da kuma Houston na ƙasar Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the official website of Rev. Yomi Kasali |url=https://yomikasali.com/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |archive-date=2025-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016040102/https://yomikasali.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga aikin coci, ya kafa gidauniyar jin ƙai mai suna '''5 Loaves 2 Fishes''', wadda ke taimakawa marasa galihu ta hanyar samar da abinci, tufafi da tallafin lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the official website of Rev. Yomi Kasali |url=https://yomikasali.com/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |archive-date=2025-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016040102/https://yomikasali.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma kasance shugaban ƙungiyar '''Berean Ministers Group (BMG)''', wadda ke horas da shugabannin addini da masu wa'azi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pastor Yomi Kasali says Church cathedrals are built with corrupt money |url=https://ynaija.com/church-blog-video-yomi-kasali-thinks-church-cathedrals-built-corrupt-money/ |work=YNaija |date=11 Oktoba 2017}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi da muhawarori == Yomi Kasali ya yi suna saboda kalamansa masu ƙarfi kan cin hanci da rashawa. A shekarar 2017 ya bayyana cewa yawancin manyan gine-ginen coci-coci a Najeriya an gina su ne da kuɗaɗen da suka samo asali daga cin hanci da rashawa maimakon zakka da gudummawar mabiya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yorubas, Igbos, Hausas monumentally corrupt, Nigerian church built with looted funds |url=https://dailypost.ng/2017/10/11/yorubas-igbos-hausas-monumentally-corrupt-nigerian-church-built-looted-funds-rev-yomi-kasali-video/ |work=Daily Post |date=11 Oktoba 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The cathedrals we're building are with corruption loot, not tithes & offering |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/10/corruption-church-yomi-kasali/ |work=BellaNaija |date=11 Oktoba 2017}}</ref> A shekarar 2018 ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa mutane da dama da suka wawure kuɗaɗen gwamnati suna fakewa ne a cikin coci-coci domin samun kariya daga suka da bincike.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Most people that stole Nigeria's oil money are now in Churches |url=https://www.kemifilani.ng/news/yomi-kasali-nigerias-oil-money-churches |work=Kemi Filani News |date=3 Oktoba 2018}}</ref> Kasali ya kuma yi suka ga abin da ake kira ''prosperity gospel'' (bisharar arziki), yana mai cewa babu inda Yesu Almasihu ya mayar da tara dukiya a matsayin saƙon bishara.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yomi Kasali dares prosperity preachers |url=https://churchtimesnigeria.net/yomi-kasali-dares-prosperity-preachers-says-show-me-one-scripture-where-jesus-preached-material-acquisition/ |work=Church Times Nigeria |date=28 Satumba 2024}}</ref> == Ayyukan jin ƙai == Ta hanyar gidauniyar '''5 Loaves 2 Fishes''', Kasali ya jagoranci shirye-shiryen ciyar da mabukata da taimakon marasa galihu a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the official website of Rev. Yomi Kasali |url=https://yomikasali.com/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |archive-date=2025-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016040102/https://yomikasali.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == Yomi Kasali ya auri Fasto Sharon Adefunke Kasali, kuma suna da yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yomi Kasali |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomi_Kasali}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Fastocin Najeriya]] [[Category:Kiristoci na Najeriya]] [[Category:Wadanda aka haifa a 1963]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] rt4zi3ej85vpcescvxff5mmlut4upxo 0 155897 875043 851515 2026-07-03T15:10:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Endorphins''' (wanda aka samu daga '''morphine na ciki''' ) <ref name="Endogenous steroids in humans">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM |date=1515 |title=Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review 2011 |url=https://fb.cuni.cz/file/5635/FB2012A0008.pdf |journal=Folia Biologica |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.14712/fb2012058020049 |pmid=22578954 |quote=Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla.&nbsp;... The apparently serendipitous finding of an opiate alkaloid-sensitive, opioid peptide-insensitive, µ3 opiate receptor subtype expressed by invertebrate immunocytes, human blood monocytes, macrophage cell lines, and human blood granulocytes provided compelling validating evidence for an autonomous role of endogenous morphine as a biologically important cellular signalling molecule (Stefano et al., 1993; Cruciani et al., 1994; Stefano and Scharrer, 1994; Makman et al., 1995).&nbsp;... Human white blood cells have the ability to make and release morphine |access-date=2026-06-08 |archive-date=2018-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328205429/http://fb.cuni.cz/file/5635/FB2012A0008.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="IUPHAR">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2017 |title=μ receptor |url=https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=319 |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY |publisher=International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology |quote=Comments: β-Endorphin is the highest potency endogenous ligand&nbsp;... Morphine occurs endogenously.}}</ref> <ref name="pmid15383669">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Poeaknapo C, Schmidt J, Brandsch M, Dräger B, Zenk MH |date=September 2004 |title=Endogenous formation of morphine in human cells |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=101 |issue=39 |pages=14091–14096 |bibcode=2004PNAS..10114091P |doi=10.1073/pnas.0405430101 |pmc=521124 |pmid=15383669 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Peptide|peptides]] ne da ake samarwa a cikin kwakwalwa waɗanda ke toshe fahimtar ciwo da kuma ƙara jin daɗin rayuwa. Ana samar da su kuma ana adana su a cikin glandar pituitary ta kwakwalwa. Endorphins magunguna ne masu rage raɗaɗi waɗanda galibi ake samarwa a cikin kwakwalwa da adrenal medulla yayin [[motsa jiki]] ko inzali kuma suna hana ciwo da ciwon tsoka da rage damuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X |date=December 2020 |title=Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=338 |doi=10.3390/ijms22010338 |pmc=7796446 |pmid=33396962 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howlett TA, Tomlin S, Ngahfoong L, Rees LH, Bullen BA, Skrinar GS, McArthur JW |date=June 1984 |title=Release of beta endorphin and met-enkephalin during exercise in normal women: response to training |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=288 |issue=6435 |pages=1950–1952 |doi=10.1136/bmj.288.6435.1950 |pmc=1442192 |pmid=6329401}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldfarb AH, Jamurtas AZ |date=July 1997 |title=Beta-endorphin response to exercise. An update |journal=Sports Medicine |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=8–16 |doi=10.2165/00007256-199724010-00002 |pmid=9257407}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Endorphins: What They Are and How to Boost Them |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23040-endorphins |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Masu bincike a Jami'ar Aberdeen, John Hughes da Hans Kosterlitz ne suka fara gano peptides na Opioid a cikin kwakwalwa a shekarar 1973. Sun gano " enkephalins " (daga Girkanci {{Lang|el|εγκέφαλος}} ) ) daga [[Kwakwalwa|kwakwalwar]] [[Aladu|alade]], wanda aka gano a matsayin met-enkephalin da leu-enkephalin . <ref name="pbs.org">{{Cite web |date=1 January 1998 |title=Role of endorphins discovered |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dh75en.html |access-date=15 October 2008 |website=PBS Online: A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries |publisher=Public Broadcasting System}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hughes J, Smith TW, Kosterlitz HW, Fothergill LA, Morgan BA, Morris HR |date=December 1975 |title=Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity |journal=Nature |volume=258 |issue=5536 |pages=577–580 |bibcode=1975Natur.258..577H |doi=10.1038/258577a0 |pmid=1207728}}</ref> <ref name="Corbett2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Corbett AD, Henderson G, McKnight AT, Paterson SJ |date=January 2006 |title=75 years of opioid research: the exciting but vain quest for the Holy Grail |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |volume=147 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S153–S162 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706435 |pmc=1760732 |pmid=16402099}}</ref> Wannan ya zo ne bayan gano wani mai karɓa wanda aka yi niyya don samar da tasirin rage zafi na morphine da sauran opioids, wanda ya kai Kosterlitz da Hughes ga gano ligands na opioid na ciki . <ref name="Corbett2006" /> Bincike a wannan lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan neman maganin rage zafi wanda ba shi da halin jaraba ko haɗarin wuce gona da iri na morphine . <ref name="Corbett2006" /> Rabi Simantov da Solomon H. Snyder sun ware [[Peptide|peptides]] masu kama da morphine daga kwakwalwar maraƙi . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Simantov R, Snyder SH |date=July 1976 |title=Morphine-like peptides in mammalian brain: isolation, structure elucidation, and interactions with the opiate receptor |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=2515–2519 |bibcode=1976PNAS...73.2515S |doi=10.1073/pnas.73.7.2515 |pmc=430630 |pmid=1065904 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Eric J. Simon]], wanda ya gano masu karɓar opioid da kansa, daga baya ya kira waɗannan peptides a matsayin endorphins. <ref name="pmid1195988">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldstein A, Lowery PJ |date=September 1975 |title=Effect of the opiate antagonist naloxone on body temperature in rats |journal=Life Sciences |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=927–931 |doi=10.1016/0024-3205(75)90445-2 |pmid=1195988}}</ref> An sanya wannan kalma a matsayin ainihin ga duk wani peptide da ke nuna aikin morphine. A cikin 1976, Choh Hao Li da David Chung sun rubuta jerin α-, β-, da γ-endorphin da aka ware daga glandar raƙumi don aikinsu na opioidergic . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Li CH, Chung D |date=April 1976 |title=Isolation and structure of an untriakontapeptide with opiate activity from camel pituitary glands |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=1145–1148 |bibcode=1976PNAS...73.1145L |doi=10.1073/pnas.73.4.1145 |pmc=430217 |pmid=1063395 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smyth DG |date=May 2016 |title=60 YEARS OF POMC: Lipotropin and beta-endorphin: a perspective |journal=Journal of Molecular Endocrinology |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=T13–T25 |doi=10.1530/JME-16-0033 |pmid=26903509 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Li ya gano cewa β-endorphin yana samar da tasirin analgesic mai ƙarfi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Loh HH, Tseng LF, Wei E, Li CH |date=August 1976 |title=beta-endorphin is a potent analgesic agent |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=73 |issue=8 |pages=2895–2898 |bibcode=1976PNAS...73.2895L |doi=10.1073/pnas.73.8.2895 |pmc=430793 |pmid=8780 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wilhelm Feldberg da Derek George Smyth a cikin 1977 sun tabbatar da wannan, suna gano cewa β-endorphin ya fi ƙarfin morphine. Sun kuma tabbatar da cewa naloxone, wani mai adawa da opioid ya canza tasirinsa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Feldberg W, Smyth DG |date=July 1977 |title=C-fragment of lipotropin--an endogenous potent analgesic peptide |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=445–453 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1977.tb07521.x |pmc=1667279 |pmid=560894}}</ref> Daga baya bincike ya bambanta tsakanin enkephalins, endorphins, da kuma morphine na gaske da aka samar ta hanyar halitta, <ref name="pmid15383669"/> <ref name="pmid17006413">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kream RM, Stefano GB |date=October 2006 |title=De novo biosynthesis of morphine in animal cells: an evidence-based model |url=https://medscimonit.com/abstract/index/idArt/459203 |journal=Medical Science Monitor |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=RA207–RA219 |pmid=17006413}}</ref> wanda ba peptide ba ne. Ana rarraba peptides na Opioid bisa ga babban propeptide ɗinsu: duk endorphins an haɗa su ne daga proopiomelanocortin (POMC), enkephalins daga proenkephalin, da kuma dynorphins da neoendorphines daga prodynorphin . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stein C |date=2016-01-14 |title=Opioid Receptors |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=433–451 |doi=10.1146/annurev-med-062613-093100 |pmid=26332001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar ''endorphin'' ta samo asali ne daga {{Lang|grc|ἔνδον}} / Greek ma'ana "cikin" ( endogenous, {{Lang|grc|ἐνδογενής}} / Greek , "yana fitowa daga ciki"), da kuma morphine, daga Morpheus ( Ancient Greek ), allahn mafarki a cikin tatsuniyoyin Girkawa. Saboda haka, endorphin ƙanƙantar 'endo(genous) (mo)rphin' ne (morphin shine tsohon rubutun morphine). == Nau'o'i == Ajin endorphins ya ƙunshi peptides guda uku na opioid na ciki : α-Endorphin, β-endorphin, da γ-endorphin . [1] An haɗa endorphins ɗin daga furotin mai tsari, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), kuma duk suna ɗauke da met-enkephalin motif a N-terminus ɗinsu: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met. [2] α-endorphin da γ-endorphin suna faruwa ne sakamakon raba β-endorphin tsakanin ragowar Thr(16)-Leu(17) da Leu(17)-Phe(18) bi da bi. [3] α-endorphin yana da gajeren jerin, kuma β-endorphin yana da mafi tsayi jerin. Ana samun α-Endorphin da γ-endorphin galibi a cikin pituitary na gaba da na tsakiya. Yayin da ake nazarin β-endorphin saboda ayyukansa na opioid, α-endorphin da γ-endorphin duka ba su da kusanci ga masu karɓar opiate kuma don haka ba sa shafar jiki kamar yadda β-endorphin ke yi. Wasu nazarce-nazarce sun kwatanta aikin α-endorphin kamar yadda yake yi da psychostimulants da aikin γ-endorphin fiye da na neuroleptics daban-daban. <ref name=":8" /> == Manazarta == azs4gt8f8iolen6gkjjkimnhfo0vhko 0 156578 875643 854228 2026-07-04T06:10:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 875643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Qara Oasis''' (kuma an rubuta '''Cara''' ko '''Gara''' ; Arabic ; kuma '''Qarat Umm El Sagheir''', watau {{Lang|ar|قارة أم الصغير}} ) wani wuri ne da ake zaune a cikinsa a [[Misra|Masar]], yana da yawan jama'a 363 (kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 11 ga Nuwamba, 2006). Sau da yawa ba a yin la'akari da wannan wuri idan ana maganar ƙidaya adadin wuraren zama na Masar domin yana da ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da sauran. A cikin tatsuniyoyin gargajiya na gida, idan jariri ya zo, dattijo zai mutu jim kaɗan bayan haka, don haka ya sa yawan jama'a ya kasance iri ɗaya. Yana nan a gefen arewa maso yamma na matsalar Qattara, {{Cvt|75|km}} arewa maso gabashin Siwa Oasis, kuma tana cikin gundumar Siwa a cikin gundumar Matrouh . Tana da alaƙa da wata hanyar ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai kwalta mai tsawon kusan {{Cvt|100|km}} a tsawonsa, a wani yanki mai suna "Bir al-Nisf" da ke kan titin Matrouh-Siwa. == Tarihi == Da farko, mazaunan ƙauyen suna zaune a cikin wani sansani wanda suka gina a saman dutsen dutse da ke kusa, kuma wanda shine matsayi na tsaro wanda zai kare su daga abokan gaba. Koyaya a yau suna zaune a cikin gidaje masu sauƙi a ƙasa. Babban masana'antar ita ce samar da kwanakin da zaitun. Ƙauyen da kansa wuri ne na binciken tarihi, wanda aka gina da kayan [[Kershef]], wanda aka yi da laka da aka gauraya da gishiri. == Muhalli == Daga cikin siffofin oasis akwai manyan maɓuɓɓugar ruwan gishiri waɗanda aka sani tun zamanin Roman, da kuma maɓuɓuɓɓugan ruwa mai zafi da ake kira "Kefara", wanda zafin jikinsa ya kai digiri 70 na Celsius, waɗanda aka canza su zuwa wuraren sanyaya don amfani da su a aikin gona da amfani da mutane, da tsoffin rushewar da ke saman dutsen da ke kusa, da kuma kasuwa inda ake nuna kayayyakin muhalli da sana'o'o'i. Ɗaya daga cikin abincin da ya bambanta da mazauna ƙauyen shine "Al-Aqrouz", wanda shine itacen dabino, wanda aka saba ba da shi ga manyan baƙi. == Yawan jama'a == Yawan jama'a ya kai mutane 363 a shekara ta 2006. == Tattalin Arziki == Babu sabis na cibiyar sadarwa ta hannu don yankin. Saboda oasis ba a haɗa shi da grid na wutar lantarki na ƙasa ba, sel na hasken rana da janareto na diesel suna samar da makamashi da ake buƙata don hasken titi da amfani da gida. Yana da makaranta don ilimi na asali, kuma an ayyana shi ƙauyen farko mara karatu da rubutu a cikin Gwamnatin Matrouh a cikin shekara ta 2009, amma ba shi da sashin kiwon lafiya da kuma taimakon agaji akai-akai don samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya na asali. Akwai mota daya kawai don samar da kayayyaki. ==manazarta== {{Hujja}} cuw2ng66vckfdhsjtolitvwj6415rqx 875644 875643 2026-07-04T06:11:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 875644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Qara Oasis''' (kuma an rubuta '''Cara''' ko '''Gara;''' Arabic ; kuma '''Qarat Umm El Sagheir''', watau {{Lang|ar|قارة أم الصغير}} ) wani wuri ne da ake zaune a cikinsa a [[Misra|Masar]], yana da yawan jama'a 363 (kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 11 ga Nuwamba, 2006). Sau da yawa ba a yin la'akari da wannan wuri idan ana maganar ƙidaya adadin wuraren zama na Masar domin yana da ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da sauran. A cikin tatsuniyoyin gargajiya na gida, idan jariri ya zo, dattijo zai mutu jim kaɗan bayan haka, don haka ya sa yawan jama'a ya kasance iri ɗaya. Yana nan a gefen arewa maso yamma na matsalar Qattara, {{Cvt|75|km}} arewa maso gabashin Siwa Oasis, kuma tana cikin gundumar Siwa a cikin gundumar Matrouh . Tana da alaƙa da wata hanyar ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai kwalta mai tsawon kusan {{Cvt|100|km}} a tsawonsa, a wani yanki mai suna "Bir al-Nisf" da ke kan titin Matrouh-Siwa. == Tarihi == Da farko, mazaunan ƙauyen suna zaune a cikin wani sansani wanda suka gina a saman dutsen dutse da ke kusa, kuma wanda shine matsayi na tsaro wanda zai kare su daga abokan gaba. Koyaya a yau suna zaune a cikin gidaje masu sauƙi a ƙasa. Babban masana'antar ita ce samar da kwanakin da zaitun. Ƙauyen da kansa wuri ne na binciken tarihi, wanda aka gina da kayan [[Kershef]], wanda aka yi da laka da aka gauraya da gishiri. == Muhalli == Daga cikin siffofin oasis akwai manyan maɓuɓɓugar ruwan gishiri waɗanda aka sani tun zamanin Roman, da kuma maɓuɓuɓɓugan ruwa mai zafi da ake kira "Kefara", wanda zafin jikinsa ya kai digiri 70 na Celsius, waɗanda aka canza su zuwa wuraren sanyaya don amfani da su a aikin gona da amfani da mutane, da tsoffin rushewar da ke saman dutsen da ke kusa, da kuma kasuwa inda ake nuna kayayyakin muhalli da sana'o'o'i. Ɗaya daga cikin abincin da ya bambanta da mazauna ƙauyen shine "Al-Aqrouz", wanda shine itacen dabino, wanda aka saba ba da shi ga manyan baƙi. == Yawan jama'a == Yawan jama'a ya kai mutane 363 a shekara ta 2006. == Tattalin Arziki == Babu sabis na cibiyar sadarwa ta hannu don yankin. Saboda oasis ba a haɗa shi da grid na wutar lantarki na ƙasa ba, sel na hasken rana da janareto na diesel suna samar da makamashi da ake buƙata don hasken titi da amfani da gida. Yana da makaranta don ilimi na asali, kuma an ayyana shi ƙauyen farko mara karatu da rubutu a cikin Gwamnatin Matrouh a cikin shekara ta 2009, amma ba shi da sashin kiwon lafiya da kuma taimakon agaji akai-akai don samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya na asali. Akwai mota daya kawai don samar da kayayyaki. ==manazarta== {{Hujja}} rb3mjy9ctirnjwsryw95bzwn0gdnmhk 875645 875644 2026-07-04T06:11:21Z Pharouqenr 25549 875645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Qara Oasis''' (kuma an rubuta '''Cara''' ko '''Gara;''' Arabic; kuma '''Qarat Umm El Sagheir''', watau {{Lang|ar|قارة أم الصغير}} ) wani wuri ne da ake zaune a cikinsa a [[Misra|Masar]], yana da yawan jama'a 363 (kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 11 ga Nuwamba, 2006). Sau da yawa ba a yin la'akari da wannan wuri idan ana maganar ƙidaya adadin wuraren zama na Masar domin yana da ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da sauran. A cikin tatsuniyoyin gargajiya na gida, idan jariri ya zo, dattijo zai mutu jim kaɗan bayan haka, don haka ya sa yawan jama'a ya kasance iri ɗaya. Yana nan a gefen arewa maso yamma na matsalar Qattara, {{Cvt|75|km}} arewa maso gabashin Siwa Oasis, kuma tana cikin gundumar Siwa a cikin gundumar Matrouh . Tana da alaƙa da wata hanyar ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai kwalta mai tsawon kusan {{Cvt|100|km}} a tsawonsa, a wani yanki mai suna "Bir al-Nisf" da ke kan titin Matrouh-Siwa. == Tarihi == Da farko, mazaunan ƙauyen suna zaune a cikin wani sansani wanda suka gina a saman dutsen dutse da ke kusa, kuma wanda shine matsayi na tsaro wanda zai kare su daga abokan gaba. Koyaya a yau suna zaune a cikin gidaje masu sauƙi a ƙasa. Babban masana'antar ita ce samar da kwanakin da zaitun. Ƙauyen da kansa wuri ne na binciken tarihi, wanda aka gina da kayan [[Kershef]], wanda aka yi da laka da aka gauraya da gishiri. == Muhalli == Daga cikin siffofin oasis akwai manyan maɓuɓɓugar ruwan gishiri waɗanda aka sani tun zamanin Roman, da kuma maɓuɓuɓɓugan ruwa mai zafi da ake kira "Kefara", wanda zafin jikinsa ya kai digiri 70 na Celsius, waɗanda aka canza su zuwa wuraren sanyaya don amfani da su a aikin gona da amfani da mutane, da tsoffin rushewar da ke saman dutsen da ke kusa, da kuma kasuwa inda ake nuna kayayyakin muhalli da sana'o'o'i. Ɗaya daga cikin abincin da ya bambanta da mazauna ƙauyen shine "Al-Aqrouz", wanda shine itacen dabino, wanda aka saba ba da shi ga manyan baƙi. == Yawan jama'a == Yawan jama'a ya kai mutane 363 a shekara ta 2006. == Tattalin Arziki == Babu sabis na cibiyar sadarwa ta hannu don yankin. Saboda oasis ba a haɗa shi da grid na wutar lantarki na ƙasa ba, sel na hasken rana da janareto na diesel suna samar da makamashi da ake buƙata don hasken titi da amfani da gida. Yana da makaranta don ilimi na asali, kuma an ayyana shi ƙauyen farko mara karatu da rubutu a cikin Gwamnatin Matrouh a cikin shekara ta 2009, amma ba shi da sashin kiwon lafiya da kuma taimakon agaji akai-akai don samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya na asali. Akwai mota daya kawai don samar da kayayyaki. ==manazarta== {{Hujja}} cqxfghtbwoehevjbxmk0wpasl8n6kn2 875646 875645 2026-07-04T06:11:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 875646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Qara Oasis''' (kuma an rubuta '''Cara''' ko '''Gara;''' Arabic; kuma '''Qarat Umm El Sagheir''', watau {{Lang|ar|قارة أم الصغير}} ) wani wuri ne da ake zaune a cikinsa a [[Misra|Masar]], yana da yawan jama'a 363 (kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 11 ga Nuwamba, 2006). Sau da yawa ba a yin la'akari da wannan wuri idan ana maganar ƙidaya adadin wuraren zama na Masar domin yana da ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da sauran. A cikin tatsuniyoyin gargajiya na gida, idan jariri ya zo, dattijo zai mutu jim kaɗan bayan haka, don haka ya sa yawan jama'a ya kasance iri ɗaya. Yana nan a gefen arewa maso yamma na matsalar Qattara, {{Cvt|75|km}} arewa maso gabashin Siwa Oasis, kuma tana cikin gundumar Siwa a cikin gundumar Matrouh . Tana da alaƙa da wata hanyar ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai kwalta mai tsawon kusan {{Cvt|100|km}} a tsawonsa, a wani yanki mai suna "Bir al-Nisf" da ke kan titin Matrouh-Siwa. == Tarihi == Da farko, mazaunan ƙauyen suna zaune a cikin wani sansani wanda suka gina a saman dutsen dutse da ke kusa, kuma wanda shine matsayi na tsaro wanda zai kare su daga abokan gaba. Koyaya a yau suna zaune a cikin gidaje masu sauƙi a ƙasa. Babban masana'antar ita ce samar da kwanakin da zaitun. Ƙauyen da kansa wuri ne na binciken tarihi, wanda aka gina da kayan Kershef, wanda aka yi da laka da aka gauraya da gishiri. == Muhalli == Daga cikin siffofin oasis akwai manyan maɓuɓɓugar ruwan gishiri waɗanda aka sani tun zamanin Roman, da kuma maɓuɓuɓɓugan ruwa mai zafi da ake kira "Kefara", wanda zafin jikinsa ya kai digiri 70 na Celsius, waɗanda aka canza su zuwa wuraren sanyaya don amfani da su a aikin gona da amfani da mutane, da tsoffin rushewar da ke saman dutsen da ke kusa, da kuma kasuwa inda ake nuna kayayyakin muhalli da sana'o'o'i. Ɗaya daga cikin abincin da ya bambanta da mazauna ƙauyen shine "Al-Aqrouz", wanda shine itacen dabino, wanda aka saba ba da shi ga manyan baƙi. == Yawan jama'a == Yawan jama'a ya kai mutane 363 a shekara ta 2006. == Tattalin Arziki == Babu sabis na cibiyar sadarwa ta hannu don yankin. Saboda oasis ba a haɗa shi da grid na wutar lantarki na ƙasa ba, sel na hasken rana da janareto na diesel suna samar da makamashi da ake buƙata don hasken titi da amfani da gida. Yana da makaranta don ilimi na asali, kuma an ayyana shi ƙauyen farko mara karatu da rubutu a cikin Gwamnatin Matrouh a cikin shekara ta 2009, amma ba shi da sashin kiwon lafiya da kuma taimakon agaji akai-akai don samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya na asali. Akwai mota daya kawai don samar da kayayyaki. ==manazarta== {{Hujja}} mcuc3u3uuf18b1w4t046q7bt6pdtejy 0 156643 875228 858419 2026-07-03T17:57:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875228 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Eva Louise Rausing''' ( née Kemeny ; 7 Maris 1964 - kimanin 7 Mayu 2012) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eva Louise Rausing |url=http://company-director-check.co.uk/director/904940573 |access-date=10 July 2012 |publisher=company-director-check.co.uk |archive-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423231255/http://company-director-check.co.uk/director/904940573 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mai taimakon jama'a, <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2012 |title=Hans Kristian Rausing Arrested in Connection With Eva Rausing Death, TetraPak Heir Prime Suspect in Case |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/361888/20120711/hans-kristian-rausing-eva-tetrapak-arrested.htm |access-date=12 July 2012 |website=International Herald Tribune}}</ref> kuma memba ce a cikin dangin Rausing, waɗanda ke da kamfanin shirya abinci na Tetra Pak . Ita ce matar Hans Kristian Rausing, wanda ta haɗu da shi a wani asibitin gyaran hali a ƙasarta ta asali a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kuma tana da 'ya'ya huɗu tare da ita. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta '''Eva Louise Kemeny''', 'yar Tom Kemeny, wani babban jami'in PepsiCo . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">an buƙata a ambaci</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Rausing ita ce mai tallafawa ƙungiyar agaji ta duniya ta Mentor a Burtaniya, kuma tare da mijinta, ta kuma ba da tallafin kuɗi ga [[Ayyuka game da Jaraba|Action on Addiction]], wata ƙungiyar agaji da ke taimaka wa matasa da ke fama da matsalolin shan giya da miyagun ƙwayoyi. A shekarar 2008, an kama Rausing bayan ya yi ƙoƙarin shiga ofishin jakadancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da ke tsakiyar Landan yayin da yake ɗauke da naɗaɗɗen hodar iblis da heroin. An tsare ta a wajen ofishin jakadancin da ke Mayfair, wanda hakan ya haifar da farmakin 'yan sanda a gidan ma'auratan na Chelsea, inda aka gano fiye da fam 1,500 na miyagun ƙwayoyi. Daga nan aka kama mijinta, Hans Kristian Rausing, magajin daular Tetra Pak ta sayar da kayan sha ta fam biliyan 5. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2008 |title=Heir's wife held after 'drugs trip to US embassy' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/apr/11/ukcrime |website=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref> == Mutuwa == A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2012, an same ta a mace a gidanta da ke Belgravia, [[Landan]] . An kama mijinta mai shekaru 49 da laifin mutuwarta da kuma zarginsa da laifukan miyagun kwayoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tetra Pak heir held over death |url=http://www.itv.com/news/story/2012-07-10/wife-of-tetra-pak-heir-eva-rausing-found-dead-in-london/ |access-date=10 July 2012 |publisher=ITV news}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Yuli, an tuhume shi da jinkirta binne gawarta . Hans Kristian Rausing ya amsa laifinsa, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin watanni goma a ranar 1 ga Agusta, an dakatar da shi na tsawon shekaru biyu; Alkali ya bukaci ya halarci wani shirin gyaran miyagun kwayoyi na shekaru biyu. Kotun ta ji cewa na'urar bugun zuciya ta nuna cewa wataƙila Eva Rausing ta mutu a ranar 7 ga Mayu. A lokacin mutuwarta, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi arziki a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] . A ranar 29 ga Agusta 2012, ɗan jaridar Burtaniya Ben Quinn ya bayyana a ''jaridar The Guardian'' cewa a shekarar 2011 Eva Rausing ta isar da bayanai ga masu gabatar da ƙara na Sweden game da kisan gillar da aka yi wa firayim ministan Sweden Olof Palme a shekarar 1986 da ba a warware ba. Scotland Yard ta tabbatar da cewa ta ba wa hukumomin Sweden bayanai, waɗanda ke son yin tambayoyi ga matar da mijinta ya mutu, Hans Kristian Rausing, a matsayin shaida game da bayanan da matarsa ta yi iƙirarin samu. Gunnar Wall, marubuciya 'yar Sweden wadda ta rubuta littattafai biyu kan kisan Palme, ta ce Rausing ta tuntube shi a watan Yunin 2011, tana mai cewa ta ji labarin cewa wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Sweden ne ya kashe Palme, wanda ke tsoron cewa Palme barazana ce ga kasuwancinsa. Wall ta gudanar da wasiƙun [[Email|imel]] da Rausing, wanda ya gaya masa cewa ta rubuta wa ɗan kasuwan sau uku game da zarge-zargen. A cikin wata imel da ta aika wa Wall, ta rubuta: "Kada ku manta da bincika ko zan mutu ba zato ba tsammani! Ina fatan zan yi wasa." Wall ta shaida wa ''jaridar Guardian'' cewa: "Lokacin da imel ɗinta suka tsaya, ban yi tunani sosai a kai ba, sai da na ji cewa ta mutu a cikin yanayi da ba a fayyace ba ... Ta kuma gaya mini cewa za ta sanar da masu gabatar da ƙara a Sweden kuma da alama tana da wani shiri don ganawa da su." A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2012, wani likitan binciken gawar ya ce Rausing ta mutu sakamakon "cin zarafin miyagun kwayoyi" da ta yi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CORONER: EVA RAUSING DIED AS RESULT OF DRUG ABUSE |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/coroner-eva-rausing-died-result-drug-abuse |access-date=14 December 2012 |publisher=AP |archive-date=11 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311001239/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/coroner-eva-rausing-died-result-drug-abuse |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|colwidth=33em}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] tuc4phvo7a1k7ioe55w3hv5xyar2cpk 0 156668 875848 873029 2026-07-04T11:21:02Z Gwanki 3834 875848 wikitext text/x-wiki Kalmar "infectobesity" tana nufin ra'ayin cewa [[kiba]] a cikin mutane na iya haifar da Kwayoyin cuta, da kuma sabon filin binciken likita wanda ke nazarin dangantakar tsakanin pathogens da karuwar nauyi. Dokta Nikhil V. Dhurandhar ne ya kirkiro kalmar a shekara ta 2001, a Cibiyar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta Pennington. == Kwayoyin cuta == Nazarin tasirin masu kamuwa da cuta akan metabolism har yanzu yana cikin matakan farko. An nuna cewa tsire-tsire na hanji sun bambanta tsakanin mutane masu ƙanƙanta da masu kiba. Akwai alamar cewa cututtukan hanji a cikin masu kiba da masu laushi na iya shafar damar metabolism. Wannan canjin da ke bayyane na yiwuwar metabolism an yi imanin cewa yana ba da damar da za ta fi girma don girbi makamashi wanda ke taimakawa ga kiba. Ko waɗannan bambance-bambance sune dalilin kai tsaye, ko kuma sakamakon kiba har yanzu ba a tantance shi ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=DiBaise JK, Zhang H, Crowell MD, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Decker GA, Rittmann BE |date=April 2008 |title=Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=460–9 |doi=10.4065/83.4.460 |pmid=18380992 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wata yuwuwar bayanin injina da ke haɗa furen hanji zuwa kiba ya ƙunshi gajeriyar sarkar mai mai. Mutane ba za su iya narkar da hadadden polysaccharides ba kuma suna dogara ga microbiota na hanji don yayyafa waɗannan polysaccharides zuwa gajeriyar sarkar mai. Ya bambanta da polysaccharides, mutane na iya amfani da gajeriyar sarkar kitse a matsayin tushen kuzari.[1] Bugu da ƙari, bincike a cikin rodents ya nuna cewa yawan gajeriyar sarkar mai a cikin hanji na iya rinjayar matakan jini na hormones na hanji kamar GLP-1, GLP-2 da peptide YY. Wadannan canje-canje a cikin matakan hormone na gut sun nuna sun shafi haƙurin glucose, siginar insulin, aikin shinge na hanji kuma sun haifar da karuwar nauyi a cikin rodents. Bambance-bambancen abinci yana da alaƙa a cikin mutane da dabbobi tare da microbiota mafi koshin lafiya, don haka yana iya zama dole don ingantattun dabarun inganta lafiya na dogon lokaci amma galibi ana yin watsi da su a cikin nazarin dabbobi.[2] Bugu da ƙari kuma, gudanar da maganin rigakafi ga rodents yana canza tsarin microbiota na gut kuma ana gano canje-canje masu zuwa a cikin matakan hormone na gut. Wadannan sakamakon na iya ba da bayanin injina don da'awar cewa maganin rigakafi na iya haifar da kiba a cikin mutane. Amma duk da haka, ko za a iya maimaita waɗannan binciken a cikin nazarin ɗan adam.[3] == Kwayoyin cuta == An sami alaƙa tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta da kiba a cikin mutane, da kuma nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban. Har yanzu ba a tantance adadin da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suka ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar kiba ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Falagas ME, Kompoti M |date=July 2006 |title=Obesity and infection |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=438–46 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70523-0 |pmid=16790384}}</ref> kwayar cuta mai kitse ita ce sanannen sunan ra'ayin cewa wasu nau'ikan kiba a cikin mutane da dabbobi suna da tushen kwayar cuta. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Dubi kuma == * [[Kiba|Dalilan kiba]] * Muhimmancin asibiti na Bacillota * Yawanci * Rashin kumburi da kiba * Adenovirus serotype 36 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17425944 Infectobesity: kiba na asalin kamuwa da cuta. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2007 52: 61-102] * Fat Factors - Labari a cikin The New York Times Magazine, Agusta 13, 2006 * Shin Mugun Kwayoyin cuta da Parasites zasu iya sa ku zama mai ƙiba? Infectobesity Examined - Labari a kan ''MotleyHealth.com'', Agusta 15, 2009 [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] djwyu34ppk6ry7vx83jqbdz77km60bo 875849 875848 2026-07-04T11:21:16Z Gwanki 3834 875849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kalmar "infectobesity" tana nufin ra'ayin cewa [[kiba]] a cikin mutane na iya haifar da Kwayoyin cuta, da kuma sabon filin binciken likita wanda ke nazarin dangantakar tsakanin pathogens da karuwar nauyi. Dokta Nikhil V. Dhurandhar ne ya kirkiro kalmar a shekara ta 2001, a Cibiyar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta Pennington. == Kwayoyin cuta == Nazarin tasirin masu kamuwa da cuta akan metabolism har yanzu yana cikin matakan farko. An nuna cewa tsire-tsire na hanji sun bambanta tsakanin mutane masu ƙanƙanta da masu kiba. Akwai alamar cewa cututtukan hanji a cikin masu kiba da masu laushi na iya shafar damar metabolism. Wannan canjin da ke bayyane na yiwuwar metabolism an yi imanin cewa yana ba da damar da za ta fi girma don girbi makamashi wanda ke taimakawa ga kiba. Ko waɗannan bambance-bambance sune dalilin kai tsaye, ko kuma sakamakon kiba har yanzu ba a tantance shi ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=DiBaise JK, Zhang H, Crowell MD, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Decker GA, Rittmann BE |date=April 2008 |title=Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=460–9 |doi=10.4065/83.4.460 |pmid=18380992 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wata yuwuwar bayanin injina da ke haɗa furen hanji zuwa kiba ya ƙunshi gajeriyar sarkar mai mai. Mutane ba za su iya narkar da hadadden polysaccharides ba kuma suna dogara ga microbiota na hanji don yayyafa waɗannan polysaccharides zuwa gajeriyar sarkar mai. Ya bambanta da polysaccharides, mutane na iya amfani da gajeriyar sarkar kitse a matsayin tushen kuzari.[1] Bugu da ƙari, bincike a cikin rodents ya nuna cewa yawan gajeriyar sarkar mai a cikin hanji na iya rinjayar matakan jini na hormones na hanji kamar GLP-1, GLP-2 da peptide YY. Wadannan canje-canje a cikin matakan hormone na gut sun nuna sun shafi haƙurin glucose, siginar insulin, aikin shinge na hanji kuma sun haifar da karuwar nauyi a cikin rodents. Bambance-bambancen abinci yana da alaƙa a cikin mutane da dabbobi tare da microbiota mafi koshin lafiya, don haka yana iya zama dole don ingantattun dabarun inganta lafiya na dogon lokaci amma galibi ana yin watsi da su a cikin nazarin dabbobi.[2] Bugu da ƙari kuma, gudanar da maganin rigakafi ga rodents yana canza tsarin microbiota na gut kuma ana gano canje-canje masu zuwa a cikin matakan hormone na gut. Wadannan sakamakon na iya ba da bayanin injina don da'awar cewa maganin rigakafi na iya haifar da kiba a cikin mutane. Amma duk da haka, ko za a iya maimaita waɗannan binciken a cikin nazarin ɗan adam.[3] == Kwayoyin cuta == An sami alaƙa tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta da kiba a cikin mutane, da kuma nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban. Har yanzu ba a tantance adadin da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suka ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar kiba ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Falagas ME, Kompoti M |date=July 2006 |title=Obesity and infection |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=438–46 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70523-0 |pmid=16790384}}</ref> kwayar cuta mai kitse ita ce sanannen sunan ra'ayin cewa wasu nau'ikan kiba a cikin mutane da dabbobi suna da tushen kwayar cuta. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Dubi kuma == * [[Kiba|Dalilan kiba]] * Muhimmancin asibiti na Bacillota * Yawanci * Rashin kumburi da kiba * Adenovirus serotype 36 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17425944 Infectobesity: kiba na asalin kamuwa da cuta. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2007 52: 61-102] * Fat Factors - Labari a cikin The New York Times Magazine, Agusta 13, 2006 * Shin Mugun Kwayoyin cuta da Parasites zasu iya sa ku zama mai ƙiba? Infectobesity Examined - Labari a kan ''MotleyHealth.com'', Agusta 15, 2009 [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] smwip04s4o44px2qnmuphryvf3nfuu1 875850 875849 2026-07-04T11:21:27Z Gwanki 3834 /* Dubi kuma */ 875850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kalmar "infectobesity" tana nufin ra'ayin cewa [[kiba]] a cikin mutane na iya haifar da Kwayoyin cuta, da kuma sabon filin binciken likita wanda ke nazarin dangantakar tsakanin pathogens da karuwar nauyi. Dokta Nikhil V. Dhurandhar ne ya kirkiro kalmar a shekara ta 2001, a Cibiyar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta Pennington. == Kwayoyin cuta == Nazarin tasirin masu kamuwa da cuta akan metabolism har yanzu yana cikin matakan farko. An nuna cewa tsire-tsire na hanji sun bambanta tsakanin mutane masu ƙanƙanta da masu kiba. Akwai alamar cewa cututtukan hanji a cikin masu kiba da masu laushi na iya shafar damar metabolism. Wannan canjin da ke bayyane na yiwuwar metabolism an yi imanin cewa yana ba da damar da za ta fi girma don girbi makamashi wanda ke taimakawa ga kiba. Ko waɗannan bambance-bambance sune dalilin kai tsaye, ko kuma sakamakon kiba har yanzu ba a tantance shi ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=DiBaise JK, Zhang H, Crowell MD, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Decker GA, Rittmann BE |date=April 2008 |title=Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=460–9 |doi=10.4065/83.4.460 |pmid=18380992 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wata yuwuwar bayanin injina da ke haɗa furen hanji zuwa kiba ya ƙunshi gajeriyar sarkar mai mai. Mutane ba za su iya narkar da hadadden polysaccharides ba kuma suna dogara ga microbiota na hanji don yayyafa waɗannan polysaccharides zuwa gajeriyar sarkar mai. Ya bambanta da polysaccharides, mutane na iya amfani da gajeriyar sarkar kitse a matsayin tushen kuzari.[1] Bugu da ƙari, bincike a cikin rodents ya nuna cewa yawan gajeriyar sarkar mai a cikin hanji na iya rinjayar matakan jini na hormones na hanji kamar GLP-1, GLP-2 da peptide YY. Wadannan canje-canje a cikin matakan hormone na gut sun nuna sun shafi haƙurin glucose, siginar insulin, aikin shinge na hanji kuma sun haifar da karuwar nauyi a cikin rodents. Bambance-bambancen abinci yana da alaƙa a cikin mutane da dabbobi tare da microbiota mafi koshin lafiya, don haka yana iya zama dole don ingantattun dabarun inganta lafiya na dogon lokaci amma galibi ana yin watsi da su a cikin nazarin dabbobi.[2] Bugu da ƙari kuma, gudanar da maganin rigakafi ga rodents yana canza tsarin microbiota na gut kuma ana gano canje-canje masu zuwa a cikin matakan hormone na gut. Wadannan sakamakon na iya ba da bayanin injina don da'awar cewa maganin rigakafi na iya haifar da kiba a cikin mutane. Amma duk da haka, ko za a iya maimaita waɗannan binciken a cikin nazarin ɗan adam.[3] == Kwayoyin cuta == An sami alaƙa tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta da kiba a cikin mutane, da kuma nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban. Har yanzu ba a tantance adadin da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suka ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar kiba ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Falagas ME, Kompoti M |date=July 2006 |title=Obesity and infection |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=438–46 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70523-0 |pmid=16790384}}</ref> kwayar cuta mai kitse ita ce sanannen sunan ra'ayin cewa wasu nau'ikan kiba a cikin mutane da dabbobi suna da tushen kwayar cuta. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17425944 Infectobesity: kiba na asalin kamuwa da cuta. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2007 52: 61-102] * Fat Factors - Labari a cikin The New York Times Magazine, Agusta 13, 2006 * Shin Mugun Kwayoyin cuta da Parasites zasu iya sa ku zama mai ƙiba? Infectobesity Examined - Labari a kan ''MotleyHealth.com'', Agusta 15, 2009 [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i4dqjtgsum6cwpq5i4hj8w4sb5kqdjp 0 156897 875052 855370 2026-07-03T15:21:04Z Saad Nuhu 43323 875052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = Hon. | name = Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem | birth_date = | birth_place = Agege, Lagos State, Nigeria | citizenship = Nigerian | alma_mater = [[Olabisi Onabanjo University]] | education = | occupation = Politician, lawmaker, teacher | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] | other_party = [[Action Congress]]; [[Accord (Nigeria)|Accord]] | office = Member of the [[Lagos State House of Assembly]] | constituency = [[Agege|Agege Constituency]] 2 | term_start = 2023 | term_end = | predecessor = | successor = | office1 = Executive Chairman, [[Agege]] | constituency1 = Agege Local Government | term_start1 = 2008 | term_end1 = 2022 | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Supervisor for Health and Environmental Services, Agege Local Government | term_start2 = 2000 | term_end2 = 2007 | spouse = | children = | profession = Educationist, public administrator }} '''Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar [[Agege]] 2 a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem a Agege, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], ga Alhaji da Alhaja Abdul Kareem . Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Bishop Oluwole Memorial, Agege, daga 1971 zuwa 1977. Daga baya ya shiga Cibiyar Musulunci, Markaz Agege, inda ya kammala shirye-shiryen takardar shaidar makaranta tsakanin 1977 da 1984. Daga baya ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]], Ago-Iwoye, inda ya sami digiri na farko (BSc) a cikin hadin gwiwa da Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga 2005 zuwa 2008.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |title=Countdown to 2019: Profile of 'Jubi', the Accord Party candidate for Agege Constituency 1 |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/03/07/countdown-to-march-9-profile-of-jubi-the-accord-party-candidate-for-agege-constituency-1/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Abdulkareem ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malami a makarantar sakandare ta Oke‐Ira kafin ya koma makarantar sakandare na Agidingbi, [[Ikeja]], inda ya koyar da [[Larabci]] da [[Ilimin Musulunci|Nazarin Musulunci]] daga 1984 zuwa 1990. Daga baya ya yi aiki a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da farko a matsayin wakilin tallace-tallace sannan kuma a matsayin manajan a Draco Nigeria Limited tsakanin 1990 da 1991.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |title=Countdown to 2019: Profile of 'Jubi', the Accord Party candidate for Agege Constituency 1 |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/03/07/countdown-to-march-9-profile-of-jubi-the-accord-party-candidate-for-agege-constituency-1/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> === Ayyukan siyasa === Abdulkareem ya shiga siyasa a shekarar 1998. A shekara ta 2000, an nada shi mai kula da kiwon lafiya da ayyukan muhalli a karamar hukumar Agege.<ref name=":04">{{Cite news |title=Countdown to 2019: Profile of 'Jubi', the Accord Party candidate for Agege Constituency 1 |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/03/07/countdown-to-march-9-profile-of-jubi-the-accord-party-candidate-for-agege-constituency-1/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> An zabe shi Shugaban zartarwa na Karamar Hukumar Agege a shekarar 2008 a karkashin Action Congress (AC).<ref>https://www.ikejarecord.com/p/legislative-profile-jubreel-ayodeji-abdulkareem</ref> A shekara ta 2019, ya yi takara don zama a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Agege a karkashin jam'iyyar Accord Party (AP), amma daga baya ya janye.<ref name="j361">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Breaking: Jubreel withdraws from Lagos Assembly race, urges support base to vote Obasa, Sanwo-Olu, others |url=https://thedefenderngr.com/breaking-jubreel-withdraws-from-lagos-assembly-race-urges-support-base-to-vote-obasa-sanwo-olu-others/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=The DEFENDER}}</ref> Daga baya aka zabe shi a 2023 don wakiltar mazabar Agege 2 a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas a karkashin All Progressives Congress.<ref>https://www.ikejarecord.com/p/legislative-profile-jubreel-ayodeji-abdulkareem</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Abdulkareem Jubreel Ayodeji – Lagos House Of Assembly |url=https://lagoshouseofassembly.gov.ng/home/hon-abdulkareem-jubreel-ayodeji/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 30coe6s9w1qxolxiy7a2854pnl50cc9 875054 875052 2026-07-03T15:21:56Z Saad Nuhu 43323 875054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = Hon. | name = Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem | birth_date = | birth_place = Agege, Lagos State, Nigeria | citizenship = Nigerian | alma_mater = [[Olabisi Onabanjo University]] | education = | occupation = Politician, lawmaker, teacher | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] | other_party = [[Action Congress]]; [[Accord (Nigeria)|Accord]] | office = Member of the [[Lagos State House of Assembly]] | constituency = [[Agege|Agege Constituency]] 2 | term_start = 2023 | term_end = | predecessor = | successor = | office1 = Executive Chairman, [[Agege]] | constituency1 = Agege Local Government | term_start1 = 2008 | term_end1 = 2022 | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Supervisor for Health and Environmental Services, Agege Local Government | term_start2 = 2000 | term_end2 = 2007 | spouse = | children = | profession = Educationist, public administrator }} '''Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar [[Agege]] 2 a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem a Agege, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], ga Alhaji da Alhaja Abdul Kareem . Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Bishop Oluwole Memorial, Agege, daga 1971 zuwa 1977. Daga baya ya shiga Cibiyar Musulunci, Markaz Agege, inda ya kammala shirye-shiryen takardar shaidar makaranta tsakanin 1977 da 1984. Daga baya ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]], Ago-Iwoye, inda ya sami digiri na farko (BSc) a cikin hadin gwiwa da Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga 2005 zuwa 2008.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |title=Countdown to 2019: Profile of 'Jubi', the Accord Party candidate for Agege Constituency 1 |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/03/07/countdown-to-march-9-profile-of-jubi-the-accord-party-candidate-for-agege-constituency-1/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Abdulkareem ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malami a makarantar sakandare ta Oke‐Ira kafin ya koma makarantar sakandare na Agidingbi, [[Ikeja]], inda ya koyar da [[Larabci]] da [[Ilimin Musulunci|Nazarin Musulunci]] daga 1984 zuwa 1990. Daga baya ya yi aiki a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da farko a matsayin wakilin tallace-tallace sannan kuma a matsayin manajan a Draco Nigeria Limited tsakanin 1990 da 1991.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |title=Countdown to 2019: Profile of 'Jubi', the Accord Party candidate for Agege Constituency 1 |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/03/07/countdown-to-march-9-profile-of-jubi-the-accord-party-candidate-for-agege-constituency-1/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> === Ayyukan siyasa === Abdulkareem ya shiga siyasa a shekarar 1998. A shekara ta 2000, an nada shi mai kula da kiwon lafiya da ayyukan muhalli a karamar hukumar Agege.<ref name=":04">{{Cite news |title=Countdown to 2019: Profile of 'Jubi', the Accord Party candidate for Agege Constituency 1 |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/03/07/countdown-to-march-9-profile-of-jubi-the-accord-party-candidate-for-agege-constituency-1/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> An zabe shi Shugaban zartarwa na Karamar Hukumar Agege a shekarar 2008 a karkashin Action Congress (AC).<ref>https://www.ikejarecord.com/p/legislative-profile-jubreel-ayodeji-abdulkareem</ref> A shekara ta 2019, ya yi takara don zama a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Agege a karkashin jam'iyyar Accord Party (AP), amma daga baya ya janye.<ref name="j361">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Breaking: Jubreel withdraws from Lagos Assembly race, urges support base to vote Obasa, Sanwo-Olu, others |url=https://thedefenderngr.com/breaking-jubreel-withdraws-from-lagos-assembly-race-urges-support-base-to-vote-obasa-sanwo-olu-others/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=The DEFENDER}}</ref> Daga baya aka zabe shi a 2023 don wakiltar mazabar Agege 2 a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas a karkashin All Progressives Congress.<ref>https://www.ikejarecord.com/p/legislative-profile-jubreel-ayodeji-abdulkareem</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Abdulkareem Jubreel Ayodeji – Lagos House Of Assembly |url=https://lagoshouseofassembly.gov.ng/home/hon-abdulkareem-jubreel-ayodeji/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fjfqioiogd6cqqe3x66f8usj4byq4rs 3 157667 875234 857809 2026-07-03T18:13:19Z Umar Bello Kaura 45977 /* Barka da zuwa! */ Mayarwa 875234 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Umar Bello Kaura! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Umar Bello Kaura|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 14 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) :yww muna faran cikin kasan cewa ta atare da ku muna ina fatan zan zauna atare da ku domin gida rayuwata ina godiya sosia [[User:Umar Bello Kaura|Umar Bello Kaura]] ([[User talk:Umar Bello Kaura|talk]]) 18:13, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) r7ckbqr33c1cytdst7o4vd9xjlihv5s 0 157797 875596 858220 2026-07-04T05:18:53Z Nura Bello 24854 875596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Mind of an Ape littafi ne wanda aka wallafa a 1983 na David Premack da Ann James Premack . Marubutan suna jayayya cewa yana yiwuwa a koyar da [[Harshe (yare)|harshe]] ga manyan birai (ba mutane ba). Sun rubuta: "Yanzu mun san cewa wanda ya fahimci magana dole ne ya san harshe, koda kuwa ba zai iya samar da shi ba. "<ref name="Mind13">Premack, David & Premack, Ann James. ''The Mind of an Ape'', p. 13. {{ISBN|0-393-01581-5}}.</ref>c == The authors == David Premack, emeritus professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, and Ann James Premack, a science writer, began teaching language to apes in 1964. Premack started his work at the Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology in Orange Park, [[Florida]], a program at the University of Florida, continued it at the University of Missouri, then at the University of California, Santa Barbara and the University of Pennsylvania. == The apes == The subjects of the program, nine chimpanzees, were reared in a laboratory environment specifically designed to stimulate their intellect, as animals raised otherwise fail to thrive. This was in contrast to the traditional psychology lab where the animals are caged and remain in solitude. Sarah, born in 1959, demonstrated use of an invented language. Gussie failed to learn any words. Elizabeth and Peony were trained in the language. Walnut, a late arrival, also was trained in the language, but failed to learn any words. Jessie, Sadie, Bert, and Luvie, 1975 controls, were not trained in the language, but demonstrated pointing. == Language suitable for an ape == The language designed by Premack for an ape was not verbal; Premack's chimpanzee program differed from that of a separate research program in which other chimpanzees were raised in a human family in parallel with human babies, and taught words.<ref name="Hayes 1951">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hayes|1951}}</ref> Eventually, the chimpanzees might get to a two-year-old human's list of words, but no further. Vicki was eventually trained to speak four words.<ref name="Hayes 1951" /> The experiments with those chimpanzees did not demonstrate the existence of the faculties shown by Sarah discussed below, in her command of a language, for example. In other experiments, other chimpanzees have been taught [[Harshen Kurame na Amurka|American Sign Language]] (ASL), notably Washoe.<ref name="Gardner 1969 664–672">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gardner|Gardner|1969}}</ref><ref name="Gardner 1989">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gardner|Gardner|Van Cantfort|1989}}</ref> Washoe could use 68 gestures after three years of training, eventually getting to 150 gestures. However, Nim,<ref name="Terrace 1979">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Terrace|1979}}</ref> trained in ASL, was found to demonstrate no forms with grammar, his linguistic productions being sets of gestures in no particular order. Koko<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Patterson|Linden|1981}}</ref> and Chantek<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Miles|1990}}</ref> were also trained in ASL. See also [[Kanzi]]'s 400-word vocabulary of spontaneous productions as of 2005. == The language tokens == The [[Harshe (yare)|language]] consisted of a series of colored plastic tokens, which the chimpanzees could manipulate and stick to a magnetic board. Each token stood for a word which was never spoken in the chimpanzee's presence. Sarah began her language training in 1967 at age five, beginning with food exchanges, to establish a social exchange with the instructor. The Premacks note that the chimpanzees ''gave'' food reluctantly and unwillingly, far preferring to ''receive'' food. In a series of experiments, Premack was able to train Sarah, Elizabeth, and Peony to parse sentences: which might result in Peony touching the trainer's nose. The tokens did not resemble the objects; an apple was symbolized by a blue triangle token. The chimpanzee Elizabeth would be symbolized by a decorated '''E''' token, a copy of which would dangle from a necklace around her neck. The trainer would also wear a corresponding token, as would other investigators whom the chimpanzee would have to name in the formation of the target [[Jimla|sentence]]. It took Sarah, Elizabeth, and Peony each hundreds of trials to first form an association between the tokens and the objects. Sarah in particular was trained in the token manipulations for 18 months. Sarah was able to learn imperative sentences with a grammar, : Sarah jam bread take in which the trainer allowed her to take the bread and jam, and also negative sentences : No Sarah honey cracker take in which the trainer restrained her from taking the cracker and honey, which taught Sarah to suppress her impulse to take the negated object. In particular, the noun had to be at the beginning and the verb had to be at the end of the production, or else the trainer would not respond to Sarah's ungrammatical sentence. After hundreds of trials, Sarah could reliably produce the grammatical form : Mary give apple Sarah === List of tokens ===   == Questions == Sarah was also able to answer questions in the form of a question token "?" which she could answer by selecting a resolving token. However, Sarah was never able to ask questions by manipulating the "?" token. The question "What is the color of apple?" : "?" color of apple (blue triangle) would be answered with the token for 'red' (a gray curved token). == New symbols == Premack was able to demonstrate that Sarah could understand how to decode a symbol stream after training. First, she had to learn the token ''name-of'' and then learn that some new, but real objects had the name-of ''fig token1'' and ''crackerjack token2''. She learned : Real crackerjack name-of ''crackerjack token2''. == Other concepts == Sarah, Peony, and Elizabeth were able to respond to and formulate analogies and to express judgements. In these trials, problems were formulated by videotaped situations involving an actor, both friendly and unfriendly. With no training, and with observation of the laboratory only, Sarah was able to select answers requiring judgement, based on her experiences in the laboratory, such as the fact that a light cord had to be plugged in to solve some problems. Sarah was able to select proposed solutions for resolving the situations. Sarah was most accurate on judgements of sameness, less so on similarity, and least accurate on judgements of difference. Human children were then tested with the same protocols, using speech. Young children passed the tests on number, but failed on tests measuring conservation of liquid and solid. Five- to six-year-old children passed the tests on conservation of liquid and solid, suggesting a similar process for the cognition of measurement of conservation of liquid and solid, between ape and human. == The conditional statement == Sarah was able to parse the following sentence in a way to give her the most reward: : ''Sarah take banana if-then Mary no give chocolate'' : (both an apple and a banana portion are presented for Sarah to take as part of the statement) In this sentence, if Sarah were to take the apple, then Mary, the trainer, would give her the chocolate, but if Sarah were to take the banana, then Mary would not give her the chocolate. The chimpanzees do not spontaneously point outside of the psychological laboratory. The control chimpanzees, which were not trained in the language, could all point to communicate with the trainers. == Mappings and other representations == The chimpanzees of Premack's laboratory were not able to navigate given training on a map, unless the map was an exact-scale replica of the mission situation. == Spontaneous productions == Not all individuals in a given species have equivalent capabilities to produce spontaneous communications. Washoe,<ref name="Gardner 1969 664–672">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gardner|Gardner|1969}}</ref> <ref name="Gardner 1989">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gardner|Gardner|Van Cantfort|1989}}</ref> spontaneously signed, in contrast to Nim.<ref name="Terrace 1979">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Terrace|1979}}</ref> However, [[Kanzi]],<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Savage-Rumbaugh|Rumbaugh|McDonald|1985}}</ref> at age 30 months demonstrated spontaneous production of gestures and keyboard presses to ask for desired objects or events, and to name items in response to queries from the trainer. Kanzi had not been trained in producing communications. Apparently, he learned this while playing in the training room while his adoptive mother [[Kanzi|Matata]] was being trained to use gestures and keyboard presses ("Lexigrams").<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Savage-Rumbaugh|McDonald|Sevcik|Hopkins|1986}}</ref> The spontaneous productions by Kanzi occurred in the absence of Matata. Kanzi could produce 400 words and recognize 500. == Natural gestures == The Premacks note that chimpanzees use some gestures with each other, which the trainers use to communicate with both the language-trained chimpanzees and the control chimpanzees. * Requests for food ** hand cupped, palm upward, for a chimpanzee to place food in ** extruding lips in supplication * Appeasement ** One chimpanzee, trembling, hugged Premack at the beginning of his career, as if to appease him at the time of displaying outrage * Grooming * Eating * Greeting == Other personal traits == The Premacks stated that the chimpanzees had specific traits, such as favorite trainers, and that some chimpanzees, such as Gussie, seemed more fearful than the others. As previously noted, the Premacks noticed that Jessie seemed to be the brightest of the nine chimpanzee subjects. For example, she did not hesitate to unmask a masked researcher, which none of the other chimpanzees attempted. It is clear that the Premacks attempted to provide a humane, supportive environment for the chimpanzees. Vauclair notes that chimpanzees become distressed in the absence of their favorite companion.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Vauclair|1996}}</ref> == See also == * Primate cognition * Thomas Nagel (seminal paper, "What is it like to be a bat?") * Animal cognition * Alex (parrot), so far the only non-human animal ever to ask an existential question. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0k8e0ey7wkmf80a5jz1fjps40045z3z 0 158458 875085 860407 2026-07-03T15:38:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|drug_name=|IUPAC_name=2-(Cyclohexylcarbonyl)-2,3,6,7,8,12b-hexahydropyrazino[2,1-''a''][2]benzazepin-4(1''H'')-one|image=Epsiprantel 200.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=175 <!--Clinical data -->|tradename=Cestex|Drugs.com=|MedlinePlus=|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM -->|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]]|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P52|ATC_suffix=AA04|ATC_supplemental={{ATCvet|P52|AA54}} <!--Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=Minimal<ref name="PI">{{cite web|title=Cestex (epsiprantel) Veterinary Tablets. 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Kalamazoo, MI 49007|access-date=2 October 2016|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226162033/https://www.zoetisus.com/_locale-assets/mcm-portal-assets/products/pdf/cestex-zoetis-pi.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers -->|CAS_number=98123-83-2|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=0C1SPQ0FSR|PubChem=72026|ChemSpiderID=65020|ChEMBL=64979|DrugBank=|synonyms=BRL 38705 <!--Chemical data -->|C=20|H=26|N=2|O=2|smiles=O=C4N2C(c1c(cccc1)CCC2)CN(C(=O)C3CCCCC3)C4|StdInChI=1S/C20H26N2O2/c23-19-14-21(20(24)16-8-2-1-3-9-16)13-18-17-11-5-4-7-15(17)10-6-12-22(18)19/h4-5,7,11,16,18H,1-3,6,8-10,12-14H2|StdInChIKey=LGUDKOQUWIHXOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N}} <templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Epsiprantel</nowiki&gt;">Epsiprantel</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Epsiprantel_200.svg|class=skin-invert-image|175x175px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]] | class="infobox-data" |Cestex |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |BRL 38705 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Route of administration|Hanyoyin gudanarwa<br />]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Oral administration|Ta hanyar baki]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|Lambobin ATCvet]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * QP52AA54 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.&#x3C;span&#x20;title=]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP52AA54 WHO]</span>.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP52AA04" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">WHO) QP52 AA54 (WHO) &#x20;&#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Matsayi na Shari'a |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Matsayi na Shari'a | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr>:</small>&#x20;Sai dai </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan Magunguna |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bioavailability | class="infobox-data" |Ƙananan |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">2- (Cyclo''Ha'') -2,3,6,7,8,12b-hexahydropyrazino[2,1-a][2]benzazepin-4 (1H) -ɗaya</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=98123-83-2 98123-83-2]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/72026 72026]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.65020.html 65020]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/0C1SPQ0FSR 0C1SPQ0FSR]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL64979 ChEMBL64979]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID3057858 DTXSID3057858][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1347716#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span>₂₀<span title="Hydrogen">H</span>₂₆<span title="Nitrogen">N</span>₂<span title="Oxygen">O</span>₂ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |326,440 g·mol-1&nbsp;⁻¹ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC4N2C%28c1c%28cccc1%29CCC2%29CN%28C%28%3DO%29C3CCCCC3%29C4 Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C4N2C (c1c (cccc1) CCC2) CN (C (=O) C3CCCCC3) C4</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C20H26N2O2/c23-19-14-21 (20 (24) 16-8-2-1-3-9-16) 13-18-17-11-5-4-7-15 (17) 10-6-12-22 (18) 19/h4-5,7,11,16,18H,1-3,6,8-10,12-14H2</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli:LGUDKOQUWIHXOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div> </div> |} '''Epsiprantel''' (sunan kasuwanci '''Cestex''') magani ne na dabbobi wanda ake amfani dashi azaman maganin rigakafi kamar ''Echinococcus granulosus'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arru E, Garippa G, Manger BR |date=November 1990 |title=Efficacy of epsiprantel against Echinococcus granulosus infections in dogs |journal=Research in Veterinary Science |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=378–9 |doi=10.1016/0034-5288(90)90080-N |pmid=2267429}}</ref> == Bayani == An nuna shi don cire cestodes (tapeworms) a cikin cats (''Dipylidium caninum'' da ''Taenia taeniaeformis'') da karnuka (''Dipylidium caninum'' da ''Taenia pisiformis'') makonni 7 da haihuwa. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r24ojv9m7m44wvvsds8fhsm1eefled4 0 158823 875726 861860 2026-07-04T08:51:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan Tarihi na Bartolomeu Dias''' (wanda kuma aka rubuta "Bartholomeu") shine gidan tarihi na biyu mafi girma a lardin da ke da alaƙa da Sashen Al'adu da Wasanni na Yammacin Cape a Afirka ta Kudu. Yana nan a Mossel Bay . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dias Museum, Mossel Bay |url=http://www.southafrica.net/za/en/articles/entry/article-southafrica.net-dias-museum-mossel-bay |access-date=17 January 2014 |publisher=southafrica.net}}</ref> == Bayani == Gidan Tarihi na Bartolomeu Dias wata cibiya ce ta gwamnati mai fannoni daban-daban wadda aka ba wa alhakin kiyayewa da kuma kiyaye albarkatun al'adu da na halitta na gida don ilimi da jin daɗin baƙi na gida da na waje. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Haka kuma ana buƙatar bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin yankin ta hanyar jawo hankalin baƙi daga sassa daban-daban na duniya waɗanda ke ƙarewa suna kashe kuɗinsu a harkokin kasuwancin gida. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, Gidan Tarihi na Dias ya kasance ginshiƙin masana'antar yawon buɗe ido a Mossel Bay . Mutane da yawa waɗanda ke tafiya ta hanyar Garden Route daga [[Cape Town]] zuwa [[Port Elizabeth]], akasin haka, suna zuwa Mossel Bay don ganin gidan tarihi. Ƙungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane na gida daban-daban suna amfani da kayan tarihi don al'adu, tarurruka, bita da tarurruka. Bartolomeu Dias ya sauka a Mossel Bay a 1488. Duk wurin gidan tarihi wuri ne na tarihi na lardin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bartolomeu Dias Museum |url=http://www.westerncape.gov.za/facility/bartolomeu-dias-museum-0 |access-date=17 January 2013 |publisher=Western Cape Government |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017042144/http://www.westerncape.gov.za/facility/bartolomeu-dias-museum-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gidan tarihin yana da fannoni daban-daban na tarihi domin ya ƙunshi tarihin al'adu da na halitta na Mossel Bay. Lambun tsirrai na wurin yana da tsire-tsire da bishiyoyi na asali waɗanda mazauna yankin na farko suka yi amfani da su a matsayin ganye. A wurin akwai kabarin bayin [[Maleshiya|Malay]] wanda a halin yanzu al'ummar [[musulmi]] na yankin ke amfani da shi a matsayin wurin ibada. Ana kiran gidan tarihin "hadaddun" saboda ya ƙunshi gine-gine uku, wato Gidan Tarihin Ruwa, Gidan Tarihin Shell, da kuma Granary. A cikin gidan tarihin akwai kuma gine-gine biyu na ƙarni na 19 da ake kira Munro cottages. == Tarihi == Wannan gidan tarihi wani babban ci gaba ne na '''Gidan Tarihi na Mossel Bay''' wanda Hukumar Amintattu ta kafa a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1960. Mai Gudanarwa ne ya ayyana shi ta amfani da Dokar 1914. Babu wani muhimmin jigo a ciki yayin da aka nemi mutanen yankin su bayar da gudummawar kayayyakin tarihi na yankin. An bude gidan tarihi na asali ga jama'a a shekarar 1963. Hukumar Amintattu ce ta kafa '''Gidan Tarihi na Ofishin Wasiku''' a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1984. An kafa Gidan Tarihi na Bartolomeu Dias a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1989 sakamakon Bikin Dias na 1988. Mai Gudanarwa ya yi amfani da Dokar 1975 don canza sunan Gidan Tarihi na Ofishin Wasiku na Yankin Bishiyoyi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Bartolomeu Dias. == Manazarta == tsh88swkq37y6dp4oabgjy4p06oxehg 0 158865 875869 862010 2026-07-04T11:33:44Z Sadiq maikano 45961 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348150190|Tony Peña (pitcher)]]" 875869 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ramon Antonio Peña''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1982), tsohon dan wasan kwallon kwando ne na Dominican. Ya taka leda a Major League Baseball (MLB) tare da [[Arizona Diamondbacks]] da [[Chicago White Sox]], kuma a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kwallon Kwando ta China (CPBL) don [[Chinatrust Brothers]] Ya jefa ƙwallon ƙafa mai sauri na 4 da 2, mai laushi, da canji. Ana ɗaukar slider na Pena yana da sama da matsakaicin hutu, kuma ƙwallon ƙafa na saurin sa na 4 ya fi kyau fiye da yadda ƙididdigarsa za ta nuna, yin hukunci ta hanyar sauri da iko. == Ayyukan sana'a == === Arizona Diamondbacks === Peña ta sanya hannu ne daga Arizona Diamondbacks a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2002. Peña ya taka leda a karkashin sunan dan uwansa Adriano Rosario wanda ya girme shi da shekaru uku a cikin lokutan farko na baseball na Double-A . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Farrey, Tom |date=May 18, 2004 |title=Boras confirms player used false identity |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id=1803614 |access-date=September 17, 2008 |website=[[ESPN]].com}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa MLB a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2006. A matsayinsa na rookie, ya tafi 3-4 tare da 5.58 ERA a kan 30+2⁄3 innings. Ya buga 21, yayin da yake tafiya takwas kuma ya ba da gida shida. Bayan ya yi alfaharin 1.04 ERA a watan Yuli, Peña ya yi gwagwarmaya a watan Agusta tare da 6.59 ERA da Satumba tare da 9.82 ERA. A cikin watan karshe na kakar, ya buga wasanni biyu ba tare da ci ba a wasanni shida.  Peña ya shiga cikin jerin sunayen Major League daga horo na bazara a karo na farko a cikin aikinsa a 2007. Ya fara kakar wasa ta farko a ranar 3 ga Afrilu a kan Colorado Rockies, inda ya jefa wasanni biyu ba tare da samun nasara ba. Ya sami nasararsa ta farko a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, inda ya yi nasara sosai. Ya gama watan Mayu yana tafiya 2-1 tare da 1.88 ERA tare da riƙewa uku. Peña ya karbi cetonsa na farko na kakar a ranar 8 ga Mayu a kan Philadelphia Phillies, na biyu na aiki. Ya zira kwallaye 12 ba tare da samun nasara ba daga Yuni 5 zuwa 28, mafi tsawo a kakar ta hanyar D-backs reliever. Ya kasance na huɗu a tarihin franchise tare da 32 aiki kuma yana da na biyu a cikin jerin rikodin rikodin lokaci guda tare da 30 holds, 5 a bayan Brandon Lyon. Peña ya karbi babban wasansa na farko a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu a kan Houston Astros, RBI guda zuwa filin dama. Ya gudanar da wasanni 23 ya jagoranci tawagar kuma ya zama na huɗu a gasar National League a shekara ta 2008. Ayyukansa 55 sune na biyu kawai bayan Brandon Lyon na 62 a tarihin tawagar. Ya yi rikodin 5 a jere a karo na biyu a cikin aikinsa daga Afrilu 21 zuwa 30. Peña ya sami nasararsa ta farko a kakar a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu a kan Detroit Tigers . === Chicago White Sox === A ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009, an sayar da Peña zuwa Chicago White Sox don musayar dan wasan Brandon Allen. Ya tafi 1-2 tare da Sox a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya haɗu da 6-5 tare da ceto biyu, 55 strikeouts da 3.99 ERA a wasanni 72. A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2011, an sanya Peña a cikin jerin nakasassu na kwanaki 15 tare da tendinitis na hannun dama wanda ya koma baya zuwa ranar 28 ga Mayu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantasy Baseball Breaking News - Rotoworld.com |url=http://www.rotoworld.com/content/playerpages/playerbreakingnews.asp?sport=MLB&id=1121&line=325896&spln=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009162228/http://www.rotoworld.com/content/playerpages/playerbreakingnews.asp?sport=MLB&id=1121&line=325896&spln=1 |archive-date=2012-10-09 |website=www.rotoworld.com}}</ref> Daga baya za a sauya shi zuwa jerin nakasassu na kwanaki 60, inda ya kwashe sauran kakar. White Sox ne suka saki Peña a ranar 14 ga Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2011 |title=White Sox Outright Four, Release Pena |url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2011/10/white-sox-outright-four-release-pena.html |access-date=January 30, 2025 |website=mlbtraderumors.com |language=en}}</ref> === Mala'iku na Los Angeles === A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, 2012, Peña ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kananan kungiyoyi tare da Los Angeles Angels . An sake shi a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2013. === Sultanes na Monterrey === A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2014, Peña ya sanya hannu tare da Sultanes na Monterrey na Ƙungiyar Mexico. A wasanni 14 na Monterrey, ya yi rikodin 2-1 da 8.56 ERA tare da 21 strikeouts a fadin innings. Sultanes ne suka saki Peña a ranar 27 ga Afrilu.  === Chinatrust Brothers === A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2014, Peña ya sanya hannu tare da Chinatrust Brothers na Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta China. Ya zama wakilin kyauta bayan kakar. === Juyin Juya Halin York === A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2015, Peña ya sanya hannu tare da York Revolution na Atlantic League of Professional Baseball . A wasanni 36 da ya buga wa York, ya buga rikodin 2-2 da 2.75 ERA tare da 31 strikeouts a fadin 39+1⁄3 innings. Peña ya zama wakilin kyauta bayan kakar.  A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2016, Peña ya sake sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila tare da juyin juya halin. Ya buga wasanni 28 (23 farawa) ga tawagar, ya tara rikodin 7-10 da 5.58 ERA tare da 82 strikeouts a fadin 138 + 2⁄3 innings na aiki. Peña ya zama wakilin kyauta bayan kakar.  == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nrgbizrobtuuycx0z2cuyuhdtdntiq9 0 159152 875669 863439 2026-07-04T06:44:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Geralin Thomas''' ƙwararriyar mai ba da shawara ce a fannin shirya shirye-shirye ta Amurka wacce aka fi sani da fitowarta a shirin talabijin ''[[Masu tarawa (jerin talabijin)|na Hoarders]]'' . Ita ce mamallakin kamfanin Metropolitan Organizing, <ref>{{Cite web |title=ABOUT GERALIN THOMAS Dedicated to Reducing Career-Related Confusion and Replacing Chaos With Clarity and Confidence |url=https://www.metropolitanorganizing.com/about-geralin-thomas/ |website=www.metropolitanorganizing.com |access-date=2026-06-21 |archive-date=2024-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225142246/https://www.metropolitanorganizing.com/about-geralin-thomas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da ke Cary, North Carolina . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Thomas a Geralin Henning a shekarar 1961 a Grosse Pointe, Michigan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-02 |title=A&E 'Hoarders' begins, Geralin Thomas interview |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/smallscreen/features/article_1498710.php/A&E-Hoarders-begins-Geralin-Thomas-interview#sthash.Oqgc0Cmp.dpuf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811225725/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/smallscreen/features/article_1498710.php/A%26E-Hoarders-begins-Geralin-Thomas-interview#sthash.Oqgc0Cmp.dpuf |archive-date=2010-08-11 |access-date=2014-06-11 |publisher=Monsters and Critics}}</ref> Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar North Carolina, Chapel Hill tare da digiri na farko a tarihin fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Tiny Tasks: A Room-By-Room Organization Guide" |url=http://www.flashedition.com/publication/?i=98434&p=14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000151/http://www.flashedition.com/publication/?i=98434&p=14 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2014-07-18}}</ref> == Sana'a == Thomas ya yi aiki a masana'antar tafiye-tafiye, kafin ya kafa Metropolitan Organizing, LLC, a shekara ta 2002. <ref>[https://nationalpost.com/life/horrors+hoarding/4479171/story.html "The horrors of hoarding"]{{Dead link|date=October 2025}}. ''National Post'', Ben Kaplan, Mar. 21, 2011</ref> Ta fito a shirye-shirye daban-daban, ciki har da: * Canza Lokaci don Cibiyar Raya Rayuwa Mai Kyau , * ''[[Masu tarawa (jerin talabijin)|Hoarders]]'' akan A &amp;amp; E, wanda ya fito a cikin shirye-shirye 22 daga 2009 zuwa 2012, * Nunin Nate Berkus , * Nunin Joy Behar , * A yau , * Gyaran Lokaci. An yi mata hira da shirye-shirye da dama na rediyo kan batutuwa da suka shafi tattarawa da tsara ayyuka na ƙwararru, ciki har da, ''Rediyon Gudanar da Lokaci'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-27 |title=Internet Talk Radio &#124; Time Management Radio |url=http://webtalkradio.net/internet-talk-radio/time-management-radio/ |access-date=2014-06-11 |publisher=WebTalkRadio.net}}</ref> Blog Talk Radio <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-31 |title=What is Compulsive Hoarding? 10/31 by Joy Keys &#124; Psychology Podcasts |url=http://www.blogtalkradio.com/joykeys/2009/10/31/what-is-compulsive-hoarding-1 |access-date=2014-06-11 |publisher=Blogtalkradio.com}}</ref> da Sunny 93 FM. Thomas ta shiga Ƙungiyar Masu Shirya Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa (NAPO) a watan Agusta na 2003, an canza sunan ƙungiyar zuwa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Masu Samar da Ayyuka da Shirya Ƙungiyoyi ta Ƙasa a 2017. Ta kasance mai koyarwa a NAPO tun 2006. Thomas ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaba a reshen NAPO-NC daga 2004 zuwa 2007 da kuma shugaba daga 2007 zuwa 2008. A shekara ta 2009, Thomas ya zama Kwararren Mai Shirya Shirye-shirye a Tsarin Rashin Tsarin Gudanarwa na Zamani kuma a shekara ta 2013 an nada shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Kwararren Mai Rage Tsarin Gudanarwa na Zamani a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na shekara-shekara na 7 da NAPO-Los Angeles ke gabatarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geralin Thomas, CPO, CD {{!}} - Triangle Business Journal |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/triangle/potmsearch/detail/submission/1452341/Geralin_Thomas_CPO_CD?l=&time=&ind=&type=&ro=5794 |access-date=2016-07-24 |website=Triangle Business Journal}}</ref> Thomas tana da shafin yanar gizo inda ta yi hira da ƙwararrun masu shirya shirye-shirye [1] kuma ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga Clutter Diet daga 2008 har zuwa 2011. Shawarwarinta kan rikice-rikicen tara kuɗi da tsara ƙwararru ana yawan ambaton su a jaridu, mujallu [2], wallafe-wallafe da sauran kafofin watsa labarai na bugawa, ciki har da: Huffington Post, [3] TV Guide [4] da Experience Life Magazine. [5] Ta kuma rubuta labarai ga mujallu daban-daban. [1] == Littattafai == * Thomas, Geralin. Rage Gurɓatar Gida: Nasihu, Dabaru & Sirrin Ciniki (Satumba 2015). Littattafan Firefly. . * Thomas, Geralin. Daga Hoarding zuwa Bege: Fahimtar Mutanen da Ke Ajiye Kuɗi da Yadda Za a Taimaka musu (Afrilu 2015). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781506148359|<bdi>9781506148359</bdi>]] * An ambace ta a cikin ''littafin Dirty Secret: A Daughter Comes Clean About Her Mother's Tilastive Hoarding'' da kuma ''Jagorar ICD don Haɗin gwiwa da Masu Shiryawa na Ƙwararru'' . == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekarar 1988, ta auri lauya William Thomas. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] n4umoce8rt6hqvk9cftp2wq31inq0wb 0 159413 875724 864898 2026-07-04T08:44:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875724 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox company/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Northfield Laboratories Inc.''' (tsohon NASDAQ: '''NFLD''') shine mai yin PolyHeme, mai ɗaukar iskar oxygen (HBOC). Kamfanin ya kasance a [[Evanston Il|Evanston, Illinois]], tare da Dokta Steven A. Gould a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2005, kamfanin yana da ma'aikata 68. An kafa shi a cikin 1985 kuma yafi kamfani ne na bincike da ci gaba. Samfurin Northfield kawai shine PolyHeme, mai maye gurbin jini mai dauke da iskar oxygen, wanda ya kasa samun amincewar Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna (FDA). A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2009, bayan FDA ta sanar da shi hadarin samfurin ya fi fa'idodi, kamfanin ya rufe ayyukan. A lokacin ayyukansu, sun yi asarar kusan dala miliyan 220.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northfield Labs shuts operations |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-sat-northfield-0509-may09,0,1111961.story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512103530/http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-sat-northfield-0509-may09,0,1111961.story |archive-date=May 12, 2009 |access-date=May 9, 2009 |website=www.chicagotribune.com}}</ref> Har ila yau, an soki kamfanin saboda wasu abubuwan ƙira na gwaje-gwajen asibiti da suka shafi buƙatar yin kulawa mai mahimmanci da sake farfadowa yayin da marasa lafiya ke cikin mawuyacin yanayin asibiti saboda hanyoyin raunin da aka samu da kuma rashin iyawar marasa lafiya don samar da yardar da aka sani don magani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rhee |first=Joseph |date=May 23, 2007 |title=Test of Controversial Artificial Blood Product a Failure |url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/05/test_of_controv.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218222258/http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/05/test_of_controv.html |archive-date=December 18, 2007 |website=ABCNews}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Gwajin asibiti * Kulawa ta gaggawa * Gwajin Mutum mara kyau a Amurka == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=6914127&OS=6914127&RS=6914127 Takardar shaidar PolyHeme.]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tl5axtmzqtne5ww3pjqhht90czukd4u 0 159607 875301 866316 2026-07-03T18:46:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''FPSO ''Noble Seillean''''' ita ce jirgin ruwa na farko da ke samar da mai, adanawa da kuma sauke mai a wuri mai aiki . == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan ''Seillean'' yana nufin "kudan zuma" a cikin Gaelic. == Tarihi == An sanya wa jirgin suna a matsayin jirgin samar da mai na rijiya ɗaya (SWOPS) lokacin da Harland &amp;amp; Wolff suka gina wa BP a shekarar 1986-1988. An ƙera jirgin ne don ya yi aiki a yanayin da aka samu a wata rijiya ta yankin Tekun Arewa. Seillan za ta isa filin, ta haɗu da kan rijiyar, ta cika tankunanta, ta cire ta, ta yi tafiya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa, ta fitar da mai, ta maimaita wannan tsari duk bayan kwana 20. Matthew Hall Engineering ne ya tsara kuma ya sayi masana'antar sarrafa mai, wutar lantarki da kuma riser, gami da haɗin ƙarƙashin teku, wanda kuma ya ba da taimakon gini da kuma ƙaddamar da wuraren samar da mai. Asalin bayanin da aka yi wa jirgin shine kamar haka: An fara tura ''Seillean'' a watan Afrilun 1990 zuwa filin mai na Cyrus da ke Block 16/28 a ɓangaren Burtaniya na Tekun Arewa . An tura ta karo na biyu a watan Afrilun 1992 zuwa [[Donan field|filin Donan]], a shekarar 1993 BP ta miƙa ''Seillean'' ga Falcon Reading &amp;amp; Bates waɗanda suka ci gaba da kwangilar har sai da rijiyoyin suka lalace a shekarar 1996. Kamfanin mai na Brazil Petrobras ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu ga ''Seillean'' don tantance yuwuwar filin Roncador . An haɓaka ''Seillean'' zuwa FPSO ta hanyar sanya tsarin sauke kaya, kuma ya isa Brazil a watan Disamba na 1998. <ref name="roncador">{{Cite web |title=Roncador, Campos Basin, Brazil |url=http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/roncador/ |access-date=2010-06-17 |website=Offshore-Technology |publisher=Net Resources International}}</ref> Bayan mallakar Reading & Bates daga Transocean, Frontier Drilling ta sayi jirgin a shekarar 2002. An mayar da ita filin Jubarte. A watan Fabrairun 2006, jirgin ya fara aiki a filin Golfinho da ke karkashin ikon Petrobras a yankin Espirito Santo da ke kusa da Brazil. A shekarar 2007, an mayar da ''Seillean'' zuwa filin mai na Pipa 2. A watan Afrilun 2010 bayan malalar mai a Macondo Prospect, Kamfanin Noble Corporation ya yi kwangilar ''Seillean'' . Bayan ta wargaza sansaninta daga Brazil, ta isa Macondo kafin watan Yunin 2010 don tattarawa da sarrafa mai daga rijiyoyin agaji. A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2010, ''Noble'' ta fara haɗin gwiwa da Frontier Drilling, inda ta sayi ''Seillean'' . A watan Disamba na 2010 aka sake mata suna ''Noble Seillean'' kuma aka canza tutar rajistarta daga Panama zuwa Liberia. <ref name="dnv">{{Cite web |title=Noble Seillean |url=https://exchange.dnv.com/Exchange/Main.aspx?EXTool=Vessel&VesselID=31900 |access-date=2011-11-20 |publisher=[[Det Norske Veritas]] |archive-date=2012-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406225153/https://exchange.dnv.com/Exchange/Main.aspx?EXTool=Vessel&VesselID=31900 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 8xyby7ukwurmx6cvxh14vnkkvnjchtt 0 159618 875825 866373 2026-07-04T11:00:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Gimbiya MS Daphne''''', wacce a da take ''mulkin Ocean Monarch'', ''Ocean Odyssey'', ''Switzerland'', ''Daphne'', ''Akrotiri Express'' . [[JIRGIN RUWA NA FASINJA DON SHKATAWA SHAKATWA|jirgin ruwa]] ne mai matsakaicin girma. Da farko ita ce jirgin ruwan jigilar kaya mai sanyaya abinci ''a Port Sydney'' . Jirgin 'yar uwarta ita ce ''Gimbiya Danae'', wacce aka gina a matsayin ''Port Melbourne'' . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:StateLibQld_1_149407_Port_Sydney_(ship).jpg|left|thumb|209x209px|''Port Sydney'']] [[Fayil:Grieks_Carras-cruiseschip_Daphne_in_Amsterdam,_het_schi_Daphne_in_de_Amsterd,_Bestanddeelnr_928-6080.jpg|left|thumb|206x206px|''Daphne'' a [[Amsterdam]], 1976]] Swan, Hunter &amp;amp; Wigham Richardson ne suka gina ta a Wallsend, Ingila a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai sanyaya kaya don Port Line . An ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1954 kuma aka kammala ta a watan Maris na 1955. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Sydney |url=http://www.tynebuiltships.co.uk/P-Ships/portsydney1955.html |access-date=3 May 2022 |website=Tyne Built Ships |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust}}</ref> Tsakanin 1972 da 1974, an mayar da ita jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu a Chalkis Shipyard, Piraeus, Girka. <ref name="fakta">{{Cite web |last=Asklander |first=Micke |title=M/S PORT SYDNEY. |url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/port_sydney_1955.htm |access-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> [[Fayil:Daphné_-_1992.jpg|left|thumb|212x212px|''Daphne'' a shekarar 1990 ko 1992]] [[Fayil:MS_Daphne_(4201230810)_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|210x210px|''Daphne'' a shekarar 1993. Ana iya ganin <nowiki><i id="mwXQ">Estonia</i></nowiki> a baya.]] Ta yi aiki a matsayin jirgin asibiti a [[Sri Lanka]] a shekarar 2005. <ref name="fakta"/> An sanar da cewa Gimbiya Daphne ta isa Alang, Indiya da sunan ''Daphne'' don share ta, bayan tafiya daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Souda ta Cretan, inda aka ajiye ta a watan Satumba na 2012. Bankin ya mayar da ita ga 'yan uwan Patimanios bayan sayar da kadarorin jiragen ruwan Classic International Cruises a shekarar 2013. A farkon shekarar 2014, jita-jita ta fara yawo tana cewa za ta koma aiki a karkashin tutar "Classic International Cruises". An tabbatar da cewa wadannan jita-jita karya ne lokacin da aka sanar da cewa an sayar da ita ga 'yan kasuwar tarkacen Indiya. An tsare ta a bakin teku a Alang kafin 1 ga Yuli, 2014 kuma an fara share ta jim kadan bayan haka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daphne |url=http://maritimematters.com/2014/06/demolishing-daphne/ |access-date=24 December 2018 |website=maritimematters.com |archive-date=6 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106223419/http://maritimematters.com/2014/06/demolishing-daphne/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 6e634k4uriv42zj8nn5ykuvrpyiwkax 0 159940 875506 869041 2026-07-03T22:06:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Felipe Pigna''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1959) masanin tarihi ne kuma marubuci ɗan ƙasar Argentina . Yana cikin marubutan da suka fi sayarwa a Argentina. <ref>[http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/notas/2009/05/11/_-01916123.htm Felipe Pigna: "Me gustaría que mis críticos se tomen el trabajo de leerme"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515000155/http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/notas/2009/05/11/_-01916123.htm |date=2009-05-15 }} Nobody will spend time reading me, because I'm a biased history writer. {{In lang|es}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Pigna yana koyarwa a Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini, yana jagorantar aikin ''Ver la Historia'' wanda ya samar da shirye-shiryen fina-finai 13 da suka shafi zamanin Tarihin Argentina daga 1776 zuwa 2001. Shi marubuci ne a fannin rubuce-rubuce, yana fitowa a shirye-shiryen rediyo, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga jaridu da mujallu kamar ''Noticias'', ''Veintitrés'' da ''Todo es Historia'' . Shi ne darektan mujallar ''Caras y Caretas'' . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tarihi ga hanyoyin sadarwa na talabijin kamar HBO, People and Arts, RAI na Italiya, da kuma Antena 3 na Spain. Ya kasance marubuci a cikin ''Historia Confidencial'', wani shirin talabijin na Argentina. Pigna babban jami'in gudanarwa ne kuma yana rubutu a gidan yanar gizo mai suna El Historiador (The Historiador) wanda ke da tarihi. Sau da yawa ana ganinsa a kafofin watsa labarai yana magana game da batutuwa na tarihi. Shi ne mai masaukin baki na ''Vida y Vuelta'', wani shirin talabijin na shirye-shiryen tarihi da tambayoyi. Tare da Mario Pergolini, Pigna ya rubuta, ya shirya kuma ya dauki nauyin ''shirin Algo habrán hecho por la historia argentina'', wani shirin talabijin da aka watsa a shekarar 2005 (kuma daga baya aka fitar da shi a cikin faifan DVD) wanda ya hada shirye-shiryen tarihi, barkwanci da kuma sake fasalin abubuwan tarihi kyauta. Shirin ya ba shi kyautar Martín Fierro, kuma a jawabinsa na karɓuwa ya sadaukar da kyautar ga wasu daga cikin jaruman kasarsa na tarihi, wato Mariano Moreno, Juan José Castelli, Manuel Belgrano da Manuel Dorrego . == Salo == Ayyukan Felipe Pigna ba su da nufin jama'a masu ilimi, sai dai ga jama'a. Don wannan dalili, yana amfani da kalamai marasa tushe, da kuma wasu barkwanci da kuma ambato ga mai karatu. Yana ƙoƙarin danganta tarihi da Argentina da Argentina ta zamani, yana kafa kamanceceniya tsakanin abubuwan da suka faru a baya da na zamani ko yanayi. Yana ganin cewa abubuwan da suka faru ba sa maimaita kansu daidai saboda yanayi yana canzawa, amma sakamakon zai iya zama iri ɗaya, kamar gibin dukiya da ke haifar da gwamnatocin kama-karya. <ref>[https://periodismo-translucido.blogspot.com/2007/06/la-historia-no-se-repite-continua.html Felipe Pigna: La historia no se repite, continua] {{In lang|es}} (interview)</ref> Ayyukansa galibi suna kwatanta tarihi a matsayin takaddama tsakanin mutane da ajin masu iko, inda na ƙarshe ke cin zarafin jama'a a lokaci zuwa lokaci, kuma duk da haka mutane za su sami damar cimma wasu nasarori, ko da kuwa ba su daɗe ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] jr97r2fzd8rq9ge8j79lkvvmrysvsvm 0 159961 875767 869179 2026-07-04T10:22:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gidauniyar H2O Africa''' wata ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta ce (NGO) wadda Matt Damon ya kafa don faɗakar da mutane game da ayyukan samar da tabbataccen ruwa mai tsafta a Afirka. Tana ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen balaguro da fim ɗin gaskiya na Running the Sahara wanda Damon, James Moll, LivePlanet, da Independent Producers Alliance suka ɗauki nauyi. A cikin watan Yulin 2009, Gidauniyar H2O Africa ta haɗe da WaterPartners don kafa Water.org, ƙungiyar da Matt Damon da Gary White na WaterPartners suka haɗa gwiwa wajen kafawa.<ref>[http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/07/15/waterpartners-actor-damon-create-waterorg/ Damon joins K.C. organization to provide for developing communities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225000821/http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2009/07/15/waterpartners-actor-damon-create-waterorg/ |date=2012-02-25 }} AP, July 15, 2009</ref> == Tarihi == Lokacin da Matt Damon da abokan aikinsa na shirye-shirye Marc Joubert, Larry Tanz, da Keith Quinn suka fara aiki a kan tsara balaguro da fim don Running the Sahara, Damon ya sami dabarar ƙaddamar da wani shiri na sadaka. An ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance a cikin bazaran shekara ta 2006, kuma an ɗauki Richard Klopp a matsayin babban darektan ƙaddamarwa.<ref>[http://afchive.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2006/09/12/damon_spices_up_fund_raiser/ Damon spices up fund-raiser - The Boston Globe<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Lokacin da mai kuɗaɗen fim na IPA ya shigo cikin shirin, an sanya wa gidauniyar suna a hukumance H2O Africa kuma an sanar da ita a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2006 yayin taron ONEXONE a bikin Fim na Duniya na Toronto.<ref>[http://www.globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php Actor Matt Damon aims to create public awareness of the water crisis with H2O Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422082546/http://www.globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php |date=2008-04-22 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> An kafa ta ne azaman reshen sadaka na aikin fim ɗin Running the Sahara, da nufin tara kuɗi da faɗakarwa ga ƙungiyoyi irin su Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) Clean Water Initiative, Living Water International, da aikin Millennium Promise. A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2007, H2O Africa ta sanar da sabon haɗin gwiwa da Gidauniyar Ryan's Well.<ref>[http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm Ryan's Well Foundation and the H2O Africa Foundation Announce Partnership for Clean Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411001026/http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm |date=2008-04-11 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.positivenews.org.uk/artman/publish/article_1238.shtml Ryan's Well and H2O Africa Join Forces For Clean Water] retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> == Ayyuka == {{update-section|date=October 2014}} H2O Africa ta kasance da hannu a cikin ayyuka kamar haka: * '''Shirin Matasan Duniya Domin Tsaftataccen Ruwa''': H2O Africa tana taimaka wa Gidauniyar Ryan's Well wajen tara kuɗi don wannan aikin ta hanyar ninka duk wani tallafi da aka bayar dala-da-dala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |title=H2O Africa Partnership Project |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827002639/http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |archive-date=2007-08-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manufar wannan aikin ita ce inganta lafiya, jin daɗi, da tsafta a makarantu 15 zuwa 20 a gundumomin Lira da Oyam a yankin Lango na ƙasar Uganda. Bugu da ƙari, aikin zai kuma ba da horo kan tsaftar muhalli a makarantu 90 a gundumomin biyu, gyarawa ko gina wuraren samar da ruwa mai tsafta guda 25, da kuma gina banɗaki na zamani (VIP latrines) guda 10. Ana sa ran za a fara ginin a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2007. * '''Route Nations''': H2O Africa, tare da haɗin gwiwar Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), suna gina hasumiyar ruwa da famfunan ruwa guda biyu a ƙauyen Néré Walo, ƙasar Mauritania.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |title=Project Update - Route Nations |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718210710/http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |archive-date=2007-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agusta 2007, an kusan kammala aikin. * '''Kauyen Millennium''': H2O Africa tana haɗin gwiwa da Millennium Promise don tara kuɗi don aikin Millennium Village a Timbuktu, ƙasar Mali. Aikin ya ƙunshi haɓaka shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don inganta tattalin arzikin gida a fannoni kamar makamashi da ababen more rayuwa, ayyukan samar da abinci mai gina jiki, da daidaiton jinsi.<ref>[http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions Millennium Promise - Interventions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814002722/http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions |date=2007-08-14 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agusta 2007, aikin ya sami kashi 22% na burin kuɗaɗen da yake buƙata na dala $1,750,000. * '''Aikin Rijiya na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya''': H2O Africa tana haɗuwa da Living Water International don gina sabbin rijiyoyi 20 a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, tare da bayar da tallafin kula da waɗannan rijiyoyin na tsawon shekaru 5. Aikin kuma yana da nufin taimakawa wajen inganta kulawar al'umma game da albarkatun ruwa a wannan lokacin. H2O Africa ta ware dala $100,000 don aikin, tare da yin alkawarin ninka ƙarin dala $100,000 na tallafin da za a tara. Ƙungiyar ta tara kashi 72% na burin kuɗaɗenta ya zuwa watan Agusta 2007. * '''L'Desh Fresh''': Bayan da miliyoyin mutane a duk faɗin duniya suka neme shi, a ƙarshe ya shigo kasuwar Amurka a shekara ta 2009. Kwayoyin cuta (parasites), alamun fitsari, datti, da arsenic suna aiki tare don samar da dandano na halitta na L'Desh Fresh: Ruwan Sha mafi Inganci na Gaskiya a Duniya. Amma a ina ya ɓoye? Yayin da yake fara fitowa, mutane suna tambayar hakan. Sai dai cewa wasa ne kawai. To, kusan haka yake. Kamfen ɗin L'Desh Fresh an ƙirƙira shi ne ta kamfanin tallace-tallace na Sullivan Higdon & Sink (SHS) wanda ya sami kyaututtuka a Kansas City, don ƙungiyar agaji ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai zaman kanta da ke KC, wato Water.org. Kusan shekaru ashirin, Water.org tana aiki don samar wa mutane a ƙasashe masu tasowa ruwan sha mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. SHS ta tashi tsaye don taimakawa wajen faɗakarwa da tallafawa wannan manufa, kyauta ba tare da biya ba.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} == Abokan haɗin gwiwa na sadaka == * ONEXONE * Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund * ONE Campaign * A Glimmer of Hope Foundation * Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) * Millennium Promise * Gidauniyar Ryan's Well == Duba kuma == * Matt Damon * Running the Sahara * Water.org == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.aglimmerofhope.org A Glimmer of Hope Foundation] * [http://www.h2oafrica.org/ H2O Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070720135346/http://www.water.cc/main.aspx Living Water International] * [http://www.millenniumpromise.org Millennium Promise] * [http://www.onexonecampaign.com OneXOne Campaign] * [http://www.rcgf.org Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070106080221/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/runningthesahara/ Running the Sahara] 40im89c0bqcnkljc2nx0nt5zhij38k2 0 160391 875038 872586 2026-07-03T14:48:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emmanuel Iheanacho''' ya yi ritaya daga matsayin Kyaftin din Sojan Ruwa wanda aka nada shi Ministan Cikin Gida [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]] a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 2010, lokacin da mukaddashin shugaban kasar [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya sanar da sabon majalisar ministocinsa.<ref name=":0">http://allafrica.com/stories/201004070116.html</ref> [[Abba Moro|Patrick Abba Moro]] ne ya maye gurbinsa a cikin majalisar ministocin da aka sanar a watan Yulin 2011<ref name=":0" /> == Farkon aiki == An haifi Iheanacho a Jihar Imo. Ya halarci Jami'ar Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom inda ya sami digiri na Master of Science a cikin Sufuri na Duniya, kuma ya sami digiri ya Master of Business Administration (MBA) a cikin Janar Management daga Jami'ar Bradford.<ref name=":0" />.Ya shiga rundunar sojan ruwa, ya yi ritaya tare da matsayin kyaftin.<ref>http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/life_style/article01/100410?pdate=100410&ptitle=New%20EXCOF:%20Rising%20To%20Jonathan%27s%20Challenge,%20Meeting%20Nigerians%27%20Expectations</ref> == Ayyukan kasuwanci == Matsayin Iheanacho na baya-bayan nan a matsayin Shugaban Poseidon Commodities Trading Ltd. a London ya ƙare a cikin rikice-rikicen shari'a tare da ma'aikata kuma kotun aiki a London ce ta kula da shi. Iheanacho ya zama Manajan Darakta na Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Duniya, kuma Shugaban / Shugaba na Integrated Oil and Gas.<ref name=":0" />.A matsayinsa na Babban Sakataren Kungiyar Kamfanonin Jirgin Ruwa ta Najeriya, a watan Yulin 2004 ya yaba da dokar cabotage da aka zartar da ita 'yan shekaru da suka gabata amma ya yi kira ga manufofi masu daidaituwa da ƙarin tallafin kuɗi daga gwamnati don gina masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki ta Najeriya, gami da kirkirar mai jigilar kayayyakin kaya ta kasa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20050920051015/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/money/2004/july/29/money-july29-007.htm#</ref>.A matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban Kungiyar Masu Shige da Jirgin Sama ta Najeriya, a watan Agustan 2007 ya yaba da Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Ruwa da Tsaro ta Najeriya, kuma ya yi kira ga kwanciyar hankali a cikin jagorancinta.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090423163746/http://www.shipsandports.org/news/nugg.htm#</ref> Iheanacho ya sami ganuwa ta duniya a Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ciniki da Ci gaba inda ya kasance mai ba da shawara na waje kan jigilar kayayyaki da sufuri na ruwa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110724092631/http://english.telediaspora.net/en/texte.asp?idinfo=15108</ref>Da yake magana a watan Fabrairun 2010 game da wani rahoto daga Ofishin Jirgin Ruwa na Duniya wanda ya sanya Najeriya ta biyu kawai a Somalia dangane da hadarin fashi, ya yi kira ga kasancewar sojan ruwa mai karfi a cikin ruwan bakin teku.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201002081719.html</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2010 ya yi kira da a cire tsarin sashi na masana'antar mai da iskar gas, kuma ya soki tallafin shekara-shekara na N700 biliyan ga wannan bangaren wanda ya ce an ba da shi kafin ya samar da wani fa'ida ga mutane.<ref>http://bizhallmark.com/index.php/transport_airline_travel_schedule/Maritime/3573.html{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabi Iheanacho a matsayin minista a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008, duk da sukar da aka yi masa cewa ya fito ne daga wannan garin da [[Kema Chikwe]], jakadan Najeriya a Ireland, da Chuka Odum, Ministan Jiha na Muhalli, Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane. Daga baya aka sauke zabensa.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201003290076.html</ref>.An sake zabarsa a matsayin minista a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, kuma an ce shi ne zabin Shugaban Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP), Yarima [[Vincent Eze Ogbulafor|Vincent Ogbulafor]]<ref name=":1" /> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an nada shi Ministan Cikin Gida, Iheanacho ya ziyarci Kurkukun Tsaro na Tsakiya a Kuje, [[Abuja]], inda ya sami ayyukan da ba a gama su ba kuma ya bukaci mataki. Ya kuma ce ma'aikatarsa za ta yi aiki tare da ma'aikalin shari'a don hanzarta shari'ar fursunoni sama da 30,000 da ke jiran shari'a, da kuma ba da damar sakin fursunonin da ba a yi musu shari'a ba bayan shekaru uku ko fiye a kurkuku.<ref name=":1">http://allafrica.com/stories/200811250205.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100329145110/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/40981/1/Cabinet-Governors-protest-rejection-of-nominees/Page1.html#</ref>A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010 ya kaddamar da Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya don Gudanar da Bala'o'in Zaman Lafiya, [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]], wata cibiya don horar da ma'aikatan tsaro.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201004150494.html</ref><ref>http://punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art20100413227910</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2011, gwamnatin Jonathan ta dakatar da Iheanacho daga mukaminsa a matsayin Ministan Cikin Gida kwana daya bayan an sake zabar Jonathan. An ce dalilin ya zama "ƙididdigar da yawa a cikin jagorancin siyasa na ma'aikatar da za a iya ganowa ga halinsa na sirri da na hukuma". Shawarwarin dakatar da ministan maimakon korar ministan ya kasance mai ban mamaki amma ba a bayyana shi nan da nan ba.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201104200088.html</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dmhfczm59evqopo96ox0n0pmos0km7s 0 160394 875039 872677 2026-07-03T14:49:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 875039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emmanuel Chukwuemeka Iwuanyanwu''' (an haife shi 4 ga Satumban shekara ta alif 1942 ya mutu a shekara ta 25 ga Yulin 2024)<ref>https://punchng.com/iwuanyanwu-assumes-office-as-ohanaeze-leader-demands-kanus-release/</ref>ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma shahararren ɗan kasuwa. An dauke shi daya daga cikin mazajen Igbo mafi arziki a Najeriya.<ref>https://www.osundefender.com/ohanaeze-ndigbo-president-emmanuel-iwuanyanwu-is-dead/</ref>.Iwuanyanwu ya kasance har zuwa mutuwarsa shugaban kasa na 11 na Ọhanaeze Ndigbo; wanda George Obiozor ya riga ya wuce.<ref>https://sunnewsonline.com/iwuanyanwu-one-of-igbos-finest-ohanaeze/</ref><ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/594275-iwuanyanwu-is-new-president-general-of-ohanaeze.html</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Cif Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu a ranar Jumma'a, 4 ga Satumba shekara ta alif 1942 ga Pa Bernard Iwuanyanwu da Madam Hulder Iwuanyanwu na Umuohii Atta a yankin [[Ikeduru]] na [[Imo|Jihar Imo]] ta Najeriya. Kakansa, Iwuanyanwu, kwamandan yaki ne wanda ya jagoranci mayaƙan yan asalin yaƙin su. Ko da yake an haife shi a cikin iyali mai tawali'u sosai, Cif Iwuanyanwu ya fito ne a matsayin ɗan siyasa, sannan ɗan kasuwa da kuma mai ba da agaji da za a yi la'akari da shi a Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar St. Patrick,dake Nkpokwu (daga baya aka sake mata suna da Rukpokwu), a jahar Patakwal (port Harcourt), don Standard daya zuwa hudu, daga 1948 zuwa 1952. Don Standard dinsa biyar da shida, an tura shi zuwa Makarantar Firamare ta Triniti Mai Tsarki a Ikilisiyar Triniti Mai tsarki, Umuapara (daga baya aka sake masa suna Rumuapara, yanzu a yankin Obiakpo, Jihar Rivers). Wannan ya kasance daga 1953 zuwa 1954. Daga 1955 zuwa 1959, ya halarci Kwalejin New Bethel, Onitsha, Jihar Anambra. A cikin 1960, Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu, tare da zaɓaɓɓun 'yan kaɗan, an ba su izini a makarantar Kimiyya ta Tarayya, Legas, inda ya yi karatun Pure da Applied Mathematics, Physics da Chemistry.<ref>https://www.thecable.ng/iwuanyanwu-succeeds-obiozor-as-ohanaeze-ndigbo-president-general/</ref> == Ilimi == A shekara ta 1963, ya sami shiga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]],a yankin Nsukka inda ya yi karatun Injiniyanci. Saboda sanannun nasarorin da ya samu a fannin ilimi yayin da yake farkon shekarunsa a jami'a, an ba Iwuanyanwu babbar tallafin musayar ilimi na [[Jamus]] wanda ke rufe kudade, shiga, tikitin hutu da ciyarwa, wanda Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus ta sauƙaƙe. Wannan lambar yabo ta kasance ga 'yan dalibai masu basira na asalin Afirka<ref name=":2">https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/iwuanyanwu-chief-sir-emmanuel-chukwuemeka/</ref> == Kwarewar soja == [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] daya gaba ta a shekara ta a shekara ta 1967 izuwa shekara ta 1970, ya katse karatun Iwuanyanwu. An tsara shi a cikin Daraktan Bincike da Fitarwa na Biafra (RaP) wanda Farfesa Benjamin Chukwuka Nwosu, masanin kimiyyar nukiliya daya ke jagoranta.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/09/04/iwuanyanwu-a-colossus-at-80/</ref> Iwuanyanwu ya yi aiki a cikin Rocket Unit na RaP wanda Farfesa Gordian Ezekwe ke jagoranta.<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200010260283.html</ref>Tare da karancin damar samun makamai daga duniyar waje, wannan rukuni na masu bincike sun sanya takalman tunani, gami da masanin kimiyyar nukiliya, Dokta Felix Oragwu, suna samar da muhimman abubuwan more rayuwa da makamai, musamman [[Ogbunigwe]] mai ban tsoro.<ref>https://www.amazon.com/BIOGRAPHY-NIGERIAS-PROFESSOR-MECHANICAL-ENGINEERING/dp/B08SPKTF78</ref>. Da yake so ya ga aiki, Iwuanyanwu daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin soja wanda ya tashi zuwa kyaftin na ƙungiyar sojojin 'yan tawaye na Biafra da suka rabu kuma suna jagorantar daga gaba a fagen yaƙi. Bayan ya kula da raunin da ya samu a lokacin yakin, an tura shi don yin karatun digiri na soja a Makarantar Binciken Soja ta Biafran. Bayan karatun, an tura shi zuwa sashin injiniyan yaki na Biafran kuma an nada shi Shugaban Injiniyan Sojojin Biafran. A wannan matsayin, ya yi aiki kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin ofishin Janar Janar na Rundunar Sojojin Biafra, Manjo Janar Alexander Madiebo . Nan da nan bayan yakin Biafran, Iwuanyanwu ya ba da kansa don share ma'adanai na lokacin yaƙi ga gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yana da dukkan taswirar leken asiri a matsayin tsohon Shugaban Biafran Combat Intelligence kuma ya san inda ma'adanai suke<ref>https://igberetvnews.com/446140/the-untold-story-of-the-biafran-ogbunigwe/#forward</ref> == Injiniya da aikin kasuwanci == Bayan yakin basasar Najeriya, Iwuanyanwu ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Najeriya, dake yankin Nsukka, ya kammala karatu daga baya a shekarar 1971.<ref name=":0">https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/09/04/iwuanyanwu-a-colossus-at-80/</ref>Iwuanyanwu ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan dalibai a Kamfanin Gine-gine da Kayan Gida na Najeriya, ya tashi ya zama wakilin shafin bayan ya kirkiro sabon zane don samar da jirgin ruwa tare da sashi mai na injin mara amfani. Ya zama injiniya mai rijista na Majalisar Injiniyoyi masu rijista na Najeriya a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 1972.<ref name=":0" /> .A matsayinsa na ƙwararren Injiniya, Iwuanyanwu ya yi gwaji a kan hanya mai sauƙi da sigogi don kankare, yana samar da ƙirar haɗin kankare wanda Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Najeriya ta amince da shi don amfani da shi wajen gina titunan filin jirgin sama da manyan hanyoyi a Najeriya. A shekara ta 1976, Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu ya fara aiki tare da Amurkawa biyu, Mista Harper da Delano. Wadannan uku sun fara kamfanin gini wanda aka kirkiro sunansa, Hardel, daga sunan baƙi biyu. Iwuanyanwu daga baya ya sayi kamfanin daga gare su kuma ya sake masa suna, Hardel da Enic Construction Company. Kasuwancinsa ya girma ya zama kamfani sama da kamfanoni 20, ciki har da Enic Advertising Ltd; Magil Industries Limited; National Post Newspapers; Sunrise Insurance Brokers; Oriental Shipping Lines Limited; Paradise City Hotel, Calabar da Oriental Airlines<ref>https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/iwuanyanwu-chief-sir-emmanuel-chukwuemeka/</ref> Cif Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu kuma ya mallaki jaridu na Daily Champion.<ref>https://www.thecable.ng/iwuanyanwu-at-80-a-life-of-amazing-grace</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == === Ƙoƙarin Farko na Shugaban kasa === A watan Yunin 1990, shugaban soja na Najeriya na lokacin, Janar Ibrahim [[Babangida]], ya ɗaga haramcin da ya sanya kan ayyukan siyasa. Cif Iwuanyanwu ya fito ne a matsayin Shugaban kasa na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya (NNC) wanda daga baya ya haɗu da jam'iyyar National Republican Convention (NRC). Ya yi takara a matsayin [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] a karkashin NRC . Ba zato ba tsammani, Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya kuma ɗaga haramtacciyar tsoffin 'yan siyasa na jamhuriya ta farko da ta biyu, kuma Adamu Ciroma ya shiga gasar. Ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na NRC kuma jam'iyyar ta yanke shawarar cewa Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu zai zama abokin takararsa.<ref>https://independent.ng/iwuanyanwu-was-global-business-political-titan-nsofor/</ref> Jam'iyyar adawa da NRC ita ce Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SDP). Alhaji [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua]] ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na SDP. Abin takaici, an yi zargin yaduwar rashin aiki na zabe daga masu neman shiga jam'iyyun biyu ga gwamnati. Don haka, a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1992, an dakatar da zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyun siyasa. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1992, Majalisar Sojojin Sojoji (AFRC) ta soke sakamakon da aka dakatar da zaben fidda gwani kuma ta rushe shugabannin jam'iyyar NRC da SDP.<ref name=":1">https://sunnewsonline.com/big-lessons-i-learnt-from-politics-dr-emmanuel-iwuanyanwu/</ref> Rashin nasarar sakamakon da rushewar shugabannin jam'iyyun kusan ya jefa Cif Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu da sauran 'yan siyasa daga gasar, ya samar da damar ga Alhaji Bashir Tofa ya fito a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa na NRC. Bayan zaben shugaban kasa a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1993, Moshood Abiola na SDP ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230315231050/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/12/18/ISSUES_PAPER_CHRONOLOGY-OF-EVENTS-JANUARY-1992-FEBRUARY-1995.pdf</ref>Shugaban soji na Najeriya, Janar Ibrahim Babangida, ya soke zaben, yana mai nuna rashin daidaito, amma ba a ba da shaidar zamba ga jama'ar Najeriya ba.<ref name=":1" /> === Ƙoƙarin Shugaban kasa na Biyu === A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1995, Gwamnatin Sojojin Najeriya karkashin jagorancin Janar [[Sani Abacha]], ta kaddamar da sabuwar Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa ta Najeriya (NECON) mai mambobi takwas. Kashegari, Gwamnati ta kafa Kwamitin Aiwatar da Canji (TIC) don kula da tsarin sauyawa zuwa mulkin jama'a.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/07/11/iwuanyanwu-an-igbo-president-may-not-solve-southeasts-agitation/</ref> Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya (NCN) (wanda Cif Iwuanyanwu ya taimaka wajen kirkirarsa) ya haɗu da wasu ƙungiyoyi kamar All Nigerian Congress (ANC), Committee of National Consensus (CNC); da Southern Solidarity Forum (SSF) don kafa United Nigeria Congress (UNC). UNC ta haɗu da Jam'iyyar United Nigeria Party (UNP) don canzawa zuwa Jam'iyyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Najeriya (UNCP). A ranar 30 ga Satumba 1996, NECON ta yi rajistar jam'iyyun siyasa biyar. Wadannan sune: Kwamitin Yarjejeniyar Kasa (CNC), [[Jam'iyyar United Nigeria Congress Party]] (UNCP), Jam'iyya ta Tsakiya ta Najeriya (NCPN), Jam'idar Democrat ta Najeriya (DPN), da Grassroots Democratic Movement (GDM).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230513062817/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/12/18/ISSUES_PAPER_CHRONOLOGY-OF-EVENTS-FEBRUARY-1995-MARCH-1996.pdf</ref>.Baya ga Cif Iwuanyanwu, wasu fitattun mambobin UNCP sune Dim [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] da Janar [[Joseph Nanven Garba]], wanda shine tsohon Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Kudi da Kwamitin Saduwa da Tattalin Arziki na UNCP. Ya fara tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a karkashin UNCP . Ya zuwa watan Yulin 1997, a cikin UNCP, Cif Iwuanyanwu ne kawai ya nuna sha'awar yin takarar shugaban kasa. Sauran 'yan siyasa sun yi jinkirin nuna sha'awa saboda tsoron cewa Janar Sani Abacha na iya samun niyyar zama shugaban farar hula ta amfani da jam'iyyar.<ref>https://books.openedition.org/ifra/653?lang=en</ref>.A cikin zaɓen majalisa na kasa mai mambobi 469 da aka gudanar a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1998, UNCP ta lashe fiye da kashi 70 cikin 100 na kujerun. Abokin hamayyarta mafi kusa, [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Najeriya]] (DPN), ta lashe kashi 17 cikin 100 na kujerun.<ref>https://sunnewsonline.com/abacha-was-my-friend-but-he-plotted-to-kill-me-iwuanyanwu/</ref>A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Cif Iwuanyanwu, ya tashi a cikin jirginsa mai zaman kansa zuwa Jamhuriyar [[Cadi|Chadi]] don ziyartar abokinsa na siyasa, Firayim Minista na Chadi na lokacin, Koibla Djimastas . Bayan dawowarsa, Janar Abacha ya yi la'akari da kama Cif Iwuanyanwu, a kan zargin da aka yi na yin makirci a kan gwamnatinsa, amma daga baya aka kare Iwuanyanwu daga kama shi. A ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1997, gwamnati ta kama manyan jami'an sojoji ciki har da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, Lieutenant Janar [[Oladipo Diya]], Manjo Janar Tunji Olanrewaju, Manjo Janara Abdulkarim Adisa, da wasu takwas saboda zargin makirci don hambarar da gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha.<ref>https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aafe73.html</ref> Yanayin da ke cikin kasar da kuma matsalolin da ke cikin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Iwuanyanwu da Abacha ya sa Iwuanyanwu ya sauka daga takarar shugaban kasa. Cif Iwuanyanwu ya bayyana shawarar da ya yanke na tsayawa takarar dattijai a taron UNCP a Owerri a ranar Litinin, 19 ga Janairun 1998. A wannan lokacin, wasu masu neman shugaban kasa da suka sauka sune Dokta [[Olusola Saraki]] da Cif [[Donald Etiebet]]. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1998, jam'iyyun siyasa hudu sun karbi Abacha a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa. Da yake zargin cewa Janar Abacha yana shirin tsare shi kamar yadda ya yi wa Diya da sauransu, Iwuanyanwu da sauri ya shirya tafiya ta ɓoye zuwa gudun hijira.<ref>https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad8c4.html</ref>. Mutuwar Janar Abacha ba zato ba tsammani a ranar 8 ga Yuni 1998 da kuma zuwan Janar [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]] ya kawo karshen matsalolin Iwuanyanwu. === Ƙoƙarin Shugaban kasa na Uku === A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1998, Abubakar ta kaddamar da kwamitin zabe na kasa mai zaman kansa (INEC) mai mambobi 14 karkashin jagorancin Mai Shari'a Ephraim Akpata (rtd). Kwanaki goma sha huɗu bayan haka, INEC ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a gudanar da rajistar masu jefa kuri'a daga 5 zuwa 19 ga Oktoba 1998; Za a gudanar da zaɓen kananan hukumomi a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1998; Gwamna / Majalisar Jiha, 9 ga Janairu 1999; Zaben Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, 20 ga Fabrairu 1999, da Zaben Shugaban kasa, 27 ga Fabrairun 1999. Cif Iwuanyanwu ya kafa wata kungiya ta siyasa da aka sani da National Congress . Wannan ya samo asali ne a cikin [[All People's Party|Jam'iyyar Jama'a]] Najeriya (UNPP). Daga baya ya jagoranci mambobi da yawa na UNPP zuwa cikin All People's Party (APP), jam'iyyar da ya kasance memba mai kafawa. Dim Odumegwu Ojukwu ya kuma jagoranci mambobin jam'iyyar People's Democratic Congress (PDC) zuwa APP. Ta wannan hanyar, APP ta zama mai ban tsoro don fuskantar [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] (PDP). An halicci PDP daga G-9 (Dr. [[Alex Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme|Alex Ekwueme]], Cif [[Solomon Lar]], Sanata Francis Ellah, Alhaji [[Abubakar Rimi]], Cif [[Bola Ige]], Dr. Iyorcha Ayu, Farfesa [[Jerry Gana]], Alhajii Sule Lamido da Mallam [[Adamu Ciroma]]) wanda daga baya ya canza zuwa G-18 sannan kuma G-34 marar tsoro, wanda a baya ya roki Janar Abacha, yana shawarce shi kada ya yi nasara<ref>https://sunnewsonline.com/abacha-was-my-friend-but-he-plotted-to-kill-me-iwuanyanwu/</ref> A ƙarshen Nuwamba 1998, an karɓi Iwuanyanwu a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa na APP na kudu maso gabas a gaban Cif Francis [[Arthur Nzeribe]]; Dim Odumegwu Ojukwu; Farfesa Godwin Odenigwe; Cif Gbaaguzue Nweke Gbaagu (mai son zama gwamnan Jihar Enugu); Dokta I.C. Madubuike; Cif Chris Nukwu Nwankwo; Cif Max Nduaguibe; Yarima Pat Abri (wanda ke harbi na farko na Jihar Imo; Cif Okoring; Cif. A ranar Lahadi, 14 ga Fabrairu 1999, an gudanar da zaben fidda gwani na APP. 'Yan takara tara suna tsaye don zaben karshe na APP a wannan lokacin. Daga cikin 'yan takarar shugaban kasa da suka yi takara sun hada da Cif Harry Akande, Alhaji [[Umaru Shinkafi]], Alhajii [[Bamanga Tukur]], Cif Bode Olajumoke, Dokta Gamaliel Onosode; Cif Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu da Dokta Abubakar Olusola Saraki . Dokta Saraki ya ki yarda da shawarar jam'iyyar na yanki na shugabancin kawai ga 'yan takarar kudanci. Cif [[Ogbonnaya Onu]], tsohon gwamnan tsohuwar [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]] ya kuma yi gwagwarmaya don tikitin shugaban kasa, a kan yarjejeniyar 'yan siyasa na kudu maso gabas don bambanta da Iwuanyanwu. Cif Onu ya fito ne a matsayin mai ɗaukar tutar shugaban kasa na APP. Tare da sakamakon gwamna da ke nuna PDP a matsayin jam'iyya mai rinjaye, APP ta kafa kawance tare da Alliance for Democracy (AD) kuma Onu ya kasance a gefe ta jam'iyyarsa saboda sha'awa mai karfi a cikin tikitin shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban kasa na PDP da APP-AD. Don haka, Cif Olu Falae na AD ya fito a matsayin mai ɗaukar tutar shugaban kasa tare da Alhaji Umaru Shinkafi na APP a matsayin abokin aikinsa. [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya fito ne a matsayin mai ɗaukar tutar shugaban kasa na PDP, tare da Alhaji [[Atiku Abubakar]] a matsayin abokin takararsa. A lokacin zaben, Iwuanyanwu ya goyi bayan Obasanjo tare da tsarin siyasarsa kuma wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga Obasanjo ya fito a matsayin shugaban Najeriya a 1999.<ref>https://www.washington.edu/alumni/columns/june99/ekwueme.html</ref> === A matsayinsa na shugaban jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party === A watan Satumbar 1999, shugabannin APP a kudu maso gabas, ciki har da Cif Iwuanyanwu, Cif Vincent Ogbulafor da Mrs. Joy Emodi da abokan aikinsu na siyasa, sun koma PDP. Dubban magoya bayansu sun biyo baya. Gwamnan Jihar Abia na lokacin, Dokta [[Orji Uzor Kalu]], ya yaba da aikin, yana bayyana shi a matsayin dabarun ga Igbo. Cif Iwuanyanwu ya goyi bayan gwamnatin Obasanjo. Ya ki zama minista, ya sami nasarar ba da shawarar magoya baya ga irin wannan matsayi. Duk da haka, ya kuma kasance Shugaban Yankin Arewa maso Gabas na PDP Reconciliation / Harmonization Team. Ya kasance har zuwa mutuwarsa memba mafi tsufa na Kwamitin Amintattun [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-30 |archive-date=2021-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021194836/https://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ya tsara yakin neman zabe na jam'iyyar don yankin Kudu maso Gabas a lokacin zaben Shugaban kasa na 2003.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/07/11/iwuanyanwu-an-igbo-president-may-not-solve-southeasts-agitation/</ref><ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200504260611.html</ref> Ya kuma kasance memba na Taron Canjin Siyasa na Kasa a shekara ta 2005. === Kasancewar zartarwa da Shugaban-Janar na kungiyar Ohaneze Ndigbo Social-Cultural Organization === Cif Iwuanyanwu ya shiga cikin ayyukan Ohanaeze Ndigbo, babbar kungiyar zamantakewa da al'adu ta Igbo tun daga shekarar 1988. Babban manufar kungiyar ita ce inganta hadin kai tsakanin mambobinta don wakiltar bukatun siyasa na Igbo a Najeriya. Shine babban dandamali wanda ya kaddamar da aikinsa na siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban, Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Ohaneze Igbo & Strategy; shugaban, Kwamfanin Siyasa na Ohaneze; shugaban, kwamitin kirkirar jihar Ohaneze Ndigbo a shekara ta 2006 da kuma shugaban, Majalisar Dattawa ta Ohaneze. A matsayinsa na Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa ta Ohaneze, Cif Iwuanyanwu ya yi magana da batutuwan da suka shafi jin daɗin Igbo.<ref>https://guardian.ng/opinion/the-igbo-are-speaking/</ref> A ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2023, an sanar da Cif Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu a matsayin Shugaban-Janar na Ohanaeze Ndigbo a duk duniya. Wannan ya kasance bisa ga "koyaswar bukata", wanda ya fara aiki lokacin da Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta Ohanaeze Ndigbo ta umarci mutanen Jihar Imo da su sami mai inganci ga tsohon Shugaban Janar na Ohanaeze ndigbo, Jakadan Obiozor, wanda ya mutu a watan Disamba 2022. Cif Iwuanyanwu an gabatar da shi ga Gwamna Hope Uzodinma na Jihar Imo ta Majalisar Dattawa ta Jihar Imo, karkashin jagorancin Eze Ilomuanya, a matsayin "dan takarar yarjejeniya" na majalisar don jagorantar Ohanaeze Ndigbo a duk duniya.<ref>https://gazettengr.com/ohaneze-ndigbo-condemns-killings-of-igbos-bordering-northern-states/{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan ya hau mulki, Iwuanyanwu ya sake kafa kyakkyawar haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnonin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, ya daidaita hankalin manyan 'yan kasuwa na Igbo a cikin al'amuran Ohaneze Ndigbo, ya kawo karshen rikicin jagoranci a cikin Ohaneze ndigbo (United Kingdom da Ireland) kuma ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar Igbo, wasu' yan Afirka na Afirka waɗanda suka ba da shaidar asalin Igbo.<ref>https://guardian.ng/news/iwuanyanwu-emerges-as-new-ohaneze-ndigbo-president-general/</ref> == Ayyukan jama'a == Cif Iwuanyanwu ya rike ofisoshin siyasa da yawa ga gwamnatin Najeriya. Ya kasance Shugaban Kafa, Raw Materials and Research Development Council (RMRDC), FCT, Abuja. Ya kuma kasance shugaban, [[Hukumar Tallafa Jari ta Najeriya]] (NIPC), Abuja . A ranar 22 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2005, an nada shi Shugaban kwamitin mutum 20 na Hukumar Kula da Hanyar Tarayya (FERMA).<ref>https://punchng.com/ohaneze-extols-iwuanyanwu-at-81/</ref> Cif Iwuanyanwu ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kafa, Lottery na Kasa na Najeriya, shugaban, Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka ta Kasa, Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya, kuma Shugaban lokaci guda na Asibitin Orthopedic na Kasa, Igbobi, Legas.<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200611080656.html</ref> == Ayyukan agaji da wasanni == Cif Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu na kasa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Iwuanyanwu Nationale (yanzu Heartland FC), wacce ta lashe gasar zakarun kasa da kasa da yawa. Ya kasance shugaban, Asusun Ci gaban Wasanni na Kasa, kuma, shugaban, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya Amurka "94" da Kwamitin Tattara Asusun Kofin Kasashe. A cikin wata sanarwa da Sakataren yada labarai na kasa, Alex Ogbonnia, Ohanaeze Ndigbo ya ce: "Akwai wani lokaci a tarihi, Iwuanyanwu shine mafi girman ma'aikacin ma'aikata, aƙalla a duk Gabashin Nijar. Gidauniyar Iwuanyanwu ta ba da tallafin karatu ga ɗalibai sama da 10,000 marasa galihu a duk faɗin ƙasar. Ya ba da gudummawa ga jami'o'i don ƙirƙirar yanayi mai kyau don ilmantarwa; ya gina majami'u da sauran wuraren al'umma. Fiye da shekaru 40 da suka gabata, Sam Mbakwe, tsohon gwamnan Jihar Tsohon Imo ya ɗauki ra'ayin Filin jirgin saman Jirgin Sama na Duniya a Owerri, Iwuanyanwu ne ya ba da gudummawa mafi girma na dala miliyan 2. A cikin siyasa, ya samar da shugabannin kananan hukumomi da yawa, kwamishinoni, sanatoci, ministoci da gwamnoni wadanda mafi yawansu har yanzu suna da rai.<ref>https://hallmarknews.com/emmanuel-iwuanyanwu-garlands-mr-philanthropy/</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1980, Cif Iwuanyanwu ya gina kuma ya mika shi ga Jami'ar Najeriya, ɗakin karatu na yara na Hulder Iwuanyanwu. Ya gina kuma ya ba da gudummawa don hidimar jama'a, Hulder Iwuanyanwu Orphanage Home a Atta, Ikeduru a Jihar Imo. Har ila yau, akwai Ambulance na Kasa na Iwuanyanwu wanda ke kula da wadanda suka kamu da hatsari a duk faɗin Najeriya. Ya ba da gudummawa ga Cibiyar Jinin Iwuanyanwu a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya, Owerri, Jihar Imo, a shekarar 1985.<ref>https://sunnewsonline.com/iwuanyanwu-one-of-igbos-finest-ohanaeze/</ref> Gudummawar masu zaman kansu da Iwuanyanwu ya yi a cikin gabatarwar littattafai, bukukuwan aure, bukukuwar ranar haihuwar da sauran abubuwan da suka faru ba za a iya lissafa su ba saboda babu cikakkiyar lissafin irin wannan aikin agaji ban da ƙoƙarin da aka buga a cikin littattafai da jaridu, musamman ɗaya a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa. An nuna misali na gudummawar sirri a lokacin gabatarwar littafin tarihin Farfesa [[Pius Nwankwo Okeke]] . == Rayuwa ta mutum == === Iyali === Matar Cif Iwuanyanwu sama da shekaru 40, Lady Eudora Nnenna Ozinyereaku Iwuanyanwu, tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya maza uku da mata biyar, ta mutu a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta 2011, tana da shekaru 63.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/12/08/iwuanyanwu-an-honour-well-deserved/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20111123045342/http://imostate.blog.com/2011/09/04/chief-dr-emmanuel-iwuanyanwu-mourns-wife-lady-eudora-as-he-turns-69/</ref> Da yake sanar da mutuwarta, Cif Iwuanyanwu ya ce: "A matsayin Patron of Cancer Society, kwanan nan ta nuna damuwa sosai game da yawan mutuwar da suka faru saboda ciwon daji na prostate da duk sauran nau'ikan ciwon daji. A wani taron iyali na baya-bayan nan, ta shawo kaina in gina da bayar da gudummawa ga Najeriya Cibiyoyin Bincike da Kula da Kulawa, daya a cikin kowane ɗayan Yankunan Siyasa guda shida, kuma daya a cikin kowannensu na 5 na Kudu maso Gabas. An shirya wannan a sanar da shi a ranar 4 ga Satumba 2011. Cifar Emmanuel Chinemonyonyony (Satumba 2013).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230508005103/https://imostateblog.com/lady-eudora-iwuanyanwu-called-home-to-glory/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232819/http://www.thesourceng.com/ObituaryOctober32011.htm</ref><ref>https://encomium.ng/marriage-to-22-year-old-emmanuel-iwuanyanwus-daughter-quashes-disapproval-tale/</ref><ref>https://hallmarknews.com/emmanuel-iwuanyanwu-garlands-mr-philanthropy/</ref> === Mutuwa === A ranar 25 ga watan Yulin 2024, Cif Iwuanyanwu ya mutu bayan gajeren rashin lafiya. Yana da shekara 81.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230509050203/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Nigerian+Billionaire+Emmanuel+Iwuanyanwu,+72,+Marries+26-Year-Old...-a0343753230/</ref> === Rubutun tarihin rayuwa === [[Jeff Unaegbu]], Sam Chukwu da Chinedu Nsofor ne suka rubuta kundin Biography of Chief Iwuanyanwu a cikin 2022.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/breaking-ohanaeze-ndigbo-president-general-iwuanyanwu-is-dead/</ref><ref>https://www.thecable.ng/four-waec-officials-detained-at-national-assembly-over-lack-of-accountability/</ref>.An gabatar da kwafin littafin a lokacin ranar haihuwar Cif Iwuanyanwu ta 80 a ranar 4 ga Satumba 2022.<ref>https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0C52MWPNM/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr</ref><ref>https://sunnewsonline.com/iwuanyanwu-80-a-life-of-amazing-grace-2/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://championnews.com.ng/the-passing-of-a-mighty-rainbow-over-green-meadow-a-eulogy-to-chief-dr-emmanuel-chukwuemeka-iwuanyanwu/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-30 |archive-date=2024-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805131815/https://championnews.com.ng/the-passing-of-a-mighty-rainbow-over-green-meadow-a-eulogy-to-chief-dr-emmanuel-chukwuemeka-iwuanyanwu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Daraja == === Darajar ƙasa === * : Kwamandan Order of the Federal Republic (CFR) Jami'in Order of the Tarayyar Tarayya (OFR) memba na Order of the Federation Republic (MFR) {{Flag|Nigeria}} ** Kwamandan Order of the Federal Republic ''' (CFR) ''' [[Fayil:Order_of_the_Federal_Republic_(civil)_-_Nigeria_-_ribbon_bar.gif|70x70px]] ** Jami'in Order of the Federal Republic ''' (OFR) ''' [[Fayil:Order_of_the_Federal_Republic_(civil)_-_Nigeria_-_ribbon_bar.gif|70x70px]] ** memba na Order of the Federal Republic ''' (MFR) ''' [[Fayil:Order_of_the_Federal_Republic_(civil)_-_Nigeria_-_ribbon_bar.gif|70x70px]] === Darajar Ilimi === Dokta na Kimiyya ta Injiniya, Jami'ar Jihar Morgan, Baltimore, Maryland, 1983 Dokta na Shari'a, Jami'ar Shaw, Raleigh, Arewacin Carolina; Dokta na Kimiyya (PhD), Jami'ar Jos, 1989; Dokta na Kimiyya, Jami'ar Calabar, 1990.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6w0bf5f6el5x4bm9ehe989uoeal9rwi 0 160464 875860 873019 2026-07-04T11:24:51Z Gwanki 3834 875860 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dokar ingancin dabba''' ta [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] (wanda aka fi sani da '''Mulkin dabba''') ya shafi ci gaba da gwaji na kwayoyi da kwayoyin halitta don rage ko hana yanayi masu tsanani ko masu barazana ga rayuwa wanda ya haifar da haɗari ga masu guba na dindindin (chemical, biological, radiological, ko nukiliya), inda gwajin ingancin mutum ba zai yiwu ba ko na ɗabi'a.<ref name="Snoy-2010">{{Cite journal |last=Snoy |first=PJ |date=September 2010 |title=Establishing efficacy of human products using animals: the US food and drug administration's 'animal rule' |journal=Veterinary Pathology |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=774–8 |doi=10.1177/0300985810372506 |pmid=20551476 |s2cid=37206297}}</ref> FDA ce ta kammala dokar ingancin dabba kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta ba da izini a cikin 2002, biyo bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba da damuwa game da Ta'addanci. == Takaitaccen Bayani == FDA na iya dogaro da shaidar daga Nazarin dabbobi don samar da shaidar ingancin samfurin idan: # Akwai hanyar da aka fahimta sosai don guba na wakili da ingantawa ko rigakafin ta samfurin; # An nuna tasirin a cikin ko dai: Fiye da nau'in dabba guda daya da ake sa ran suyi aiki tare da amsawar tsinkaya ga mutane; ko Ɗaya daga cikin nau'in nau'in Dabbobi masu kyau (wanda aka kimanta shi sosai don amsawa a cikin mutane) don yin hasashen martani a cikin mutane. ## Fiye da nau'in dabbobi guda daya da ake sa ran amsawa tare da amsawa mai tsinkaya ga mutane; ko ## Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi masu kyau (wanda aka kimanta sosai don amsawa a cikin mutane) don hango hasashen martani a cikin mutane. # Ƙarshen binciken dabba yana da alaƙa da fa'idar da ake so a cikin mutane; da kuma # Bayanai ko bayanai game da pharmacokinetics da pharmacodynamics na samfurin ko wasu bayanai masu dacewa ko bayanai a cikin dabbobi ko mutane an fahimci su sosai don ba da damar zaɓar tasiri mai tasiri a cikin mutane, sabili da haka, yana da ma'ana a sa ran tasirin samfurin a cikin dabba ya zama abin dogaro na tasirin sa a cikin mutane. FDA ta buga Jagora don Masana'antu akan Dokar Dabbobi a watan Oktoba 2015. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115063212/http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/053102a.htm 21 CFR Sashe 314 da 601, Docket No. 98N-0237] Sabbin Magunguna da Magunguna na Biological; Shaidar da ake buƙata don Nuna Tasirin Sabbin Magungunan Lokacin da Nazarin Tasirin Dan Adam Ba Daidaitawa ko Mai yiwuwa ba. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090708202609/http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Post-marketingPhaseIVCommitments/ucm070766.htm#q14 Menene ma'anar "A Bukata a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ingancin Dabbobi" a cikin nuna sakamakon bincike?] FDA.gov Bukatar Kasuwanci da Alkawari: Tambayoyin da ake nema akai-akai (FAQ) [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oetpkyl7ht3y97o1aiapi0ehbtr1mq4 875862 875860 2026-07-04T11:25:04Z Gwanki 3834 /* Manazarta */ 875862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dokar ingancin dabba''' ta [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] (wanda aka fi sani da '''Mulkin dabba''') ya shafi ci gaba da gwaji na kwayoyi da kwayoyin halitta don rage ko hana yanayi masu tsanani ko masu barazana ga rayuwa wanda ya haifar da haɗari ga masu guba na dindindin (chemical, biological, radiological, ko nukiliya), inda gwajin ingancin mutum ba zai yiwu ba ko na ɗabi'a.<ref name="Snoy-2010">{{Cite journal |last=Snoy |first=PJ |date=September 2010 |title=Establishing efficacy of human products using animals: the US food and drug administration's 'animal rule' |journal=Veterinary Pathology |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=774–8 |doi=10.1177/0300985810372506 |pmid=20551476 |s2cid=37206297}}</ref> FDA ce ta kammala dokar ingancin dabba kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta ba da izini a cikin 2002, biyo bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba da damuwa game da Ta'addanci. == Takaitaccen Bayani == FDA na iya dogaro da shaidar daga Nazarin dabbobi don samar da shaidar ingancin samfurin idan: # Akwai hanyar da aka fahimta sosai don guba na wakili da ingantawa ko rigakafin ta samfurin; # An nuna tasirin a cikin ko dai: Fiye da nau'in dabba guda daya da ake sa ran suyi aiki tare da amsawar tsinkaya ga mutane; ko Ɗaya daga cikin nau'in nau'in Dabbobi masu kyau (wanda aka kimanta shi sosai don amsawa a cikin mutane) don yin hasashen martani a cikin mutane. ## Fiye da nau'in dabbobi guda daya da ake sa ran amsawa tare da amsawa mai tsinkaya ga mutane; ko ## Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi masu kyau (wanda aka kimanta sosai don amsawa a cikin mutane) don hango hasashen martani a cikin mutane. # Ƙarshen binciken dabba yana da alaƙa da fa'idar da ake so a cikin mutane; da kuma # Bayanai ko bayanai game da pharmacokinetics da pharmacodynamics na samfurin ko wasu bayanai masu dacewa ko bayanai a cikin dabbobi ko mutane an fahimci su sosai don ba da damar zaɓar tasiri mai tasiri a cikin mutane, sabili da haka, yana da ma'ana a sa ran tasirin samfurin a cikin dabba ya zama abin dogaro na tasirin sa a cikin mutane. FDA ta buga Jagora don Masana'antu akan Dokar Dabbobi a watan Oktoba 2015. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115063212/http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/053102a.htm 21 CFR Sashe 314 da 601, Docket No. 98N-0237] Sabbin Magunguna da Magunguna na Biological; Shaidar da ake buƙata don Nuna Tasirin Sabbin Magungunan Lokacin da Nazarin Tasirin Dan Adam Ba Daidaitawa ko Mai yiwuwa ba. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090708202609/http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Post-marketingPhaseIVCommitments/ucm070766.htm#q14 Menene ma'anar "A Bukata a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ingancin Dabbobi" a cikin nuna sakamakon bincike?] FDA.gov Bukatar Kasuwanci da Alkawari: Tambayoyin da ake nema akai-akai (FAQ) [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4esuic3k8nwknwmm3ae67f734pj7ry4 875863 875862 2026-07-04T11:25:19Z Gwanki 3834 875863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dokar ingancin dabba''' ta [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] (wanda aka fi sani da '''Mulkin dabba''') ya shafi ci gaba da gwaji na kwayoyi da kwayoyin halitta don rage ko hana yanayi masu tsanani ko masu barazana ga rayuwa wanda ya haifar da haɗari ga masu guba na dindindin (chemical, biological, radiological, ko nukiliya), inda gwajin ingancin mutum ba zai yiwu ba ko na ɗabi'a.<ref name="Snoy-2010">{{Cite journal |last=Snoy |first=PJ |date=September 2010 |title=Establishing efficacy of human products using animals: the US food and drug administration's 'animal rule' |journal=Veterinary Pathology |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=774–8 |doi=10.1177/0300985810372506 |pmid=20551476 |s2cid=37206297}}</ref> FDA ce ta kammala dokar ingancin dabba kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta ba da izini a cikin 2002, biyo bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba da damuwa game da Ta'addanci. == Takaitaccen Bayani == FDA na iya dogaro da shaidar daga Nazarin dabbobi don samar da shaidar ingancin samfurin idan: # Akwai hanyar da aka fahimta sosai don guba na wakili da ingantawa ko rigakafin ta samfurin; # An nuna tasirin a cikin ko dai: Fiye da nau'in dabba guda daya da ake sa ran suyi aiki tare da amsawar tsinkaya ga mutane; ko Ɗaya daga cikin nau'in nau'in Dabbobi masu kyau (wanda aka kimanta shi sosai don amsawa a cikin mutane) don yin hasashen martani a cikin mutane. ## Fiye da nau'in dabbobi guda daya da ake sa ran amsawa tare da amsawa mai tsinkaya ga mutane; ko ## Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi masu kyau (wanda aka kimanta sosai don amsawa a cikin mutane) don hango hasashen martani a cikin mutane. # Ƙarshen binciken dabba yana da alaƙa da fa'idar da ake so a cikin mutane; da kuma # Bayanai ko bayanai game da pharmacokinetics da pharmacodynamics na samfurin ko wasu bayanai masu dacewa ko bayanai a cikin dabbobi ko mutane an fahimci su sosai don ba da damar zaɓar tasiri mai tasiri a cikin mutane, sabili da haka, yana da ma'ana a sa ran tasirin samfurin a cikin dabba ya zama abin dogaro na tasirin sa a cikin mutane. FDA ta buga Jagora don Masana'antu akan Dokar Dabbobi a watan Oktoba 2015. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20021115063212/http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/053102a.htm 21 CFR Sashe 314 da 601, Docket No. 98N-0237] Sabbin Magunguna da Magunguna na Biological; Shaidar da ake buƙata don Nuna Tasirin Sabbin Magungunan Lokacin da Nazarin Tasirin Dan Adam Ba Daidaitawa ko Mai yiwuwa ba. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090708202609/http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Post-marketingPhaseIVCommitments/ucm070766.htm#q14 Menene ma'anar "A Bukata a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ingancin Dabbobi" a cikin nuna sakamakon bincike?] FDA.gov Bukatar Kasuwanci da Alkawari: Tambayoyin da ake nema akai-akai (FAQ) [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p8p07afrcnzui2wkhalsy9shcnkanb9 0 160465 875855 873020 2026-07-04T11:23:56Z Gwanki 3834 875855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Bergeyella cardium''''' kwayar cuta ce daga jinsin Bergeyella saboda wani lokacin yana iya zama sanadin endocarditis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sohn |first=Kyung Mok |last2=Huh |first2=Kyungmin |last3=Baek |first3=Jin-Yang |last4=Kim |first4=Yeon-Sook |last5=Kang |first5=Cheol-In |last6=Peck |first6=Kyong Ran |last7=Lee |first7=Nam Yong |last8=Song |first8=Jae-Hoon |last9=Ko |first9=Kwan Soo |last10=Chung |first10=Doo Ryeon |date=March 2015 |title=A new causative bacteria of infective endocarditis, Bergeyella cardium sp. nov. |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=213–216 |doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.12.001 |pmid=25544000}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q28407481}} 75l268ckto3g59onix01hwpftriwpes 875856 875855 2026-07-04T11:24:06Z Gwanki 3834 875856 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Bergeyella cardium''''' kwayar cuta ce daga jinsin Bergeyella saboda wani lokacin yana iya zama sanadin endocarditis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sohn |first=Kyung Mok |last2=Huh |first2=Kyungmin |last3=Baek |first3=Jin-Yang |last4=Kim |first4=Yeon-Sook |last5=Kang |first5=Cheol-In |last6=Peck |first6=Kyong Ran |last7=Lee |first7=Nam Yong |last8=Song |first8=Jae-Hoon |last9=Ko |first9=Kwan Soo |last10=Chung |first10=Doo Ryeon |date=March 2015 |title=A new causative bacteria of infective endocarditis, Bergeyella cardium sp. nov. |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=213–216 |doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.12.001 |pmid=25544000}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> ay4263mdic6c1sjgm5hrt394pvzyrwv 875858 875856 2026-07-04T11:24:18Z Gwanki 3834 875858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Bergeyella cardium''''' kwayar cuta ce daga jinsin Bergeyella saboda wani lokacin yana iya zama sanadin endocarditis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sohn |first=Kyung Mok |last2=Huh |first2=Kyungmin |last3=Baek |first3=Jin-Yang |last4=Kim |first4=Yeon-Sook |last5=Kang |first5=Cheol-In |last6=Peck |first6=Kyong Ran |last7=Lee |first7=Nam Yong |last8=Song |first8=Jae-Hoon |last9=Ko |first9=Kwan Soo |last10=Chung |first10=Doo Ryeon |date=March 2015 |title=A new causative bacteria of infective endocarditis, Bergeyella cardium sp. nov. |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=213–216 |doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.12.001 |pmid=25544000}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> q6l3ywhvgwf9bn0kwr2iv54e2b99n0r 0 160468 875852 873026 2026-07-04T11:22:24Z Gwanki 3834 Replaced content with " {{Speciesbox|genus=Bartonella|species=washoensi|authority=Breitschwerdt and Kordick 2000|type_strain=|synonyms=}} '''''''[[Bartonella]]'' washoensis''''' kwayar cuta ce daga jinsin Bartonella wanda aka fara warewa daga kare tare da mitral valve endocarditis . == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}" 875852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|genus=Bartonella|species=washoensi|authority=Breitschwerdt and Kordick 2000|type_strain=|synonyms=}} '''''''[[Bartonella]]'' washoensis''''' kwayar cuta ce daga jinsin Bartonella wanda aka fara warewa daga kare tare da mitral valve endocarditis . == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} htryjyzt7k0s6zu7pf3y6c4tw9ppmcl 875853 875852 2026-07-04T11:22:47Z Gwanki 3834 875853 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''''[[Bartonella]]'' washoensis''''' kwayar cuta ce daga jinsin Bartonella wanda aka fara warewa daga kare tare da mitral valve endocarditis . == Manazarta == ijr0zi81k9e68gpagn1vqf3g5fqvhb5 875854 875853 2026-07-04T11:23:16Z Gwanki 3834 875854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''''[[Bartonella]]'' washoensis''''' kwayar cuta ce daga jinsin Bartonella wanda aka fara warewa daga kare tare da mitral valve endocarditis . == Manazarta == lqy6a7cw57hywf0a5l60wc09mn0s9s2 0 160470 875847 873030 2026-07-04T11:20:38Z Gwanki 3834 875847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Pichia kudriavzevii''''' (tsohon '''''''Candida'' krusei''''' <ref name="Borman2021">{{Cite journal |last=Borman AM, Johnson EM |year=2021 |title=Name Changes for Fungi of Medical Importance, 2018 to 2019. |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages= |doi=10.1128/JCM.01811-20 |pmc=8111128 |pmid=33028600}}</ref>) [[Yis|yisti]] ne mai tasowa (nau'in fungus) wanda ke da hannu a samar da cakulan.<ref name="Kidd2023">{{Cite journal |last=Kidd SE, Abdolrasouli A, Hagen F |year=2023 |title=Fungal Nomenclature: Managing Change is the Name of the Game. |journal=Open Forum Infectious Diseases |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/ofid/ofac559 |pmc=9825814 |pmid=36632423}}</ref> ''''P. kudriavzevii&nbsp;''&nbsp;'' wani kwayar cuta ce mai tasowa ta nosocomial da farko ana samun ta a cikin immunocompromised da wadanda ke da cututtukan jini.<ref name="Mastro2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mastromarino P, Vitali B, Mosca L |date=July 2013 |title=Bacterial vaginosis: a review on clinical trials with probiotics |url=http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2013/3/229.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The New Microbiologica |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=229–238 |pmid=23912864 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518165920/http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2013/3/229.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> Yana da juriya ta halitta ga fluconazole, misali mai hana kumburi. Sau da yawa ana samunsa a cikin marasa lafiya waɗanda suka sami bayyanar fluconazole a baya, suna haifar da muhawara da shaidu masu rikitarwa game da ko ya kamata a yi amfani da fluconazol don rigakafi. Mutuwa saboda P. kudriavzevii [[fungemia]] ya fi girma fiye da ''C. albicans&nbsp;'' na yau da kullun. Sauran nau'in Candida waɗanda suka dace da wannan bayanin martaba sune ''C. parapsilosis&nbsp;'', ''C. glabrata&nbsp;'', ''C. tropicalis&nbsp;'', ''C. guillermondii&nbsp;'' da ''C. rugosa&nbsp;''. ''P. kudriavzevii'' can be successfully treated with voriconazole, amphotericin<nowiki><i id="mwOw"><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwPA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki>B, and echinocandins (micafungin, caspofungin, and anidulafungin).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Role in chocolate production == Waken Cacao dole ne a haɗe shi don cire ɗanɗano mai ɗaci kuma a rushe su. Wannan yana faruwa da fungi guda biyu: P. kudriavzevii da Geotrichum. Yawancin lokaci, fungi guda biyu sun riga sun kasance a kan kwas ɗin iri da tsaba na shuka cacao, amma ana amfani da nau'i na musamman don yin cakulan zamani. Kowane kamfani na cakulan yana amfani da nau'ikansa, waɗanda aka zaɓa don samar da daɗin ƙanshi da ƙanshi ga cakulan. Yisti yana samar da enzymes don karya ɓangaren litattafan almara a wajen wake kuma ya samar da acetic acid, yana kashe amfrayo na cacao a cikin iri, haɓaka ƙanshin cakulan da kuma kawar da dacin wake. [ana ruwan hujja][citation need] == Girma da metabolism == [[Fayil:CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus,_P_kudriavzevii,_Candida_albicans_and_Candida_tropicalis,_annotated.jpg|thumb|Chromogenic agar na iya taimakawa wajen nuna kamuwa da cutar ''P. kudriavzevii&nbsp;'' da wasu irin wannan fungi. (An nuna CHROMAgar) ]] ''''''P. kudriavzevii&nbsp;''&nbsp;'''' yana girma mafi kyau a zafin jiki na 43-45 ° C (109-113 ° F). Sauran nau'in ''''Candida'''' sune manyan bambance-bambance kuma waɗannan gabaɗaya suna buƙatar biotin don girma kuma wasu suna da ƙarin buƙatun bitamin, amma P. kudriavzevii na iya girma a cikin kafofin watsa labarai marasa bitamin. Har ila yau, P. kudriavzevii yana girma a kan Sabouraud's dextrose agar kamar yadda yake yada yankuna tare da matte ko fararen launin rawaya, sabanin yankuna masu laushi na Candida spp. Wannan halayyar, tare da bayyanar "shinkafa mai tsawo" a kan microscopy, yana taimakawa wajen gano jinsin. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |date=February 2006 |title=''Candida krusei'', ''Geotrichum'', and ''Acaulospora scrobiculata'', a trio of fungi needed for making chocolate for Valentine's day |url=http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/feb2006.html |website= |publisher=University of Wisconsin-La Crosse}} {{Mycoses|state=collapsed}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q289229}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8ncnomp3xqs9dz4lj4fy5squmpcg6dv 0 160471 875845 873032 2026-07-04T11:19:32Z Gwanki 3834 875845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Pathobiont wani kwayoyin halitta ne wanda yake asalin microbiome na mai karɓar bakuncin wanda a ƙarƙashin wasu canje-canjen muhalli ko kwayar halitta na iya zama pathogenic kuma ya haifar da cuta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jochum |first=Lara |last2=Stecher |first2=Bärbel |date=October 2020 |title=Label or Concept – What Is a Pathobiont? |journal=Trends in Microbiology |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=789–792 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2020.04.011 |issn=0966-842X |pmid=32376073 |s2cid=218532205 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Pathobionts sun bambanta da cututtukan da ke da damar a cikin ma'anar cewa galibi suna cikin microbiome, inda ake samun cututtuken da ke da hanyar da za a iya samu daga waje da wannan microbiome.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chow |first=Janet |last2=Tang |first2=Haiqing |last3=Mazmanian |first3=Sarkis K. |date=August 2011 |title=Pathobionts of the Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Inflammatory Disease |journal=Current Opinion in Immunology |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=473–480 |doi=10.1016/j.coi.2011.07.010 |issn=0952-7915 |pmc=3426444 |pmid=21856139}}</ref> == Magana == Sarkis Mazmanian ne ya kirkiro kalmar ne a shekarar 2008 don bayyana ''Helicobacter hepaticus'' da ikonsa na haifar da colitis a wasu yanayin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mazmanian |first=Sarkis K. |last2=Round |first2=June L. |last3=Kasper |first3=Dennis L. |date=May 2008 |title=A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature07008 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=453 |issue=7195 |pages=620–625 |bibcode=2008Natur.453..620M |doi=10.1038/nature07008 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=18509436 |s2cid=205213521 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kalmar pathobiont tana da karɓar karɓa tsakanin fagen microbiology. Babban gardamar da ke adawa da amfani da kalmar ita ce wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da aka lakafta a matsayin pathobionts suma suna nuna sakamako mai fa'ida ga rundunonin a ƙarƙashin yanayi na al'ada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jochum |first=Lara |last2=Stecher |first2=Bärbel |date=October 2020 |title=Label or Concept – What Is a Pathobiont? |journal=Trends in Microbiology |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=789–792 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2020.04.011 |issn=0966-842X |pmid=32376073 |s2cid=218532205 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ra'ayin cewa asalin su yana da alaƙa da canje-canje na muhalli ko kwayar halitta daga yanayin da aka fahimta na al'ada zai nuna kyakkyawar fahimta game da microbiome na ciki na al'adu, wanda zai iya bambanta sosai.<ref name=":0" /> Masu jayayya da kalmar sun bayyana cewa duk kwayoyin cuta suna da metabolism wanda ke dogara da muhalli, har ma an nuna symbionts suna nuna mummunar tasirin asibiti a wasu yanayi.<ref name=":0" /> Tattaunawar ta haifar da ci gaban kalmar da aka gabatar, yiwuwar pathogenic, don bayyana ikon kwayar cuta na haifar da cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casadevall |first=Arturo |date=February 22, 2017 |editor-last=Alspaugh |editor-first=J. Andrew |title=The Pathogenic Potential of a Microbe |journal=mSphere |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |doi=10.1128/mSphere.00015-17 |issn=2379-5042 |pmc=5322344 |pmid=28251180 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana amfani da kalmomin biyu a halin yanzu a cikin filin. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ey3aiveb1u0tq09q08ybtu3wjxv2kp0 875846 875845 2026-07-04T11:19:51Z Gwanki 3834 /* Manazarta */ 875846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Pathobiont wani kwayoyin halitta ne wanda yake asalin microbiome na mai karɓar bakuncin wanda a ƙarƙashin wasu canje-canjen muhalli ko kwayar halitta na iya zama pathogenic kuma ya haifar da cuta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jochum |first=Lara |last2=Stecher |first2=Bärbel |date=October 2020 |title=Label or Concept – What Is a Pathobiont? |journal=Trends in Microbiology |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=789–792 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2020.04.011 |issn=0966-842X |pmid=32376073 |s2cid=218532205 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Pathobionts sun bambanta da cututtukan da ke da damar a cikin ma'anar cewa galibi suna cikin microbiome, inda ake samun cututtuken da ke da hanyar da za a iya samu daga waje da wannan microbiome.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chow |first=Janet |last2=Tang |first2=Haiqing |last3=Mazmanian |first3=Sarkis K. |date=August 2011 |title=Pathobionts of the Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Inflammatory Disease |journal=Current Opinion in Immunology |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=473–480 |doi=10.1016/j.coi.2011.07.010 |issn=0952-7915 |pmc=3426444 |pmid=21856139}}</ref> == Magana == Sarkis Mazmanian ne ya kirkiro kalmar ne a shekarar 2008 don bayyana ''Helicobacter hepaticus'' da ikonsa na haifar da colitis a wasu yanayin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mazmanian |first=Sarkis K. |last2=Round |first2=June L. |last3=Kasper |first3=Dennis L. |date=May 2008 |title=A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature07008 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=453 |issue=7195 |pages=620–625 |bibcode=2008Natur.453..620M |doi=10.1038/nature07008 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=18509436 |s2cid=205213521 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kalmar pathobiont tana da karɓar karɓa tsakanin fagen microbiology. Babban gardamar da ke adawa da amfani da kalmar ita ce wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da aka lakafta a matsayin pathobionts suma suna nuna sakamako mai fa'ida ga rundunonin a ƙarƙashin yanayi na al'ada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jochum |first=Lara |last2=Stecher |first2=Bärbel |date=October 2020 |title=Label or Concept – What Is a Pathobiont? |journal=Trends in Microbiology |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=789–792 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2020.04.011 |issn=0966-842X |pmid=32376073 |s2cid=218532205 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ra'ayin cewa asalin su yana da alaƙa da canje-canje na muhalli ko kwayar halitta daga yanayin da aka fahimta na al'ada zai nuna kyakkyawar fahimta game da microbiome na ciki na al'adu, wanda zai iya bambanta sosai.<ref name=":0" /> Masu jayayya da kalmar sun bayyana cewa duk kwayoyin cuta suna da metabolism wanda ke dogara da muhalli, har ma an nuna symbionts suna nuna mummunar tasirin asibiti a wasu yanayi.<ref name=":0" /> Tattaunawar ta haifar da ci gaban kalmar da aka gabatar, yiwuwar pathogenic, don bayyana ikon kwayar cuta na haifar da cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casadevall |first=Arturo |date=February 22, 2017 |editor-last=Alspaugh |editor-first=J. Andrew |title=The Pathogenic Potential of a Microbe |journal=mSphere |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |doi=10.1128/mSphere.00015-17 |issn=2379-5042 |pmc=5322344 |pmid=28251180 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana amfani da kalmomin biyu a halin yanzu a cikin filin. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 72kz283vlt6a3h0njozj03qq0eus86y 0 160473 875842 873034 2026-07-04T11:17:54Z Gwanki 3834 875842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''GeneDB''' wani bayanan kwayar halitta ne don cututtukan eukaryotic da prokaryotic.<ref name="pmid22116062">{{Cite journal |last=Logan-Klumpler |first=Flora J |date=Jan 2012 |title=GeneDB--an annotation database for pathogens |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=40 |issue=D1 |pages=D98–D108 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkr1032 |pmc=3245030 |pmid=22116062}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Haɗin waje == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * http://www.genedb.org qztprm0jebv6wlw2vhvnabmcbrxpmfb 875843 875842 2026-07-04T11:18:09Z Gwanki 3834 875843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''GeneDB''' wani bayanan kwayar halitta ne don cututtukan eukaryotic da prokaryotic.<ref name="pmid22116062">{{Cite journal |last=Logan-Klumpler |first=Flora J |date=Jan 2012 |title=GeneDB--an annotation database for pathogens |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=40 |issue=D1 |pages=D98–D108 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkr1032 |pmc=3245030 |pmid=22116062}}</ref> == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * http://www.genedb.org byehozqnl4vasaem0vls9kqew7dc5qe 875844 875843 2026-07-04T11:18:31Z Gwanki 3834 875844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''GeneDB''' wani bayanan kwayar halitta ne don cututtukan eukaryotic da prokaryotic.<ref name="pmid22116062">{{Cite journal |last=Logan-Klumpler |first=Flora J |date=Jan 2012 |title=GeneDB--an annotation database for pathogens |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=40 |issue=D1 |pages=D98–D108 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkr1032 |pmc=3245030 |pmid=22116062}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * http://www.genedb.org qoccizc94dgfqxfsz2iyxejwbrth4pi 0 160474 875839 873036 2026-07-04T11:17:03Z Gwanki 3834 875839 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya''' ta Biochemistry dakin gwaje-gwaje ne na bincike da kuma cibiyar samar da makamai masu guba da ke Omutninsk, Kirov Oblast . A wani lokaci a cikin shekarun 1980, Ken Alibek ne ya ba da umarnin wurin. Dabbobin daji kamar beraye da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka a waje da masana'antar suna kamuwa da cutar "Schu-4 soja strain" na Tularemia saboda "ƙaramin leak" a cikin bututun ginshiki da aka samu a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|USSR]] don yin dripping a cikin ƙasa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1vlsshph2f3s1twjoe4y1t0dyx9ko97 875840 875839 2026-07-04T11:17:14Z Gwanki 3834 875840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya''' ta Biochemistry dakin gwaje-gwaje ne na bincike da kuma cibiyar samar da makamai masu guba da ke Omutninsk, Kirov Oblast . A wani lokaci a cikin shekarun 1980, Ken Alibek ne ya ba da umarnin wurin. Dabbobin daji kamar beraye da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka a waje da masana'antar suna kamuwa da cutar "Schu-4 soja strain" na Tularemia saboda "ƙaramin leak" a cikin bututun ginshiki da aka samu a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|USSR]] don yin dripping a cikin ƙasa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mrh1eyj6cgjep3td2wh363t6d76qjw6 0 160477 875835 873040 2026-07-04T11:15:33Z Gwanki 3834 875835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gwaje-gwaje na Yakin Biological na Dorset''' jerin gwaje-gwajen ne da aka gudanar tsakanin 1953 da 1975 don tantance yadda jirgin ruwa ɗaya ko jirgin sama zai iya rarraba jami'an yaƙi na kwayoyin halitta a kan [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]]. Masana kimiyya daga Porton Down ne suka gudanar da gwaje-gwajen, da farko ta amfani da zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) a matsayin wakili mai kwaikwayon. Sakamakon farko ya nuna cewa jirgin sama daya da ke tashi a bakin tekun yayin da yake yayyafa wakilin sa na iya gurɓata manufa sama da kilomita 100 (160 daga nesa, a kan yanki na murabba'in kilomita 10,000 (,000 km2). Wannan hanyar yaƙi na kwayoyin halitta - da kuma hanyar gwajin da aka yi amfani da ita don nazarin shi - an san shi da Babban Yankin Yankin (LAC) . A farkon shekarun 1960, an nemi Porton Down da ta faɗaɗa iyakokin gwaje-gwajen su don tantance ko amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai maimakon ZnCdS zai canza sakamakon sosai. Masana kimiyya daga Cibiyar Binciken Kwayoyin Halittu da ke Porton Down sun zaɓi South Dorset a matsayin wurin da za a yi wannan mataki na gaba na gwaji, inda aka zaɓi Bacillus subtilis (wanda aka fi sani da Bacillus globigii, ko BG) a matsayin wakilin gwaji.[1][2] [mafi kyawun tushe] An fesa wannan ƙwayar cuta a ko'ina cikin South Dorset ba tare da sanin ko amincewar mazauna ba. == Tarihi == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Binciken gwamnati game da dabarun yaki da kwayoyin halitta ya fara ne a cikin 1910s tare da zuwan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]]. Gwamnatocin Burtaniya da Amurka sun fara gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na bincike a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=Leonard A. |author-link=Leonard A. Cole |date=2016-10-01 |title=Open-Air Biowarfare Testing and the Evolution of Values |journal=Health Security |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=315–322 |doi=10.1089/hs.2016.0040 |issn=2326-5108 |pmc=5041545 |pmid=27564984}}</ref> == Gwaje-gwaje na DICE == Gwajin DICE ya faru ne tsakanin 1971 da 1975.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Barnett |first=Antony |author-link=Antony Barnett |date=April 21, 2002 |title=Millions were in germ war tests: Much of Britain was exposed to bacteria sprayed in secret trials |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/apr/21/uk.medicalscience |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501085147/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/apr/21/uk.medicalscience |archive-date=May 1, 2025 |access-date=March 8, 2015 |website=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[The Observer]]}}</ref> ''Serratia marcescens'', tare da [[anthrax]] simulant da phenol, an yayyafa su a kan Dorset.<ref name=":0" /> A lokacin, ana zaton S. marescens ba shi da lahani, amma tun daga lokacin an dauke shi a matsayin kwayar cutar mutum.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=Leonard A. |author-link=Leonard A. Cole |date=2016-10-01 |title=Open-Air Biowarfare Testing and the Evolution of Values |journal=Health Security |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=315–322 |doi=10.1089/hs.2016.0040 |issn=2326-5108 |pmc=5041545 |pmid=27564984}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Kayan aiki na Anthrax * Yarjejeniyar Makamai Masu Magunguna * Yankin Tabbatar da Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa * Cibiyar Turai don Rigakafin Cututtuka da Kulawa * Lafiya a Ƙasar Ingila * Aikin Cauldron * Aikin Dew * Ayyukan Ruwa * Shirin SHAD * Kimiyya da fasaha a Ƙasar Ingila * Shirin makamai masu guba na Soviet * Tashar gwaji ta Suffield * Gwajin ɗan adam mara kyau * [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}  == Haɗin waje == * Yanayi na yaƙin sunadarai da na kwayoyin halitta, labarin BBC game da jerin hotunan Dara McGrath na Project Cleansweep [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aqwc93geisbw1uf5eqskog2947qftql 875836 875835 2026-07-04T11:15:45Z Gwanki 3834 /* Dubi kuma */ 875836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gwaje-gwaje na Yakin Biological na Dorset''' jerin gwaje-gwajen ne da aka gudanar tsakanin 1953 da 1975 don tantance yadda jirgin ruwa ɗaya ko jirgin sama zai iya rarraba jami'an yaƙi na kwayoyin halitta a kan [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]]. Masana kimiyya daga Porton Down ne suka gudanar da gwaje-gwajen, da farko ta amfani da zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) a matsayin wakili mai kwaikwayon. Sakamakon farko ya nuna cewa jirgin sama daya da ke tashi a bakin tekun yayin da yake yayyafa wakilin sa na iya gurɓata manufa sama da kilomita 100 (160 daga nesa, a kan yanki na murabba'in kilomita 10,000 (,000 km2). Wannan hanyar yaƙi na kwayoyin halitta - da kuma hanyar gwajin da aka yi amfani da ita don nazarin shi - an san shi da Babban Yankin Yankin (LAC) . A farkon shekarun 1960, an nemi Porton Down da ta faɗaɗa iyakokin gwaje-gwajen su don tantance ko amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai maimakon ZnCdS zai canza sakamakon sosai. Masana kimiyya daga Cibiyar Binciken Kwayoyin Halittu da ke Porton Down sun zaɓi South Dorset a matsayin wurin da za a yi wannan mataki na gaba na gwaji, inda aka zaɓi Bacillus subtilis (wanda aka fi sani da Bacillus globigii, ko BG) a matsayin wakilin gwaji.[1][2] [mafi kyawun tushe] An fesa wannan ƙwayar cuta a ko'ina cikin South Dorset ba tare da sanin ko amincewar mazauna ba. == Tarihi == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Binciken gwamnati game da dabarun yaki da kwayoyin halitta ya fara ne a cikin 1910s tare da zuwan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]]. Gwamnatocin Burtaniya da Amurka sun fara gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na bincike a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=Leonard A. |author-link=Leonard A. Cole |date=2016-10-01 |title=Open-Air Biowarfare Testing and the Evolution of Values |journal=Health Security |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=315–322 |doi=10.1089/hs.2016.0040 |issn=2326-5108 |pmc=5041545 |pmid=27564984}}</ref> == Gwaje-gwaje na DICE == Gwajin DICE ya faru ne tsakanin 1971 da 1975.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Barnett |first=Antony |author-link=Antony Barnett |date=April 21, 2002 |title=Millions were in germ war tests: Much of Britain was exposed to bacteria sprayed in secret trials |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/apr/21/uk.medicalscience |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501085147/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/apr/21/uk.medicalscience |archive-date=May 1, 2025 |access-date=March 8, 2015 |website=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[The Observer]]}}</ref> ''Serratia marcescens'', tare da [[anthrax]] simulant da phenol, an yayyafa su a kan Dorset.<ref name=":0" /> A lokacin, ana zaton S. marescens ba shi da lahani, amma tun daga lokacin an dauke shi a matsayin kwayar cutar mutum.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=Leonard A. |author-link=Leonard A. Cole |date=2016-10-01 |title=Open-Air Biowarfare Testing and the Evolution of Values |journal=Health Security |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=315–322 |doi=10.1089/hs.2016.0040 |issn=2326-5108 |pmc=5041545 |pmid=27564984}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}  == Haɗin waje == * Yanayi na yaƙin sunadarai da na kwayoyin halitta, labarin BBC game da jerin hotunan Dara McGrath na Project Cleansweep [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ihdgj8lf0k7kjq6cgoig22owtqaoh8e 875837 875836 2026-07-04T11:16:25Z Gwanki 3834 /* Tarihi */ 875837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gwaje-gwaje na Yakin Biological na Dorset''' jerin gwaje-gwajen ne da aka gudanar tsakanin 1953 da 1975 don tantance yadda jirgin ruwa ɗaya ko jirgin sama zai iya rarraba jami'an yaƙi na kwayoyin halitta a kan [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]]. Masana kimiyya daga Porton Down ne suka gudanar da gwaje-gwajen, da farko ta amfani da zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) a matsayin wakili mai kwaikwayon. Sakamakon farko ya nuna cewa jirgin sama daya da ke tashi a bakin tekun yayin da yake yayyafa wakilin sa na iya gurɓata manufa sama da kilomita 100 (160 daga nesa, a kan yanki na murabba'in kilomita 10,000 (,000 km2). Wannan hanyar yaƙi na kwayoyin halitta - da kuma hanyar gwajin da aka yi amfani da ita don nazarin shi - an san shi da Babban Yankin Yankin (LAC) . A farkon shekarun 1960, an nemi Porton Down da ta faɗaɗa iyakokin gwaje-gwajen su don tantance ko amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai maimakon ZnCdS zai canza sakamakon sosai. Masana kimiyya daga Cibiyar Binciken Kwayoyin Halittu da ke Porton Down sun zaɓi South Dorset a matsayin wurin da za a yi wannan mataki na gaba na gwaji, inda aka zaɓi Bacillus subtilis (wanda aka fi sani da Bacillus globigii, ko BG) a matsayin wakilin gwaji.[1][2] [mafi kyawun tushe] An fesa wannan ƙwayar cuta a ko'ina cikin South Dorset ba tare da sanin ko amincewar mazauna ba. == Tarihi == Binciken gwamnati game da dabarun yaki da kwayoyin halitta ya fara ne a cikin 1910s tare da zuwan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]]. Gwamnatocin Burtaniya da Amurka sun fara gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na bincike a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=Leonard A. |author-link=Leonard A. Cole |date=2016-10-01 |title=Open-Air Biowarfare Testing and the Evolution of Values |journal=Health Security |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=315–322 |doi=10.1089/hs.2016.0040 |issn=2326-5108 |pmc=5041545 |pmid=27564984}}</ref> == Gwaje-gwaje na DICE == Gwajin DICE ya faru ne tsakanin 1971 da 1975.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Barnett |first=Antony |author-link=Antony Barnett |date=April 21, 2002 |title=Millions were in germ war tests: Much of Britain was exposed to bacteria sprayed in secret trials |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/apr/21/uk.medicalscience |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501085147/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/apr/21/uk.medicalscience |archive-date=May 1, 2025 |access-date=March 8, 2015 |website=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[The Observer]]}}</ref> ''Serratia marcescens'', tare da [[anthrax]] simulant da phenol, an yayyafa su a kan Dorset.<ref name=":0" /> A lokacin, ana zaton S. marescens ba shi da lahani, amma tun daga lokacin an dauke shi a matsayin kwayar cutar mutum.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=Leonard A. |author-link=Leonard A. Cole |date=2016-10-01 |title=Open-Air Biowarfare Testing and the Evolution of Values |journal=Health Security |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=315–322 |doi=10.1089/hs.2016.0040 |issn=2326-5108 |pmc=5041545 |pmid=27564984}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}  == Haɗin waje == * Yanayi na yaƙin sunadarai da na kwayoyin halitta, labarin BBC game da jerin hotunan Dara McGrath na Project Cleansweep [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s6nti8w4cfbljkyk9gva1g1o6v9lt9b 0 160665 875204 874938 2026-07-03T17:10:32Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354504128|Libor Holík]]" 875204 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Libor Holík''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1998) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Czech wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Slovak ta Spartak Trnava wasa a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na dama]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=Holík už patří Plzni, Viktoria uplatnila opci na přestup |url=https://www.sport.cz/clanek/fotbal-ceska-1-liga-holik-uz-patri-plzni-viktoria-uplatnila-opci-na-prestup-3908466 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=sport.cz |language=cs |agency=[[Czech News Agency]]}}</ref> === Slavia Prague === Holík ya kammala karatunsa a Slovácko, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libor Holík a Michal Sadílek na Mistrovství Evropy U17 |url=http://old.fcslovacko.cz/clanek/libor-holik-a-michal-sadilek-na-mistrovstvi-evropy-u17/5813.html |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=old.fcslovacko.cz}}</ref> a shekarar 2015 ya koma ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Slavia Prague . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Slavie přestoupil mládežnický reprezentant Libor Holík |url=https://edenarena.cz/article/13438-Do-Slavie-prestoupil-mladeznicky-reprezentant-Libor-Holik |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=edenarena.cz}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a Slavia a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2015 da Slovácko, lokacin da ya maye gurbin Jaromír Zmrhal a minti na 90. Ya buga wa Slavia wasa ne kawai a zagayen farko na gasar Europa League, kuma a kakar wasa ta 2016/17 ya koma aro ga MFK Karviná . Ya kuma zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a cikin rigar Karviná, lokacin da ya yi kunnen doki da Sparta Prague a minti na 82 na wasan zagaye na 28. === Zlín === A lokacin bazara na 2017, Holik ya koma Zlín . Duk da haka, bai buga ko da minti ɗaya ba a kaka kuma ya tafi aro ga Jihlava a lokacin bazara na kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=S FC Vysočina se začal připravovat Libor Holík |url=https://www.fcvysocina.cz/article/6570-S-FC-Vysocina-se-zacal-pripravovat-Libor-Holik |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FC Vysočina Jihlava |language=cs}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni shida na farko a Jihlava, bayan haka bai sake buga wasa ba. A kakar wasa ta 2018/19, ya kasance memba na farkon Zlín kuma ya buga wasa a matsayin mai tsaron baya na dama, na hagu da na dama, kuma sau da yawa yana buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsaron]] baya na dama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libor Holík: Je to derby a v tom se může stát cokoliv - FC Zlín |url=https://www.fctrinityzlin.cz/zeny/clanky/libor-holik-je-to-derby-a-v-tom-se-muze-stat-cokoliv.html |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=www.fctrinityzlin.cz}}</ref> === Viktoria Plzeň === [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] jo8hezxauxrfyh3hx34wlnw8zqvm7vf 875205 875204 2026-07-03T17:10:47Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354504128|Libor Holík]]" 875205 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Libor Holík''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1998) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Czech wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Slovak ta Spartak Trnava wasa a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na dama]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=Holík už patří Plzni, Viktoria uplatnila opci na přestup |url=https://www.sport.cz/clanek/fotbal-ceska-1-liga-holik-uz-patri-plzni-viktoria-uplatnila-opci-na-prestup-3908466 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=sport.cz |language=cs |agency=[[Czech News Agency]]}}</ref> === Slavia Prague === Holík ya kammala karatunsa a Slovácko, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libor Holík a Michal Sadílek na Mistrovství Evropy U17 |url=http://old.fcslovacko.cz/clanek/libor-holik-a-michal-sadilek-na-mistrovstvi-evropy-u17/5813.html |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=old.fcslovacko.cz}}</ref> a shekarar 2015 ya koma ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Slavia Prague . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Slavie přestoupil mládežnický reprezentant Libor Holík |url=https://edenarena.cz/article/13438-Do-Slavie-prestoupil-mladeznicky-reprezentant-Libor-Holik |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=edenarena.cz}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a Slavia a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2015 da Slovácko, lokacin da ya maye gurbin Jaromír Zmrhal a minti na 90. Ya buga wa Slavia wasa ne kawai a zagayen farko na gasar Europa League, kuma a kakar wasa ta 2016/17 ya koma aro ga MFK Karviná . Ya kuma zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a cikin rigar Karviná, lokacin da ya yi kunnen doki da Sparta Prague a minti na 82 na wasan zagaye na 28. === Zlín === A lokacin bazara na 2017, Holik ya koma Zlín . Duk da haka, bai buga ko da minti ɗaya ba a kaka kuma ya tafi aro ga Jihlava a lokacin bazara na kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=S FC Vysočina se začal připravovat Libor Holík |url=https://www.fcvysocina.cz/article/6570-S-FC-Vysocina-se-zacal-pripravovat-Libor-Holik |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FC Vysočina Jihlava |language=cs}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni shida na farko a Jihlava, bayan haka bai sake buga wasa ba. A kakar wasa ta 2018/19, ya kasance memba na farkon Zlín kuma ya buga wasa a matsayin mai tsaron baya na dama, na hagu da na dama, kuma sau da yawa yana buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsaron]] baya na dama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libor Holík: Je to derby a v tom se může stát cokoliv - FC Zlín |url=https://www.fctrinityzlin.cz/zeny/clanky/libor-holik-je-to-derby-a-v-tom-se-muze-stat-cokoliv.html |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=www.fctrinityzlin.cz}}</ref> === Viktoria Plzeň === A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2022, Holík ya koma FC Viktoria Plzeň a matsayin aro na tsawon watanni 6 tare da zaɓin siye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=s.r.o [www.esports.cz |first=Project: eSports cz |last2=Graphic |last3=Kuba |first3=Coding: Michal |last4=Kuba |first4=Programing: Michal |title=Viktoria welcomes Libor Holík to the defence |url=http://www.fcviktoria.cz/eng/clanek.asp?id=54243 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FC VIKTORIA Plzeň |language=cs}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=s.r.o [www.esports.cz |first=Project: eSports cz |last2=Graphic |last3=Kuba |first3=Coding: Michal |last4=Kuba |first4=Programing: Michal |title=LIBOR HOLÍK WILL BE A PILSEN PLAYER ALSO IN THE NEW SEASON, HE COMES ON LOAN |url=http://www.fcviktoria.cz/eng/clanek.asp?id=54273 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FC VIKTORIA Plzeň |language=cs}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa ya koma Plzen a kan yarjejeniyar dindindin. === Lamuni zuwa Zlín === A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2024, ya koma FC Zlín a matsayin aro na watanni 6. <ref>{{Cite web |last=s.r.o [www.esports.cz |first=Project: eSports cz |last2=Graphic |last3=Kuba |first3=Coding: Michal |last4=Kuba |first4=Programing: Michal |title=Libor Holík will be on loan in Zlín |url=http://www.fcviktoria.cz/eng/clanek.asp?id=54370 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FC VIKTORIA Plzeň |language=cs}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libor Holík se vrací na Letnou. Z Plzně u nás bude hostovat do konce sezony - FC Zlín |url=https://www.fczlin.com/aktuality/novinky/libor-holik-se-vraci-na-letnou-z-plzne-u-nas-bude-hostovat-do-konce-sezony.html |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=www.fczlin.com}}</ref> === Spartak Trnava === ==== kakar 2024-25 ==== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] ax5yytrg1xxe4hdp1gl4d80tsoj074c 875208 875205 2026-07-03T17:11:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354504128|Libor Holík]]" 875208 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Libor Holík''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1998) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Czech wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Slovak ta Spartak Trnava wasa a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na dama]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=Holík už patří Plzni, Viktoria uplatnila opci na přestup |url=https://www.sport.cz/clanek/fotbal-ceska-1-liga-holik-uz-patri-plzni-viktoria-uplatnila-opci-na-prestup-3908466 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=sport.cz |language=cs |agency=[[Czech News Agency]]}}</ref> === Slavia Prague === Holík ya kammala karatunsa a Slovácko, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libor Holík a Michal Sadílek na Mistrovství Evropy U17 |url=http://old.fcslovacko.cz/clanek/libor-holik-a-michal-sadilek-na-mistrovstvi-evropy-u17/5813.html |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=old.fcslovacko.cz}}</ref> a shekarar 2015 ya koma ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Slavia Prague . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Slavie přestoupil mládežnický reprezentant Libor Holík |url=https://edenarena.cz/article/13438-Do-Slavie-prestoupil-mladeznicky-reprezentant-Libor-Holik |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=edenarena.cz}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a Slavia a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2015 da Slovácko, lokacin da ya maye gurbin Jaromír Zmrhal a minti na 90. Ya buga wa Slavia wasa ne kawai a zagayen farko na gasar Europa League, kuma a kakar wasa ta 2016/17 ya koma aro ga MFK Karviná . Ya kuma zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a cikin rigar Karviná, lokacin da ya yi kunnen doki da Sparta Prague a minti na 82 na wasan zagaye na 28. === Zlín === A lokacin bazara na 2017, Holik ya koma Zlín . Duk da haka, bai buga ko da minti ɗaya ba a kaka kuma ya tafi aro ga Jihlava a lokacin bazara na kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=S FC Vysočina se začal připravovat Libor Holík |url=https://www.fcvysocina.cz/article/6570-S-FC-Vysocina-se-zacal-pripravovat-Libor-Holik |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FC Vysočina Jihlava |language=cs}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni shida na farko a Jihlava, bayan haka bai sake buga wasa ba. A kakar wasa ta 2018/19, ya kasance memba na farkon Zlín kuma ya buga wasa a matsayin mai tsaron baya na dama, na hagu da na dama, kuma sau da yawa yana buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsaron]] baya na dama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libor Holík: Je to derby a v tom se může stát cokoliv - FC Zlín |url=https://www.fctrinityzlin.cz/zeny/clanky/libor-holik-je-to-derby-a-v-tom-se-muze-stat-cokoliv.html |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=www.fctrinityzlin.cz}}</ref> === Viktoria Plzeň === A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2022, Holík ya koma FC Viktoria Plzeň a matsayin aro na tsawon watanni 6 tare da zaɓin siye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=s.r.o [www.esports.cz |first=Project: eSports cz |last2=Graphic |last3=Kuba |first3=Coding: Michal |last4=Kuba |first4=Programing: Michal |title=Viktoria welcomes Libor Holík to the defence |url=http://www.fcviktoria.cz/eng/clanek.asp?id=54243 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FC VIKTORIA Plzeň |language=cs}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=s.r.o [www.esports.cz |first=Project: eSports cz |last2=Graphic |last3=Kuba |first3=Coding: Michal |last4=Kuba |first4=Programing: Michal |title=LIBOR HOLÍK WILL BE A PILSEN PLAYER ALSO IN THE NEW SEASON, HE COMES ON LOAN |url=http://www.fcviktoria.cz/eng/clanek.asp?id=54273 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FC VIKTORIA Plzeň |language=cs}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa ya koma Plzen a kan yarjejeniyar dindindin. === Lamuni zuwa Zlín === A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2024, ya koma FC Zlín a matsayin aro na watanni 6. <ref>{{Cite web |last=s.r.o [www.esports.cz |first=Project: eSports cz |last2=Graphic |last3=Kuba |first3=Coding: Michal |last4=Kuba |first4=Programing: Michal |title=Libor Holík will be on loan in Zlín |url=http://www.fcviktoria.cz/eng/clanek.asp?id=54370 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FC VIKTORIA Plzeň |language=cs}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libor Holík se vrací na Letnou. Z Plzně u nás bude hostovat do konce sezony - FC Zlín |url=https://www.fczlin.com/aktuality/novinky/libor-holik-se-vraci-na-letnou-z-plzne-u-nas-bude-hostovat-do-konce-sezony.html |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=www.fczlin.com}}</ref> === Spartak Trnava === ==== kakar 2024-25 ==== [[Fayil:Libor_Holík_debut_for_Spartak_Trnava_3.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Za a yi gasar a shekarar 2024]] A ranar 19 ga Yuni 2024, Holík ya koma ƙungiyar Spartak Trnava ta Slovak, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru 3. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ďurinský |first=Samuel |date=2024-06-19 |title=Libor Holík najnovšou posilou Spartaka! |url=https://fcspartaktrnava.com/libor-holik-najnovsou-posilou-spartaka/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FC Spartak Trnava |language=sk-SK}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nahradí Koštrnu. Spartak Trnava angažoval českého obrancu z Plzne |url=https://sportnet.sme.sk/spravy/futbal-trnava-angazovala-ceskeho-obrancu-libora-holika-nike-liga/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=sportnet.sme.sk |language=sk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=redakcia@trnavskyhlas.sk |title=Spartak priviedol posilu z Plzne, má skúsenosti s Ligou majstrov |url=https://www.trnavskyhlas.sk/c/37609-spartak-priviedol-posilu-z-plzne,-ma-skusenosti-s-ligou-majstrov/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=Trnavský Hlas}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a sabuwar ƙungiyarsa a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da FK Sarajevo a zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar Conference League . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Žrď či zákrok na čiare. Trnava po chybách takmer pykala, domov si nesie cenný výsledok |url=https://sportnet.sme.sk/spravy/futbal-fk-sarajevo-spartak-trnava-vysledok-1-zapas-2-predkolo-kl-2024-2025/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=sportnet.sme.sk |language=sk}}</ref> Holík zai ci gaba da fitowa a kowane wasa na gasar a duk tsawon kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libor Holík |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/hrac/zapasy/2697-libor-holik?id_season=2024&id_team=8 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Niké liga}}</ref> ==== kakar 2025-26 ==== Holík ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Spartak a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2025, a wasan gasar Conference league da Hibernians FC, bayan da Martin Mikovič ya yi masa kwallo daga wajen akwatin bugun fenariti. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Popovec |first=Pavol |date=2025-07-24 |title=Z Malty vezieme výhru 2:1 |url=https://fcspartaktrnava.com/z-malty-vezieme-vyhru-21/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=FC Spartak Trnava |language=sk-SK}}</ref> A zagaye na biyu, ya zura kwallo kuma ya taimaka aka ci kwallo a wasan da suka doke kungiyar [[Malta|Maltese]] da ci 5-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komediálna penalta a nečakaný strelecký hrdina. Trnava zdemolovala zanedbaného súpera |url=https://sportnet.sme.sk/spravy/futbal-spartak-trnava-hibernians-reakcie-odveta-2-predkolo-konferencna-liga-2025-2026/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=sportnet.sme.sk |language=sk}}</ref> Holík ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar lig a wasan da suka doke Tatran Presov da ci 1-0, inda ya zura kwallo a raga bayan da abokin wasansa Miloš Kratochvíl ya yi masa kwallo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ďurinský |first=Samuel |date=2025-08-10 |title=TRETIA VÝHRA A TRETIE ČISTÉ KONTO V LIGE! |url=https://fcspartaktrnava.com/tretia-vyhra-a-tretie-ciste-konto-v-lige/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=FC Spartak Trnava |language=sk-SK}}</ref> Holík ya lashe kyautar Andel Roka (dan wasan shekara) a Spartak. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Šport.sk |date=2025-12-15 |title=ROZHOVOR Dostal vážne ocenenie. La Liga? Nikdy som neprestal snívať, prezradil |url=https://sport.aktuality.sk/futbal/clanok/rozhovor-libor-holik-z-fc-spartak-je-andel-roka-2025-2025121510155238308 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Šport.sk}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Viktoria Plzeň''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Czech ta Farko : 2021–22 '''Spartak Trnava''' * Kofin Slovak : 2024–25 * Ɗan wasan shekara: 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |last=redakcia@trnavskyhlas.sk |title=Futbalistom roka v Spartaku je Libor Holík, do siene slávy pribudli dve legendy |url=https://www.trnavskyhlas.sk/c/40921-futbalistom-roka-v-spartaku-je-libor-holik,-do-siene-slavy-pribudli-dve-legendy/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Trnavský Hlas}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Libor Holík – Czech First League statistics at Fotbal DNES (in Czech) * Libor Holík at FAČR (in Czech) * {{Soccerway|libor-holik/400658}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] gvjj4r6lzw57odgxn4krud146y3wgt7 875210 875208 2026-07-03T17:12:49Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 875210 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Libor Holík''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1998) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Czech wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Slovak ta Spartak Trnava wasa a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na dama]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=Holík už patří Plzni, Viktoria uplatnila opci na přestup |url=https://www.sport.cz/clanek/fotbal-ceska-1-liga-holik-uz-patri-plzni-viktoria-uplatnila-opci-na-prestup-3908466 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=sport.cz |language=cs |agency=[[Czech News Agency]]}}</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Slavia Prague === Holík ya kammala karatunsa a Slovácko, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libor Holík a Michal Sadílek na Mistrovství Evropy U17 |url=http://old.fcslovacko.cz/clanek/libor-holik-a-michal-sadilek-na-mistrovstvi-evropy-u17/5813.html |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=old.fcslovacko.cz}}</ref> a shekarar 2015 ya koma ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Slavia Prague . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Slavie přestoupil mládežnický reprezentant Libor Holík |url=https://edenarena.cz/article/13438-Do-Slavie-prestoupil-mladeznicky-reprezentant-Libor-Holik |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=edenarena.cz}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a Slavia a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2015 da Slovácko, lokacin da ya maye gurbin Jaromír Zmrhal a minti na 90. Ya buga wa Slavia wasa ne kawai a zagayen farko na gasar Europa League, kuma a kakar wasa ta 2016/17 ya koma aro ga MFK Karviná . Ya kuma zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a cikin rigar Karviná, lokacin da ya yi kunnen doki da Sparta Prague a minti na 82 na wasan zagaye na 28. === Zlín === A lokacin bazara na 2017, Holik ya koma Zlín . Duk da haka, bai buga ko da minti ɗaya ba a kaka kuma ya tafi aro ga Jihlava a lokacin bazara na kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=S FC Vysočina se začal připravovat Libor Holík |url=https://www.fcvysocina.cz/article/6570-S-FC-Vysocina-se-zacal-pripravovat-Libor-Holik |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FC Vysočina Jihlava |language=cs}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni shida na farko a Jihlava, bayan haka bai sake buga wasa ba. A kakar wasa ta 2018/19, ya kasance memba na farkon Zlín kuma ya buga wasa a matsayin mai tsaron baya na dama, na hagu da na dama, kuma sau da yawa yana buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|mai tsaron]] baya na dama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libor Holík: Je to derby a v tom se může stát cokoliv - FC Zlín |url=https://www.fctrinityzlin.cz/zeny/clanky/libor-holik-je-to-derby-a-v-tom-se-muze-stat-cokoliv.html |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=www.fctrinityzlin.cz}}</ref> === Viktoria Plzeň === A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2022, Holík ya koma FC Viktoria Plzeň a matsayin aro na tsawon watanni 6 tare da zaɓin siye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=s.r.o [www.esports.cz |first=Project: eSports cz |last2=Graphic |last3=Kuba |first3=Coding: Michal |last4=Kuba |first4=Programing: Michal |title=Viktoria welcomes Libor Holík to the defence |url=http://www.fcviktoria.cz/eng/clanek.asp?id=54243 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FC VIKTORIA Plzeň |language=cs}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=s.r.o [www.esports.cz |first=Project: eSports cz |last2=Graphic |last3=Kuba |first3=Coding: Michal |last4=Kuba |first4=Programing: Michal |title=LIBOR HOLÍK WILL BE A PILSEN PLAYER ALSO IN THE NEW SEASON, HE COMES ON LOAN |url=http://www.fcviktoria.cz/eng/clanek.asp?id=54273 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FC VIKTORIA Plzeň |language=cs}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa ya koma Plzen a kan yarjejeniyar dindindin. === Lamuni zuwa Zlín === A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2024, ya koma FC Zlín a matsayin aro na watanni 6. <ref>{{Cite web |last=s.r.o [www.esports.cz |first=Project: eSports cz |last2=Graphic |last3=Kuba |first3=Coding: Michal |last4=Kuba |first4=Programing: Michal |title=Libor Holík will be on loan in Zlín |url=http://www.fcviktoria.cz/eng/clanek.asp?id=54370 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FC VIKTORIA Plzeň |language=cs}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libor Holík se vrací na Letnou. Z Plzně u nás bude hostovat do konce sezony - FC Zlín |url=https://www.fczlin.com/aktuality/novinky/libor-holik-se-vraci-na-letnou-z-plzne-u-nas-bude-hostovat-do-konce-sezony.html |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=www.fczlin.com}}</ref> === Spartak Trnava === ==== kakar 2024-25 ==== [[Fayil:Libor_Holík_debut_for_Spartak_Trnava_3.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Za a yi gasar a shekarar 2024]] A ranar 19 ga Yuni 2024, Holík ya koma ƙungiyar Spartak Trnava ta Slovak, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru 3. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ďurinský |first=Samuel |date=2024-06-19 |title=Libor Holík najnovšou posilou Spartaka! |url=https://fcspartaktrnava.com/libor-holik-najnovsou-posilou-spartaka/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=FC Spartak Trnava |language=sk-SK}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nahradí Koštrnu. Spartak Trnava angažoval českého obrancu z Plzne |url=https://sportnet.sme.sk/spravy/futbal-trnava-angazovala-ceskeho-obrancu-libora-holika-nike-liga/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=sportnet.sme.sk |language=sk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=redakcia@trnavskyhlas.sk |title=Spartak priviedol posilu z Plzne, má skúsenosti s Ligou majstrov |url=https://www.trnavskyhlas.sk/c/37609-spartak-priviedol-posilu-z-plzne,-ma-skusenosti-s-ligou-majstrov/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=Trnavský Hlas}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a sabuwar ƙungiyarsa a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da FK Sarajevo a zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar Conference League . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Žrď či zákrok na čiare. Trnava po chybách takmer pykala, domov si nesie cenný výsledok |url=https://sportnet.sme.sk/spravy/futbal-fk-sarajevo-spartak-trnava-vysledok-1-zapas-2-predkolo-kl-2024-2025/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=sportnet.sme.sk |language=sk}}</ref> Holík zai ci gaba da fitowa a kowane wasa na gasar a duk tsawon kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libor Holík |url=http://www.nikeliga.sk/hrac/zapasy/2697-libor-holik?id_season=2024&id_team=8 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Niké liga}}</ref> ==== kakar 2025-26 ==== Holík ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Spartak a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2025, a wasan gasar Conference league da Hibernians FC, bayan da Martin Mikovič ya yi masa kwallo daga wajen akwatin bugun fenariti. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Popovec |first=Pavol |date=2025-07-24 |title=Z Malty vezieme výhru 2:1 |url=https://fcspartaktrnava.com/z-malty-vezieme-vyhru-21/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=FC Spartak Trnava |language=sk-SK}}</ref> A zagaye na biyu, ya zura kwallo kuma ya taimaka aka ci kwallo a wasan da suka doke kungiyar [[Malta|Maltese]] da ci 5-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komediálna penalta a nečakaný strelecký hrdina. Trnava zdemolovala zanedbaného súpera |url=https://sportnet.sme.sk/spravy/futbal-spartak-trnava-hibernians-reakcie-odveta-2-predkolo-konferencna-liga-2025-2026/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=sportnet.sme.sk |language=sk}}</ref> Holík ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar lig a wasan da suka doke Tatran Presov da ci 1-0, inda ya zura kwallo a raga bayan da abokin wasansa Miloš Kratochvíl ya yi masa kwallo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ďurinský |first=Samuel |date=2025-08-10 |title=TRETIA VÝHRA A TRETIE ČISTÉ KONTO V LIGE! |url=https://fcspartaktrnava.com/tretia-vyhra-a-tretie-ciste-konto-v-lige/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=FC Spartak Trnava |language=sk-SK}}</ref> Holík ya lashe kyautar Andel Roka (dan wasan shekara) a Spartak. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Šport.sk |date=2025-12-15 |title=ROZHOVOR Dostal vážne ocenenie. La Liga? Nikdy som neprestal snívať, prezradil |url=https://sport.aktuality.sk/futbal/clanok/rozhovor-libor-holik-z-fc-spartak-je-andel-roka-2025-2025121510155238308 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Šport.sk}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Viktoria Plzeň''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Czech ta Farko : 2021–22 '''Spartak Trnava''' * Kofin Slovak : 2024–25 * Ɗan wasan shekara: 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |last=redakcia@trnavskyhlas.sk |title=Futbalistom roka v Spartaku je Libor Holík, do siene slávy pribudli dve legendy |url=https://www.trnavskyhlas.sk/c/40921-futbalistom-roka-v-spartaku-je-libor-holik,-do-siene-slavy-pribudli-dve-legendy/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Trnavský Hlas}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Libor Holík – Czech First League statistics at Fotbal DNES (in Czech) * Libor Holík at FAČR (in Czech) * {{Soccerway|libor-holik/400658}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] qztw4pmsveyd0h3qblrq2fmo2ians6w 0 160667 875020 2026-07-03T14:28:24Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1284324943|Blue Wedges]]" 875020 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Yarra_dredging_2.jpg|thumb|Ana ajiye kayan da aka cire daga Kogin Yarra]] '''Blue Wedges''' ƙungiya ce ta kiyaye muhalli wadda ta saba wa manufar gwamnatin Victoria [[Asturaliya|ta Ostiraliya]] na zurfafa hanyoyin jigilar kaya a Port Phillip da kuma babban ci gaban da aka samu a yankin Westernport da ke Ramsar . Blue Wedges ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyi sama da 65 masu amfani da muhalli da kuma waɗanda ke adawa da ci gaba a yankunan Melbourne Bays waɗanda suke ganin ba za su dawwama ba, kamar aikin zurfafa hanyoyin ruwa na tashar jiragen ruwa ta Port of Melbourne Corporation. Ƙungiyar Blue Wedges ta haɗa da ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi da ƙungiyoyin koli, ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi na ƙwararru, masu aikin nutsewa da masu haya tare da ƙungiyoyin kare bakin teku na gargajiya da sassan masana'antar bayside. Ƙungiyar Blue Wedges tana samun goyon baya a cikin manufarta ta kare yankunan ruwa daga wasu ƙungiyoyin muhalli, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta Victoria, Gidauniyar Kare Muhalli ta Australiya, [[Abokan Duniya]], Ƙungiyar Wilderness, Muhalli ta Victoria, Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Port Phillip da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Yankin Yamma a ƙarƙashin wata sanarwa ta haɗin gwiwa da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suka fitar waɗanda ke adawa da aikin kuma suka yi kira da a ɗauki mataki don dakatar da aikin daga Gwamnatin Victoria. A Victoria, an ƙirƙiri sunan "Blue Wedges" bayan wata manufar gwamnati ta baya ta "Green Wedges" don kiyaye yankunan karkara da dazuzzuka a gefen yankin babban birnin [[Melbourne]] da ke faɗaɗa. Green Wedges wani ɓangare ne da ya riga ya kasance a cikin manufofin muhalli na gwamnati. A watan Disamba na 2007, an sanar da cewa Blue Wedges ta ɗauki mataki a [[Kotun Tarayya ta Ostiraliya|Kotun Tarayya]] a kan Commonwealth don dakatar da sanya hannu kan aikin zurfafa hanyoyin jigilar kaya. An saurari ƙarar a watan Janairu na 2008, inda Kotun Tarayya ta yanke hukunci a kan Blue Wedges a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2008. A ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2008, Blue Wedges ta sami sassauci a Kotun Tarayya tare da ranar sauraron ƙara a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2008. Bayan sulhu tsakanin Blue Wedges da Kamfanin Port of Melbourne (wanda ke da alhakin zurfafa ayyukan) a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2008, an ba da izinin fara ayyukan da aka ƙayyade a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2008. An yi hira da Jenny Warfe, shugabar ƙungiyar Blue Wedges a rediyon gida game da musanta zaftarewar teku da ta biyo baya ta cire yashi daga bakin tekun Portsea bayan kammala shirin zurfafa haƙa ramin Port Phillip Bay. == Manazarta == gf67twzm9owyiez3fbvl7a1dnxikg9q 875021 875020 2026-07-03T14:28:58Z Nnamadee 31123 875021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Yarra_dredging_2.jpg|thumb|Ana ajiye kayan da aka cire daga Kogin Yarra]] '''Blue Wedges''' ƙungiya ce ta kiyaye muhalli wadda ta saba wa manufar gwamnatin Victoria [[Asturaliya|ta Ostiraliya]] na zurfafa hanyoyin jigilar kaya a Port Phillip da kuma babban ci gaban da aka samu a yankin Westernport da ke Ramsar . Blue Wedges ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyi sama da 65 masu amfani da muhalli da kuma waɗanda ke adawa da ci gaba a yankunan Melbourne Bays waɗanda suke ganin ba za su dawwama ba, kamar aikin zurfafa hanyoyin ruwa na tashar jiragen ruwa ta Port of Melbourne Corporation. Ƙungiyar Blue Wedges ta haɗa da ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi da ƙungiyoyin koli, ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi na ƙwararru, masu aikin nutsewa da masu haya tare da ƙungiyoyin kare bakin teku na gargajiya da sassan masana'antar bayside. Ƙungiyar Blue Wedges tana samun goyon baya a cikin manufarta ta kare yankunan ruwa daga wasu ƙungiyoyin muhalli, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta Victoria, Gidauniyar Kare Muhalli ta Australiya, [[Abokan Duniya]], Ƙungiyar Wilderness, Muhalli ta Victoria, Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Port Phillip da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Yankin Yamma a ƙarƙashin wata sanarwa ta haɗin gwiwa da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suka fitar waɗanda ke adawa da aikin kuma suka yi kira da a ɗauki mataki don dakatar da aikin daga Gwamnatin Victoria. A Victoria, an ƙirƙiri sunan "Blue Wedges" bayan wata manufar gwamnati ta baya ta "Green Wedges" don kiyaye yankunan karkara da dazuzzuka a gefen yankin babban birnin [[Melbourne]] da ke faɗaɗa. Green Wedges wani ɓangare ne da ya riga ya kasance a cikin manufofin muhalli na gwamnati. A watan Disamba na 2007, an sanar da cewa Blue Wedges ta ɗauki mataki a [[Kotun Tarayya ta Ostiraliya|Kotun Tarayya]] a kan Commonwealth don dakatar da sanya hannu kan aikin zurfafa hanyoyin jigilar kaya. An saurari ƙarar a watan Janairu na 2008, inda Kotun Tarayya ta yanke hukunci a kan Blue Wedges a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2008. A ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2008, Blue Wedges ta sami sassauci a Kotun Tarayya tare da ranar sauraron ƙara a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2008. Bayan sulhu tsakanin Blue Wedges da Kamfanin Port of Melbourne (wanda ke da alhakin zurfafa ayyukan) a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2008, an ba da izinin fara ayyukan da aka ƙayyade a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2008. An yi hira da Jenny Warfe, shugabar ƙungiyar Blue Wedges a rediyon gida game da musanta zaftarewar teku da ta biyo baya ta cire yashi daga bakin tekun Portsea bayan kammala shirin zurfafa haƙa ramin Port Phillip Bay. == Manazarta == 0t757h04bhar3b0zmhqbk9f1boc96sd 875022 875021 2026-07-03T14:29:37Z Nnamadee 31123 875022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Yarra_dredging_2.jpg|thumb|Ana ajiye kayan da aka cire daga Kogin Yarra]] '''Blue Wedges''' ƙungiya ce ta kiyaye muhalli wadda ta saba wa manufar gwamnatin Victoria [[Asturaliya|ta Ostiraliya]] na zurfafa hanyoyin jigilar kaya a Port Phillip da kuma babban ci gaban da aka samu a yankin Westernport da ke Ramsar . Blue Wedges ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyi sama da 65 masu amfani da muhalli da kuma waɗanda ke adawa da ci gaba a yankunan Melbourne Bays waɗanda suke ganin ba za su dawwama ba, kamar aikin zurfafa hanyoyin ruwa na tashar jiragen ruwa ta Port of Melbourne Corporation. Ƙungiyar Blue Wedges ta haɗa da ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi da ƙungiyoyin koli, ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi na ƙwararru, masu aikin nutsewa da masu haya tare da ƙungiyoyin kare bakin teku na gargajiya da sassan masana'antar bayside. Ƙungiyar Blue Wedges tana samun goyon baya a cikin manufarta ta kare yankunan ruwa daga wasu ƙungiyoyin muhalli, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta Victoria, Gidauniyar Kare Muhalli ta Australiya, [[Abokan Duniya]], Ƙungiyar Wilderness, Muhalli ta Victoria, Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Port Phillip da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Yankin Yamma a ƙarƙashin wata sanarwa ta haɗin gwiwa da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suka fitar waɗanda ke adawa da aikin kuma suka yi kira da a ɗauki mataki don dakatar da aikin daga Gwamnatin Victoria. A Victoria, an ƙirƙiri sunan "Blue Wedges" bayan wata manufar gwamnati ta baya ta "Green Wedges" don kiyaye yankunan karkara da dazuzzuka a gefen yankin babban birnin [[Melbourne]] da ke faɗaɗa. Green Wedges wani ɓangare ne da ya riga ya kasance a cikin manufofin muhalli na gwamnati. A watan Disamba na 2007, an sanar da cewa Blue Wedges ta ɗauki mataki a [[Kotun Tarayya ta Ostiraliya|Kotun Tarayya]] a kan Commonwealth don dakatar da sanya hannu kan aikin zurfafa hanyoyin jigilar kaya. An saurari ƙarar a watan Janairu na 2008,<ref>The Age Newspaper, 5 Dec 2007, Court threat to channel deepening</ref> inda Kotun Tarayya ta yanke hukunci a kan Blue Wedges a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2008. A ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2008, Blue Wedges ta sami sassauci a Kotun Tarayya tare da ranar sauraron ƙara a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2008. Bayan sulhu tsakanin Blue Wedges da Kamfanin Port of Melbourne (wanda ke da alhakin zurfafa ayyukan) a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2008, an ba da izinin fara ayyukan da aka ƙayyade a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2008. An yi hira da Jenny Warfe, shugabar ƙungiyar Blue Wedges a rediyon gida game da musanta zaftarewar teku da ta biyo baya ta cire yashi daga bakin tekun Portsea bayan kammala shirin zurfafa haƙa ramin Port Phillip Bay. == Manazarta == defb2hcbqi6vd2nfbk6vl1clp17jfdw 875023 875022 2026-07-03T14:30:07Z Nnamadee 31123 875023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Yarra_dredging_2.jpg|thumb|Ana ajiye kayan da aka cire daga Kogin Yarra]] '''Blue Wedges''' ƙungiya ce ta kiyaye muhalli wadda ta saba wa manufar gwamnatin Victoria [[Asturaliya|ta Ostiraliya]] na zurfafa hanyoyin jigilar kaya a Port Phillip da kuma babban ci gaban da aka samu a yankin Westernport da ke Ramsar . Blue Wedges ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyi sama da 65 masu amfani da muhalli da kuma waɗanda ke adawa da ci gaba a yankunan Melbourne Bays waɗanda suke ganin ba za su dawwama ba, kamar aikin zurfafa hanyoyin ruwa na tashar jiragen ruwa ta Port of Melbourne Corporation. Ƙungiyar Blue Wedges ta haɗa da ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi da ƙungiyoyin koli, ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi na ƙwararru, masu aikin nutsewa da masu haya tare da ƙungiyoyin kare bakin teku na gargajiya da sassan masana'antar bayside. Ƙungiyar Blue Wedges tana samun goyon baya a cikin manufarta ta kare yankunan ruwa daga wasu ƙungiyoyin muhalli, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta Victoria, Gidauniyar Kare Muhalli ta Australiya, [[Abokan Duniya]], Ƙungiyar Wilderness, Muhalli ta Victoria, Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Port Phillip da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Yankin Yamma a ƙarƙashin wata sanarwa ta haɗin gwiwa da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suka fitar waɗanda ke adawa da aikin kuma suka yi kira da a ɗauki mataki don dakatar da aikin daga Gwamnatin Victoria. A Victoria, an ƙirƙiri sunan "Blue Wedges" bayan wata manufar gwamnati ta baya ta "Green Wedges" don kiyaye yankunan karkara da dazuzzuka a gefen yankin babban birnin [[Melbourne]] da ke faɗaɗa. Green Wedges wani ɓangare ne da ya riga ya kasance a cikin manufofin muhalli na gwamnati. A watan Disamba na 2007, an sanar da cewa Blue Wedges ta ɗauki mataki a [[Kotun Tarayya ta Ostiraliya|Kotun Tarayya]] a kan Commonwealth don dakatar da sanya hannu kan aikin zurfafa hanyoyin jigilar kaya. An saurari ƙarar a watan Janairu na 2008,<ref>The Age Newspaper, 5 Dec 2007, Court threat to channel deepening</ref> inda Kotun Tarayya ta yanke hukunci a kan Blue Wedges a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2008.<ref>The Age Newspaper, 15 Jan 2008, Bay dredge gets go-ahead</ref> A ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2008, Blue Wedges ta sami sassauci a Kotun Tarayya tare da ranar sauraron ƙara a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2008. Bayan sulhu tsakanin Blue Wedges da Kamfanin Port of Melbourne (wanda ke da alhakin zurfafa ayyukan) a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2008, an ba da izinin fara ayyukan da aka ƙayyade a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2008. An yi hira da Jenny Warfe, shugabar ƙungiyar Blue Wedges a rediyon gida game da musanta zaftarewar teku da ta biyo baya ta cire yashi daga bakin tekun Portsea bayan kammala shirin zurfafa haƙa ramin Port Phillip Bay. == Manazarta == iwe0ozivjp8wv4z9wy6mazj388euwp1 875024 875023 2026-07-03T14:30:33Z Nnamadee 31123 875024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Yarra_dredging_2.jpg|thumb|Ana ajiye kayan da aka cire daga Kogin Yarra]] '''Blue Wedges''' ƙungiya ce ta kiyaye muhalli wadda ta saba wa manufar gwamnatin Victoria [[Asturaliya|ta Ostiraliya]] na zurfafa hanyoyin jigilar kaya a Port Phillip da kuma babban ci gaban da aka samu a yankin Westernport da ke Ramsar . Blue Wedges ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyi sama da 65 masu amfani da muhalli da kuma waɗanda ke adawa da ci gaba a yankunan Melbourne Bays waɗanda suke ganin ba za su dawwama ba, kamar aikin zurfafa hanyoyin ruwa na tashar jiragen ruwa ta Port of Melbourne Corporation. Ƙungiyar Blue Wedges ta haɗa da ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi da ƙungiyoyin koli, ƙungiyoyin kamun kifi na ƙwararru, masu aikin nutsewa da masu haya tare da ƙungiyoyin kare bakin teku na gargajiya da sassan masana'antar bayside. Ƙungiyar Blue Wedges tana samun goyon baya a cikin manufarta ta kare yankunan ruwa daga wasu ƙungiyoyin muhalli, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta Victoria, Gidauniyar Kare Muhalli ta Australiya, [[Abokan Duniya]], Ƙungiyar Wilderness, Muhalli ta Victoria, Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Port Phillip da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Yankin Yamma a ƙarƙashin wata sanarwa ta haɗin gwiwa da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suka fitar waɗanda ke adawa da aikin kuma suka yi kira da a ɗauki mataki don dakatar da aikin daga Gwamnatin Victoria. A Victoria, an ƙirƙiri sunan "Blue Wedges" bayan wata manufar gwamnati ta baya ta "Green Wedges" don kiyaye yankunan karkara da dazuzzuka a gefen yankin babban birnin [[Melbourne]] da ke faɗaɗa. Green Wedges wani ɓangare ne da ya riga ya kasance a cikin manufofin muhalli na gwamnati. A watan Disamba na 2007, an sanar da cewa Blue Wedges ta ɗauki mataki a [[Kotun Tarayya ta Ostiraliya|Kotun Tarayya]] a kan Commonwealth don dakatar da sanya hannu kan aikin zurfafa hanyoyin jigilar kaya. An saurari ƙarar a watan Janairu na 2008,<ref>The Age Newspaper, 5 Dec 2007, Court threat to channel deepening</ref> inda Kotun Tarayya ta yanke hukunci a kan Blue Wedges a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2008.<ref>The Age Newspaper, 15 Jan 2008, Bay dredge gets go-ahead</ref> A ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2008, Blue Wedges ta sami sassauci a Kotun Tarayya tare da ranar sauraron ƙara a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2008. Bayan sulhu tsakanin Blue Wedges da Kamfanin Port of Melbourne (wanda ke da alhakin zurfafa ayyukan) a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2008, an ba da izinin fara ayyukan da aka ƙayyade a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2008. An yi hira da Jenny Warfe, shugabar ƙungiyar Blue Wedges a rediyon gida game da musanta zaftarewar teku da ta biyo baya ta cire yashi daga bakin tekun Portsea bayan kammala shirin zurfafa haƙa ramin Port Phillip Bay.<ref>The Age Newspaper, ''7 July 2013'', Beach loss linked to dredging</ref> == Manazarta == o7c7z4jpk5y67wdo2kqqdsdh04b89sf 0 160668 875025 2026-07-03T14:32:01Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315491884|Palawan rain forests]]" 875025 wikitext text/x-wiki Yankin '''dazuzzukan ruwan sama na Palawan''' (WWF ID:IM0143) ya ƙunshi Tsibirin Palawan, wanda ke tsakiyar Tsibirin Palawan, tsibiri na shida mafi girma a [[Filipin|Philippines]] . Tsibiran suna aiki a matsayin gadar muhalli tsakanin [[Borneo]] da manyan tsibiran Philippines, duk da cewa akwai hanyoyin shiga tsakanin tsibiran a cikin zamanin kankara na ƙarshe lokacin da matakan teku suka yi ƙasa. Bambancin halittu yana da yawa a tsibiran, tare da nau'ikan halittu da yawa da suka fi yawa, kuma tare da nau'ikan halittu da yawa da Borneo ke rabawa a kudu. Matsi daga sare bishiyoyi abin damuwa ne ga dazuzzukan wannan yanki. <ref name="wwf">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0143 |access-date=March 21, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="ecomap">{{Cite web |title=Map of Ecoregions 2017 |url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/ |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Resolve, using WWF data |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40143 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Palawan_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}</ref> == Wuri da bayanin == Baya ga babban tsibirin Palawan, yankin ya hada da tsibirin Balabac a kudu, tsibirin Ursula, da tsibirin Calamian a arewa. Tsibirin Palawan yana da 260&nbsp;tsawon kilomita kuma matsakaicinsa shine 25-30 kawai&nbsp;Faɗin kilomita. Tsaunukan tsaunuka suna ratsa tsakiyar tsibirin, inda kusan rabin gangaren suka kai matsakaicin digiri 30. Mafi girman wurin shine {{Convert|2085|m|ft}} a Dutsen Mantalingajan . Tsibiran suna da ƙanana kaɗan, an ɗaga su daga teku shekaru miliyan 5-10 kacal da suka wuce. <ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Palawan_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Palawan_rain_forests "Palawan rain forests"]. The Encyclopedia of Earth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Yanayi == Yanayin yanayin muhalli shine ''yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi - hunturu mai bushewa'' ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Rarraba yanayi na Köppen]] [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|(Aw)]] ). Wannan yanayi yana da yanayin zafi mai daidaito a duk shekara, da kuma lokacin rani mai ƙarfi. Watan da ya fi bushewa yana da ƙasa da digiri 60.&nbsp;mm na ruwan sama, kuma ya fi bushewa fiye da matsakaicin wata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kottek |first=M. |last2=Grieser |first2=J. |last3=Beck |first3=C. |last4=Rudolf |first4=B. |last5=Rubel |first5=F. |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="kop-data">{{Cite web |title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications |url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Palawans, lokacin damina yana farawa daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba. Lokacin rani ga yawancin tsibirin shine Nuwamba zuwa Mayu, amma yana ɗaukar watanni kaɗan ne kawai a arewa. <ref name="wwf" /> == Flora == Kimanin kashi biyu bisa uku na tsibiran suna cikin dajin da ke rufe da ganyen kore, kashi 10% a cikin wasu dazuzzuka da aka rufe, kashi 15% a cikin dazuzzuka ko kuma ciyayi, kuma kashi 5% ne kawai a cikin matsugunan mutane ko noma. <ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40143 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40143 "Palawan rain forests"]. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> An datse yawancin wannan dajin da ke ƙarƙashin tsaunuka a baya, kuma matsin lamba daga sarewa da canza ƙasa zuwa noma ya rage ingancin yawancin dajin. <ref name="wwf">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0143 |access-date=March 21, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0143 "Palawan rain forests"]. World Wildlife Federation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Dazuzzukan da ke kusa da bakin teku su ne dazuzzukan beech, waɗanda ke canzawa zuwa [[dajin ruwan sama]] na ƙasa wanda bishiyoyin dangin Dipterocarpaceae suka mamaye, Agalai, nau'ikan ''Ficus'' daban-daban, Water gum ''( Tristania )'', Broad leaved balart ''( Exocarpos latifolius )'', da ''Swintonia foxworthy'' . Ana samun dajin Montane a tsaunuka mafi tsayi (mita 800 zuwa 1,200), kuma ana samun dajin rabin-rage a cikin inuwar ruwan sama a gefen gabas na babban tsibirin. Kudancin babban tsibirin yana da nau'ikan dazuzzuka daban-daban waɗanda suka dogara da ƙasa. Manyan yankuna sune dajin dutse mai daraja, wanda ke ɗauke da cactus na cocin ''( [[Euphorbia lacei]] )'', ''Aglaia argentea'', da nau'ikan ''Antidesma'', ''Drypetes'', da ''Gomphandra'' . Akwai dazuzzukan da ba su da yawa a kusa da Victoria Peak waɗanda ke tallafawa shuke-shuke waɗanda ƙila suna da alaƙa da ƙasa mai ƙarfe mai nauyi. <ref name="wwf">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0143 |access-date=March 21, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0143 "Palawan rain forests"]. World Wildlife Federation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Wasu sassan dajin kudu suna ƙarƙashin ''Casuarina'' . <ref name="wwf" /> == Fauna == Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa a tsibiran, amma yawancin nau'ikan halittun suna tare da Borneo, wanda ke nuna cewa Palawans a da suna ɓangare na Sundaland (tsibiran da ke yamma), amma an raba su na tsawon lokaci don haɓaka al'ummomin dabbobinsu. <ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Palawan_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Palawan_rain_forests "Palawan rain forests"]. The Encyclopedia of Earth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Yankunan da aka kare == Sama da kashi 80% na yankin muhalli ana kare shi ta wani nau'i. <ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40143 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40143 "Palawan rain forests"]. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Waɗannan yankunan da aka kare sun haɗa da: * Filin shakatawa na ƙasa na Kogin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na Puerto Princesa == Manazarta == o7yo0s72ypa70v5br2uqf5xvbs7ll4a 875026 875025 2026-07-03T14:33:00Z Nnamadee 31123 875026 wikitext text/x-wiki Yankin '''dazuzzukan ruwan sama na Palawan''' (WWF ID:IM0143) ya ƙunshi Tsibirin Palawan, wanda ke tsakiyar Tsibirin Palawan, tsibiri na shida mafi girma a [[Filipin|Philippines]] . Tsibiran suna aiki a matsayin gadar muhalli tsakanin [[Borneo]] da manyan tsibiran Philippines, duk da cewa akwai hanyoyin shiga tsakanin tsibiran a cikin zamanin kankara na ƙarshe lokacin da matakan teku suka yi ƙasa. Bambancin halittu yana da yawa a tsibiran, tare da nau'ikan halittu da yawa da suka fi yawa, kuma tare da nau'ikan halittu da yawa da Borneo ke rabawa a kudu. Matsi daga sare bishiyoyi abin damuwa ne ga dazuzzukan wannan yanki.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0143 |access-date=March 21, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ecomap">{{Cite web |title=Map of Ecoregions 2017 |url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/ |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Resolve, using WWF data |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40143 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}</ref><ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Palawan_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}</ref> == Wuri da bayanin == Baya ga babban tsibirin Palawan, yankin ya hada da tsibirin Balabac a kudu, tsibirin Ursula, da tsibirin Calamian a arewa. Tsibirin Palawan yana da 260&nbsp;tsawon kilomita kuma matsakaicinsa shine 25-30 kawai&nbsp;Faɗin kilomita. Tsaunukan tsaunuka suna ratsa tsakiyar tsibirin, inda kusan rabin gangaren suka kai matsakaicin digiri 30. Mafi girman wurin shine {{Convert|2085|m|ft}} a Dutsen Mantalingajan . Tsibiran suna da ƙanana kaɗan, an ɗaga su daga teku shekaru miliyan 5-10 kacal da suka wuce.<ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Palawan_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Palawan_rain_forests "Palawan rain forests"]. The Encyclopedia of Earth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Yanayi == Yanayin yanayin muhalli shine ''yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi - hunturu mai bushewa'' ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Rarraba yanayi na Köppen]] [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|(Aw)]] ). Wannan yanayi yana da yanayin zafi mai daidaito a duk shekara, da kuma lokacin rani mai ƙarfi. Watan da ya fi bushewa yana da ƙasa da digiri 60.&nbsp;mm na ruwan sama, kuma ya fi bushewa fiye da matsakaicin wata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kottek |first=M. |last2=Grieser |first2=J. |last3=Beck |first3=C. |last4=Rudolf |first4=B. |last5=Rubel |first5=F. |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kop-data">{{Cite web |title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications |url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Palawans, lokacin damina yana farawa daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba. Lokacin rani ga yawancin tsibirin shine Nuwamba zuwa Mayu, amma yana ɗaukar watanni kaɗan ne kawai a arewa. <ref name="wwf" /> == Flora == Kimanin kashi biyu bisa uku na tsibiran suna cikin dajin da ke rufe da ganyen kore, kashi 10% a cikin wasu dazuzzuka da aka rufe, kashi 15% a cikin dazuzzuka ko kuma ciyayi, kuma kashi 5% ne kawai a cikin matsugunan mutane ko noma. <ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40143 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40143 "Palawan rain forests"]. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> An datse yawancin wannan dajin da ke ƙarƙashin tsaunuka a baya, kuma matsin lamba daga sarewa da canza ƙasa zuwa noma ya rage ingancin yawancin dajin. <ref name="wwf">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0143 |access-date=March 21, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0143 "Palawan rain forests"]. World Wildlife Federation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Dazuzzukan da ke kusa da bakin teku su ne dazuzzukan beech, waɗanda ke canzawa zuwa [[dajin ruwan sama]] na ƙasa wanda bishiyoyin dangin Dipterocarpaceae suka mamaye, Agalai, nau'ikan ''Ficus'' daban-daban, Water gum ''( Tristania )'', Broad leaved balart ''( Exocarpos latifolius )'', da ''Swintonia foxworthy'' . Ana samun dajin Montane a tsaunuka mafi tsayi (mita 800 zuwa 1,200), kuma ana samun dajin rabin-rage a cikin inuwar ruwan sama a gefen gabas na babban tsibirin. Kudancin babban tsibirin yana da nau'ikan dazuzzuka daban-daban waɗanda suka dogara da ƙasa. Manyan yankuna sune dajin dutse mai daraja, wanda ke ɗauke da cactus na cocin ''( [[Euphorbia lacei]] )'', ''Aglaia argentea'', da nau'ikan ''Antidesma'', ''Drypetes'', da ''Gomphandra'' . Akwai dazuzzukan da ba su da yawa a kusa da Victoria Peak waɗanda ke tallafawa shuke-shuke waɗanda ƙila suna da alaƙa da ƙasa mai ƙarfe mai nauyi.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0143 |access-date=March 21, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0143 "Palawan rain forests"]. World Wildlife Federation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Wasu sassan dajin kudu suna ƙarƙashin ''Casuarina.''<ref name="wwf" /> == Fauna == Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa a tsibiran, amma yawancin nau'ikan halittun suna tare da Borneo, wanda ke nuna cewa Palawans a da suna ɓangare na Sundaland (tsibiran da ke yamma), amma an raba su na tsawon lokaci don haɓaka al'ummomin dabbobinsu.<ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Palawan_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Palawan_rain_forests "Palawan rain forests"]. The Encyclopedia of Earth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Yankunan da aka kare == Sama da kashi 80% na yankin muhalli ana kare shi ta wani nau'i.<ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40143 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40143 "Palawan rain forests"]. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Waɗannan yankunan da aka kare sun haɗa da: * Filin shakatawa na ƙasa na Kogin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na Puerto Princesa == Manazarta == 5946ve1ec2j2c1v7i9acq9bv425oini 875027 875026 2026-07-03T14:33:19Z Nnamadee 31123 875027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yankin '''dazuzzukan ruwan sama na Palawan''' (WWF ID:IM0143) ya ƙunshi Tsibirin Palawan, wanda ke tsakiyar Tsibirin Palawan, tsibiri na shida mafi girma a [[Filipin|Philippines]] . Tsibiran suna aiki a matsayin gadar muhalli tsakanin [[Borneo]] da manyan tsibiran Philippines, duk da cewa akwai hanyoyin shiga tsakanin tsibiran a cikin zamanin kankara na ƙarshe lokacin da matakan teku suka yi ƙasa. Bambancin halittu yana da yawa a tsibiran, tare da nau'ikan halittu da yawa da suka fi yawa, kuma tare da nau'ikan halittu da yawa da Borneo ke rabawa a kudu. Matsi daga sare bishiyoyi abin damuwa ne ga dazuzzukan wannan yanki.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0143 |access-date=March 21, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ecomap">{{Cite web |title=Map of Ecoregions 2017 |url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/ |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Resolve, using WWF data |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40143 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}</ref><ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Palawan_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}</ref> == Wuri da bayanin == Baya ga babban tsibirin Palawan, yankin ya hada da tsibirin Balabac a kudu, tsibirin Ursula, da tsibirin Calamian a arewa. Tsibirin Palawan yana da 260&nbsp;tsawon kilomita kuma matsakaicinsa shine 25-30 kawai&nbsp;Faɗin kilomita. Tsaunukan tsaunuka suna ratsa tsakiyar tsibirin, inda kusan rabin gangaren suka kai matsakaicin digiri 30. Mafi girman wurin shine {{Convert|2085|m|ft}} a Dutsen Mantalingajan . Tsibiran suna da ƙanana kaɗan, an ɗaga su daga teku shekaru miliyan 5-10 kacal da suka wuce.<ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Palawan_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Palawan_rain_forests "Palawan rain forests"]. The Encyclopedia of Earth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Yanayi == Yanayin yanayin muhalli shine ''yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi - hunturu mai bushewa'' ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Rarraba yanayi na Köppen]] [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|(Aw)]] ). Wannan yanayi yana da yanayin zafi mai daidaito a duk shekara, da kuma lokacin rani mai ƙarfi. Watan da ya fi bushewa yana da ƙasa da digiri 60.&nbsp;mm na ruwan sama, kuma ya fi bushewa fiye da matsakaicin wata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kottek |first=M. |last2=Grieser |first2=J. |last3=Beck |first3=C. |last4=Rudolf |first4=B. |last5=Rubel |first5=F. |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kop-data">{{Cite web |title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications |url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Palawans, lokacin damina yana farawa daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba. Lokacin rani ga yawancin tsibirin shine Nuwamba zuwa Mayu, amma yana ɗaukar watanni kaɗan ne kawai a arewa. <ref name="wwf" /> == Flora == Kimanin kashi biyu bisa uku na tsibiran suna cikin dajin da ke rufe da ganyen kore, kashi 10% a cikin wasu dazuzzuka da aka rufe, kashi 15% a cikin dazuzzuka ko kuma ciyayi, kuma kashi 5% ne kawai a cikin matsugunan mutane ko noma. <ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40143 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40143 "Palawan rain forests"]. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> An datse yawancin wannan dajin da ke ƙarƙashin tsaunuka a baya, kuma matsin lamba daga sarewa da canza ƙasa zuwa noma ya rage ingancin yawancin dajin. <ref name="wwf">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0143 |access-date=March 21, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0143 "Palawan rain forests"]. World Wildlife Federation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Dazuzzukan da ke kusa da bakin teku su ne dazuzzukan beech, waɗanda ke canzawa zuwa [[dajin ruwan sama]] na ƙasa wanda bishiyoyin dangin Dipterocarpaceae suka mamaye, Agalai, nau'ikan ''Ficus'' daban-daban, Water gum ''( Tristania )'', Broad leaved balart ''( Exocarpos latifolius )'', da ''Swintonia foxworthy'' . Ana samun dajin Montane a tsaunuka mafi tsayi (mita 800 zuwa 1,200), kuma ana samun dajin rabin-rage a cikin inuwar ruwan sama a gefen gabas na babban tsibirin. Kudancin babban tsibirin yana da nau'ikan dazuzzuka daban-daban waɗanda suka dogara da ƙasa. Manyan yankuna sune dajin dutse mai daraja, wanda ke ɗauke da cactus na cocin ''( [[Euphorbia lacei]] )'', ''Aglaia argentea'', da nau'ikan ''Antidesma'', ''Drypetes'', da ''Gomphandra'' . Akwai dazuzzukan da ba su da yawa a kusa da Victoria Peak waɗanda ke tallafawa shuke-shuke waɗanda ƙila suna da alaƙa da ƙasa mai ƙarfe mai nauyi.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0143 |access-date=March 21, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0143 "Palawan rain forests"]. World Wildlife Federation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Wasu sassan dajin kudu suna ƙarƙashin ''Casuarina.''<ref name="wwf" /> == Fauna == Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa a tsibiran, amma yawancin nau'ikan halittun suna tare da Borneo, wanda ke nuna cewa Palawans a da suna ɓangare na Sundaland (tsibiran da ke yamma), amma an raba su na tsawon lokaci don haɓaka al'ummomin dabbobinsu.<ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Palawan_rain_forests |access-date=August 28, 2020 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Palawan_rain_forests "Palawan rain forests"]. The Encyclopedia of Earth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Yankunan da aka kare == Sama da kashi 80% na yankin muhalli ana kare shi ta wani nau'i.<ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Palawan rain forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40143 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40143 "Palawan rain forests"]. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Waɗannan yankunan da aka kare sun haɗa da: * Filin shakatawa na ƙasa na Kogin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na Puerto Princesa == Manazarta == ir0rps1q60440mauqilbzelgfw4x058 0 160669 875028 2026-07-03T14:37:06Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359693876|College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences]]" 875028 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kayan aiki == * Cibiyar Laburare, Bayani da Tsoffin Ɗaliban ACES * Zauren Turner * Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Kimiyyar Dabbobi * Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Edward R. Madigan * Gina Kimiyyar Injiniyan Noma * Davenport Hall, an sanya masa suna ne saboda Eugene Davenport, wanda a da aka fi sani da Ginin Noma sannan daga baya aka fi sani da Tsohon Ginin Noma * Mumford Hall, an sanya masa suna ne saboda Herbert Windsor Mumford I, wanda a da aka fi sani da Sabon Ginin Noma * Bevier Hall == Sassan == * Injiniyan Noma da Halittu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://abe.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=abe.illinois.edu/}}</ref> Shirin Injiniyan Noma na digiri na farko a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign ya zo na 1 kuma shirin injiniya na digiri na farko ya zo na 5 a cikin fitowar Mafi Kyawun Kwalejoji na Amurka ta 2008 na ''Rahoton Labaran Duniya da na Amurka'' (wanda aka buga a watan Agusta 2007). Shirin injiniya na digiri na biyu a Illinois ya zo na 5 a cikin fitowar Mafi Kyawun Makarantun Digiri na 2007 na ''Rahoton Labaran Duniya da na Amurka'' (wanda aka buga a watan Maris 2007). (Kwalejin Injiniya) (Alamomin ACES) * Tattalin Arzikin Noma da Masu Amfani da Kaya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural and Consumer Economics :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://ace.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=ace.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Ilimin Noma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Education :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://aged.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=aged.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Kimiyyar Dabbobi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Animal Sciences :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://ansc.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=ansc.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Gudanar da Tsarin Fasaha <ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Systems Management :: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://abe.illinois.edu/undergraduate/technical-systems-management |access-date=2020-11-16 |website=abe.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Kimiyyar Noma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crop Sciences :: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://cropsciences.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=cropsciences.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Kimiyyar Abinci da Gina Jiki na Dan Adam <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://fshn.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=fshn.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Nazarin Ci gaban Dan Adam da Iyali <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Human Development and Family Studies :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://hdfs.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=hdfs.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Albarkatun Halitta da Kimiyyar Muhalli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://nres.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=nres.illinois.edu/}}</ref> ** Shirin Noma/Tsarin Noma Mai Dorewa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture Program – Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture Program |url=https://agroecology.nres.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Sashen Kimiyyar Abinci Mai Gina Jiki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Division of Nutritional Sciences :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://nutrsci.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=nutrsci.illinois.edu/}}</ref> == Shugabannin == * Herbert Windsor Mumford I (1922–1938) * John R. Campbell (1983–1988) * WR (Reg) Gomes (1989–1995) <ref>{{Cite web |title=04.26.95 - Illinois Ag Dean Gomes is New UC Vice President |url=https://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/1995/0426/ag.html}}</ref> * David L. Chicoine (1996–2001) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Easter named acting dean of ACES |url=https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/208221}}</ref> * Robert A. Easter (2002–2009) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Easter 2012-2015 - University of Illinois System |url=https://www.uillinois.edu/cms/one.aspx?portalId=1324&pageId=137005}}</ref> * Robert J. Hauser (2009–2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kidwell named College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences dean |url=http://news.aces.illinois.edu/news/kidwell-named-college-agricultural-consumer-and-environmental-sciences-dean}}</ref> * Kimberlee K. Kidwell (2017–2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=&#124; College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences :: University of Illinois |url=https://aces.illinois.edu/about/leadership/kimberlee-kidwell}}</ref> * Germán Bollero (2023-Yanzu) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollero named College of ACES dean &#124; College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences &#124; UIUC |url=https://aces.illinois.edu/news/bollero-named-college-aces-dean}}</ref> == Manazarta == 732j8fhbmdaqfx24jch5twrox1flk9b 875029 875028 2026-07-03T14:38:46Z Nnamadee 31123 875029 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwalejin Kimiyyar Aikin Gona, Masu Amfani da Kayayyaki, da Muhalli (ACES)''' wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Yawancin gine-ginen ACES suna a yankin South Quad. Dangane da ma'aikata, ACES tana da malamai 186 masu matsayin aiki na dindindin (tenure-system), malamai 78 masu kwarewa ta musamman, masu bincike 26 masu digiri na uku (postdoctoral), kwararru a fannin ilimi 493, ma'aikatan gwamnati 565, mataimaka 323, da ma'aikata 956 da ake biya bisa adadin sa'o'in aiki. == Kayan aiki == * Cibiyar Laburare, Bayani da Tsoffin Ɗaliban ACES * Zauren Turner * Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Kimiyyar Dabbobi * Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Edward R. Madigan * Gina Kimiyyar Injiniyan Noma * Davenport Hall, an sanya masa suna ne saboda Eugene Davenport, wanda a da aka fi sani da Ginin Noma sannan daga baya aka fi sani da Tsohon Ginin Noma * Mumford Hall, an sanya masa suna ne saboda Herbert Windsor Mumford I, wanda a da aka fi sani da Sabon Ginin Noma * Bevier Hall == Sassan == * Injiniyan Noma da Halittu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://abe.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=abe.illinois.edu/}}</ref> Shirin Injiniyan Noma na digiri na farko a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign ya zo na 1 kuma shirin injiniya na digiri na farko ya zo na 5 a cikin fitowar Mafi Kyawun Kwalejoji na Amurka ta 2008 na ''Rahoton Labaran Duniya da na Amurka'' (wanda aka buga a watan Agusta 2007). Shirin injiniya na digiri na biyu a Illinois ya zo na 5 a cikin fitowar Mafi Kyawun Makarantun Digiri na 2007 na ''Rahoton Labaran Duniya da na Amurka'' (wanda aka buga a watan Maris 2007). (Kwalejin Injiniya) (Alamomin ACES) * Tattalin Arzikin Noma da Masu Amfani da Kaya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural and Consumer Economics :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://ace.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=ace.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Ilimin Noma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Education :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://aged.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=aged.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Kimiyyar Dabbobi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Animal Sciences :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://ansc.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=ansc.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Gudanar da Tsarin Fasaha <ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Systems Management :: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://abe.illinois.edu/undergraduate/technical-systems-management |access-date=2020-11-16 |website=abe.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Kimiyyar Noma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crop Sciences :: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://cropsciences.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=cropsciences.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Kimiyyar Abinci da Gina Jiki na Dan Adam <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://fshn.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=fshn.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Nazarin Ci gaban Dan Adam da Iyali <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Human Development and Family Studies :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://hdfs.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=hdfs.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Albarkatun Halitta da Kimiyyar Muhalli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://nres.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=nres.illinois.edu/}}</ref> ** Shirin Noma/Tsarin Noma Mai Dorewa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture Program – Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture Program |url=https://agroecology.nres.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Sashen Kimiyyar Abinci Mai Gina Jiki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Division of Nutritional Sciences :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://nutrsci.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=nutrsci.illinois.edu/}}</ref> == Shugabannin == * Herbert Windsor Mumford I (1922–1938) * John R. Campbell (1983–1988) * WR (Reg) Gomes (1989–1995) <ref>{{Cite web |title=04.26.95 - Illinois Ag Dean Gomes is New UC Vice President |url=https://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/1995/0426/ag.html}}</ref> * David L. Chicoine (1996–2001) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Easter named acting dean of ACES |url=https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/208221}}</ref> * Robert A. Easter (2002–2009) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Easter 2012-2015 - University of Illinois System |url=https://www.uillinois.edu/cms/one.aspx?portalId=1324&pageId=137005}}</ref> * Robert J. Hauser (2009–2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kidwell named College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences dean |url=http://news.aces.illinois.edu/news/kidwell-named-college-agricultural-consumer-and-environmental-sciences-dean}}</ref> * Kimberlee K. Kidwell (2017–2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=&#124; College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences :: University of Illinois |url=https://aces.illinois.edu/about/leadership/kimberlee-kidwell}}</ref> * Germán Bollero (2023-Yanzu) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollero named College of ACES dean &#124; College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences &#124; UIUC |url=https://aces.illinois.edu/news/bollero-named-college-aces-dean}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2hz2zgo5sqnq09q1ljaf1zkduas5gt0 875030 875029 2026-07-03T14:39:21Z Nnamadee 31123 875030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Kimiyyar Aikin Gona, Masu Amfani da Kayayyaki, da Muhalli (ACES)''' wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Yawancin gine-ginen ACES suna a yankin South Quad. Dangane da ma'aikata, ACES tana da malamai 186 masu matsayin aiki na dindindin (tenure-system), malamai 78 masu kwarewa ta musamman, masu bincike 26 masu digiri na uku (postdoctoral), kwararru a fannin ilimi 493, ma'aikatan gwamnati 565, mataimaka 323, da ma'aikata 956 da ake biya bisa adadin sa'o'in aiki. == Kayan aiki == * Cibiyar Laburare, Bayani da Tsoffin Ɗaliban ACES * Zauren Turner * Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Kimiyyar Dabbobi * Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Edward R. Madigan * Gina Kimiyyar Injiniyan Noma * Davenport Hall, an sanya masa suna ne saboda Eugene Davenport, wanda a da aka fi sani da Ginin Noma sannan daga baya aka fi sani da Tsohon Ginin Noma * Mumford Hall, an sanya masa suna ne saboda Herbert Windsor Mumford I, wanda a da aka fi sani da Sabon Ginin Noma * Bevier Hall == Sassan == * Injiniyan Noma da Halittu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://abe.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=abe.illinois.edu/}}</ref> Shirin Injiniyan Noma na digiri na farko a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign ya zo na 1 kuma shirin injiniya na digiri na farko ya zo na 5 a cikin fitowar Mafi Kyawun Kwalejoji na Amurka ta 2008 na ''Rahoton Labaran Duniya da na Amurka'' (wanda aka buga a watan Agusta 2007). Shirin injiniya na digiri na biyu a Illinois ya zo na 5 a cikin fitowar Mafi Kyawun Makarantun Digiri na 2007 na ''Rahoton Labaran Duniya da na Amurka'' (wanda aka buga a watan Maris 2007). (Kwalejin Injiniya) (Alamomin ACES) * Tattalin Arzikin Noma da Masu Amfani da Kaya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural and Consumer Economics :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://ace.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=ace.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Ilimin Noma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Education :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://aged.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=aged.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Kimiyyar Dabbobi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Animal Sciences :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://ansc.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=ansc.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Gudanar da Tsarin Fasaha <ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Systems Management :: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://abe.illinois.edu/undergraduate/technical-systems-management |access-date=2020-11-16 |website=abe.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Kimiyyar Noma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crop Sciences :: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://cropsciences.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=cropsciences.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Kimiyyar Abinci da Gina Jiki na Dan Adam <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://fshn.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=fshn.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Nazarin Ci gaban Dan Adam da Iyali <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Human Development and Family Studies :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://hdfs.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=hdfs.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Albarkatun Halitta da Kimiyyar Muhalli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://nres.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=nres.illinois.edu/}}</ref> ** Shirin Noma/Tsarin Noma Mai Dorewa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture Program – Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture Program |url=https://agroecology.nres.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Sashen Kimiyyar Abinci Mai Gina Jiki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Division of Nutritional Sciences :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://nutrsci.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=nutrsci.illinois.edu/}}</ref> == Shugabannin == * Herbert Windsor Mumford I (1922–1938) * John R. Campbell (1983–1988) * WR (Reg) Gomes (1989–1995) <ref>{{Cite web |title=04.26.95 - Illinois Ag Dean Gomes is New UC Vice President |url=https://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/1995/0426/ag.html}}</ref> * David L. Chicoine (1996–2001) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Easter named acting dean of ACES |url=https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/208221}}</ref> * Robert A. Easter (2002–2009) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Easter 2012-2015 - University of Illinois System |url=https://www.uillinois.edu/cms/one.aspx?portalId=1324&pageId=137005}}</ref> * Robert J. Hauser (2009–2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kidwell named College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences dean |url=http://news.aces.illinois.edu/news/kidwell-named-college-agricultural-consumer-and-environmental-sciences-dean}}</ref> * Kimberlee K. Kidwell (2017–2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=&#124; College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences :: University of Illinois |url=https://aces.illinois.edu/about/leadership/kimberlee-kidwell}}</ref> * Germán Bollero (2023-Yanzu) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollero named College of ACES dean &#124; College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences &#124; UIUC |url=https://aces.illinois.edu/news/bollero-named-college-aces-dean}}</ref> == Manazarta == epzqxte3ac7vqpwev5sfzb09ybvaudu 875031 875030 2026-07-03T14:40:02Z Nnamadee 31123 875031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Kimiyyar Aikin Gona, Masu Amfani da Kayayyaki, da Muhalli (ACES)''' wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Yawancin gine-ginen ACES suna a yankin South Quad. Dangane da ma'aikata, ACES tana da malamai 186 masu matsayin aiki na dindindin (tenure-system), malamai 78 masu kwarewa ta musamman, masu bincike 26 masu digiri na uku (postdoctoral), kwararru a fannin ilimi 493, ma'aikatan gwamnati 565, mataimaka 323, da ma'aikata 956 da ake biya bisa adadin sa'o'in aiki.<ref>"Overview of ACES"</ref> == Kayan aiki == * Cibiyar Laburare, Bayani da Tsoffin Ɗaliban ACES * Zauren Turner * Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Kimiyyar Dabbobi * Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Edward R. Madigan * Gina Kimiyyar Injiniyan Noma * Davenport Hall, an sanya masa suna ne saboda Eugene Davenport, wanda a da aka fi sani da Ginin Noma sannan daga baya aka fi sani da Tsohon Ginin Noma * Mumford Hall, an sanya masa suna ne saboda Herbert Windsor Mumford I, wanda a da aka fi sani da Sabon Ginin Noma * Bevier Hall == Sassan == * Injiniyan Noma da Halittu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://abe.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=abe.illinois.edu/}}</ref> Shirin Injiniyan Noma na digiri na farko a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign ya zo na 1 kuma shirin injiniya na digiri na farko ya zo na 5 a cikin fitowar Mafi Kyawun Kwalejoji na Amurka ta 2008 na ''Rahoton Labaran Duniya da na Amurka'' (wanda aka buga a watan Agusta 2007). Shirin injiniya na digiri na biyu a Illinois ya zo na 5 a cikin fitowar Mafi Kyawun Makarantun Digiri na 2007 na ''Rahoton Labaran Duniya da na Amurka'' (wanda aka buga a watan Maris 2007). (Kwalejin Injiniya) (Alamomin ACES) * Tattalin Arzikin Noma da Masu Amfani da Kaya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural and Consumer Economics :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://ace.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=ace.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Ilimin Noma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Education :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://aged.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=aged.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Kimiyyar Dabbobi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Animal Sciences :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://ansc.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=ansc.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Gudanar da Tsarin Fasaha <ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Systems Management :: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://abe.illinois.edu/undergraduate/technical-systems-management |access-date=2020-11-16 |website=abe.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Kimiyyar Noma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crop Sciences :: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://cropsciences.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=cropsciences.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Kimiyyar Abinci da Gina Jiki na Dan Adam <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://fshn.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=fshn.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Nazarin Ci gaban Dan Adam da Iyali <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Human Development and Family Studies :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://hdfs.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=hdfs.illinois.edu/}}</ref> * Albarkatun Halitta da Kimiyyar Muhalli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://nres.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=nres.illinois.edu/}}</ref> ** Shirin Noma/Tsarin Noma Mai Dorewa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture Program – Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture Program |url=https://agroecology.nres.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Sashen Kimiyyar Abinci Mai Gina Jiki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Division of Nutritional Sciences :: College of ACES, University of Illinois |url=https://nutrsci.illinois.edu/ |access-date=2018-02-01 |publisher=nutrsci.illinois.edu/}}</ref> == Shugabannin == * Herbert Windsor Mumford I (1922–1938) * John R. Campbell (1983–1988) * WR (Reg) Gomes (1989–1995) <ref>{{Cite web |title=04.26.95 - Illinois Ag Dean Gomes is New UC Vice President |url=https://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/1995/0426/ag.html}}</ref> * David L. Chicoine (1996–2001) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Easter named acting dean of ACES |url=https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/208221}}</ref> * Robert A. Easter (2002–2009) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Easter 2012-2015 - University of Illinois System |url=https://www.uillinois.edu/cms/one.aspx?portalId=1324&pageId=137005}}</ref> * Robert J. Hauser (2009–2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kidwell named College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences dean |url=http://news.aces.illinois.edu/news/kidwell-named-college-agricultural-consumer-and-environmental-sciences-dean}}</ref> * Kimberlee K. Kidwell (2017–2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=&#124; College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences :: University of Illinois |url=https://aces.illinois.edu/about/leadership/kimberlee-kidwell}}</ref> * Germán Bollero (2023-Yanzu) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollero named College of ACES dean &#124; College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences &#124; UIUC |url=https://aces.illinois.edu/news/bollero-named-college-aces-dean}}</ref> == Manazarta == f7uzljft589hhna9jmjh5q1znu7jq8w 0 160670 875032 2026-07-03T14:41:57Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289730771|M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation]]" 875032 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidauniyar Bincike ta MS Swaminathan''' (MSSRF) wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta da ke [[Chennai]], [[Indiya]]. Tana haɓakawa da haɓaka dabarun ci gaban tattalin arziki waɗanda ke mai da hankali kai tsaye kan ƙara yawan ayyukan yi ga mata matalauta a yankunan karkara. Hanyoyinsu suna ƙara yawan amfani da kimiyya da fasaha don ci gaban zamantakewa mai adalci da dorewa da kwanciyar hankali na muhalli. Tambarin MSSRF yana nuna ci gaba da canji, yana kira ga tsarin DNA na ci gaba mai buɗewa, mai ɓangarori da yawa, da ci gaba. == Tarihi == An kafa MSSRF a shekarar 1988 ta hannun Dr. MS Swaminathan, wanda shine shugaban gidauniyar. A shekarar 1970, CV Raman, masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, ya bukaci Swaminathan da ya fara cibiyar bincike mai zaman kanta don cimma burinsa na ci gaba mai dorewa, wanda yanzu yake kiransa "Juyin Juya Halin Evergreen". A shekarar 1988, bayan ya sami kyautar Abinci ta Duniya, Swaminathan ya yi amfani da kyautar dala 200,000 ta Amurka don fara MSSRF. Swaminathan kuma a halin yanzu yana da Shugaban [[UNESCO]] a fannin Fasahar Ecotechnology kuma shine shugaban Hukumar Noma ta Kasa, Tsaron Abinci da Gina Jiki ta Indiya. An ba wa gidauniyar kyautar Blue Planet a shekarar 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Laureates 1996 {{!}} Blue Planet Prize |url=https://www.af-info.or.jp/en/blueplanet/list-1996.html |access-date=2021-12-02 |website=The Asahi Glass Foundation |language=en}}</ref> == Cibiyoyin Yanki & Wuraren Filaye == 1. '''CAC''' (Community Agrobidiversity Centre), Wayanad, [[Kerala]]. 2. '''BPTBC''' (Cibiyar Biyayya ta Biju Patnaik), Jeypore, [[Odisha]]. 3. '''FFARTC''' (Cibiyar Bincike da Horarwa ta Kifi Ga Duk Wani Kifi), Poompuhar, [[Tamil Nadu]]. 4. '''Cibiyar Rayuwa''' [[Puducherry (yanki)|ta Puducherry]]. 5. '''EGBC''' (Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Gabashin Ghats), Namakkal, [[Tamil Nadu]] . 6. '''CSR''' (Binciken Systems Coastal), Machilipatnam, [[Andhra Pradesh]]. == Shirye-shirye == MSSRF tana aiki a manyan fannoni guda biyar na shirye-shirye - [[Bincike|Binciken]] Tsarin Teku, [[Bambancin halittu|Bambancin Halittu]] da [[Biotechnology|Fasahar Halitta]], Fasahar Muhalli da [[Tsaron abinci|Tsaron Abinci]], [[Jinsi|Jinsi da Ci gaba]], da Fasahar Bayanai.<ref>Gopalkrishnan Gita (2000), M.S. Swaminathan - "''One Man’s Quest for a Hunger-Free World''", Education Development Center, Inc {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.yesweb.org/docs/mss_bio.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317214600/http://www.yesweb.org/docs/mss_bio.pdf |archive-date=2007-03-17 |access-date=2007-03-17}}</ref> == Manazarta == sc7k5tgm2ka7nuk2rlou6evp8vpm37t 875033 875032 2026-07-03T14:42:25Z Nnamadee 31123 875033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidauniyar Bincike ta MS Swaminathan''' (MSSRF) wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta da ke [[Chennai]], [[Indiya]]. Tana haɓakawa da haɓaka dabarun ci gaban tattalin arziki waɗanda ke mai da hankali kai tsaye kan ƙara yawan ayyukan yi ga mata matalauta a yankunan karkara. Hanyoyinsu suna ƙara yawan amfani da kimiyya da fasaha don ci gaban zamantakewa mai adalci da dorewa da kwanciyar hankali na muhalli. Tambarin MSSRF yana nuna ci gaba da canji, yana kira ga tsarin DNA na ci gaba mai buɗewa, mai ɓangarori da yawa, da ci gaba. == Tarihi == An kafa MSSRF a shekarar 1988 ta hannun Dr. MS Swaminathan, wanda shine shugaban gidauniyar. A shekarar 1970, CV Raman, masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, ya bukaci Swaminathan da ya fara cibiyar bincike mai zaman kanta don cimma burinsa na ci gaba mai dorewa, wanda yanzu yake kiransa "Juyin Juya Halin Evergreen". A shekarar 1988, bayan ya sami kyautar Abinci ta Duniya, Swaminathan ya yi amfani da kyautar dala 200,000 ta Amurka don fara MSSRF. Swaminathan kuma a halin yanzu yana da Shugaban [[UNESCO]] a fannin Fasahar Ecotechnology kuma shine shugaban Hukumar Noma ta Kasa, Tsaron Abinci da Gina Jiki ta Indiya. An ba wa gidauniyar kyautar Blue Planet a shekarar 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Laureates 1996 {{!}} Blue Planet Prize |url=https://www.af-info.or.jp/en/blueplanet/list-1996.html |access-date=2021-12-02 |website=The Asahi Glass Foundation |language=en}}</ref> == Cibiyoyin Yanki & Wuraren Filaye == 1. '''CAC''' (Community Agrobidiversity Centre), Wayanad, [[Kerala]]. 2. '''BPTBC''' (Cibiyar Biyayya ta Biju Patnaik), Jeypore, [[Odisha]]. 3. '''FFARTC''' (Cibiyar Bincike da Horarwa ta Kifi Ga Duk Wani Kifi), Poompuhar, [[Tamil Nadu]]. 4. '''Cibiyar Rayuwa''' [[Puducherry (yanki)|ta Puducherry]]. 5. '''EGBC''' (Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Gabashin Ghats), Namakkal, [[Tamil Nadu]] . 6. '''CSR''' (Binciken Systems Coastal), Machilipatnam, [[Andhra Pradesh]]. == Shirye-shirye == MSSRF tana aiki a manyan fannoni guda biyar na shirye-shirye - [[Bincike|Binciken]] Tsarin Teku, [[Bambancin halittu|Bambancin Halittu]] da [[Biotechnology|Fasahar Halitta]], Fasahar Muhalli da [[Tsaron abinci|Tsaron Abinci]], [[Jinsi|Jinsi da Ci gaba]], da Fasahar Bayanai.<ref>Gopalkrishnan Gita (2000), M.S. Swaminathan - "''One Man’s Quest for a Hunger-Free World''", Education Development Center, Inc {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.yesweb.org/docs/mss_bio.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317214600/http://www.yesweb.org/docs/mss_bio.pdf |archive-date=2007-03-17 |access-date=2007-03-17}}</ref> == Manazarta == as33p3lconvs284z84u7lwmghi9i29x 0 160671 875034 2026-07-03T14:43:11Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339004288|Elisenda Paluzie]]" 875034 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elisenda Paluzie i Hernández''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1969) ƙwararriyar masanin tattalin arziki ce ta Catalan, 'yar siyasa, kuma farfesa daga [[Ispaniya|Spain]] . Tun daga ranar 24 ga Maris 2018 ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar Assemblea Nacional Catalana, wata ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta [[Katalunya|Catalan]] . <ref name="1lavanguardia2018">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2018 |title=Elisenda Paluzie sustituye a Jordi Sànchez al frente de la ANC |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180324/441903471908/elisenda-paluzie-presidenta-anc-assemblea-nacional-catalana-jordi-sanchez.html |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Barcelona tun daga 2001, kuma ita ce darakta a Centro de Análisis Económico y de las Políticas Sociales ("Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Manufofin Jama'a") a can, wanda aka haɗa shi cikin Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta Barcelona. A shekarar 2022, an zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar ƙasashe da al'umma marasa wakilci . == Shekarun farko da ilimi == An haifi Elisenda Paluzie a [[Barcelona]] a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1969. Ita 'yar Lluís Paluzie Mir ce, wacce ta fito daga dangin masana Catalan. Ta sami digirin farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Barcelona (1992), digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale (1996) da kuma digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Barcelona (1999). Ta sami tallafin karatu kafin digirin digirgir daga La Caixa don yin horo a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (1997-1998) da kuma tallafin karatu don zama na gaba da digiri na uku a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (2000-2001), CERAS, da École des ponts ParisTech (2002-2003). <ref name="3ideas.repec.org">{{Cite web |title=Elisenda Paluzie |url=https://ideas.repec.org/e/ppa29.html#articles |access-date=18 July 2019 |publisher=IDEAS/RePEc}}</ref> <ref name="5ideas.repec.org">{{Cite web |last=Paluzie |first=Elisenda |date=2010 |title="The Costs and Benefits of Staying Together: The Catalan Case in Spain", in: ''The Political Economy of Inter-Regional Fiscal Flows'' |url=https://ideas.repec.org/h/elg/eechap/13466_14.html |access-date=18 July 2019 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing}}</ref> A lokacin karatunta na ɗalibi, ita ce sakatariyar kuɗi ta Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Catalonia ta Ƙasa (1989-1994). == Sana'a == Ta kasance mai fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na Sobirania i Progrés tun daga shekarar 2006, daga baya ta shiga jam'iyyar Republican Left of Catalonia (2008-2012), inda ta tallata jam'iyyar Independentist Left. A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2018 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar Majalisar Dokoki ta Catalonia inda ta maye gurbin Jordi Sánchez . [[Fayil:Elisenda_Paluzie_2009_(4528589067)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|2009]] A watan Fabrairun 2009, an zaɓe ta a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Tattalin Arziki da Kasuwanci na Jami'ar Barcelona, matsayin da ta riƙe har zuwa Afrilun 2017. <ref name="9ub.edu">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2009 |title=Universitat de Barcelona - Elisenda Paluzie renova el mandat com a degana d'Economia i Empresa i Josep Batista s'estrena com a degà de Psicologia |url=https://www.ub.edu/web/ub/ca/menu_eines/noticies/2013/03/069.html |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=www.ub.edu |publisher=Universitat de Barcelona |language=ca}}</ref> A cikin Oktoba 2014, ta buga littafin, ''Podemos!'' ''Las claves de la viabilidad económica de la'' Cataluña independiente ("Podemos! Maɓallan dorewar tattalin arziƙin Catalonia mai zaman kanta"), edita ta Rosa de los Vientos. An ba da kyautar kyautar XIV Catalonia Economy Prize, wanda Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Catalan ta bayar, wani reshe na Cibiyar Nazarin Catalan, a cikin Nuwamba 2015.<ref name="7ub.edu">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2009 |title=Universitat de Barcelona - Elisenda Paluzie, premi Catalunya d'Economia |url=https://www.ub.edu/web/ub/ca/menu_eines/noticies/2015/11/047.html |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=www.ub.edu |publisher=Universitat de Barcelona |language=ca}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2022, an zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar ƙasashe da al'umma marasa wakilci. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] ggx327cvz2u71ilm9kputuswujqwgpe 875035 875034 2026-07-03T14:43:57Z Nnamadee 31123 875035 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elisenda Paluzie i Hernández''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1969) ƙwararriyar masanin tattalin arziki ce ta Catalan, 'yar siyasa, kuma farfesa daga [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. Tun daga ranar 24 ga Maris 2018 ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar Assemblea Nacional Catalana, wata ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta [[Katalunya|Catalan]].<ref name="1lavanguardia2018">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2018 |title=Elisenda Paluzie sustituye a Jordi Sànchez al frente de la ANC |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180324/441903471908/elisenda-paluzie-presidenta-anc-assemblea-nacional-catalana-jordi-sanchez.html |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Barcelona tun daga 2001, kuma ita ce darakta a Centro de Análisis Económico y de las Políticas Sociales ("Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Manufofin Jama'a") a can, wanda aka haɗa shi cikin Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta Barcelona. A shekarar 2022, an zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar ƙasashe da al'umma marasa wakilci . == Shekarun farko da ilimi == An haifi Elisenda Paluzie a [[Barcelona]] a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1969. Ita 'yar Lluís Paluzie Mir ce, wacce ta fito daga dangin masana Catalan. Ta sami digirin farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Barcelona (1992), digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale (1996) da kuma digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Barcelona (1999). Ta sami tallafin karatu kafin digirin digirgir daga La Caixa don yin horo a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (1997-1998) da kuma tallafin karatu don zama na gaba da digiri na uku a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (2000-2001), CERAS, da École des ponts ParisTech (2002-2003).<ref name="3ideas.repec.org">{{Cite web |title=Elisenda Paluzie |url=https://ideas.repec.org/e/ppa29.html#articles |access-date=18 July 2019 |publisher=IDEAS/RePEc}}</ref><ref name="5ideas.repec.org">{{Cite web |last=Paluzie |first=Elisenda |date=2010 |title="The Costs and Benefits of Staying Together: The Catalan Case in Spain", in: ''The Political Economy of Inter-Regional Fiscal Flows'' |url=https://ideas.repec.org/h/elg/eechap/13466_14.html |access-date=18 July 2019 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing}}</ref> A lokacin karatunta na ɗalibi, ita ce sakatariyar kuɗi ta Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Catalonia ta Ƙasa (1989-1994). == Sana'a == Ta kasance mai fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na Sobirania i Progrés tun daga shekarar 2006, daga baya ta shiga jam'iyyar Republican Left of Catalonia (2008-2012), inda ta tallata jam'iyyar Independentist Left. A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2018 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar Majalisar Dokoki ta Catalonia inda ta maye gurbin Jordi Sánchez . [[Fayil:Elisenda_Paluzie_2009_(4528589067)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|2009]] A watan Fabrairun 2009, an zaɓe ta a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Tattalin Arziki da Kasuwanci na Jami'ar Barcelona, matsayin da ta riƙe har zuwa Afrilun 2017.<ref name="9ub.edu">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2009 |title=Universitat de Barcelona - Elisenda Paluzie renova el mandat com a degana d'Economia i Empresa i Josep Batista s'estrena com a degà de Psicologia |url=https://www.ub.edu/web/ub/ca/menu_eines/noticies/2013/03/069.html |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=www.ub.edu |publisher=Universitat de Barcelona |language=ca}}</ref> A cikin Oktoba 2014, ta buga littafin, ''Podemos!'' ''Las claves de la viabilidad económica de la'' Cataluña independiente ("Podemos! Maɓallan dorewar tattalin arziƙin Catalonia mai zaman kanta"), edita ta Rosa de los Vientos. An ba da kyautar kyautar XIV Catalonia Economy Prize, wanda Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Catalan ta bayar, wani reshe na Cibiyar Nazarin Catalan, a cikin Nuwamba 2015.<ref name="7ub.edu">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2009 |title=Universitat de Barcelona - Elisenda Paluzie, premi Catalunya d'Economia |url=https://www.ub.edu/web/ub/ca/menu_eines/noticies/2015/11/047.html |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=www.ub.edu |publisher=Universitat de Barcelona |language=ca}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2022, an zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar ƙasashe da al'umma marasa wakilci. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 1wvxt7tj6ms7cudn0r0d8fostzacz1c 875036 875035 2026-07-03T14:44:16Z Nnamadee 31123 875036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elisenda Paluzie i Hernández''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1969) ƙwararriyar masanin tattalin arziki ce ta Catalan, 'yar siyasa, kuma farfesa daga [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. Tun daga ranar 24 ga Maris 2018 ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar Assemblea Nacional Catalana, wata ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta [[Katalunya|Catalan]].<ref name="1lavanguardia2018">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2018 |title=Elisenda Paluzie sustituye a Jordi Sànchez al frente de la ANC |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180324/441903471908/elisenda-paluzie-presidenta-anc-assemblea-nacional-catalana-jordi-sanchez.html |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Barcelona tun daga 2001, kuma ita ce darakta a Centro de Análisis Económico y de las Políticas Sociales ("Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Manufofin Jama'a") a can, wanda aka haɗa shi cikin Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta Barcelona. A shekarar 2022, an zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar ƙasashe da al'umma marasa wakilci . == Shekarun farko da ilimi == An haifi Elisenda Paluzie a [[Barcelona]] a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1969. Ita 'yar Lluís Paluzie Mir ce, wacce ta fito daga dangin masana Catalan. Ta sami digirin farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Barcelona (1992), digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale (1996) da kuma digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Barcelona (1999). Ta sami tallafin karatu kafin digirin digirgir daga La Caixa don yin horo a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (1997-1998) da kuma tallafin karatu don zama na gaba da digiri na uku a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (2000-2001), CERAS, da École des ponts ParisTech (2002-2003).<ref name="3ideas.repec.org">{{Cite web |title=Elisenda Paluzie |url=https://ideas.repec.org/e/ppa29.html#articles |access-date=18 July 2019 |publisher=IDEAS/RePEc}}</ref><ref name="5ideas.repec.org">{{Cite web |last=Paluzie |first=Elisenda |date=2010 |title="The Costs and Benefits of Staying Together: The Catalan Case in Spain", in: ''The Political Economy of Inter-Regional Fiscal Flows'' |url=https://ideas.repec.org/h/elg/eechap/13466_14.html |access-date=18 July 2019 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing}}</ref> A lokacin karatunta na ɗalibi, ita ce sakatariyar kuɗi ta Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Catalonia ta Ƙasa (1989-1994). == Sana'a == Ta kasance mai fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na Sobirania i Progrés tun daga shekarar 2006, daga baya ta shiga jam'iyyar Republican Left of Catalonia (2008-2012), inda ta tallata jam'iyyar Independentist Left. A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2018 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar Majalisar Dokoki ta Catalonia inda ta maye gurbin Jordi Sánchez . [[Fayil:Elisenda_Paluzie_2009_(4528589067)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|2009]] A watan Fabrairun 2009, an zaɓe ta a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Tattalin Arziki da Kasuwanci na Jami'ar Barcelona, matsayin da ta riƙe har zuwa Afrilun 2017.<ref name="9ub.edu">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2009 |title=Universitat de Barcelona - Elisenda Paluzie renova el mandat com a degana d'Economia i Empresa i Josep Batista s'estrena com a degà de Psicologia |url=https://www.ub.edu/web/ub/ca/menu_eines/noticies/2013/03/069.html |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=www.ub.edu |publisher=Universitat de Barcelona |language=ca}}</ref> A cikin Oktoba 2014, ta buga littafin, ''Podemos!'' ''Las claves de la viabilidad económica de la'' Cataluña independiente ("Podemos! Maɓallan dorewar tattalin arziƙin Catalonia mai zaman kanta"), edita ta Rosa de los Vientos. An ba da kyautar kyautar XIV Catalonia Economy Prize, wanda Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Catalan ta bayar, wani reshe na Cibiyar Nazarin Catalan, a cikin Nuwamba 2015.<ref name="7ub.edu">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2009 |title=Universitat de Barcelona - Elisenda Paluzie, premi Catalunya d'Economia |url=https://www.ub.edu/web/ub/ca/menu_eines/noticies/2015/11/047.html |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=www.ub.edu |publisher=Universitat de Barcelona |language=ca}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2022, an zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar ƙasashe da al'umma marasa wakilci. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] glx2v905s9t1r0e2auibx2hbgb7x4rk 0 160672 875071 2026-07-03T15:30:43Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356239297|Dylan Thomas Prize]]" 875071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kyautar Dylan Thomas''' babbar kyauta ce ga matasan marubuta da ake bayarwa kowace shekara. Kyautar, wacce aka sanya wa suna don girmama marubuci kuma mawakin ƙasar Wales Dylan Thomas, tana kawo daraja ta duniya da kuma lada na £30,000 (~$46,000). An buɗe ta ga marubutan da aka buga a harshen Turanci waɗanda ba su kai shekara arba'in ba. Da farko an bayar da kyautar sau biyu a shekara amma ta zama kyauta ta shekara-shekara a shekarar 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2010 |title=Dylan Thomas shortlisted writers reach out to young |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11853381 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120112438/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11853381 |archive-date=20 November 2011 |access-date=11 January 2012 |website=BBC News Wales}}</ref> Mai wallafawa, edita, ko wakili ne ke gabatar da shigarwar kyautar; don wasannin kwaikwayo da shirye-shiryen allo, daga mai shiryawa. An fara bayar da kyautar adabi ta Dylan Thomas a shekarun 1980, wadda aka fi sani da '''kyautar Dylan Thomas Award''', bayan yakin neman zabe na sanya wani rubutu a cikin tunawa da mawaƙin a Westminster Abbey . An bayar da gudummawar kuɗin shiga na ƙarin kuɗi daga wani wasan kwaikwayo na tara kuɗi da kamfanin talabijin na HTV ya ɗauki nauyinsa don ba da damar bayar da kyautar £1,000 kowace shekara. <ref name="about" /> Bayan shekaru da yawa, an dakatar da kyautar saboda rashin kuɗi. An sake farfaɗo da ita, ta wata hanya daban, a cikin 2004, wanda Electronic Data Systems ta ɗauki nauyinsa, a wancan lokacin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ma'aikata a Swansea. Wannan kyautar ta karrama waɗanda aka zaɓa a matsayin waɗanda suka yi nasara a gasar kuma waɗanda suka lashe kyautar kowace shekara saboda ayyukan da aka buga a fannoni daban-daban na adabi waɗanda Dylan Thomas ya yi fice, ciki har da waƙoƙi, rubuce-rubuce, wasan kwaikwayo na almara, tarin gajerun labarai, littattafai, wasannin kwaikwayo na mataki da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na allo. "Muna son duniya ta san sha'awar Welsh na haɓaka sabbin rubuce-rubuce. Kyautarmu tana ba da kwarin gwiwa ga sabbin tsararrun marubuta a duk faɗin duniyar da ke magana da Turanci," in ji Peter Stead, Shugaban Kyautar Dylan Thomas. == Masu karɓa == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Dylan Thomas Prize recipients !Year !Author !Title !Publisher !Result !Ref. |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2006 |{{Sortname|Rachel|Trezise}} |''Fresh Apples'' | |Winner | |- |{{Sortname|Liza|Ward}} |''Outside Valentine'' | | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" | |- |{{Sortname|James|Scudamore|James Scudamore (author)}} |''The Amnesia Clinic'' | |- |{{Sortname|Ian|Holding}} |''Unfeeling'' | |- |{{Sortname|Nick|Laird}} |''Utterly Monkey'' and ''To a Fault'' | |- |{{Sortname|Lucy|Caldwell}} |''Where They Were Missed'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2008 |{{Sortname|Nam|Le}} |''The Boat'' | |Winner | |- |{{Sortname|Edward|Hogan|Edward Hogan (writer)}} |''Blackmoor'' | | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" | |- |{{Sortname|Ceridwen|Dovey}} |''Blood Kin'' | |- |{{Sortname|Dinaw|Mengestu}} |''Children of the Revolution'' | |- |{{Sortname|Ross|Raisin}} |''God's Own Country'' | |- |{{Sortname|Caroline|Bird}} |''Trouble Came to the Turnip'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2010 |{{Sortname|Elyse|Fenton}} |''Clamor'' | |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2010 |title=US poet wins £30,000 Dylan Thomas prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11893144 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608035149/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11893144 |archive-date=June 8, 2012 |access-date=November 11, 2012 |website=BBC News}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Emily|Mackie}} |''And This Is True'' | | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" | |- |{{Sortname|Nadifa|Mohamed}} |''Black Mamba Boy'' | |- |{{Sortname|Karan|Mahajan}} |''Family Planning'' | |- |{{Sortname|Eleanor|Catton}} |''The Rehearsal'' | |- |{{Sortname|Caroline|Bird}} |''Watering Can'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="5" |2011 |{{Sortname|Lucy|Caldwell}} |''The Meeting Point'' | |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucy Caldwell wins 2011 Dylan Thomas Prize |url=http://www.dylanthomasprize.com/news/documents/LucyCaldwellWINNERrelease_000.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113134812/http://www.dylanthomasprize.com/news/documents/LucyCaldwellWINNERrelease_000.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2012 |access-date=11 January 2012 |website=The University of Wales |format=PDF}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Jacob|McArthur Mooney}} |''Folk'' | | rowspan="4" |Shortlist | rowspan="4" | |- |{{Sortname|Annabel|Pitcher}} |''My Sister Lives on the Mantelpiece'' | |- |{{Sortname|Benjamin|Hale|Benjamin Hale (author)}} |''The Evolution of Bruno Littlemore'' | |- |{{Sortname|Téa|Obreht}} |''The Tiger's Wife'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="5" |2012 |{{Sortname|Maggie|Shipstead}} |''Seating Arrangements'' | |Winner |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schaub |first=Michael |date=2023-03-25 |title=Finalists for Dylan Thomas Prize Are Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-dylan-thomas-prize-are-revealed/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|D.W.|Wilson}} |''Once You Break A Knuckle'' | | rowspan="4" |Shortlist | rowspan="4" | |- |{{Sortname|Tom|Benn}} |''The Doll Princess'' | |- |{{Sortname|Chibundu|Onuzo}} |''The Spider King's Daughter'' | |- |{{Sortname|Andrea|Eames}} |''The White Shadow'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="7" |2013 |{{Sortname|Claire Vaye|Watkins}} |''Battleborn'' | |Winner | |- |{{Sortname|Majok|Tulba}} |''Beneath the Darkening Sky'' | | rowspan="6" |Shortlist | rowspan="6" |<ref name="bbc20132" /> |- |{{Sortname|Marli|Roode}} |''Call It Dog'' | |- |{{Sortname|Prajwal|Parajuly}} |''Land Where I Flee'' | |- |{{Sortname|James|Brookes}} |''Sins of the Leopard'' | |- |{{Sortname|Tim|Leach}} |''The Last King of Lydia'' | |- |{{Sortname|Jemma L.|King}} |''The Shape of a Forest'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="7" |2014 |{{Sortname|Joshua|Ferris}} |''To Rise Again at a Decent Hour'' | |Winner |<ref name="dylanthomas2014">{{Cite web |last=Wroe |first=Nicholas |date=7 November 2014 |title=Joshua Ferris wins Dylan Thomas prize |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2014/nov/07/joshua-ferris-wins-dylan-thomas-prize |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112231640/http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2014/nov/07/joshua-ferris-wins-dylan-thomas-prize |archive-date=12 November 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[Guardian News and Media]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Sortname|Eimear|McBride}} |''A Girl Is a Half-formed Thing'' | | rowspan="6" |Shortlist | rowspan="6" | |- |{{Sortname|Owen|Sheers}} |''Mametz'' | |- |{{Sortname|Naomi|Wood}} |''Mrs. Hemingway'' | |- |{{Sortname|Kseniya|Melnik}} |''Snow in May'' | |- |{{Sortname|Kei|Miller}} |''The Cartographer Tries to Map a Way to Zion'' | |- |{{Sortname|Eleanor|Catton}} |''The Luminaries'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2016 |{{Sortname|Max|Porter|Max Porter (writer)}} |''Grief Is the Thing with Feathers'' | |Winner |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Sortname|Frances|Leviston}} |''Disinformation'' | | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" | |- |{{Sortname|Andrew|McMillan|Andrew McMillan (writer)}} |''Physical'' | |- |{{Sortname|Claire-Louise|Bennett}} |''Pond'' | |- |{{Sortname|Tania|James}} |''The Tusk that did the Damage'' | |- |{{Sortname|Sunjeev|Sahota}} |''The Year of the Runaways'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="12" |2017 |{{Sortname|Fiona|McFarlane}} |''The High Places'' |Farrar, Straus &amp;amp; Giroux |Winner | |- |{{Sortname|Anuk|Arudpragasam}} |''The Story of a Brief Marriage'' |<nowiki>Granta|</nowiki> | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref name="2017short">{{Cite web |title=2017: Fiona McFarlane, 'The High Places' |url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/previous-winners/fiona-mcfarlane-2017/#d.en.70417=&the-high-places-by-fiona-mcfarlane-is-named-as-the-winner-of-the-11th-international-dylan-thomas-prize-in-partnership-with-swansea-university=is-expanded |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029062015/https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/previous-winners/fiona-mcfarlane-2017/#d.en.70417=&the-high-places-by-fiona-mcfarlane-is-named-as-the-winner-of-the-11th-international-dylan-thomas-prize-in-partnership-with-swansea-university=is-expanded |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=www.swansea.ac.uk}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Alys|Conran}} |''Pigeon'' |Parthian Books |- |{{Sortname|Luke|Kennard|Luke Kennard (poet)}} |''Cain'' |Penned in the Margins |- |{{Sortname|Sarah|Perry}} |''The Essex Serpent'' |Serpent's Tail |- |{{Sortname|Callan|Wink}} |''Dog Run Moon: Stories'' |Granta |- |{{Sortname|Safiya|Sinclair}} |''Cannibal'' |University of Nebraska Press | rowspan="6" |Longlist | rowspan="6" | |- |{{Sortname|Jonathan Safran|Foer}} |''Here I Am'' |Farrar, Straus &amp;amp; Giroux |- |{{Sortname|Yaa|Gyasi}} |''Homegoing'' |Alfred A. Knopf |- |{{Sortname|Benjamin|Hale|Benjamin Hale (author)}} |''The Fat Artist and Other Stories'' |Picador / Farrar, Straus and Giroux |- |{{Sortname|Hannah|Kohler}} |''The Outside Lands'' |Picador / Farrar, Straus and Giroux |- |{{Sortname|Helen|Oyeyemi}} |''What Is Not Yours Is Not Yours'' |Picador / Farrar, Straus and Giroux |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2018 |{{Sortname|Kayo|Chingonyi}} |''Kumukanda'' |Chatto &amp;amp; Windus |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dylan Thomas Prize 2018 shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2018/03/28/104738/dylan-thomas-prize-2018-shortlist-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020416/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2018/03/28/104738/dylan-thomas-prize-2018-shortlist-announced/ |archive-date=2019-02-07 |access-date=2019-02-04 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Sally|Rooney}} |''Conversations with Friends'' |Faber &amp;amp; Faber | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dylan Thomas Prize 2018 shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2018/03/28/104738/dylan-thomas-prize-2018-shortlist-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020416/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2018/03/28/104738/dylan-thomas-prize-2018-shortlist-announced/ |archive-date=2019-02-07 |access-date=2019-02-04 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Gwendoline|Riley}} |''First Love'' |Granta |- |{{Sortname|Carmen Maria|Machado}} |''Her Body and Other Parties'' |Graywolf Press |- |{{Sortname|Emily|Ruskovich}} |''Idaho'' |Vintage Books |- |{{Sortname|Gabriel|Tallent}} |''My Absolute Darling'' |Fourth Estate / HarperCollins |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="12" |2019 |{{Sortname|Guy|Gunaratne}} |''In Our Mad and Furious City'' |Tinder Press / Headline Publishing Group |Winner | |- |{{Sortname|Zoe|Gilbert}} |''Folk'' |Bloomsbury Publishing | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-03 |title=2019 Dylan Thomas Prize shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/04/03/131044/2019-dylan-thomas-prize-shortlist-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403064528/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/04/03/131044/2019-dylan-thomas-prize-shortlist-announced/ |archive-date=2019-04-03 |access-date=2019-04-03 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Nana Kwame|Adjei-Brenyah}} |''Friday Black'' |Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (US); Riverrun (UK) |- |{{Sortname|Novuyo Rosa|Tshuma}} |''House of Stone'' |Atlantic Books |- |{{Sortname|Sarah|Perry}} |''Melmoth'' |Serpent's Tail |- |{{Sortname|Louisa|Hall}} |''Trinity'' |Ecco Press |- |{{Sortname|Jenny|Xie}} |''Eye Level'' |Graywolf Press | rowspan="6" |Longlist | rowspan="6" | |- |{{Sortname|Michael|Donkor}} |''Hold'' |Fourth Estate / HarperCollins |- |{{Sortname|Clare|Fisher}} |''How the Light Gets In'' |Influx Press |- |{{Sortname|Sally|Rooney}} |''Normal People'' |Faber &amp;amp; Faber |- |{{Sortname|Emma|Glass}} |''Peach'' |Bloomsbury Publishing |- |{{Sortname|Richard|Scott}} |''Soho'' |Faber &amp;amp; Faber |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="12" |2020 |{{Sortname|Bryan|Washington}} |''Lot'' |Atlantic Books |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Ceremony 2020 - Swansea University |url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/award-ceremony-2020/?fbclid=IwAR09SowCzWX8p-4U0pHWfK4-xmnYkQ1SdOOCGr81bM2WBKpGyPtT54g2MIM |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=www.swansea.ac.uk}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mem: 9020728 |title=Washington wins 2020 Dylan Thomas Prize {{!}} Books+Publishing |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/05/15/150689/washington-wins-2020-dylan-thomas-prize/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601063512/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/05/15/150689/washington-wins-2020-dylan-thomas-prize/ |archive-date=2020-06-01 |access-date=2020-05-15 |language=en-AU}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Mary Jean|Chan}} |''Flèche'' |Faber &amp;amp; Faber | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2020 |title=Dylan Thomas Prize 2020 shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/04/08/148999/dylan-thomas-prize-2020-shortlist-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411080546/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/04/08/148999/dylan-thomas-prize-2020-shortlist-announced/ |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-08 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 shortlist |url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/archive/shortlist-2020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221173707/https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/archive/shortlist-2020/ |archive-date=December 21, 2023 |access-date=December 21, 2023 |website=[[Swansea University]]}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Stephen|Sexton}} |''If All the World and Love Were Young'' |Penguin Random House |- |{{Sortname|Téa|Obreht}} |''Inland'' |Weidenfeld &amp;amp; Nicolson |- |{{Sortname|Ocean|Vuong}} |''On Earth We're Briefly Gorgeous'' |Jonathan Cape / Vintage Books |- |{{Sortname|Jay|Bernard|Jay Bernard (writer)}} |''Surge'' |Chatto &amp;amp; Windus |- |{{Sortname|Helen|Mort}} |''Black Car Burning'' |Chatto &amp;amp; Windus | rowspan="6" |Longlist | rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Longlist - Swansea University |url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/2020-longlist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413142247/https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/2020-longlist/ |archive-date=2020-04-13 |access-date=2020-04-08 |website=www.swansea.ac.uk}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Meena|Kandasamy}} |''Exquisite Cadavers'' |Atlantic Books |- |{{Sortname|Yara|Rodrigues Fowler}} |''Stubborn Archivist'' |Fleet Publishing / Little, Brown and Company |- |{{Sortname|Madhuri|Vijay}} |''The Far Field'' |Atlantic Books |- |{{Sortname|Kirsty|Logan}} |''Things We Say in the Dark'' |Harvill Secker / Vintage Books |- |{{Sortname|Yelena|Moskovich}} |''Virtuoso'' |Serpent's Tail |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="12" |2021 |{{Sortname|Raven|Leilani}} |''Luster'' |Picador / Farrar, Straus and Giroux |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2021 |title=Dylan Thomas Prize: New Yorker Raven Leilani wins accolade |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-57109365 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513220627/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-57109365 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=BBC News}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Dima|Alzayat}} |''Alligator and Other Stories'' |Picador / Farrar, Straus and Giroux | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shortlist for Dylan Thomas Prize Is Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/shortlist-for-dylan-thomas-prize-is-revealed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916132400/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/shortlist-for-dylan-thomas-prize-is-revealed/ |archive-date=2021-09-16 |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Rye|Curtis}} |''Kingdomtide'' |Fourth Estate / HarperCollins |- |{{Sortname|Kate Elizabeth|Russell}} |''My Dark Vanessa'' |Fourth Estate / HarperCollins |- |{{Sortname|Catherine|Lacey|Catherine Lacey (author)}} |''Pew'' |Granta |- |{{Sortname|Akwaeke|Emezi}} |''[[The Death of Vivek Oji (littafi)|The Death of Vivek Oji]]'' |Faber &amp;amp; Faber |- |{{Sortname|Romalyn|Ante}} |''Antiemetic for Homesickness'' |Chatto &amp;amp; Windus | rowspan="6" |Longlist | rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-21 |title=Dylan Thomas Prize 2021: Longlist Announced |url=https://www.walesartsreview.org/dylan-thomas-prize-2021-longlist-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122160443/https://www.walesartsreview.org/dylan-thomas-prize-2021-longlist-announced/ |archive-date=2021-01-22 |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Wales Arts Review |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Naoise|Dolan}} |''Exciting Times'' |Weidenfeld &amp;amp; Nicolson |- |{{Sortname|Frances|Cha}} |''If I Had Your Face'' |Viking / Penguin Random House |- |{{Sortname|Will|Harris|Will Harris (poet)}} |''Rendang'' |Granta |- |{{Sortname|Caoilinn|Hughes}} |''The Wild Laughter'' |Oneworld Publications |- |{{Sortname|Gabriel|Krauze}} |''Who They Was'' |Fourth Estate / HarperCollins |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="12" |2022 |{{Sortname|Patricia|Lockwood}} |''No One Is Talking About This'' |Bloomsbury Publishing |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-05-13 |title=Lockwood wins Dylan Thomas prize for 'No One is Talking About This' |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2022/05/13/214132/lockwood-wins-dylan-thomas-prize-for-no-one-is-talking-about-this/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514053732/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2022/05/13/214132/lockwood-wins-dylan-thomas-prize-for-no-one-is-talking-about-this/ |archive-date=2022-05-14 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Caleb Azumah|Nelson}} |''Open Water'' |Viking Press | rowspan="4" |Shortlist | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-04-04 |title=Dylan Thomas Prize 2022 shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2022/04/04/212557/dylan-thomas-prize-2022-shortlist-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429001130/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2022/04/04/212557/dylan-thomas-prize-2022-shortlist-announced/ |archive-date=2022-04-29 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Nathan|Harris}} |''The Sweetness of Water'' |Tinder Press / Headline Publishing Group |- |{{Sortname|Brandon|Taylor|Brandon Taylor (writer)}} |''Filthy Animals'' |Daunt Books Publishing |- |{{Sortname|Nidhi Zak/Aria|Eipe}} |''Auguries of a Minor God'' |Faber &amp;amp; Faber |- |{{Sortname|Anuk|Arudpragasam}} |''A Passage North'' |Granta | rowspan="7" |Longlist | rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diverse and global voices dominate the longlist for the Swansea University Dylan Thomas Prize |url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/press-office/news-events/news/2021/02/diverse-and-global-voices-dominate-the-longlist-for-the-swansea-university-dylan-thomas-prize-.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203223930/https://www.swansea.ac.uk/press-office/news-events/news/2021/02/diverse-and-global-voices-dominate-the-longlist-for-the-swansea-university-dylan-thomas-prize-.php |archive-date=2022-02-03 |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=Swansea University |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Megan|Nolan}} |''Acts of Desperation'' |Jonathan Cape |- |{{Sortname|Fiona|Mozley}} |''Hot Stew'' |John Murray Press |- |{{Sortname|Tice|Cin}} |''Keeping the House'' |And Other Stories |- |{{Sortname|Dantiel W.|Moniz}} |''Milk Blood Heat'' |Atlantic Books |- |{{Sortname|Helen|Oyeyemi}} |''Peaces'' |Faber &amp;amp; Faber |- |{{Sortname|Desiree|Bailey}} |''What Noise Against the Cane'' |Yale University Press |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2023 |{{Sortname|Arinze|Ifeakandu}} |''God's Children Are Little Broken Things'' | |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schaub |first=MIchael |date=2023-05-11 |title=Winner of the 2023 Dylan Thomas Prize Is Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/winner-of-the-2023-dylan-thomas-prize-is-revealed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512011256/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/winner-of-the-2023-dylan-thomas-prize-is-revealed/ |archive-date=2023-05-12 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Warsan|Shire}} |''Bless the Daughter Raised by a Voice in Her Head'' | | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Sortname|Sheena|Patel}} |''I'm a Fan'' | |- |{{Sortname|Saba|Sams}} |''Send Nudes'' | |- |{{Sortname|Sara|Baume}} |''Seven Steeples'' | |- |{{Sortname|Robbie|Arnott}} |''Limberlost'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2024 |Caleb Azumah Nelson |''Small Worlds'' | |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schaub |first=Michael |date=2024-05-17 |title=Winner of the 2024 Dylan Thomas Prize Is Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/winner-of-the-2024-dylan-thomas-prize-is-revealed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520185739/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/winner-of-the-2024-dylan-thomas-prize-is-revealed/ |archive-date=2024-05-20 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀ |''A Spell of Good Things'' | | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26 |title=Dylan Thomas Prize 2024 shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2024/03/26/249428/dylan-thomas-prize-2024-shortlist-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328073244/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2024/03/26/249428/dylan-thomas-prize-2024-shortlist-announced/ |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2024-03-28 |publisher=Books+Publishing}}</ref> |- |A. K. Blakemore |''The Glutton'' | |- |Mary Jean Chan |''Bright Fear'' | |- |Joshua Jones |''Local Fires'' | |- |Catherine Lacey |''Biography of X'' | |- |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2025 |Yasmin Zaher |''{{Sort|Coin, The|The Coin}}'' | |Winner | |- |Seán Hewitt |''Rapture's Road'' |— | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Shortlist - Swansea University |url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/shortlist-2025/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.swansea.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |Ferdia Lennon |''Glorious Exploits'' |— |- |Yael van der Wouden |''The Safekeep'' |— |- |Rebecca Watson |''I Will Crash'' |— |- |Eley Williams |''Moderate to Poor, Occasionally Good'' |— |- |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2026 |Sasha Debevec-McKenney |''Joy is My Middle Name'' |Fitzcarraldo Editions |Winner | |- |Harriet Armstrong |''To Rest Our Minds and Bodies'' |Les Fugitives | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swansea University Dylan Thomas Prize 2026 Announces Shortlist |url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/cultural-institute/news-archive/swansea-university-dylan-thomas-prize-2026-announces-shortlist/swansea-university-dylan-thomas-prize-2026-announces-shortlist.php |access-date=22 March 2026 |website=[[Swansea University]]}}</ref> |- |Colwill Brown |''We Pretty Pieces of Flesh'' |Chatto &amp;amp; Windus |- |Suzannah V. Evans |''Under the Blue'' |Bloomsbury Publishing |- |Seán Hewitt |''Open, Heaven'' |Jonathan Cape |- |Derek Owusu |''Borderline Fiction'' |Canongate Books |} == Manazarta == 9qeqq43dj0av1hjmz89fjv1g0ohawia 875072 875071 2026-07-03T15:31:30Z Nnamadee 31123 875072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kyautar Dylan Thomas''' babbar kyauta ce ga matasan marubuta da ake bayarwa kowace shekara. Kyautar, wacce aka sanya wa suna don girmama marubuci kuma mawakin ƙasar Wales Dylan Thomas, tana kawo daraja ta duniya da kuma lada na £30,000 (~$46,000). An buɗe ta ga marubutan da aka buga a harshen Turanci waɗanda ba su kai shekara arba'in ba. Da farko an bayar da kyautar sau biyu a shekara amma ta zama kyauta ta shekara-shekara a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2010 |title=Dylan Thomas shortlisted writers reach out to young |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11853381 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120112438/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11853381 |archive-date=20 November 2011 |access-date=11 January 2012 |website=BBC News Wales}}</ref> Mai wallafawa, edita, ko wakili ne ke gabatar da shigarwar kyautar; don wasannin kwaikwayo da shirye-shiryen allo, daga mai shiryawa. An fara bayar da kyautar adabi ta Dylan Thomas a shekarun 1980, wadda aka fi sani da '''kyautar Dylan Thomas Award''', bayan yakin neman zabe na sanya wani rubutu a cikin tunawa da mawaƙin a Westminster Abbey . An bayar da gudummawar kuɗin shiga na ƙarin kuɗi daga wani wasan kwaikwayo na tara kuɗi da kamfanin talabijin na HTV ya ɗauki nauyinsa don ba da damar bayar da kyautar £1,000 kowace shekara.<ref name="about" /> Bayan shekaru da yawa, an dakatar da kyautar saboda rashin kuɗi. An sake farfaɗo da ita, ta wata hanya daban, a cikin 2004, wanda Electronic Data Systems ta ɗauki nauyinsa, a wancan lokacin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ma'aikata a Swansea. Wannan kyautar ta karrama waɗanda aka zaɓa a matsayin waɗanda suka yi nasara a gasar kuma waɗanda suka lashe kyautar kowace shekara saboda ayyukan da aka buga a fannoni daban-daban na adabi waɗanda Dylan Thomas ya yi fice, ciki har da waƙoƙi, rubuce-rubuce, wasan kwaikwayo na almara, tarin gajerun labarai, littattafai, wasannin kwaikwayo na mataki da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na allo. "Muna son duniya ta san sha'awar Welsh na haɓaka sabbin rubuce-rubuce. Kyautarmu tana ba da kwarin gwiwa ga sabbin tsararrun marubuta a duk faɗin duniyar da ke magana da Turanci," in ji Peter Stead, Shugaban Kyautar Dylan Thomas. == Masu karɓa == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Dylan Thomas Prize recipients !Year !Author !Title !Publisher !Result !Ref. |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2006 |{{Sortname|Rachel|Trezise}} |''Fresh Apples'' | |Winner | |- |{{Sortname|Liza|Ward}} |''Outside Valentine'' | | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" | |- |{{Sortname|James|Scudamore|James Scudamore (author)}} |''The Amnesia Clinic'' | |- |{{Sortname|Ian|Holding}} |''Unfeeling'' | |- |{{Sortname|Nick|Laird}} |''Utterly Monkey'' and ''To a Fault'' | |- |{{Sortname|Lucy|Caldwell}} |''Where They Were Missed'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2008 |{{Sortname|Nam|Le}} |''The Boat'' | |Winner | |- |{{Sortname|Edward|Hogan|Edward Hogan (writer)}} |''Blackmoor'' | | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" | |- |{{Sortname|Ceridwen|Dovey}} |''Blood Kin'' | |- |{{Sortname|Dinaw|Mengestu}} |''Children of the Revolution'' | |- |{{Sortname|Ross|Raisin}} |''God's Own Country'' | |- |{{Sortname|Caroline|Bird}} |''Trouble Came to the Turnip'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2010 |{{Sortname|Elyse|Fenton}} |''Clamor'' | |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2010 |title=US poet wins £30,000 Dylan Thomas prize |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11893144 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608035149/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11893144 |archive-date=June 8, 2012 |access-date=November 11, 2012 |website=BBC News}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Emily|Mackie}} |''And This Is True'' | | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" | |- |{{Sortname|Nadifa|Mohamed}} |''Black Mamba Boy'' | |- |{{Sortname|Karan|Mahajan}} |''Family Planning'' | |- |{{Sortname|Eleanor|Catton}} |''The Rehearsal'' | |- |{{Sortname|Caroline|Bird}} |''Watering Can'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="5" |2011 |{{Sortname|Lucy|Caldwell}} |''The Meeting Point'' | |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucy Caldwell wins 2011 Dylan Thomas Prize |url=http://www.dylanthomasprize.com/news/documents/LucyCaldwellWINNERrelease_000.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113134812/http://www.dylanthomasprize.com/news/documents/LucyCaldwellWINNERrelease_000.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2012 |access-date=11 January 2012 |website=The University of Wales |format=PDF}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Jacob|McArthur Mooney}} |''Folk'' | | rowspan="4" |Shortlist | rowspan="4" | |- |{{Sortname|Annabel|Pitcher}} |''My Sister Lives on the Mantelpiece'' | |- |{{Sortname|Benjamin|Hale|Benjamin Hale (author)}} |''The Evolution of Bruno Littlemore'' | |- |{{Sortname|Téa|Obreht}} |''The Tiger's Wife'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="5" |2012 |{{Sortname|Maggie|Shipstead}} |''Seating Arrangements'' | |Winner |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schaub |first=Michael |date=2023-03-25 |title=Finalists for Dylan Thomas Prize Are Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-dylan-thomas-prize-are-revealed/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|D.W.|Wilson}} |''Once You Break A Knuckle'' | | rowspan="4" |Shortlist | rowspan="4" | |- |{{Sortname|Tom|Benn}} |''The Doll Princess'' | |- |{{Sortname|Chibundu|Onuzo}} |''The Spider King's Daughter'' | |- |{{Sortname|Andrea|Eames}} |''The White Shadow'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="7" |2013 |{{Sortname|Claire Vaye|Watkins}} |''Battleborn'' | |Winner | |- |{{Sortname|Majok|Tulba}} |''Beneath the Darkening Sky'' | | rowspan="6" |Shortlist | rowspan="6" |<ref name="bbc20132" /> |- |{{Sortname|Marli|Roode}} |''Call It Dog'' | |- |{{Sortname|Prajwal|Parajuly}} |''Land Where I Flee'' | |- |{{Sortname|James|Brookes}} |''Sins of the Leopard'' | |- |{{Sortname|Tim|Leach}} |''The Last King of Lydia'' | |- |{{Sortname|Jemma L.|King}} |''The Shape of a Forest'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="7" |2014 |{{Sortname|Joshua|Ferris}} |''To Rise Again at a Decent Hour'' | |Winner |<ref name="dylanthomas2014">{{Cite web |last=Wroe |first=Nicholas |date=7 November 2014 |title=Joshua Ferris wins Dylan Thomas prize |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2014/nov/07/joshua-ferris-wins-dylan-thomas-prize |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112231640/http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2014/nov/07/joshua-ferris-wins-dylan-thomas-prize |archive-date=12 November 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |website=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[Guardian News and Media]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Sortname|Eimear|McBride}} |''A Girl Is a Half-formed Thing'' | | rowspan="6" |Shortlist | rowspan="6" | |- |{{Sortname|Owen|Sheers}} |''Mametz'' | |- |{{Sortname|Naomi|Wood}} |''Mrs. Hemingway'' | |- |{{Sortname|Kseniya|Melnik}} |''Snow in May'' | |- |{{Sortname|Kei|Miller}} |''The Cartographer Tries to Map a Way to Zion'' | |- |{{Sortname|Eleanor|Catton}} |''The Luminaries'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2016 |{{Sortname|Max|Porter|Max Porter (writer)}} |''Grief Is the Thing with Feathers'' | |Winner |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Sortname|Frances|Leviston}} |''Disinformation'' | | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" | |- |{{Sortname|Andrew|McMillan|Andrew McMillan (writer)}} |''Physical'' | |- |{{Sortname|Claire-Louise|Bennett}} |''Pond'' | |- |{{Sortname|Tania|James}} |''The Tusk that did the Damage'' | |- |{{Sortname|Sunjeev|Sahota}} |''The Year of the Runaways'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="12" |2017 |{{Sortname|Fiona|McFarlane}} |''The High Places'' |Farrar, Straus &amp;amp; Giroux |Winner | |- |{{Sortname|Anuk|Arudpragasam}} |''The Story of a Brief Marriage'' |<nowiki>Granta|</nowiki> | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref name="2017short">{{Cite web |title=2017: Fiona McFarlane, 'The High Places' |url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/previous-winners/fiona-mcfarlane-2017/#d.en.70417=&the-high-places-by-fiona-mcfarlane-is-named-as-the-winner-of-the-11th-international-dylan-thomas-prize-in-partnership-with-swansea-university=is-expanded |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029062015/https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/previous-winners/fiona-mcfarlane-2017/#d.en.70417=&the-high-places-by-fiona-mcfarlane-is-named-as-the-winner-of-the-11th-international-dylan-thomas-prize-in-partnership-with-swansea-university=is-expanded |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=www.swansea.ac.uk}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Alys|Conran}} |''Pigeon'' |Parthian Books |- |{{Sortname|Luke|Kennard|Luke Kennard (poet)}} |''Cain'' |Penned in the Margins |- |{{Sortname|Sarah|Perry}} |''The Essex Serpent'' |Serpent's Tail |- |{{Sortname|Callan|Wink}} |''Dog Run Moon: Stories'' |Granta |- |{{Sortname|Safiya|Sinclair}} |''Cannibal'' |University of Nebraska Press | rowspan="6" |Longlist | rowspan="6" | |- |{{Sortname|Jonathan Safran|Foer}} |''Here I Am'' |Farrar, Straus &amp;amp; Giroux |- |{{Sortname|Yaa|Gyasi}} |''Homegoing'' |Alfred A. Knopf |- |{{Sortname|Benjamin|Hale|Benjamin Hale (author)}} |''The Fat Artist and Other Stories'' |Picador / Farrar, Straus and Giroux |- |{{Sortname|Hannah|Kohler}} |''The Outside Lands'' |Picador / Farrar, Straus and Giroux |- |{{Sortname|Helen|Oyeyemi}} |''What Is Not Yours Is Not Yours'' |Picador / Farrar, Straus and Giroux |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2018 |{{Sortname|Kayo|Chingonyi}} |''Kumukanda'' |Chatto &amp;amp; Windus |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dylan Thomas Prize 2018 shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2018/03/28/104738/dylan-thomas-prize-2018-shortlist-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020416/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2018/03/28/104738/dylan-thomas-prize-2018-shortlist-announced/ |archive-date=2019-02-07 |access-date=2019-02-04 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Sally|Rooney}} |''Conversations with Friends'' |Faber &amp;amp; Faber | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dylan Thomas Prize 2018 shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2018/03/28/104738/dylan-thomas-prize-2018-shortlist-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020416/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2018/03/28/104738/dylan-thomas-prize-2018-shortlist-announced/ |archive-date=2019-02-07 |access-date=2019-02-04 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Gwendoline|Riley}} |''First Love'' |Granta |- |{{Sortname|Carmen Maria|Machado}} |''Her Body and Other Parties'' |Graywolf Press |- |{{Sortname|Emily|Ruskovich}} |''Idaho'' |Vintage Books |- |{{Sortname|Gabriel|Tallent}} |''My Absolute Darling'' |Fourth Estate / HarperCollins |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="12" |2019 |{{Sortname|Guy|Gunaratne}} |''In Our Mad and Furious City'' |Tinder Press / Headline Publishing Group |Winner | |- |{{Sortname|Zoe|Gilbert}} |''Folk'' |Bloomsbury Publishing | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-03 |title=2019 Dylan Thomas Prize shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/04/03/131044/2019-dylan-thomas-prize-shortlist-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403064528/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/04/03/131044/2019-dylan-thomas-prize-shortlist-announced/ |archive-date=2019-04-03 |access-date=2019-04-03 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Nana Kwame|Adjei-Brenyah}} |''Friday Black'' |Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (US); Riverrun (UK) |- |{{Sortname|Novuyo Rosa|Tshuma}} |''House of Stone'' |Atlantic Books |- |{{Sortname|Sarah|Perry}} |''Melmoth'' |Serpent's Tail |- |{{Sortname|Louisa|Hall}} |''Trinity'' |Ecco Press |- |{{Sortname|Jenny|Xie}} |''Eye Level'' |Graywolf Press | rowspan="6" |Longlist | rowspan="6" | |- |{{Sortname|Michael|Donkor}} |''Hold'' |Fourth Estate / HarperCollins |- |{{Sortname|Clare|Fisher}} |''How the Light Gets In'' |Influx Press |- |{{Sortname|Sally|Rooney}} |''Normal People'' |Faber &amp;amp; Faber |- |{{Sortname|Emma|Glass}} |''Peach'' |Bloomsbury Publishing |- |{{Sortname|Richard|Scott}} |''Soho'' |Faber &amp;amp; Faber |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="12" |2020 |{{Sortname|Bryan|Washington}} |''Lot'' |Atlantic Books |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Ceremony 2020 - Swansea University |url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/award-ceremony-2020/?fbclid=IwAR09SowCzWX8p-4U0pHWfK4-xmnYkQ1SdOOCGr81bM2WBKpGyPtT54g2MIM |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=www.swansea.ac.uk}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mem: 9020728 |title=Washington wins 2020 Dylan Thomas Prize {{!}} Books+Publishing |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/05/15/150689/washington-wins-2020-dylan-thomas-prize/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601063512/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/05/15/150689/washington-wins-2020-dylan-thomas-prize/ |archive-date=2020-06-01 |access-date=2020-05-15 |language=en-AU}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Mary Jean|Chan}} |''Flèche'' |Faber &amp;amp; Faber | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2020 |title=Dylan Thomas Prize 2020 shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/04/08/148999/dylan-thomas-prize-2020-shortlist-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411080546/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/04/08/148999/dylan-thomas-prize-2020-shortlist-announced/ |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-08 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 shortlist |url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/archive/shortlist-2020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221173707/https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/archive/shortlist-2020/ |archive-date=December 21, 2023 |access-date=December 21, 2023 |website=[[Swansea University]]}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Stephen|Sexton}} |''If All the World and Love Were Young'' |Penguin Random House |- |{{Sortname|Téa|Obreht}} |''Inland'' |Weidenfeld &amp;amp; Nicolson |- |{{Sortname|Ocean|Vuong}} |''On Earth We're Briefly Gorgeous'' |Jonathan Cape / Vintage Books |- |{{Sortname|Jay|Bernard|Jay Bernard (writer)}} |''Surge'' |Chatto &amp;amp; Windus |- |{{Sortname|Helen|Mort}} |''Black Car Burning'' |Chatto &amp;amp; Windus | rowspan="6" |Longlist | rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Longlist - Swansea University |url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/2020-longlist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413142247/https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/2020-longlist/ |archive-date=2020-04-13 |access-date=2020-04-08 |website=www.swansea.ac.uk}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Meena|Kandasamy}} |''Exquisite Cadavers'' |Atlantic Books |- |{{Sortname|Yara|Rodrigues Fowler}} |''Stubborn Archivist'' |Fleet Publishing / Little, Brown and Company |- |{{Sortname|Madhuri|Vijay}} |''The Far Field'' |Atlantic Books |- |{{Sortname|Kirsty|Logan}} |''Things We Say in the Dark'' |Harvill Secker / Vintage Books |- |{{Sortname|Yelena|Moskovich}} |''Virtuoso'' |Serpent's Tail |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="12" |2021 |{{Sortname|Raven|Leilani}} |''Luster'' |Picador / Farrar, Straus and Giroux |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2021 |title=Dylan Thomas Prize: New Yorker Raven Leilani wins accolade |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-57109365 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513220627/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-57109365 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=BBC News}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Dima|Alzayat}} |''Alligator and Other Stories'' |Picador / Farrar, Straus and Giroux | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shortlist for Dylan Thomas Prize Is Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/shortlist-for-dylan-thomas-prize-is-revealed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916132400/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/shortlist-for-dylan-thomas-prize-is-revealed/ |archive-date=2021-09-16 |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Rye|Curtis}} |''Kingdomtide'' |Fourth Estate / HarperCollins |- |{{Sortname|Kate Elizabeth|Russell}} |''My Dark Vanessa'' |Fourth Estate / HarperCollins |- |{{Sortname|Catherine|Lacey|Catherine Lacey (author)}} |''Pew'' |Granta |- |{{Sortname|Akwaeke|Emezi}} |''[[The Death of Vivek Oji (littafi)|The Death of Vivek Oji]]'' |Faber &amp;amp; Faber |- |{{Sortname|Romalyn|Ante}} |''Antiemetic for Homesickness'' |Chatto &amp;amp; Windus | rowspan="6" |Longlist | rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-21 |title=Dylan Thomas Prize 2021: Longlist Announced |url=https://www.walesartsreview.org/dylan-thomas-prize-2021-longlist-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122160443/https://www.walesartsreview.org/dylan-thomas-prize-2021-longlist-announced/ |archive-date=2021-01-22 |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Wales Arts Review |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Naoise|Dolan}} |''Exciting Times'' |Weidenfeld &amp;amp; Nicolson |- |{{Sortname|Frances|Cha}} |''If I Had Your Face'' |Viking / Penguin Random House |- |{{Sortname|Will|Harris|Will Harris (poet)}} |''Rendang'' |Granta |- |{{Sortname|Caoilinn|Hughes}} |''The Wild Laughter'' |Oneworld Publications |- |{{Sortname|Gabriel|Krauze}} |''Who They Was'' |Fourth Estate / HarperCollins |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="12" |2022 |{{Sortname|Patricia|Lockwood}} |''No One Is Talking About This'' |Bloomsbury Publishing |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-05-13 |title=Lockwood wins Dylan Thomas prize for 'No One is Talking About This' |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2022/05/13/214132/lockwood-wins-dylan-thomas-prize-for-no-one-is-talking-about-this/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514053732/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2022/05/13/214132/lockwood-wins-dylan-thomas-prize-for-no-one-is-talking-about-this/ |archive-date=2022-05-14 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Caleb Azumah|Nelson}} |''Open Water'' |Viking Press | rowspan="4" |Shortlist | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-04-04 |title=Dylan Thomas Prize 2022 shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2022/04/04/212557/dylan-thomas-prize-2022-shortlist-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429001130/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2022/04/04/212557/dylan-thomas-prize-2022-shortlist-announced/ |archive-date=2022-04-29 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Nathan|Harris}} |''The Sweetness of Water'' |Tinder Press / Headline Publishing Group |- |{{Sortname|Brandon|Taylor|Brandon Taylor (writer)}} |''Filthy Animals'' |Daunt Books Publishing |- |{{Sortname|Nidhi Zak/Aria|Eipe}} |''Auguries of a Minor God'' |Faber &amp;amp; Faber |- |{{Sortname|Anuk|Arudpragasam}} |''A Passage North'' |Granta | rowspan="7" |Longlist | rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diverse and global voices dominate the longlist for the Swansea University Dylan Thomas Prize |url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/press-office/news-events/news/2021/02/diverse-and-global-voices-dominate-the-longlist-for-the-swansea-university-dylan-thomas-prize-.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203223930/https://www.swansea.ac.uk/press-office/news-events/news/2021/02/diverse-and-global-voices-dominate-the-longlist-for-the-swansea-university-dylan-thomas-prize-.php |archive-date=2022-02-03 |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=Swansea University |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Megan|Nolan}} |''Acts of Desperation'' |Jonathan Cape |- |{{Sortname|Fiona|Mozley}} |''Hot Stew'' |John Murray Press |- |{{Sortname|Tice|Cin}} |''Keeping the House'' |And Other Stories |- |{{Sortname|Dantiel W.|Moniz}} |''Milk Blood Heat'' |Atlantic Books |- |{{Sortname|Helen|Oyeyemi}} |''Peaces'' |Faber &amp;amp; Faber |- |{{Sortname|Desiree|Bailey}} |''What Noise Against the Cane'' |Yale University Press |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2023 |{{Sortname|Arinze|Ifeakandu}} |''God's Children Are Little Broken Things'' | |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schaub |first=MIchael |date=2023-05-11 |title=Winner of the 2023 Dylan Thomas Prize Is Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/winner-of-the-2023-dylan-thomas-prize-is-revealed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512011256/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/winner-of-the-2023-dylan-thomas-prize-is-revealed/ |archive-date=2023-05-12 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Warsan|Shire}} |''Bless the Daughter Raised by a Voice in Her Head'' | | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{Sortname|Sheena|Patel}} |''I'm a Fan'' | |- |{{Sortname|Saba|Sams}} |''Send Nudes'' | |- |{{Sortname|Sara|Baume}} |''Seven Steeples'' | |- |{{Sortname|Robbie|Arnott}} |''Limberlost'' | |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2024 |Caleb Azumah Nelson |''Small Worlds'' | |Winner |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schaub |first=Michael |date=2024-05-17 |title=Winner of the 2024 Dylan Thomas Prize Is Revealed |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/winner-of-the-2024-dylan-thomas-prize-is-revealed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520185739/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/winner-of-the-2024-dylan-thomas-prize-is-revealed/ |archive-date=2024-05-20 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀ |''A Spell of Good Things'' | | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26 |title=Dylan Thomas Prize 2024 shortlist announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2024/03/26/249428/dylan-thomas-prize-2024-shortlist-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328073244/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2024/03/26/249428/dylan-thomas-prize-2024-shortlist-announced/ |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2024-03-28 |publisher=Books+Publishing}}</ref> |- |A. K. Blakemore |''The Glutton'' | |- |Mary Jean Chan |''Bright Fear'' | |- |Joshua Jones |''Local Fires'' | |- |Catherine Lacey |''Biography of X'' | |- |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2025 |Yasmin Zaher |''{{Sort|Coin, The|The Coin}}'' | |Winner | |- |Seán Hewitt |''Rapture's Road'' |— | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Shortlist - Swansea University |url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/dylan-thomas-prize/shortlist-2025/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.swansea.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |Ferdia Lennon |''Glorious Exploits'' |— |- |Yael van der Wouden |''The Safekeep'' |— |- |Rebecca Watson |''I Will Crash'' |— |- |Eley Williams |''Moderate to Poor, Occasionally Good'' |— |- |- style="background:lightyellow" ! rowspan="6" |2026 |Sasha Debevec-McKenney |''Joy is My Middle Name'' |Fitzcarraldo Editions |Winner | |- |Harriet Armstrong |''To Rest Our Minds and Bodies'' |Les Fugitives | rowspan="5" |Shortlist | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swansea University Dylan Thomas Prize 2026 Announces Shortlist |url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/cultural-institute/news-archive/swansea-university-dylan-thomas-prize-2026-announces-shortlist/swansea-university-dylan-thomas-prize-2026-announces-shortlist.php |access-date=22 March 2026 |website=[[Swansea University]]}}</ref> |- |Colwill Brown |''We Pretty Pieces of Flesh'' |Chatto &amp;amp; Windus |- |Suzannah V. Evans |''Under the Blue'' |Bloomsbury Publishing |- |Seán Hewitt |''Open, Heaven'' |Jonathan Cape |- |Derek Owusu |''Borderline Fiction'' |Canongate Books |} == Manazarta == pcpwy21hgv6szad6uo3zvs7wk5metjv 0 160673 875076 2026-07-03T15:33:02Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox football biography | name = Stopira | image = | fullname = Ianique dos Santos Tavares | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|5|20}} | birth_place = Praia, Cape Verde | position = Mai tsaron baya na hagu | currentclub = Torreense | clubnumber = 2 | youthclubs1 = Sporting Praia | years1 = 2006–2008 | clubs1 = Sporting Praia | years2 = 2008–2010 | clubs2 = Santa Clara | caps2 = 32 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2010–2011 | clubs3 = Deportivo La Coruña B | caps3 = 23 |... 875076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Stopira | image = | fullname = Ianique dos Santos Tavares | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|5|20}} | birth_place = Praia, Cape Verde | position = Mai tsaron baya na hagu | currentclub = Torreense | clubnumber = 2 | youthclubs1 = Sporting Praia | years1 = 2006–2008 | clubs1 = Sporting Praia | years2 = 2008–2010 | clubs2 = Santa Clara | caps2 = 32 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2010–2011 | clubs3 = Deportivo La Coruña B | caps3 = 23 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2011–2012 | clubs4 = Feirense | caps4 = 15 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2012–2023 | clubs5 = Fehérvár | caps5 = 265 | goals5 = 22 | years6 = 2024– | clubs6 = Torreense | nationalyears1 = 2008– | nationalteam1 = Cape Verde | nationalcaps1 = 60+ | nationalgoals1 = 4 }} '''Stopira''' (an haife shi '''Ianique dos Santos Tavares''' a ranar 20 ga Mayun 1988 a Praia, Cape Verde) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Cape Verde wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''mai tsaron baya na hagu'''. Ya shahara da laƙabinsa na ''Stopira'', kuma ya yi fice a gasar ƙasar Hungary tare da ƙungiyar Fehérvár kafin ya koma Torreense ta Portugal. Haka kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tawagar ƙasar Cape Verde tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stopira |url=https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Internacional cabo-verdiano Stopira deixa o MOL Fehervar depois de mais de uma década |url=https://www.anacao.cv/ |publisher=A Nação |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Stopira a birnin Praia na ƙasar Cape Verde. Ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami a unguwarsa, inda wani dattijo ya ba shi laƙabin ''Stopira'' saboda sunansa Ianique da kuma irin salon wasansa na ƙafar hagu, wanda ya tuna masa da tsohon ɗan wasan Faransa '''Yannick Stopyra'''. Daga baya wannan laƙabi ya zama sunan da ya shahara da shi a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stopira muda o jogo por Cabo Verde |url=https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiyoyi == Stopira ya fara aikinsa da '''Sporting Praia''' kafin ya koma '''Santa Clara''' a Portugal a shekarar 2008. Bayan ya nuna ƙwarewa a Segunda Liga, ya koma '''Deportivo La Coruña B''' a Spain a shekarar 2010. Daga nan ya taka leda a '''Feirense''' kafin ya koma ƙungiyar '''Fehérvár''' ta Hungary a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stopira career profile |url=https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> A Fehérvár ne Stopira ya fi shahara, inda ya shafe sama da shekaru goma yana taka leda. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe manyan kofuna a Hungary tare da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan baya na ƙungiyar. A shekarar 2019 ya samu zama ɗan ƙasar Hungary ta hanyar neman zama ɗan ƙasa (naturalization). Bayan barinsa Fehérvár a shekarar 2023, ya koma '''SCU Torreense''' ta Portugal, inda ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani duk da tsufan shekarunsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internacional cabo-verdiano Stopira deixa o MOL Fehervar depois de mais de uma década |url=https://www.anacao.cv/ |publisher=A Nação |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Stopira chegou lá com Cabo Verde |url=https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Stopira ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Cape Verde wasa a shekarar 2008. Ya kasance cikin ƙarni na 'yan wasan da suka taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafar Cape Verde a nahiyar Afirka. Ya buga wasanni a gasar neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyar Afirka (AFCON) da kuma neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign contingent boost Cape Verde |url=https://www.fifa.com/ |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, bayan ya dawo cikin tawagar ƙasar daga ɗan dakatar da bugawa ƙasa wasa, ya zura muhimmiyar ƙwallo a wasan da Cape Verde ta doke Eswatini da ci 3–0, wadda ta tabbatar wa ƙasar samun tikitin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 karo na farko a tarihinta. Wannan nasara ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Cape Verde.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stopira muda o jogo por Cabo Verde |url=https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cabo Verde team profile |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/fifa.com/en/articles/cabo-verde-team-profile-history |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Stopira ɗan wasan baya ne na hagu wanda aka san shi da ƙarfin kare gida, iya taka leda da ƙafar hagu, da kuma gogewar da ya tara tsawon shekaru a Portugal da Hungary. Yana kuma iya taimakawa wajen kai hare-hare ta gefen fili tare da kasancewa jagora ga matasan 'yan wasa a ƙungiya da kuma tawagar ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview de Stopira |url=https://www.fifa.com/fr/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/stopira-cap-vert-interview-coupe-du-monde |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == * '''Fehérvár''' ** Gasar Hungary (Nemzeti Bajnokság I) ** Kofin Hungary ** Hungarian League Cup * '''Torreense''' ** Taça de Portugal (2025–26)<ref>{{cite web |title=Stopira chegou lá com Cabo Verde |url=https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Stopira}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cape Verdean footballers]] [[Category:Cape Verde international footballers]] [[Category:Association football defenders]] [[Category:People from Praia]] 3wy01eefi0h474nidjwsgbz7uw3540m 875087 875076 2026-07-03T15:41:32Z Saad Nuhu 43323 875087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Stopira | image = | fullname = Ianique dos Santos Tavares | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|5|20}} | birth_place = Praia, Cape Verde | position = Mai tsaron baya na hagu | currentclub = Torreense | clubnumber = 2 | youthclubs1 = Sporting Praia | years1 = 2006–2008 | clubs1 = Sporting Praia | years2 = 2008–2010 | clubs2 = Santa Clara | caps2 = 32 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2010–2011 | clubs3 = Deportivo La Coruña B | caps3 = 23 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2011–2012 | clubs4 = Feirense | caps4 = 15 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2012–2023 | clubs5 = Fehérvár | caps5 = 265 | goals5 = 22 | years6 = 2024– | clubs6 = Torreense | nationalyears1 = 2008– | nationalteam1 = Cape Verde | nationalcaps1 = 60+ | nationalgoals1 = 4 }} '''Stopira''' (an haife shi '''Ianique dos Santos Tavares''' a ranar 20 ga Mayun 1988 a Praia, Cape Verde) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Cape Verde wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''mai tsaron baya na hagu'''. Ya shahara da laƙabinsa na ''Stopira'', kuma ya yi fice a gasar ƙasar Hungary tare da ƙungiyar Fehérvár kafin ya koma Torreense ta Portugal. Haka kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tawagar ƙasar Cape Verde tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref><ref>https://www.anacao.cv/</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Stopira a birnin Praia na ƙasar Cape Verde. Ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami a unguwarsa, inda wani dattijo ya ba shi laƙabin ''Stopira'' saboda sunansa Ianique da kuma irin salon wasansa na ƙafar hagu, wanda ya tuna masa da tsohon ɗan wasan Faransa '''Yannick Stopyra'''. Daga baya wannan laƙabi ya zama sunan da ya shahara da shi a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> == Aikin ƙungiyoyi == Stopira ya fara aikinsa da '''Sporting Praia''' kafin ya koma '''Santa Clara''' a Portugal a shekarar 2008. Bayan ya nuna ƙwarewa a Segunda Liga, ya koma '''Deportivo La Coruña B''' a Spain a shekarar 2010. Daga nan ya taka leda a '''Feirense''' kafin ya koma ƙungiyar '''Fehérvár''' ta Hungary a shekarar 2012<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> A Fehérvár ne Stopira ya fi shahara, inda ya shafe sama da shekaru goma yana taka leda. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe manyan kofuna a Hungary tare da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan baya na ƙungiyar. A shekarar 2019 ya samu zama ɗan ƙasar Hungary ta hanyar neman zama ɗan ƙasa (naturalization). Bayan barinsa Fehérvár a shekarar 2023, ya koma '''SCU Torreense''' ta Portugal, inda ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani duk da tsufan shekarunsa.<ref>https://www.anacao.cv/</ref><ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Stopira ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Cape Verde wasa a shekarar 2008. Ya kasance cikin ƙarni na 'yan wasan da suka taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafar Cape Verde a nahiyar Afirka. Ya buga wasanni a gasar neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyar Afirka (AFCON) da kuma neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/en</ref> A shekarar 2025, bayan ya dawo cikin tawagar ƙasar daga ɗan dakatar da bugawa ƙasa wasa, ya zura muhimmiyar ƙwallo a wasan da Cape Verde ta doke Eswatini da ci 3–0, wadda ta tabbatar wa ƙasar samun tikitin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 karo na farko a tarihinta. Wannan nasara ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Cape Verde.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stopira muda o jogo por Cabo Verde |url=https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cabo Verde team profile |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/fifa.com/en/articles/cabo-verde-team-profile-history |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Stopira ɗan wasan baya ne na hagu wanda aka san shi da ƙarfin kare gida, iya taka leda da ƙafar hagu, da kuma gogewar da ya tara tsawon shekaru a Portugal da Hungary. Yana kuma iya taimakawa wajen kai hare-hare ta gefen fili tare da kasancewa jagora ga matasan 'yan wasa a ƙungiya da kuma tawagar ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview de Stopira |url=https://www.fifa.com/fr/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/stopira-cap-vert-interview-coupe-du-monde |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == * '''Fehérvár''' ** Gasar Hungary (Nemzeti Bajnokság I) ** Kofin Hungary ** Hungarian League Cup * '''Torreense''' ** Taça de Portugal (2025–26)<ref>{{cite web |title=Stopira chegou lá com Cabo Verde |url=https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Stopira}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cape Verdean footballers]] [[Category:Cape Verde international footballers]] [[Category:Association football defenders]] [[Category:People from Praia]] rdk0yr1h12hgqnaglh9509crf2rcr1a 875089 875087 2026-07-03T15:42:25Z Saad Nuhu 43323 875089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Stopira | image = | fullname = Ianique dos Santos Tavares | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|5|20}} | birth_place = Praia, Cape Verde | position = Mai tsaron baya na hagu | currentclub = Torreense | clubnumber = 2 | youthclubs1 = Sporting Praia | years1 = 2006–2008 | clubs1 = Sporting Praia | years2 = 2008–2010 | clubs2 = Santa Clara | caps2 = 32 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2010–2011 | clubs3 = Deportivo La Coruña B | caps3 = 23 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2011–2012 | clubs4 = Feirense | caps4 = 15 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2012–2023 | clubs5 = Fehérvár | caps5 = 265 | goals5 = 22 | years6 = 2024– | clubs6 = Torreense | nationalyears1 = 2008– | nationalteam1 = Cape Verde | nationalcaps1 = 60+ | nationalgoals1 = 4 }} '''Stopira''' (an haife shi '''Ianique dos Santos Tavares''' a ranar 20 ga Mayun 1988 a Praia, Cape Verde) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Cape Verde wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''mai tsaron baya na hagu'''. Ya shahara da laƙabinsa na ''Stopira'', kuma ya yi fice a gasar ƙasar Hungary tare da ƙungiyar Fehérvár kafin ya koma Torreense ta Portugal. Haka kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tawagar ƙasar Cape Verde tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref><ref>https://www.anacao.cv/</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Stopira a birnin Praia na ƙasar Cape Verde. Ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami a unguwarsa, inda wani dattijo ya ba shi laƙabin ''Stopira'' saboda sunansa Ianique da kuma irin salon wasansa na ƙafar hagu, wanda ya tuna masa da tsohon ɗan wasan Faransa '''Yannick Stopyra'''. Daga baya wannan laƙabi ya zama sunan da ya shahara da shi a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> == Aikin ƙungiyoyi == Stopira ya fara aikinsa da '''Sporting Praia''' kafin ya koma '''Santa Clara''' a Portugal a shekarar 2008. Bayan ya nuna ƙwarewa a Segunda Liga, ya koma '''Deportivo La Coruña B''' a Spain a shekarar 2010. Daga nan ya taka leda a '''Feirense''' kafin ya koma ƙungiyar '''Fehérvár''' ta Hungary a shekarar 2012<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> A Fehérvár ne Stopira ya fi shahara, inda ya shafe sama da shekaru goma yana taka leda. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe manyan kofuna a Hungary tare da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan baya na ƙungiyar. A shekarar 2019 ya samu zama ɗan ƙasar Hungary ta hanyar neman zama ɗan ƙasa (naturalization). Bayan barinsa Fehérvár a shekarar 2023, ya koma '''SCU Torreense''' ta Portugal, inda ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani duk da tsufan shekarunsa.<ref>https://www.anacao.cv/</ref><ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Stopira ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Cape Verde wasa a shekarar 2008. Ya kasance cikin ƙarni na 'yan wasan da suka taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafar Cape Verde a nahiyar Afirka. Ya buga wasanni a gasar neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyar Afirka (AFCON) da kuma neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/en</ref> A shekarar 2025, bayan ya dawo cikin tawagar ƙasar daga ɗan dakatar da bugawa ƙasa wasa, ya zura muhimmiyar ƙwallo a wasan da Cape Verde ta doke Eswatini da ci 3–0, wadda ta tabbatar wa ƙasar samun tikitin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 karo na farko a tarihinta. Wannan nasara ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Cape Verde.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cabo Verde team profile |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/fifa.com/en/articles/cabo-verde-team-profile-history |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Stopira ɗan wasan baya ne na hagu wanda aka san shi da ƙarfin kare gida, iya taka leda da ƙafar hagu, da kuma gogewar da ya tara tsawon shekaru a Portugal da Hungary. Yana kuma iya taimakawa wajen kai hare-hare ta gefen fili tare da kasancewa jagora ga matasan 'yan wasa a ƙungiya da kuma tawagar ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview de Stopira |url=https://www.fifa.com/fr/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/stopira-cap-vert-interview-coupe-du-monde |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == * '''Fehérvár''' ** Gasar Hungary (Nemzeti Bajnokság I) ** Kofin Hungary ** Hungarian League Cup * '''Torreense''' ** Taça de Portugal (2025–26)<ref>{{cite web |title=Stopira chegou lá com Cabo Verde |url=https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Stopira}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cape Verdean footballers]] [[Category:Cape Verde international footballers]] [[Category:Association football defenders]] [[Category:People from Praia]] q5w9vpun6yokx1iuaro9ybm2g5j1iam 875091 875089 2026-07-03T15:43:46Z Saad Nuhu 43323 875091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Stopira | image = | fullname = Ianique dos Santos Tavares | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|5|20}} | birth_place = Praia, Cape Verde | position = Mai tsaron baya na hagu | currentclub = Torreense | clubnumber = 2 | youthclubs1 = Sporting Praia | years1 = 2006–2008 | clubs1 = Sporting Praia | years2 = 2008–2010 | clubs2 = Santa Clara | caps2 = 32 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2010–2011 | clubs3 = Deportivo La Coruña B | caps3 = 23 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2011–2012 | clubs4 = Feirense | caps4 = 15 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2012–2023 | clubs5 = Fehérvár | caps5 = 265 | goals5 = 22 | years6 = 2024– | clubs6 = Torreense | nationalyears1 = 2008– | nationalteam1 = Cape Verde | nationalcaps1 = 60+ | nationalgoals1 = 4 }} '''Stopira''' (an haife shi '''Ianique dos Santos Tavares''' a ranar 20 ga Mayun 1988 a Praia, Cape Verde) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Cape Verde wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''mai tsaron baya na hagu'''. Ya shahara da laƙabinsa na ''Stopira'', kuma ya yi fice a gasar ƙasar Hungary tare da ƙungiyar Fehérvár kafin ya koma Torreense ta Portugal. Haka kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tawagar ƙasar Cape Verde tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref><ref>https://www.anacao.cv/</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Stopira a birnin Praia na ƙasar Cape Verde. Ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami a unguwarsa, inda wani dattijo ya ba shi laƙabin ''Stopira'' saboda sunansa Ianique da kuma irin salon wasansa na ƙafar hagu, wanda ya tuna masa da tsohon ɗan wasan Faransa '''Yannick Stopyra'''. Daga baya wannan laƙabi ya zama sunan da ya shahara da shi a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> == Aikin ƙungiyoyi == Stopira ya fara aikinsa da '''Sporting Praia''' kafin ya koma '''Santa Clara''' a Portugal a shekarar 2008. Bayan ya nuna ƙwarewa a Segunda Liga, ya koma '''Deportivo La Coruña B''' a Spain a shekarar 2010. Daga nan ya taka leda a '''Feirense''' kafin ya koma ƙungiyar '''Fehérvár''' ta Hungary a shekarar 2012<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> A Fehérvár ne Stopira ya fi shahara, inda ya shafe sama da shekaru goma yana taka leda. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe manyan kofuna a Hungary tare da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan baya na ƙungiyar. A shekarar 2019 ya samu zama ɗan ƙasar Hungary ta hanyar neman zama ɗan ƙasa (naturalization). Bayan barinsa Fehérvár a shekarar 2023, ya koma '''SCU Torreense''' ta Portugal, inda ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani duk da tsufan shekarunsa.<ref>https://www.anacao.cv/</ref><ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Stopira ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Cape Verde wasa a shekarar 2008. Ya kasance cikin ƙarni na 'yan wasan da suka taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafar Cape Verde a nahiyar Afirka. Ya buga wasanni a gasar neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyar Afirka (AFCON) da kuma neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/en</ref> A shekarar 2025, bayan ya dawo cikin tawagar ƙasar daga ɗan dakatar da bugawa ƙasa wasa, ya zura muhimmiyar ƙwallo a wasan da Cape Verde ta doke Eswatini da ci 3–0, wadda ta tabbatar wa ƙasar samun tikitin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 karo na farko a tarihinta. Wannan nasara ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Cape Verde.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref><ref>https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/fifa.com/en/articles/cabo-verde-team-profile-history</ref> == Salon wasa == Stopira ɗan wasan baya ne na hagu wanda aka san shi da ƙarfin kare gida, iya taka leda da ƙafar hagu, da kuma gogewar da ya tara tsawon shekaru a Portugal da Hungary. Yana kuma iya taimakawa wajen kai hare-hare ta gefen fili tare da kasancewa jagora ga matasan 'yan wasa a ƙungiya da kuma tawagar ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview de Stopira |url=https://www.fifa.com/fr/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/stopira-cap-vert-interview-coupe-du-monde |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == * '''Fehérvár''' ** Gasar Hungary (Nemzeti Bajnokság I) ** Kofin Hungary ** Hungarian League Cup * '''Torreense''' ** Taça de Portugal (2025–26)<ref>{{cite web |title=Stopira chegou lá com Cabo Verde |url=https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Stopira}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cape Verdean footballers]] [[Category:Cape Verde international footballers]] [[Category:Association football defenders]] [[Category:People from Praia]] 92zh3khonosku0yfrw5kvwebi96ql3b 875093 875091 2026-07-03T15:46:22Z Saad Nuhu 43323 875093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Stopira | image = | fullname = Ianique dos Santos Tavares | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|5|20}} | birth_place = Praia, Cape Verde | position = Mai tsaron baya na hagu | currentclub = Torreense | clubnumber = 2 | youthclubs1 = Sporting Praia | years1 = 2006–2008 | clubs1 = Sporting Praia | years2 = 2008–2010 | clubs2 = Santa Clara | caps2 = 32 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2010–2011 | clubs3 = Deportivo La Coruña B | caps3 = 23 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2011–2012 | clubs4 = Feirense | caps4 = 15 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2012–2023 | clubs5 = Fehérvár | caps5 = 265 | goals5 = 22 | years6 = 2024– | clubs6 = Torreense | nationalyears1 = 2008– | nationalteam1 = Cape Verde | nationalcaps1 = 60+ | nationalgoals1 = 4 }} '''Stopira''' (an haife shi '''Ianique dos Santos Tavares''' a ranar 20 ga Mayun 1988 a Praia, Cape Verde) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Cape Verde wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''mai tsaron baya na hagu'''. Ya shahara da laƙabinsa na ''Stopira'', kuma ya yi fice a gasar ƙasar Hungary tare da ƙungiyar Fehérvár kafin ya koma Torreense ta Portugal. Haka kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tawagar ƙasar Cape Verde tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref><ref>https://www.anacao.cv/</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Stopira a birnin Praia na ƙasar Cape Verde. Ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami a unguwarsa, inda wani dattijo ya ba shi laƙabin ''Stopira'' saboda sunansa Ianique da kuma irin salon wasansa na ƙafar hagu, wanda ya tuna masa da tsohon ɗan wasan Faransa '''Yannick Stopyra'''. Daga baya wannan laƙabi ya zama sunan da ya shahara da shi a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> == Aikin ƙungiyoyi == Stopira ya fara aikinsa da '''Sporting Praia''' kafin ya koma '''Santa Clara''' a Portugal a shekarar 2008. Bayan ya nuna ƙwarewa a Segunda Liga, ya koma '''Deportivo La Coruña B''' a Spain a shekarar 2010. Daga nan ya taka leda a '''Feirense''' kafin ya koma ƙungiyar '''Fehérvár''' ta Hungary a shekarar 2012<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> A Fehérvár ne Stopira ya fi shahara, inda ya shafe sama da shekaru goma yana taka leda. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe manyan kofuna a Hungary tare da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan baya na ƙungiyar. A shekarar 2019 ya samu zama ɗan ƙasar Hungary ta hanyar neman zama ɗan ƙasa (naturalization). Bayan barinsa Fehérvár a shekarar 2023, ya koma '''SCU Torreense''' ta Portugal, inda ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani duk da tsufan shekarunsa.<ref>https://www.anacao.cv/</ref><ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Stopira ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Cape Verde wasa a shekarar 2008. Ya kasance cikin ƙarni na 'yan wasan da suka taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafar Cape Verde a nahiyar Afirka. Ya buga wasanni a gasar neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyar Afirka (AFCON) da kuma neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/en</ref> A shekarar 2025, bayan ya dawo cikin tawagar ƙasar daga ɗan dakatar da bugawa ƙasa wasa, ya zura muhimmiyar ƙwallo a wasan da Cape Verde ta doke Eswatini da ci 3–0, wadda ta tabbatar wa ƙasar samun tikitin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 karo na farko a tarihinta. Wannan nasara ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Cape Verde.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref><ref>https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/fifa.com/en/articles/cabo-verde-team-profile-history</ref> == Salon wasa == Stopira ɗan wasan baya ne na hagu wanda aka san shi da ƙarfin kare gida, iya taka leda da ƙafar hagu, da kuma gogewar da ya tara tsawon shekaru a Portugal da Hungary. Yana kuma iya taimakawa wajen kai hare-hare ta gefen fili tare da kasancewa jagora ga matasan 'yan wasa a ƙungiya da kuma tawagar ƙasa.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/fr/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/stopira-cap-vert-interview-coupe-du-monde</ref> == Nasarori == * '''Fehérvár''' ** Gasar Hungary (Nemzeti Bajnokság I) ** Kofin Hungary ** Hungarian League Cup * '''Torreense''' ** Taça de Portugal (2025–26)<ref>{{cite web |title=Stopira chegou lá com Cabo Verde |url=https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia |publisher=FIFA |access-date=3 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Stopira}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cape Verdean footballers]] [[Category:Cape Verde international footballers]] [[Category:Association football defenders]] [[Category:People from Praia]] jkgb6y2sb0wim89yhc4y24ps1qmtu8u 875094 875093 2026-07-03T15:47:29Z Saad Nuhu 43323 875094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Stopira | image = | fullname = Ianique dos Santos Tavares | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|5|20}} | birth_place = Praia, Cape Verde | position = Mai tsaron baya na hagu | currentclub = Torreense | clubnumber = 2 | youthclubs1 = Sporting Praia | years1 = 2006–2008 | clubs1 = Sporting Praia | years2 = 2008–2010 | clubs2 = Santa Clara | caps2 = 32 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2010–2011 | clubs3 = Deportivo La Coruña B | caps3 = 23 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2011–2012 | clubs4 = Feirense | caps4 = 15 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2012–2023 | clubs5 = Fehérvár | caps5 = 265 | goals5 = 22 | years6 = 2024– | clubs6 = Torreense | nationalyears1 = 2008– | nationalteam1 = Cape Verde | nationalcaps1 = 60+ | nationalgoals1 = 4 }} '''Stopira''' (an haife shi '''Ianique dos Santos Tavares''' a ranar 20 ga Mayun 1988 a Praia, Cape Verde) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Cape Verde wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''mai tsaron baya na hagu'''. Ya shahara da laƙabinsa na ''Stopira'', kuma ya yi fice a gasar ƙasar Hungary tare da ƙungiyar Fehérvár kafin ya koma Torreense ta Portugal. Haka kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tawagar ƙasar Cape Verde tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref><ref>https://www.anacao.cv/</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Stopira a birnin Praia na ƙasar Cape Verde. Ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami a unguwarsa, inda wani dattijo ya ba shi laƙabin ''Stopira'' saboda sunansa Ianique da kuma irin salon wasansa na ƙafar hagu, wanda ya tuna masa da tsohon ɗan wasan Faransa '''Yannick Stopyra'''. Daga baya wannan laƙabi ya zama sunan da ya shahara da shi a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> == Aikin ƙungiyoyi == Stopira ya fara aikinsa da '''Sporting Praia''' kafin ya koma '''Santa Clara''' a Portugal a shekarar 2008. Bayan ya nuna ƙwarewa a Segunda Liga, ya koma '''Deportivo La Coruña B''' a Spain a shekarar 2010. Daga nan ya taka leda a '''Feirense''' kafin ya koma ƙungiyar '''Fehérvár''' ta Hungary a shekarar 2012<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> A Fehérvár ne Stopira ya fi shahara, inda ya shafe sama da shekaru goma yana taka leda. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe manyan kofuna a Hungary tare da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan baya na ƙungiyar. A shekarar 2019 ya samu zama ɗan ƙasar Hungary ta hanyar neman zama ɗan ƙasa (naturalization). Bayan barinsa Fehérvár a shekarar 2023, ya koma '''SCU Torreense''' ta Portugal, inda ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani duk da tsufan shekarunsa.<ref>https://www.anacao.cv/</ref><ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Stopira ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Cape Verde wasa a shekarar 2008. Ya kasance cikin ƙarni na 'yan wasan da suka taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafar Cape Verde a nahiyar Afirka. Ya buga wasanni a gasar neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyar Afirka (AFCON) da kuma neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/en</ref> A shekarar 2025, bayan ya dawo cikin tawagar ƙasar daga ɗan dakatar da bugawa ƙasa wasa, ya zura muhimmiyar ƙwallo a wasan da Cape Verde ta doke Eswatini da ci 3–0, wadda ta tabbatar wa ƙasar samun tikitin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 karo na farko a tarihinta. Wannan nasara ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Cape Verde.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref><ref>https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/fifa.com/en/articles/cabo-verde-team-profile-history</ref> == Salon wasa == Stopira ɗan wasan baya ne na hagu wanda aka san shi da ƙarfin kare gida, iya taka leda da ƙafar hagu, da kuma gogewar da ya tara tsawon shekaru a Portugal da Hungary. Yana kuma iya taimakawa wajen kai hare-hare ta gefen fili tare da kasancewa jagora ga matasan 'yan wasa a ƙungiya da kuma tawagar ƙasa.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/fr/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/stopira-cap-vert-interview-coupe-du-monde</ref> == Nasarori == * '''Fehérvár''' ** Gasar Hungary (Nemzeti Bajnokság I) ** Kofin Hungary ** Hungarian League Cup * '''Torreense''' ** Taça de Portugal (2025–26)<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Stopira}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cape Verdean footballers]] [[Category:Cape Verde international footballers]] [[Category:Association football defenders]] [[Category:People from Praia]] 5x4ezi505hj0s36kvng3366obeyoqgy 875095 875094 2026-07-03T15:47:58Z Saad Nuhu 43323 875095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Stopira | image = | fullname = Ianique dos Santos Tavares | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|5|20}} | birth_place = Praia, Cape Verde | position = Mai tsaron baya na hagu | currentclub = Torreense | clubnumber = 2 | youthclubs1 = Sporting Praia | years1 = 2006–2008 | clubs1 = Sporting Praia | years2 = 2008–2010 | clubs2 = Santa Clara | caps2 = 32 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2010–2011 | clubs3 = Deportivo La Coruña B | caps3 = 23 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2011–2012 | clubs4 = Feirense | caps4 = 15 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2012–2023 | clubs5 = Fehérvár | caps5 = 265 | goals5 = 22 | years6 = 2024– | clubs6 = Torreense | nationalyears1 = 2008– | nationalteam1 = Cape Verde | nationalcaps1 = 60+ | nationalgoals1 = 4 }} '''Stopira''' (an haife shi '''Ianique dos Santos Tavares''' a ranar 20 ga Mayun 1988 a Praia, Cape Verde) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Cape Verde wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''mai tsaron baya na hagu'''. Ya shahara da laƙabinsa na ''Stopira'', kuma ya yi fice a gasar ƙasar Hungary tare da ƙungiyar Fehérvár kafin ya koma Torreense ta Portugal. Haka kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tawagar ƙasar Cape Verde tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref><ref>https://www.anacao.cv/</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Stopira a birnin Praia na ƙasar Cape Verde. Ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami a unguwarsa, inda wani dattijo ya ba shi laƙabin ''Stopira'' saboda sunansa Ianique da kuma irin salon wasansa na ƙafar hagu, wanda ya tuna masa da tsohon ɗan wasan Faransa '''Yannick Stopyra'''. Daga baya wannan laƙabi ya zama sunan da ya shahara da shi a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> == Aikin ƙungiyoyi == Stopira ya fara aikinsa da '''Sporting Praia''' kafin ya koma '''Santa Clara''' a Portugal a shekarar 2008. Bayan ya nuna ƙwarewa a Segunda Liga, ya koma '''Deportivo La Coruña B''' a Spain a shekarar 2010. Daga nan ya taka leda a '''Feirense''' kafin ya koma ƙungiyar '''Fehérvár''' ta Hungary a shekarar 2012<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> A Fehérvár ne Stopira ya fi shahara, inda ya shafe sama da shekaru goma yana taka leda. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe manyan kofuna a Hungary tare da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan baya na ƙungiyar. A shekarar 2019 ya samu zama ɗan ƙasar Hungary ta hanyar neman zama ɗan ƙasa (naturalization). Bayan barinsa Fehérvár a shekarar 2023, ya koma '''SCU Torreense''' ta Portugal, inda ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani duk da tsufan shekarunsa.<ref>https://www.anacao.cv/</ref><ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Stopira ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Cape Verde wasa a shekarar 2008. Ya kasance cikin ƙarni na 'yan wasan da suka taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafar Cape Verde a nahiyar Afirka. Ya buga wasanni a gasar neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyar Afirka (AFCON) da kuma neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/en</ref> A shekarar 2025, bayan ya dawo cikin tawagar ƙasar daga ɗan dakatar da bugawa ƙasa wasa, ya zura muhimmiyar ƙwallo a wasan da Cape Verde ta doke Eswatini da ci 3–0, wadda ta tabbatar wa ƙasar samun tikitin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 karo na farko a tarihinta. Wannan nasara ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Cape Verde.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref><ref>https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/fifa.com/en/articles/cabo-verde-team-profile-history</ref> == Salon wasa == Stopira ɗan wasan baya ne na hagu wanda aka san shi da ƙarfin kare gida, iya taka leda da ƙafar hagu, da kuma gogewar da ya tara tsawon shekaru a Portugal da Hungary. Yana kuma iya taimakawa wajen kai hare-hare ta gefen fili tare da kasancewa jagora ga matasan 'yan wasa a ƙungiya da kuma tawagar ƙasa.<ref>https://www.fifa.com/fr/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/stopira-cap-vert-interview-coupe-du-monde</ref> == Nasarori == * '''Fehérvár''' ** Gasar Hungary (Nemzeti Bajnokság I) ** Kofin Hungary ** Hungarian League Cup * '''Torreense''' ** Taça de Portugal (2025–26)<ref>https://www.fifa.com/pt/articles/copa-mundo-cabo-verde-stopira-historia</ref> == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Stopira}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cape Verdean footballers]] [[Category:Cape Verde international footballers]] [[Category:Association football defenders]] [[Category:People from Praia]] bibktrg76wzojzppwkf2uyw3ncxcezg 0 160674 875079 2026-07-03T15:34:42Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358601637|Kisite-Mpunguti Marine National Park]]" 875079 wikitext text/x-wiki Kisite tana gabar tekun kudancin [[Kenya]] kusa da Shimoni da kuma kudancin Tsibirin Wasini a gundumar Kwale kusa da kan iyakar Tanzaniya . Filin shakatawa na Kisite ya kai {{Convert|11|km2}} yayin da ajiyar Mpunguti ta ƙunshi {{Convert|28|km2}}. Wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi wani yanki mai ƙananan tsibirai huɗu da ke kewaye da murjani mai launin ruwan teku. Rayuwar ruwa tana da yawa, ciki har da kifin trigger fish, moray eels, angelfish, malam buɗe ido fish, groupers, parrotfish, wrasses, scorpionfish, pufferfish, damselfish, haskoki, snappers, kunkuru na teku kore, kunkuru na hawksbill, da dolphins . Kifin humpback da kifin shark na kifin suna da yanayi na musamman. An ba Kisite lambar yabo ta Blue Park mai matakin zinare daga Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Ruwa a watan Disamba na 2021 saboda cimma mafi girman ka'idojin kimiyya don kare da kula da rayuwar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kisite-Mpunguti Marine Park & Reserve » Marine Conservation Institute |url=https://marine-conservation.org/blueparks/awardees/kisite-mpunguti/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Marine Conservation Institute |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-07-12 |title=Blue Park Award |url=https://wiomsa.org/wiompan/tag/blue-park-award/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] a8ypnv21s6pxcpuutciikvkp9svsygq 875080 875079 2026-07-03T15:35:29Z Nnamadee 31123 875080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kisite yana gabar tekun kudancin [[Kenya]] kusa da Shimoni da kuma kudancin Tsibirin Wasini a gundumar Kwale kusa da kan iyakar Tanzaniya. Filin shakatawa na Kisite ya kai {{Convert|11|km2}} yayin da ajiyar Mpunguti ta ƙunshi {{Convert|28|km2}}. Wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi wani yanki mai ƙananan tsibirai huɗu da ke kewaye da murjani mai launin ruwan teku. Rayuwar ruwa tana da yawa, ciki har da kifin trigger fish, moray eels, angelfish, malam buɗe ido fish, groupers, parrotfish, wrasses, scorpionfish, pufferfish, damselfish, haskoki, snappers, kunkuru na teku kore, kunkuru na hawksbill, da dolphins . Kifin humpback da kifin shark na kifin suna da yanayi na musamman. An ba Kisite lambar yabo ta Blue Park mai matakin zinare daga Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Ruwa a watan Disamba na 2021 saboda cimma mafi girman ka'idojin kimiyya don kare da kula da rayuwar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kisite-Mpunguti Marine Park & Reserve » Marine Conservation Institute |url=https://marine-conservation.org/blueparks/awardees/kisite-mpunguti/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Marine Conservation Institute |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-07-12 |title=Blue Park Award |url=https://wiomsa.org/wiompan/tag/blue-park-award/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] 71zmcgh34m9erzgxdotu4azbfd0l332 0 160675 875082 2026-07-03T15:35:58Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 875082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sergei Zenjov''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1989) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Estonia]] wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Meistriliiga ta Flora da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Estonia. Baya ga Estonia, Zenjov ya buga wasa a [[Ingila]], [[Ukraine]], [[Rasha]], [[Poland]], [[Azerbaijan]] da [[Kazakhstan]]..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sergei-zenjov/60327/|title=Estonia - S. Zenjov - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway}}</ref> odewrspe3l0x5yeqjj1qyj0c18geqn4 875090 875082 2026-07-03T15:43:27Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 875090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sergei Zenjov''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1989) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Estonia]] wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Meistriliiga ta Flora da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Estonia. Baya ga Estonia, Zenjov ya buga wasa a [[Ingila]], [[Ukraine]], [[Rasha]], [[Poland]], [[Azerbaijan]] da [[Kazakhstan]]..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sergei-zenjov/60327/|title=Estonia - S. Zenjov - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway}}</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Pärnu === Zenjov ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a wani kulob na Pärnu na gida, inda Juri Ivanov ya horar da shi..<ref name="ESBL">{{cite web|url=https://www.esbl.ee/biograafia/Sergei_Zenjov|title=Zenjov, Sergei|publisher=ESBL|language=Estonian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar manyan 'yan wasa a gasar II liiga tare da Pärnu Pataljon a shekarar 2005. Zenjov ya fara buga wasa a Meistriliiga a ranar 8 ga Maris 2006, yana bugawa Vaprus wasa, kuma ya zura ƙwallon da ƙungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun TVMK da ci 1-3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-alistas-vutihooaja-avalahingus-vapruse?id=12408019|title=TVMK alistas vutihooaja avalahingus Vapruse|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=9 March 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK defeated Vaprus in the opening match of the season}}</ref> grbyj6zkgyx7y00mitycc4rd2ebjtjq 875092 875090 2026-07-03T15:46:12Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala da saka sashe 875092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sergei Zenjov''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1989) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Estonia]] wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Meistriliiga ta Flora da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Estonia. Baya ga Estonia, Zenjov ya buga wasa a [[Ingila]], [[Ukraine]], [[Rasha]], [[Poland]], [[Azerbaijan]] da [[Kazakhstan]]..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sergei-zenjov/60327/|title=Estonia - S. Zenjov - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway}}</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Pärnu === Zenjov ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a wani kulob na Pärnu na gida, inda Juri Ivanov ya horar da shi..<ref name="ESBL">{{cite web|url=https://www.esbl.ee/biograafia/Sergei_Zenjov|title=Zenjov, Sergei|publisher=ESBL|language=Estonian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar manyan 'yan wasa a gasar II liiga tare da Pärnu Pataljon a shekarar 2005. Zenjov ya fara buga wasa a Meistriliiga a ranar 8 ga Maris 2006, yana bugawa Vaprus wasa, kuma ya zura ƙwallon da ƙungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun TVMK da ci 1-3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-alistas-vutihooaja-avalahingus-vapruse?id=12408019|title=TVMK alistas vutihooaja avalahingus Vapruse|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=9 March 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK defeated Vaprus in the opening match of the season}}</ref> ===TVMK=== A watan Yulin 2006, Zenjov ya sanya hannu a kulob din Meistriliiga TVMK. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 23 ga Yuli, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Levadia da ci 1-3 a waje. ===Karpaty Lviv=== A watan Fabrairun 2008, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kulob din Vyshcha Liha Karpaty Lviv. Ya fara buga wa kulob din Vyshcha Liha a ranar 1 ga Maris na 2008, a wasan da suka doke Kharkiv da ci 1-0 a gida. A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2008, Zenjov ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Karpaty Lviv a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Shakhtar Donetsk. Zenjov ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2010-11. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a gasar Europa League a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2010, a wasan da Borussia Dortmund ta sha kashi a gida da ci 3-4. ===Blackpool=== A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2014, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Championship ta Blackpool. Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Agusta, inda ya fara da rashin nasara a hannun Nottingham Forest da ci 0-2. A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2014, Zenjov ya bar Blackpool bayan an cimma yarjejeniya ta soke kwantiraginsa. ===Torpedo Moscow=== Bayan barin Blackpool, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi da ƙungiyar Premier League ta Rasha Torpedo Moscow a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2015. Ya fara buga wasa a gasar Premier ta Rasha a ranar 9 ga Maris 2015, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Amkar Perm. ===Gabala=== A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2015, Zenjov ya koma ƙungiyar Premier League ta Azerbaijan Gabala kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2015, a wasan farko da suka sha kashi a hannun Dinamo Tbilisi da ci 1-2 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar Europa League. A ranar 19 ga Maris 2016, Zenjov ya ci wa Gabala kwallo ta 500 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Qarabağ da ci 1-2 a waje. ===Cracovia=== A ranar 27 ga Yuni 2017, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara guda da kulob din Ekstraklasa Cracovia. Ya fara buga wasa a Ekstraklasa a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2017, a wasan farko da Cracovia ta buga a kakar wasa ta 2017-18, kuma ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Piast Gliwice a gida. l6i2ajq99eo8u3evvo0n3ccg8gm8cym 875101 875092 2026-07-03T15:55:38Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 875101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sergei Zenjov''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1989) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Estonia]] wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Meistriliiga ta Flora da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Estonia. Baya ga Estonia, Zenjov ya buga wasa a [[Ingila]], [[Ukraine]], [[Rasha]], [[Poland]], [[Azerbaijan]] da [[Kazakhstan]]..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sergei-zenjov/60327/|title=Estonia - S. Zenjov - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway}}</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Pärnu === Zenjov ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a wani kulob na Pärnu na gida, inda Juri Ivanov ya horar da shi..<ref name="ESBL">{{cite web|url=https://www.esbl.ee/biograafia/Sergei_Zenjov|title=Zenjov, Sergei|publisher=ESBL|language=Estonian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar manyan 'yan wasa a gasar II liiga tare da Pärnu Pataljon a shekarar 2005. Zenjov ya fara buga wasa a Meistriliiga a ranar 8 ga Maris 2006, yana bugawa Vaprus wasa, kuma ya zura ƙwallon da ƙungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun TVMK da ci 1-3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-alistas-vutihooaja-avalahingus-vapruse?id=12408019|title=TVMK alistas vutihooaja avalahingus Vapruse|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=9 March 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK defeated Vaprus in the opening match of the season}}</ref> ===TVMK=== A watan Yulin 2006, Zenjov ya sanya hannu a kulob din Meistriliiga TVMK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epl.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-l-kaks-uut-mangijat-trans-kutsus-kuliki-tagasi?id=51203195|title=TVMK-l kaks uut mängijat, Trans kutsus Kuliki tagasi|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=6 July 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK has two new players, Trans recalled Kulik}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 23 ga Yuli, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Levadia da ci 1-3 a waje. ===Karpaty Lviv=== A watan Fabrairun 2008, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kulob din Vyshcha Liha Karpaty Lviv.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport.postimees.ee/1763685/eesti-noortekoondise-rundaja-zenjov-siirdus-ukraina-korgliigasse|title=Eesti noortekoondise ründaja Zenjov siirdus Ukraina kõrgliigasse|work=Postimees|date=27 February 2008|language=Estonian|trans-title=Estonia youth international forward Zenjov moved to the Ukrainian top flight}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://football.ua/ukraine/33400-karpaty-podpysaly-ehstonca.html|title=Карпаты подписали эстонца |publisher=Football.ua|date=28 February 2008|language=Ukrainian|trans-title=Karpaty signed an Estonia}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din Vyshcha Liha a ranar 1 ga Maris na 2008, a wasan da suka doke [[FC Kharkiv|Kharkiv]] da ci 1-0 a gida.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport.postimees.ee/1765649/sergei-zenjovi-koduklubi-alistas-ukrainas-fc-harkivi|title=Sergei Zenjovi koduklubi alistas Ukrainas FC Harkivi|work=Postimees|date=3 March 2008|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov's home club defeated FC Kharkiv in Ukraine}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2008, Zenjov ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Karpaty Lviv a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Shakhtar Donetsk. Zenjov ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2010-11. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a gasar Europa League a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2010, a wasan da [[Borussia Dortmund]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 3-4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/01e9-0e75824473b3-745274121c17-1000--dortmund-s-late-rally-denies-brave-karpaty/|title=Dortmund's late rally denies brave Karpaty|publisher=UEFA|date=16 September 2010}}</ref> ===Blackpool=== A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2014, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Championship ta Blackpool.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasiders Sign Sergei Zenjov|url=http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/article/seasiders-sign-sergei-zenjov-1715346.aspx?|publisher=Blackpool F.C.|date=3 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/28159142|title=Blackpool: Sergei Zenjov becomes Jose Riga's first signing|publisher=BBC Sport|date=4 July 2014}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Agusta, inda ya fara da rashin nasara a hannun Nottingham Forest da ci 0-2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/28646431|title=Nottingham Forest 2–0 Blackpool|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 August 2014}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2014, Zenjov ya bar Blackpool bayan an cimma yarjejeniya ta soke kwantiraginsa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergei Zenjov Departs|url=http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/article/zenjov-departs-2118414.aspx|publisher=Blackpool F.C.|date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/30292693|title=Blackpool: Sergei Zenjov leaves club by mutual consent|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 December 2014}}</ref> ===Torpedo Moscow=== Bayan barin Blackpool, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi da ƙungiyar Premier League ta Rasha Torpedo Moscow a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/64958/sergei-zenjov-siirdub-venemaa-korgliigasse|title=Sergei Zenjov siirdub Venemaa kõrgliigasse|publisher=ERR Sport|date=12 January 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov heading to the Russian top flight}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a gasar Premier ta Rasha a ranar 9 ga Maris 2015, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Amkar Perm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/67444/zenjov-tegi-torpedo-ridades-venemaa-korgliigas-debuudi|title=Zenjov tegi Torpedo ridades Venemaa kõrgliigas debüüdi|publisher=ERR Sport|date=9 March 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Zenjov made his debut for Torpedo in the Russian top flight}}</ref> ===Gabala=== A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2015, Zenjov ya koma ƙungiyar Premier League ta Azerbaijan Gabala kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/71722/sergei-zenjov-siirdub-aserbaidzaani|title=Sergei Zenjov siirdub Aserbaidžaani|publisher=ERR Sport|date=16 June 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov heading to Azerbaijan}}</ref> Ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2015, a wasan farko da suka sha kashi a hannun Dinamo Tbilisi da ci 1-2 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar Europa League. A ranar 19 ga Maris 2016, Zenjov ya ci wa Gabala kwallo ta 500 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Qarabağ da ci 1-2 a waje.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabala hit 500th goal|url=http://gabalafc.az/eng/news/gabala-hit-500th-goal-2415|publisher=Gabala FC|date=19 March 2016}}</ref> ===Cracovia=== A ranar 27 ga Yuni 2017, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara guda da kulob din Ekstraklasa Cracovia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/604411/sergei-zenjov-liitus-poola-korgliigaklubiga|title=Sergei Zenjov liitus Poola kõrgliigaklubiga|publisher=ERR Sport|date=27 June 2017|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov joined Polish top flight club}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a Ekstraklasa a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2017, a wasan farko da Cracovia ta buga a kakar wasa ta 2017-18, kuma ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Piast Gliwice a gida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jalgpall.ee/koondis/uudised/eestlased-valismaal-zenjov-loi-poola-liiga-avavoorus-varava-n12274|title=Eestlased välismaal: Zenjov lõi Poola liiga avavoorus värava|publisher=Estonian Football Association|date=17 July 2017|language=Estonian|trans-title=Estonians abroad: Zenjov scored in the first round of the Polish league}}</ref> puaclvk9ikhiey6s30s4eliw5dcac5f 875104 875101 2026-07-03T15:56:47Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 875104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sergei Zenjov''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1989) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Estonia]] wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Meistriliiga ta Flora da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Estonia. Baya ga Estonia, Zenjov ya buga wasa a [[Ingila]], [[Ukraine]], [[Rasha]], [[Poland]], [[Azerbaijan]] da [[Kazakhstan]]..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sergei-zenjov/60327/|title=Estonia - S. Zenjov - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway}}</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Pärnu === Zenjov ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a wani kulob na Pärnu na gida, inda Juri Ivanov ya horar da shi..<ref name="ESBL">{{cite web|url=https://www.esbl.ee/biograafia/Sergei_Zenjov|title=Zenjov, Sergei|publisher=ESBL|language=Estonian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar manyan 'yan wasa a gasar II liiga tare da Pärnu Pataljon a shekarar 2005. Zenjov ya fara buga wasa a Meistriliiga a ranar 8 ga Maris 2006, yana bugawa Vaprus wasa, kuma ya zura ƙwallon da ƙungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun TVMK da ci 1-3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-alistas-vutihooaja-avalahingus-vapruse?id=12408019|title=TVMK alistas vutihooaja avalahingus Vapruse|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=9 March 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK defeated Vaprus in the opening match of the season}}</ref> ===TVMK=== A watan Yulin 2006, Zenjov ya sanya hannu a kulob din Meistriliiga TVMK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epl.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-l-kaks-uut-mangijat-trans-kutsus-kuliki-tagasi?id=51203195|title=TVMK-l kaks uut mängijat, Trans kutsus Kuliki tagasi|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=6 July 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK has two new players, Trans recalled Kulik}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 23 ga Yuli, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Levadia da ci 1-3 a waje. ===Karpaty Lviv=== A watan Fabrairun 2008, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kulob din Vyshcha Liha Karpaty Lviv.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport.postimees.ee/1763685/eesti-noortekoondise-rundaja-zenjov-siirdus-ukraina-korgliigasse|title=Eesti noortekoondise ründaja Zenjov siirdus Ukraina kõrgliigasse|work=Postimees|date=27 February 2008|language=Estonian|trans-title=Estonia youth international forward Zenjov moved to the Ukrainian top flight}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://football.ua/ukraine/33400-karpaty-podpysaly-ehstonca.html|title=Карпаты подписали эстонца |publisher=Football.ua|date=28 February 2008|language=Ukrainian|trans-title=Karpaty signed an Estonia}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din Vyshcha Liha a ranar 1 ga Maris na 2008, a wasan da suka doke [[FC Kharkiv|Kharkiv]] da ci 1-0 a gida.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport.postimees.ee/1765649/sergei-zenjovi-koduklubi-alistas-ukrainas-fc-harkivi|title=Sergei Zenjovi koduklubi alistas Ukrainas FC Harkivi|work=Postimees|date=3 March 2008|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov's home club defeated FC Kharkiv in Ukraine}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2008, Zenjov ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Karpaty Lviv a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Shakhtar Donetsk. Zenjov ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2010-11. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a gasar Europa League a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2010, a wasan da [[Borussia Dortmund]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 3-4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/01e9-0e75824473b3-745274121c17-1000--dortmund-s-late-rally-denies-brave-karpaty/|title=Dortmund's late rally denies brave Karpaty|publisher=UEFA|date=16 September 2010}}</ref> ===Blackpool=== A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2014, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Championship ta Blackpool.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasiders Sign Sergei Zenjov|url=http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/article/seasiders-sign-sergei-zenjov-1715346.aspx?|publisher=Blackpool F.C.|date=3 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/28159142|title=Blackpool: Sergei Zenjov becomes Jose Riga's first signing|publisher=BBC Sport|date=4 July 2014}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Agusta, inda ya fara da rashin nasara a hannun Nottingham Forest da ci 0-2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/28646431|title=Nottingham Forest 2–0 Blackpool|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 August 2014}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2014, Zenjov ya bar Blackpool bayan an cimma yarjejeniya ta soke kwantiraginsa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergei Zenjov Departs|url=http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/article/zenjov-departs-2118414.aspx|publisher=Blackpool F.C.|date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/30292693|title=Blackpool: Sergei Zenjov leaves club by mutual consent|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 December 2014}}</ref> ===Torpedo Moscow=== Bayan barin Blackpool, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi da ƙungiyar Premier League ta Rasha Torpedo Moscow a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/64958/sergei-zenjov-siirdub-venemaa-korgliigasse|title=Sergei Zenjov siirdub Venemaa kõrgliigasse|publisher=ERR Sport|date=12 January 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov heading to the Russian top flight}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a gasar Premier ta Rasha a ranar 9 ga Maris 2015, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Amkar Perm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/67444/zenjov-tegi-torpedo-ridades-venemaa-korgliigas-debuudi|title=Zenjov tegi Torpedo ridades Venemaa kõrgliigas debüüdi|publisher=ERR Sport|date=9 March 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Zenjov made his debut for Torpedo in the Russian top flight}}</ref> ===Gabala=== A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2015, Zenjov ya koma ƙungiyar Premier League ta Azerbaijan Gabala kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/71722/sergei-zenjov-siirdub-aserbaidzaani|title=Sergei Zenjov siirdub Aserbaidžaani|publisher=ERR Sport|date=16 June 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov heading to Azerbaijan}}</ref> Ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2015, a wasan farko da suka sha kashi a hannun Dinamo Tbilisi da ci 1-2 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar Europa League. A ranar 19 ga Maris 2016, Zenjov ya ci wa Gabala kwallo ta 500 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Qarabağ da ci 1-2 a waje.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabala hit 500th goal|url=http://gabalafc.az/eng/news/gabala-hit-500th-goal-2415|publisher=Gabala FC|date=19 March 2016}}</ref> ===Cracovia=== A ranar 27 ga Yuni 2017, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara guda da kulob din Ekstraklasa Cracovia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/604411/sergei-zenjov-liitus-poola-korgliigaklubiga|title=Sergei Zenjov liitus Poola kõrgliigaklubiga|publisher=ERR Sport|date=27 June 2017|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov joined Polish top flight club}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a Ekstraklasa a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2017, a wasan farko da Cracovia ta buga a kakar wasa ta 2017-18, kuma ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Piast Gliwice a gida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jalgpall.ee/koondis/uudised/eestlased-valismaal-zenjov-loi-poola-liiga-avavoorus-varava-n12274|title=Eestlased välismaal: Zenjov lõi Poola liiga avavoorus värava|publisher=Estonian Football Association|date=17 July 2017|language=Estonian|trans-title=Estonians abroad: Zenjov scored in the first round of the Polish league}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} m4iuhy3d5udlggg8r7garath76buxy1 875114 875104 2026-07-03T16:07:50Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala da saka sashe 875114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sergei Zenjov''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1989) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Estonia]] wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Meistriliiga ta Flora da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Estonia. Baya ga Estonia, Zenjov ya buga wasa a [[Ingila]], [[Ukraine]], [[Rasha]], [[Poland]], [[Azerbaijan]] da [[Kazakhstan]]..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sergei-zenjov/60327/|title=Estonia - S. Zenjov - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway}}</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Pärnu === Zenjov ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a wani kulob na Pärnu na gida, inda Juri Ivanov ya horar da shi..<ref name="ESBL">{{cite web|url=https://www.esbl.ee/biograafia/Sergei_Zenjov|title=Zenjov, Sergei|publisher=ESBL|language=Estonian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar manyan 'yan wasa a gasar II liiga tare da Pärnu Pataljon a shekarar 2005. Zenjov ya fara buga wasa a Meistriliiga a ranar 8 ga Maris 2006, yana bugawa Vaprus wasa, kuma ya zura ƙwallon da ƙungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun TVMK da ci 1-3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-alistas-vutihooaja-avalahingus-vapruse?id=12408019|title=TVMK alistas vutihooaja avalahingus Vapruse|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=9 March 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK defeated Vaprus in the opening match of the season}}</ref> ===TVMK=== A watan Yulin 2006, Zenjov ya sanya hannu a kulob din Meistriliiga TVMK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epl.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-l-kaks-uut-mangijat-trans-kutsus-kuliki-tagasi?id=51203195|title=TVMK-l kaks uut mängijat, Trans kutsus Kuliki tagasi|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=6 July 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK has two new players, Trans recalled Kulik}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 23 ga Yuli, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Levadia da ci 1-3 a waje. ===Karpaty Lviv=== A watan Fabrairun 2008, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kulob din Vyshcha Liha Karpaty Lviv.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport.postimees.ee/1763685/eesti-noortekoondise-rundaja-zenjov-siirdus-ukraina-korgliigasse|title=Eesti noortekoondise ründaja Zenjov siirdus Ukraina kõrgliigasse|work=Postimees|date=27 February 2008|language=Estonian|trans-title=Estonia youth international forward Zenjov moved to the Ukrainian top flight}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://football.ua/ukraine/33400-karpaty-podpysaly-ehstonca.html|title=Карпаты подписали эстонца |publisher=Football.ua|date=28 February 2008|language=Ukrainian|trans-title=Karpaty signed an Estonia}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din Vyshcha Liha a ranar 1 ga Maris na 2008, a wasan da suka doke [[FC Kharkiv|Kharkiv]] da ci 1-0 a gida.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport.postimees.ee/1765649/sergei-zenjovi-koduklubi-alistas-ukrainas-fc-harkivi|title=Sergei Zenjovi koduklubi alistas Ukrainas FC Harkivi|work=Postimees|date=3 March 2008|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov's home club defeated FC Kharkiv in Ukraine}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2008, Zenjov ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Karpaty Lviv a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Shakhtar Donetsk. Zenjov ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2010-11. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a gasar Europa League a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2010, a wasan da [[Borussia Dortmund]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 3-4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/01e9-0e75824473b3-745274121c17-1000--dortmund-s-late-rally-denies-brave-karpaty/|title=Dortmund's late rally denies brave Karpaty|publisher=UEFA|date=16 September 2010}}</ref> ===Blackpool=== A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2014, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Championship ta Blackpool.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasiders Sign Sergei Zenjov|url=http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/article/seasiders-sign-sergei-zenjov-1715346.aspx?|publisher=Blackpool F.C.|date=3 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/28159142|title=Blackpool: Sergei Zenjov becomes Jose Riga's first signing|publisher=BBC Sport|date=4 July 2014}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Agusta, inda ya fara da rashin nasara a hannun Nottingham Forest da ci 0-2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/28646431|title=Nottingham Forest 2–0 Blackpool|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 August 2014}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2014, Zenjov ya bar Blackpool bayan an cimma yarjejeniya ta soke kwantiraginsa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergei Zenjov Departs|url=http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/article/zenjov-departs-2118414.aspx|publisher=Blackpool F.C.|date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/30292693|title=Blackpool: Sergei Zenjov leaves club by mutual consent|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 December 2014}}</ref> ===Torpedo Moscow=== Bayan barin Blackpool, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi da ƙungiyar Premier League ta Rasha Torpedo Moscow a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/64958/sergei-zenjov-siirdub-venemaa-korgliigasse|title=Sergei Zenjov siirdub Venemaa kõrgliigasse|publisher=ERR Sport|date=12 January 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov heading to the Russian top flight}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a gasar Premier ta Rasha a ranar 9 ga Maris 2015, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Amkar Perm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/67444/zenjov-tegi-torpedo-ridades-venemaa-korgliigas-debuudi|title=Zenjov tegi Torpedo ridades Venemaa kõrgliigas debüüdi|publisher=ERR Sport|date=9 March 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Zenjov made his debut for Torpedo in the Russian top flight}}</ref> ===Gabala=== A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2015, Zenjov ya koma ƙungiyar Premier League ta Azerbaijan Gabala kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/71722/sergei-zenjov-siirdub-aserbaidzaani|title=Sergei Zenjov siirdub Aserbaidžaani|publisher=ERR Sport|date=16 June 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov heading to Azerbaijan}}</ref> Ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2015, a wasan farko da suka sha kashi a hannun Dinamo Tbilisi da ci 1-2 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar Europa League. A ranar 19 ga Maris 2016, Zenjov ya ci wa Gabala kwallo ta 500 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Qarabağ da ci 1-2 a waje.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabala hit 500th goal|url=http://gabalafc.az/eng/news/gabala-hit-500th-goal-2415|publisher=Gabala FC|date=19 March 2016}}</ref> ===Cracovia=== A ranar 27 ga Yuni 2017, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara guda da kulob din Ekstraklasa Cracovia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/604411/sergei-zenjov-liitus-poola-korgliigaklubiga|title=Sergei Zenjov liitus Poola kõrgliigaklubiga|publisher=ERR Sport|date=27 June 2017|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov joined Polish top flight club}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a Ekstraklasa a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2017, a wasan farko da Cracovia ta buga a kakar wasa ta 2017-18, kuma ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Piast Gliwice a gida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jalgpall.ee/koondis/uudised/eestlased-valismaal-zenjov-loi-poola-liiga-avavoorus-varava-n12274|title=Eestlased välismaal: Zenjov lõi Poola liiga avavoorus värava|publisher=Estonian Football Association|date=17 July 2017|language=Estonian|trans-title=Estonians abroad: Zenjov scored in the first round of the Polish league}}</ref> == Aikin Kasa da kasa == Zenjov ya fara wasansa na matasa a shekarar 2005 tare da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Estonia. Ya kuma wakilci ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da shekara 19 da kuma 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21. Zenjov ya fara buga wa Estonia wasa a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2008, a wasan da suka doke Malta da ci 2-1 a gida a wasan sada zumunci. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa a wasansa na biyu a ƙungiyar ƙasa a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2008, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Belgium da ci 2-3 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010.[ A ranar 23 ga Satumba 2022, ya buga wasa na 100 ga Estonia a wasan Nations League da Malta.[21] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} aj6ind1egs1n04ezv0us142hvn8brcn 875116 875114 2026-07-03T16:09:53Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 875116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sergei Zenjov''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1989) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Estonia]] wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Meistriliiga ta Flora da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Estonia. Baya ga Estonia, Zenjov ya buga wasa a [[Ingila]], [[Ukraine]], [[Rasha]], [[Poland]], [[Azerbaijan]] da [[Kazakhstan]]..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sergei-zenjov/60327/|title=Estonia - S. Zenjov - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway}}</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Pärnu === Zenjov ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a wani kulob na Pärnu na gida, inda Juri Ivanov ya horar da shi..<ref name="ESBL">{{cite web|url=https://www.esbl.ee/biograafia/Sergei_Zenjov|title=Zenjov, Sergei|publisher=ESBL|language=Estonian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar manyan 'yan wasa a gasar II liiga tare da Pärnu Pataljon a shekarar 2005. Zenjov ya fara buga wasa a Meistriliiga a ranar 8 ga Maris 2006, yana bugawa Vaprus wasa, kuma ya zura ƙwallon da ƙungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun TVMK da ci 1-3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-alistas-vutihooaja-avalahingus-vapruse?id=12408019|title=TVMK alistas vutihooaja avalahingus Vapruse|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=9 March 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK defeated Vaprus in the opening match of the season}}</ref> ===TVMK=== A watan Yulin 2006, Zenjov ya sanya hannu a kulob din Meistriliiga TVMK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epl.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-l-kaks-uut-mangijat-trans-kutsus-kuliki-tagasi?id=51203195|title=TVMK-l kaks uut mängijat, Trans kutsus Kuliki tagasi|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=6 July 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK has two new players, Trans recalled Kulik}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 23 ga Yuli, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Levadia da ci 1-3 a waje. ===Karpaty Lviv=== A watan Fabrairun 2008, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kulob din Vyshcha Liha Karpaty Lviv.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport.postimees.ee/1763685/eesti-noortekoondise-rundaja-zenjov-siirdus-ukraina-korgliigasse|title=Eesti noortekoondise ründaja Zenjov siirdus Ukraina kõrgliigasse|work=Postimees|date=27 February 2008|language=Estonian|trans-title=Estonia youth international forward Zenjov moved to the Ukrainian top flight}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://football.ua/ukraine/33400-karpaty-podpysaly-ehstonca.html|title=Карпаты подписали эстонца |publisher=Football.ua|date=28 February 2008|language=Ukrainian|trans-title=Karpaty signed an Estonia}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din Vyshcha Liha a ranar 1 ga Maris na 2008, a wasan da suka doke [[FC Kharkiv|Kharkiv]] da ci 1-0 a gida.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport.postimees.ee/1765649/sergei-zenjovi-koduklubi-alistas-ukrainas-fc-harkivi|title=Sergei Zenjovi koduklubi alistas Ukrainas FC Harkivi|work=Postimees|date=3 March 2008|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov's home club defeated FC Kharkiv in Ukraine}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2008, Zenjov ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Karpaty Lviv a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Shakhtar Donetsk. Zenjov ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2010-11. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a gasar Europa League a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2010, a wasan da [[Borussia Dortmund]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 3-4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/01e9-0e75824473b3-745274121c17-1000--dortmund-s-late-rally-denies-brave-karpaty/|title=Dortmund's late rally denies brave Karpaty|publisher=UEFA|date=16 September 2010}}</ref> ===Blackpool=== A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2014, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Championship ta Blackpool.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasiders Sign Sergei Zenjov|url=http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/article/seasiders-sign-sergei-zenjov-1715346.aspx?|publisher=Blackpool F.C.|date=3 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/28159142|title=Blackpool: Sergei Zenjov becomes Jose Riga's first signing|publisher=BBC Sport|date=4 July 2014}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Agusta, inda ya fara da rashin nasara a hannun Nottingham Forest da ci 0-2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/28646431|title=Nottingham Forest 2–0 Blackpool|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 August 2014}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2014, Zenjov ya bar Blackpool bayan an cimma yarjejeniya ta soke kwantiraginsa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergei Zenjov Departs|url=http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/article/zenjov-departs-2118414.aspx|publisher=Blackpool F.C.|date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/30292693|title=Blackpool: Sergei Zenjov leaves club by mutual consent|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 December 2014}}</ref> ===Torpedo Moscow=== Bayan barin Blackpool, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi da ƙungiyar Premier League ta Rasha Torpedo Moscow a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/64958/sergei-zenjov-siirdub-venemaa-korgliigasse|title=Sergei Zenjov siirdub Venemaa kõrgliigasse|publisher=ERR Sport|date=12 January 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov heading to the Russian top flight}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a gasar Premier ta Rasha a ranar 9 ga Maris 2015, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Amkar Perm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/67444/zenjov-tegi-torpedo-ridades-venemaa-korgliigas-debuudi|title=Zenjov tegi Torpedo ridades Venemaa kõrgliigas debüüdi|publisher=ERR Sport|date=9 March 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Zenjov made his debut for Torpedo in the Russian top flight}}</ref> ===Gabala=== A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2015, Zenjov ya koma ƙungiyar Premier League ta Azerbaijan Gabala kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/71722/sergei-zenjov-siirdub-aserbaidzaani|title=Sergei Zenjov siirdub Aserbaidžaani|publisher=ERR Sport|date=16 June 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov heading to Azerbaijan}}</ref> Ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2015, a wasan farko da suka sha kashi a hannun Dinamo Tbilisi da ci 1-2 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar Europa League. A ranar 19 ga Maris 2016, Zenjov ya ci wa Gabala kwallo ta 500 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Qarabağ da ci 1-2 a waje.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabala hit 500th goal|url=http://gabalafc.az/eng/news/gabala-hit-500th-goal-2415|publisher=Gabala FC|date=19 March 2016}}</ref> ===Cracovia=== A ranar 27 ga Yuni 2017, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara guda da kulob din Ekstraklasa Cracovia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/604411/sergei-zenjov-liitus-poola-korgliigaklubiga|title=Sergei Zenjov liitus Poola kõrgliigaklubiga|publisher=ERR Sport|date=27 June 2017|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov joined Polish top flight club}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a Ekstraklasa a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2017, a wasan farko da Cracovia ta buga a kakar wasa ta 2017-18, kuma ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Piast Gliwice a gida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jalgpall.ee/koondis/uudised/eestlased-valismaal-zenjov-loi-poola-liiga-avavoorus-varava-n12274|title=Eestlased välismaal: Zenjov lõi Poola liiga avavoorus värava|publisher=Estonian Football Association|date=17 July 2017|language=Estonian|trans-title=Estonians abroad: Zenjov scored in the first round of the Polish league}}</ref> == Aikin Kasa da kasa == Zenjov ya fara wasansa na matasa a shekarar 2005 tare da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Estonia. Ya kuma wakilci ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da shekara 19 da kuma 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21. Zenjov ya fara buga wa Estonia wasa a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2008, a wasan da suka doke Malta da ci 2-1 a gida a wasan sada zumunci. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa a wasansa na biyu a ƙungiyar ƙasa a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2008, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Belgium da ci 2-3 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=250471/match=300042916/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034423/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=250471/match=300042916/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2017|title=Belgium 3–2 Estonia|publisher=FIFA|date=6 September 2008}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Satumba 2022, ya buga wasa na 100 ga Estonia a wasan Nations League da Malta.<ref>{{cite web|author=Gunnar Leheste|url=https://sport.delfi.ee/artikkel/120072274/100-mangu-klubisse-astunud-zenjov-vahel-motlen-et-lopetaks-aga-jargmisel-hommikul-motlen-umber|title=100 mängu klubisse astunud Zenjov: vahel mõtlen, et lõpetaks, aga järgmisel hommikul mõtlen ümber|trans-title=Zenjov, who joined the 100-game club: sometimes I think about quitting, but the next morning I change my mind|website=[[Delfi (web portal)|Delfi Sport]]|language=et|date=23 September 2022}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ifo7szfdat2873ibr89b2jxn6pfwvn0 875117 875116 2026-07-03T16:13:20Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 875117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sergei Zenjov''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1989) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Estonia]] wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Meistriliiga ta Flora da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Estonia. Baya ga Estonia, Zenjov ya buga wasa a [[Ingila]], [[Ukraine]], [[Rasha]], [[Poland]], [[Azerbaijan]] da [[Kazakhstan]]..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sergei-zenjov/60327/|title=Estonia - S. Zenjov - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway}}</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Pärnu === Zenjov ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a wani kulob na Pärnu na gida, inda Juri Ivanov ya horar da shi..<ref name="ESBL">{{cite web|url=https://www.esbl.ee/biograafia/Sergei_Zenjov|title=Zenjov, Sergei|publisher=ESBL|language=Estonian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar manyan 'yan wasa a gasar II liiga tare da Pärnu Pataljon a shekarar 2005. Zenjov ya fara buga wasa a Meistriliiga a ranar 8 ga Maris 2006, yana bugawa Vaprus wasa, kuma ya zura ƙwallon da ƙungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun TVMK da ci 1-3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-alistas-vutihooaja-avalahingus-vapruse?id=12408019|title=TVMK alistas vutihooaja avalahingus Vapruse|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=9 March 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK defeated Vaprus in the opening match of the season}}</ref> ===TVMK=== A watan Yulin 2006, Zenjov ya sanya hannu a kulob din Meistriliiga TVMK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epl.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-l-kaks-uut-mangijat-trans-kutsus-kuliki-tagasi?id=51203195|title=TVMK-l kaks uut mängijat, Trans kutsus Kuliki tagasi|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=6 July 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK has two new players, Trans recalled Kulik}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 23 ga Yuli, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Levadia da ci 1-3 a waje. ===Karpaty Lviv=== A watan Fabrairun 2008, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kulob din Vyshcha Liha Karpaty Lviv.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport.postimees.ee/1763685/eesti-noortekoondise-rundaja-zenjov-siirdus-ukraina-korgliigasse|title=Eesti noortekoondise ründaja Zenjov siirdus Ukraina kõrgliigasse|work=Postimees|date=27 February 2008|language=Estonian|trans-title=Estonia youth international forward Zenjov moved to the Ukrainian top flight}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://football.ua/ukraine/33400-karpaty-podpysaly-ehstonca.html|title=Карпаты подписали эстонца |publisher=Football.ua|date=28 February 2008|language=Ukrainian|trans-title=Karpaty signed an Estonia}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din Vyshcha Liha a ranar 1 ga Maris na 2008, a wasan da suka doke [[FC Kharkiv|Kharkiv]] da ci 1-0 a gida.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport.postimees.ee/1765649/sergei-zenjovi-koduklubi-alistas-ukrainas-fc-harkivi|title=Sergei Zenjovi koduklubi alistas Ukrainas FC Harkivi|work=Postimees|date=3 March 2008|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov's home club defeated FC Kharkiv in Ukraine}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2008, Zenjov ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Karpaty Lviv a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Shakhtar Donetsk. Zenjov ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2010-11. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a gasar Europa League a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2010, a wasan da [[Borussia Dortmund]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 3-4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/01e9-0e75824473b3-745274121c17-1000--dortmund-s-late-rally-denies-brave-karpaty/|title=Dortmund's late rally denies brave Karpaty|publisher=UEFA|date=16 September 2010}}</ref> ===Blackpool=== A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2014, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Championship ta Blackpool.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasiders Sign Sergei Zenjov|url=http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/article/seasiders-sign-sergei-zenjov-1715346.aspx?|publisher=Blackpool F.C.|date=3 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/28159142|title=Blackpool: Sergei Zenjov becomes Jose Riga's first signing|publisher=BBC Sport|date=4 July 2014}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Agusta, inda ya fara da rashin nasara a hannun Nottingham Forest da ci 0-2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/28646431|title=Nottingham Forest 2–0 Blackpool|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 August 2014}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2014, Zenjov ya bar Blackpool bayan an cimma yarjejeniya ta soke kwantiraginsa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergei Zenjov Departs|url=http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/article/zenjov-departs-2118414.aspx|publisher=Blackpool F.C.|date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/30292693|title=Blackpool: Sergei Zenjov leaves club by mutual consent|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 December 2014}}</ref> ===Torpedo Moscow=== Bayan barin Blackpool, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi da ƙungiyar Premier League ta Rasha Torpedo Moscow a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/64958/sergei-zenjov-siirdub-venemaa-korgliigasse|title=Sergei Zenjov siirdub Venemaa kõrgliigasse|publisher=ERR Sport|date=12 January 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov heading to the Russian top flight}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a gasar Premier ta Rasha a ranar 9 ga Maris 2015, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Amkar Perm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/67444/zenjov-tegi-torpedo-ridades-venemaa-korgliigas-debuudi|title=Zenjov tegi Torpedo ridades Venemaa kõrgliigas debüüdi|publisher=ERR Sport|date=9 March 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Zenjov made his debut for Torpedo in the Russian top flight}}</ref> ===Gabala=== A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2015, Zenjov ya koma ƙungiyar Premier League ta Azerbaijan Gabala kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/71722/sergei-zenjov-siirdub-aserbaidzaani|title=Sergei Zenjov siirdub Aserbaidžaani|publisher=ERR Sport|date=16 June 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov heading to Azerbaijan}}</ref> Ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2015, a wasan farko da suka sha kashi a hannun Dinamo Tbilisi da ci 1-2 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar Europa League. A ranar 19 ga Maris 2016, Zenjov ya ci wa Gabala kwallo ta 500 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Qarabağ da ci 1-2 a waje.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabala hit 500th goal|url=http://gabalafc.az/eng/news/gabala-hit-500th-goal-2415|publisher=Gabala FC|date=19 March 2016}}</ref> ===Cracovia=== A ranar 27 ga Yuni 2017, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara guda da kulob din Ekstraklasa Cracovia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/604411/sergei-zenjov-liitus-poola-korgliigaklubiga|title=Sergei Zenjov liitus Poola kõrgliigaklubiga|publisher=ERR Sport|date=27 June 2017|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov joined Polish top flight club}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a Ekstraklasa a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2017, a wasan farko da Cracovia ta buga a kakar wasa ta 2017-18, kuma ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Piast Gliwice a gida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jalgpall.ee/koondis/uudised/eestlased-valismaal-zenjov-loi-poola-liiga-avavoorus-varava-n12274|title=Eestlased välismaal: Zenjov lõi Poola liiga avavoorus värava|publisher=Estonian Football Association|date=17 July 2017|language=Estonian|trans-title=Estonians abroad: Zenjov scored in the first round of the Polish league}}</ref> == Aikin Kasa da kasa == Zenjov ya fara wasansa na matasa a shekarar 2005 tare da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Estonia. Ya kuma wakilci ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da shekara 19 da kuma 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21. Zenjov ya fara buga wa Estonia wasa a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2008, a wasan da suka doke Malta da ci 2-1 a gida a wasan sada zumunci. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa a wasansa na biyu a ƙungiyar ƙasa a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2008, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Belgium da ci 2-3 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=250471/match=300042916/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034423/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=250471/match=300042916/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2017|title=Belgium 3–2 Estonia|publisher=FIFA|date=6 September 2008}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Satumba 2022, ya buga wasa na 100 ga Estonia a wasan Nations League da Malta.<ref>{{cite web|author=Gunnar Leheste|url=https://sport.delfi.ee/artikkel/120072274/100-mangu-klubisse-astunud-zenjov-vahel-motlen-et-lopetaks-aga-jargmisel-hommikul-motlen-umber|title=100 mängu klubisse astunud Zenjov: vahel mõtlen, et lõpetaks, aga järgmisel hommikul mõtlen ümber|trans-title=Zenjov, who joined the 100-game club: sometimes I think about quitting, but the next morning I change my mind|website=[[Delfi (web portal)|Delfi Sport]]|language=et|date=23 September 2022}}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|14 June 2024.}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergei Zenjov|url=http://jalgpall.ee/voistlused/player/5744|publisher=Estonian Football Association|language=Estonian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=S. Zenjov|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sergei-zenjov/60327|website=Soccerway.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan=2|Club !rowspan=2|Season !colspan=3|League !colspan=2|Cup<ref group="lower-alpha">Includes the [[Estonian Cup]], [[Ukrainian Cup]], [[Azerbaijan Cup]] and [[Polish Cup]]</ref> !colspan=2|[[Football League Cup|League Cup]] !colspan=2|[[UEFA#Club|Europe]] !colspan=2|Other !colspan=2|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |[[Pärnu Pataljoni JK|Pärnu Pataljon]]||[[2005 II liiga|2005]]||[[II liiga]]||19||27||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||19||27 |- |[[JK Vaprus Pärnu|Vaprus]]||[[2006 Meistriliiga|2006]]||[[Meistriliiga]]||17||8||0||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||17||8 |- |rowspan=3|[[FC TVMK|TVMK]]||[[2006 Meistriliiga|2006]]||Meistriliiga||12||3||1||3||colspan=2|—||2<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UCL">Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]</ref>||0||2<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in [[Baltic Champions Cup]]</ref>||0||17||6 |- |[[2007 Meistriliiga|2007]]||Meistriliiga||22||14||2||1||colspan=2|—||2<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in [[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]</ref>||0||2<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in [[Baltic League]]</ref>||0||28||15 |- !colspan=2|Total!!34!!17!!3!!4!!colspan=2|—!!4!!0!!4!!0!!45!!21 |- |rowspan=8|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]||[[2007–08 Vyshcha Liha|2007–08]]||[[Ukrainian Premier League|Vyshcha Liha]]||11||0||0||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||11||0 |- |[[2008–09 Ukrainian Premier League|2008–09]]||Ukrainian Premier League||28||1||1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||29||1 |- |[[2009–10 Ukrainian Premier League|2009–10]]||Ukrainian Premier League||25||3||1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||26||3 |- |[[2010–11 FC Karpaty Lviv season|2010–11]]||Ukrainian Premier League||18||4||0||0||colspan=2|—||10<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEL">Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]</ref>||2||colspan=2|—||28||6 |- |[[2011–12 FC Karpaty Lviv season|2011–12]]||Ukrainian Premier League||17||1||2||0||colspan=2|—||3<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEL"/>||1||colspan=2|—||22||2 |- |[[2012–13 FC Karpaty Lviv season|2012–13]]||Ukrainian Premier League||10||3||2||2||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||12||5 |- |[[2013–14 FC Karpaty Lviv season|2013–14]]||Ukrainian Premier League||28||9||2||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||30||9 |- !colspan=2|Total!!137!!21!!8!!2!!colspan=2|—!!13!!3!!colspan=2|—!!158!!26 |- |[[Blackpool F.C.|Blackpool]]||[[2014–15 Blackpool F.C. season|2014–15]]||[[Football League Championship|Championship]]||8||0||0||0||1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||9||0 |- |[[FC Torpedo Moscow|Torpedo Moscow]]||[[2014–15 FC Torpedo Moscow season|2014–15]]||[[Russian Premier League]]||10||0||0||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||10||0 |- |rowspan=3|[[Gabala FK|Gabala]]||[[2015–16 Gabala FC season|2015–16]]||[[Azerbaijan Premier League]]||26||2||2||0||colspan=2|—||14<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEL"/>||2||colspan=2|—||42||4 |- |[[2016–17 Gabala FC season|2016–17]]||Azerbaijan Premier League||21||6||4||0||colspan=2|—||13<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEL"/>||4||colspan=2|—||38||10 |- !colspan=2|Total!!47!!8!!6!!0!!colspan=2|—!!27!!6!!colspan=2|—!!80!!14 |- |rowspan=3|[[KS Cracovia|Cracovia]]||[[2017–18 Ekstraklasa|2017–18]]||[[Ekstraklasa]]||27||3||1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||28||3 |- |[[2018–19 Ekstraklasa|2018–19]]||Ekstraklasa||12||1||1||1||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||13||2 |- !colspan=2|Total!!39!!4!!2!!1!!colspan=2|—!!colspan=2|—!!colspan=2|—!!41!!5 |- |rowspan=3|[[FC Shakhter Karagandy|Shakhter Karagandy]]||[[2019 Kazakhstan Premier League|2019]]||[[Kazakhstan Premier League]]||30||8||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||30||8 |- |[[2020 Kazakhstan Premier League|2020]]||Kazakhstan Premier League||17||3||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||17||3 |- !colspan=2|Total!!47!!11!!colspan=2|—!!colspan=2|—!!colspan=2|—!!colspan=2|—!!47!!11 |- |rowspan=5|[[FC Flora|Flora]]||[[2021 Meistriliiga|2021]]||Meistriliiga||30||14||2||1||colspan=2|—||14{{efn|Four appearances and one goal in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in UEFA Europa League, eight appearances and two goals in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}}||3||colspan=2|—||46||18 |- |[[2022 Meistriliiga|2022]]||Meistriliiga||30||10||2||0||colspan=2|—||2{{efn|name=UEC|Appearances in UEFA Europa Conference League}}||0||1{{efn|name=Super|Appearance in [[Estonian Supercup]]}}||0||35||10 |- |[[2023 Meistriliiga|2023]]||Meistriliiga||29||12||3||2||colspan=2|—||2{{efn|name=UEC}}||0||1{{efn|name=Super}}||0||35||14 |- |[[2024 Meistriliiga|2024]]||Meistriliiga||10||3||2||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||1{{efn|name=Super}}||0||13||3 |- !colspan=2|Total!!99!!39!!9!!3!!colspan=2|—!!18!!3!!3!!0!!129!!45 |- !colspan=3|Career total!!457!!135!!28!!10!!1!!0!!62!!12!!7!!0!!555!!157 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ===International=== {{updated|19 November 2024.}}<ref name="NT profile"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year |- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan=17|[[Estonia national football team|Estonia]] |- |2008||3||1 |- |2009||8||2 |- |2010||4||1 |- |2011||6||1 |- |2013||11||2 |- |2014||8||0 |- |2015||8||2 |- |2016||6||1 |- |2017||10||3 |- |2018||10||0 |- |2019||10||0 |- |2020||3||0 |- |2021||6||1 |- |2022||9||2 |- |2023||10||1 |- |2024||2||0 |- !colspan=2|Total||114||17 |} ===Kwallayen ƙasa da ƙasa=== :''As of 10 January 2023. Estonia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Zenjov goal.''<ref name="NT profile">{{cite web|url=http://jalgpall.ee/koondis/koosseis/player/5744|title=Sergei Zenjov|publisher=Estonian Football Association|language=Estonian}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ International goals by date, venue, cap, opponent, score, result and competition |- !scope=col|No. !scope=col data-sort-type=date|Date !scope=col|Venue !scope=col|Cap !scope=col|Opponent !scope=col|Score !scope=col|Result !scope=col|Competition |- !scope=row|1 |6 September 2008||[[Stade Maurice Dufrasne]], [[Liège]], Belgium||align=center|2||{{fb|BEL}}||align=center|1–1||align=center|2–3||[[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2010 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- !scope=row|2 |28 March 2009||[[Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium|Republican Stadium]], [[Yerevan]], Armenia||align=center|5||{{fb|ARM}}||align=center|2–1||align=center|2–2||2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |- !scope=row|3 |6 June 2009||[[A. Le Coq Arena]], [[Tallinn]], Estonia||align=center|7||{{fb|EQG}}||align=center|3–0||align=center|3–0||[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- !scope=row|4 |3 September 2010||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|12||{{fb|ITA}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|1–2||[[UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying]] |- !scope=row|5 |6 September 2011||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|20||{{fb|NIR}}||align=center|3–1||align=center|4–1||UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying |- !scope=row|6 |15 November 2013||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|31||{{fb|AZE}}||align=center|1–1||align=center|2–1||Friendly |- !scope=row|7 |19 November 2013||[[Rheinpark Stadion]], [[Vaduz]], Liechtenstein||align=center|32||{{fb|LIE}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|3–0||Friendly |- !scope=row|8 |rowspan=2|14 June 2015||rowspan=2|A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||rowspan=2 align=center|44||rowspan=2|{{fb|SMR}}||align=center|1–0||rowspan=2 align=center|2–0||rowspan=2|[[UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying]] |- !scope=row|9 |align=center|2–0 |- !scope=row|10 |31 August 2016||[[Pärnu Rannastaadion]], [[Pärnu]], Estonia||align=center|51||{{fb|MLT}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|1–1||Friendly |- !scope=row|11 |28 March 2017||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|56||{{fb|CRO}}||align=center|3–0||align=center|3–0||Friendly |- !scope=row|12 |12 June 2017||[[Skonto Stadium]], [[Riga]], Latvia||align=center|58||{{fb|LAT}}||align=center|1–1||align=center|2–1||Friendly |- !scope=row|13 |7 October 2017||[[Estádio Algarve]], [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]]/[[Loulé]], Portugal||align=center|61||{{fb|GIB}}||align=center|3–0||align=center|6–0||[[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- !scope=row|14 |8 October 2021||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|90||{{fb|BLR}}||align=center|2–0||align=center|2–0||[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- !scope=row|15 |16 November 2022||[[Daugava Stadium (Riga)|Daugava Stadium]], Riga, Latvia||align=center|101||{{fb|LAT}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|1–1||[[2022 Baltic Cup]] |- !scope=row|16 |19 November 2022||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|102||{{fb|LTU}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|2–0||2022 Baltic Cup |- !scope=row|17 |8 January 2023||[[Estadio da Nora]], [[Albufeira]], Portugal||align=center|103||{{fb|ISL}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|1–1||Friendly |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} j8ncn0k3nrn8dfv1mhgfa5oc5y28xog 875124 875117 2026-07-03T16:23:21Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala da saka sashe 875124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sergei Zenjov''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1989) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Estonia]] wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Meistriliiga ta Flora da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Estonia. Baya ga Estonia, Zenjov ya buga wasa a [[Ingila]], [[Ukraine]], [[Rasha]], [[Poland]], [[Azerbaijan]] da [[Kazakhstan]]..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sergei-zenjov/60327/|title=Estonia - S. Zenjov - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway}}</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Pärnu === Zenjov ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a wani kulob na Pärnu na gida, inda Juri Ivanov ya horar da shi..<ref name="ESBL">{{cite web|url=https://www.esbl.ee/biograafia/Sergei_Zenjov|title=Zenjov, Sergei|publisher=ESBL|language=Estonian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar manyan 'yan wasa a gasar II liiga tare da Pärnu Pataljon a shekarar 2005. Zenjov ya fara buga wasa a Meistriliiga a ranar 8 ga Maris 2006, yana bugawa Vaprus wasa, kuma ya zura ƙwallon da ƙungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun TVMK da ci 1-3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-alistas-vutihooaja-avalahingus-vapruse?id=12408019|title=TVMK alistas vutihooaja avalahingus Vapruse|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=9 March 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK defeated Vaprus in the opening match of the season}}</ref> ===TVMK=== A watan Yulin 2006, Zenjov ya sanya hannu a kulob din Meistriliiga TVMK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epl.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-l-kaks-uut-mangijat-trans-kutsus-kuliki-tagasi?id=51203195|title=TVMK-l kaks uut mängijat, Trans kutsus Kuliki tagasi|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=6 July 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK has two new players, Trans recalled Kulik}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 23 ga Yuli, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Levadia da ci 1-3 a waje. ===Karpaty Lviv=== A watan Fabrairun 2008, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kulob din Vyshcha Liha Karpaty Lviv.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport.postimees.ee/1763685/eesti-noortekoondise-rundaja-zenjov-siirdus-ukraina-korgliigasse|title=Eesti noortekoondise ründaja Zenjov siirdus Ukraina kõrgliigasse|work=Postimees|date=27 February 2008|language=Estonian|trans-title=Estonia youth international forward Zenjov moved to the Ukrainian top flight}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://football.ua/ukraine/33400-karpaty-podpysaly-ehstonca.html|title=Карпаты подписали эстонца |publisher=Football.ua|date=28 February 2008|language=Ukrainian|trans-title=Karpaty signed an Estonia}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din Vyshcha Liha a ranar 1 ga Maris na 2008, a wasan da suka doke [[FC Kharkiv|Kharkiv]] da ci 1-0 a gida.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport.postimees.ee/1765649/sergei-zenjovi-koduklubi-alistas-ukrainas-fc-harkivi|title=Sergei Zenjovi koduklubi alistas Ukrainas FC Harkivi|work=Postimees|date=3 March 2008|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov's home club defeated FC Kharkiv in Ukraine}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2008, Zenjov ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Karpaty Lviv a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Shakhtar Donetsk. Zenjov ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2010-11. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a gasar Europa League a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2010, a wasan da [[Borussia Dortmund]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 3-4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/01e9-0e75824473b3-745274121c17-1000--dortmund-s-late-rally-denies-brave-karpaty/|title=Dortmund's late rally denies brave Karpaty|publisher=UEFA|date=16 September 2010}}</ref> ===Blackpool=== A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2014, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Championship ta Blackpool.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasiders Sign Sergei Zenjov|url=http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/article/seasiders-sign-sergei-zenjov-1715346.aspx?|publisher=Blackpool F.C.|date=3 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/28159142|title=Blackpool: Sergei Zenjov becomes Jose Riga's first signing|publisher=BBC Sport|date=4 July 2014}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Agusta, inda ya fara da rashin nasara a hannun Nottingham Forest da ci 0-2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/28646431|title=Nottingham Forest 2–0 Blackpool|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 August 2014}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2014, Zenjov ya bar Blackpool bayan an cimma yarjejeniya ta soke kwantiraginsa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergei Zenjov Departs|url=http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/article/zenjov-departs-2118414.aspx|publisher=Blackpool F.C.|date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/30292693|title=Blackpool: Sergei Zenjov leaves club by mutual consent|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 December 2014}}</ref> ===Torpedo Moscow=== Bayan barin Blackpool, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi da ƙungiyar Premier League ta Rasha Torpedo Moscow a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/64958/sergei-zenjov-siirdub-venemaa-korgliigasse|title=Sergei Zenjov siirdub Venemaa kõrgliigasse|publisher=ERR Sport|date=12 January 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov heading to the Russian top flight}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a gasar Premier ta Rasha a ranar 9 ga Maris 2015, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Amkar Perm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/67444/zenjov-tegi-torpedo-ridades-venemaa-korgliigas-debuudi|title=Zenjov tegi Torpedo ridades Venemaa kõrgliigas debüüdi|publisher=ERR Sport|date=9 March 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Zenjov made his debut for Torpedo in the Russian top flight}}</ref> ===Gabala=== A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2015, Zenjov ya koma ƙungiyar Premier League ta Azerbaijan Gabala kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/71722/sergei-zenjov-siirdub-aserbaidzaani|title=Sergei Zenjov siirdub Aserbaidžaani|publisher=ERR Sport|date=16 June 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov heading to Azerbaijan}}</ref> Ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2015, a wasan farko da suka sha kashi a hannun Dinamo Tbilisi da ci 1-2 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar Europa League. A ranar 19 ga Maris 2016, Zenjov ya ci wa Gabala kwallo ta 500 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Qarabağ da ci 1-2 a waje.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabala hit 500th goal|url=http://gabalafc.az/eng/news/gabala-hit-500th-goal-2415|publisher=Gabala FC|date=19 March 2016}}</ref> ===Cracovia=== A ranar 27 ga Yuni 2017, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara guda da kulob din Ekstraklasa Cracovia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/604411/sergei-zenjov-liitus-poola-korgliigaklubiga|title=Sergei Zenjov liitus Poola kõrgliigaklubiga|publisher=ERR Sport|date=27 June 2017|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov joined Polish top flight club}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a Ekstraklasa a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2017, a wasan farko da Cracovia ta buga a kakar wasa ta 2017-18, kuma ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Piast Gliwice a gida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jalgpall.ee/koondis/uudised/eestlased-valismaal-zenjov-loi-poola-liiga-avavoorus-varava-n12274|title=Eestlased välismaal: Zenjov lõi Poola liiga avavoorus värava|publisher=Estonian Football Association|date=17 July 2017|language=Estonian|trans-title=Estonians abroad: Zenjov scored in the first round of the Polish league}}</ref> == Aikin Kasa da kasa == Zenjov ya fara wasansa na matasa a shekarar 2005 tare da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Estonia. Ya kuma wakilci ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da shekara 19 da kuma 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21. Zenjov ya fara buga wa Estonia wasa a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2008, a wasan da suka doke Malta da ci 2-1 a gida a wasan sada zumunci. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa a wasansa na biyu a ƙungiyar ƙasa a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2008, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Belgium da ci 2-3 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=250471/match=300042916/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034423/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=250471/match=300042916/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2017|title=Belgium 3–2 Estonia|publisher=FIFA|date=6 September 2008}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Satumba 2022, ya buga wasa na 100 ga Estonia a wasan Nations League da Malta.<ref>{{cite web|author=Gunnar Leheste|url=https://sport.delfi.ee/artikkel/120072274/100-mangu-klubisse-astunud-zenjov-vahel-motlen-et-lopetaks-aga-jargmisel-hommikul-motlen-umber|title=100 mängu klubisse astunud Zenjov: vahel mõtlen, et lõpetaks, aga järgmisel hommikul mõtlen ümber|trans-title=Zenjov, who joined the 100-game club: sometimes I think about quitting, but the next morning I change my mind|website=[[Delfi (web portal)|Delfi Sport]]|language=et|date=23 September 2022}}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|14 June 2024.}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergei Zenjov|url=http://jalgpall.ee/voistlused/player/5744|publisher=Estonian Football Association|language=Estonian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=S. Zenjov|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sergei-zenjov/60327|website=Soccerway.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan=2|Club !rowspan=2|Season !colspan=3|League !colspan=2|Cup<ref group="lower-alpha">Includes the [[Estonian Cup]], [[Ukrainian Cup]], [[Azerbaijan Cup]] and [[Polish Cup]]</ref> !colspan=2|[[Football League Cup|League Cup]] !colspan=2|[[UEFA#Club|Europe]] !colspan=2|Other !colspan=2|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |[[Pärnu Pataljoni JK|Pärnu Pataljon]]||[[2005 II liiga|2005]]||[[II liiga]]||19||27||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||19||27 |- |[[JK Vaprus Pärnu|Vaprus]]||[[2006 Meistriliiga|2006]]||[[Meistriliiga]]||17||8||0||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||17||8 |- |rowspan=3|[[FC TVMK|TVMK]]||[[2006 Meistriliiga|2006]]||Meistriliiga||12||3||1||3||colspan=2|—||2<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UCL">Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]</ref>||0||2<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in [[Baltic Champions Cup]]</ref>||0||17||6 |- |[[2007 Meistriliiga|2007]]||Meistriliiga||22||14||2||1||colspan=2|—||2<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in [[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]</ref>||0||2<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in [[Baltic League]]</ref>||0||28||15 |- !colspan=2|Total!!34!!17!!3!!4!!colspan=2|—!!4!!0!!4!!0!!45!!21 |- |rowspan=8|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]||[[2007–08 Vyshcha Liha|2007–08]]||[[Ukrainian Premier League|Vyshcha Liha]]||11||0||0||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||11||0 |- |[[2008–09 Ukrainian Premier League|2008–09]]||Ukrainian Premier League||28||1||1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||29||1 |- |[[2009–10 Ukrainian Premier League|2009–10]]||Ukrainian Premier League||25||3||1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||26||3 |- |[[2010–11 FC Karpaty Lviv season|2010–11]]||Ukrainian Premier League||18||4||0||0||colspan=2|—||10<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEL">Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]</ref>||2||colspan=2|—||28||6 |- |[[2011–12 FC Karpaty Lviv season|2011–12]]||Ukrainian Premier League||17||1||2||0||colspan=2|—||3<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEL"/>||1||colspan=2|—||22||2 |- |[[2012–13 FC Karpaty Lviv season|2012–13]]||Ukrainian Premier League||10||3||2||2||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||12||5 |- |[[2013–14 FC Karpaty Lviv season|2013–14]]||Ukrainian Premier League||28||9||2||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||30||9 |- !colspan=2|Total!!137!!21!!8!!2!!colspan=2|—!!13!!3!!colspan=2|—!!158!!26 |- |[[Blackpool F.C.|Blackpool]]||[[2014–15 Blackpool F.C. season|2014–15]]||[[Football League Championship|Championship]]||8||0||0||0||1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||9||0 |- |[[FC Torpedo Moscow|Torpedo Moscow]]||[[2014–15 FC Torpedo Moscow season|2014–15]]||[[Russian Premier League]]||10||0||0||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||10||0 |- |rowspan=3|[[Gabala FK|Gabala]]||[[2015–16 Gabala FC season|2015–16]]||[[Azerbaijan Premier League]]||26||2||2||0||colspan=2|—||14<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEL"/>||2||colspan=2|—||42||4 |- |[[2016–17 Gabala FC season|2016–17]]||Azerbaijan Premier League||21||6||4||0||colspan=2|—||13<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEL"/>||4||colspan=2|—||38||10 |- !colspan=2|Total!!47!!8!!6!!0!!colspan=2|—!!27!!6!!colspan=2|—!!80!!14 |- |rowspan=3|[[KS Cracovia|Cracovia]]||[[2017–18 Ekstraklasa|2017–18]]||[[Ekstraklasa]]||27||3||1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||28||3 |- |[[2018–19 Ekstraklasa|2018–19]]||Ekstraklasa||12||1||1||1||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||13||2 |- !colspan=2|Total!!39!!4!!2!!1!!colspan=2|—!!colspan=2|—!!colspan=2|—!!41!!5 |- |rowspan=3|[[FC Shakhter Karagandy|Shakhter Karagandy]]||[[2019 Kazakhstan Premier League|2019]]||[[Kazakhstan Premier League]]||30||8||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||30||8 |- |[[2020 Kazakhstan Premier League|2020]]||Kazakhstan Premier League||17||3||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||17||3 |- !colspan=2|Total!!47!!11!!colspan=2|—!!colspan=2|—!!colspan=2|—!!colspan=2|—!!47!!11 |- |rowspan=5|[[FC Flora|Flora]]||[[2021 Meistriliiga|2021]]||Meistriliiga||30||14||2||1||colspan=2|—||14{{efn|Four appearances and one goal in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in UEFA Europa League, eight appearances and two goals in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}}||3||colspan=2|—||46||18 |- |[[2022 Meistriliiga|2022]]||Meistriliiga||30||10||2||0||colspan=2|—||2{{efn|name=UEC|Appearances in UEFA Europa Conference League}}||0||1{{efn|name=Super|Appearance in [[Estonian Supercup]]}}||0||35||10 |- |[[2023 Meistriliiga|2023]]||Meistriliiga||29||12||3||2||colspan=2|—||2{{efn|name=UEC}}||0||1{{efn|name=Super}}||0||35||14 |- |[[2024 Meistriliiga|2024]]||Meistriliiga||10||3||2||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||1{{efn|name=Super}}||0||13||3 |- !colspan=2|Total!!99!!39!!9!!3!!colspan=2|—!!18!!3!!3!!0!!129!!45 |- !colspan=3|Career total!!457!!135!!28!!10!!1!!0!!62!!12!!7!!0!!555!!157 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ===International=== {{updated|19 November 2024.}}<ref name="NT profile"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year |- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan=17|[[Estonia national football team|Estonia]] |- |2008||3||1 |- |2009||8||2 |- |2010||4||1 |- |2011||6||1 |- |2013||11||2 |- |2014||8||0 |- |2015||8||2 |- |2016||6||1 |- |2017||10||3 |- |2018||10||0 |- |2019||10||0 |- |2020||3||0 |- |2021||6||1 |- |2022||9||2 |- |2023||10||1 |- |2024||2||0 |- !colspan=2|Total||114||17 |} ===Kwallayen ƙasa da ƙasa=== :''As of 10 January 2023. Estonia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Zenjov goal.''<ref name="NT profile">{{cite web|url=http://jalgpall.ee/koondis/koosseis/player/5744|title=Sergei Zenjov|publisher=Estonian Football Association|language=Estonian}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ International goals by date, venue, cap, opponent, score, result and competition |- !scope=col|No. !scope=col data-sort-type=date|Date !scope=col|Venue !scope=col|Cap !scope=col|Opponent !scope=col|Score !scope=col|Result !scope=col|Competition |- !scope=row|1 |6 September 2008||[[Stade Maurice Dufrasne]], [[Liège]], Belgium||align=center|2||{{fb|BEL}}||align=center|1–1||align=center|2–3||[[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2010 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- !scope=row|2 |28 March 2009||[[Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium|Republican Stadium]], [[Yerevan]], Armenia||align=center|5||{{fb|ARM}}||align=center|2–1||align=center|2–2||2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |- !scope=row|3 |6 June 2009||[[A. Le Coq Arena]], [[Tallinn]], Estonia||align=center|7||{{fb|EQG}}||align=center|3–0||align=center|3–0||[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- !scope=row|4 |3 September 2010||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|12||{{fb|ITA}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|1–2||[[UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying]] |- !scope=row|5 |6 September 2011||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|20||{{fb|NIR}}||align=center|3–1||align=center|4–1||UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying |- !scope=row|6 |15 November 2013||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|31||{{fb|AZE}}||align=center|1–1||align=center|2–1||Friendly |- !scope=row|7 |19 November 2013||[[Rheinpark Stadion]], [[Vaduz]], Liechtenstein||align=center|32||{{fb|LIE}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|3–0||Friendly |- !scope=row|8 |rowspan=2|14 June 2015||rowspan=2|A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||rowspan=2 align=center|44||rowspan=2|{{fb|SMR}}||align=center|1–0||rowspan=2 align=center|2–0||rowspan=2|[[UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying]] |- !scope=row|9 |align=center|2–0 |- !scope=row|10 |31 August 2016||[[Pärnu Rannastaadion]], [[Pärnu]], Estonia||align=center|51||{{fb|MLT}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|1–1||Friendly |- !scope=row|11 |28 March 2017||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|56||{{fb|CRO}}||align=center|3–0||align=center|3–0||Friendly |- !scope=row|12 |12 June 2017||[[Skonto Stadium]], [[Riga]], Latvia||align=center|58||{{fb|LAT}}||align=center|1–1||align=center|2–1||Friendly |- !scope=row|13 |7 October 2017||[[Estádio Algarve]], [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]]/[[Loulé]], Portugal||align=center|61||{{fb|GIB}}||align=center|3–0||align=center|6–0||[[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- !scope=row|14 |8 October 2021||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|90||{{fb|BLR}}||align=center|2–0||align=center|2–0||[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- !scope=row|15 |16 November 2022||[[Daugava Stadium (Riga)|Daugava Stadium]], Riga, Latvia||align=center|101||{{fb|LAT}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|1–1||[[2022 Baltic Cup]] |- !scope=row|16 |19 November 2022||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|102||{{fb|LTU}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|2–0||2022 Baltic Cup |- !scope=row|17 |8 January 2023||[[Estadio da Nora]], [[Albufeira]], Portugal||align=center|103||{{fb|ISL}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|1–1||Friendly |} == Girmamawa== '''Flora''<ref>{{cite yanar gizo |title=Sergei Zenjov |url=http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=18674 |shafin yanar gizo=90minut.pl |access-date=19 Afrilu 2024 |language=pl}}</ref> * [[Maistriliiga]]: [[2022 Meistriliga|2022]], [[2023 Meistriliiga|2023]] * [[Estoniya Supercup]]: [[2024 Estoniya Supercup|2024]] ''Mutum''' *[[Sauran Ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na Shekara]]: 2008, 2010 * [[Meistriliiga]] Gwarzon Dan Wasan Wata: [[2023 Meistriliga# Kyautar Watan | Mayu 2019 2023|kwanan wata=6 Yuni 2023}}</ref>, [[2024 Meistriliga# Kyauta na wata | Oktoba 2024]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jalgpall.ee/voistlused/uudised/premium-liiga-oktoobrikuu-parima-auhinnad-lavehad-florale-ja-paidele-n23983|title=Premium liiga oktoobrikuu parima auhinnad lähevad Florale ja Payedele|access-date=4 Nuwamba 2024|date=4 Nuwamba 2024|language=et}}</ref>, == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} phrjb1qutx41dfjyds2yakft38gtsp4 875127 875124 2026-07-03T16:24:28Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 875127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sergei Zenjov'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Zenjov Sergei Zenjov</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1989) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Estonia]] wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Meistriliiga ta Flora da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Estonia. Baya ga Estonia, Zenjov ya buga wasa a [[Ingila]], [[Ukraine]], [[Rasha]], [[Poland]], [[Azerbaijan]] da [[Kazakhstan]]..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sergei-zenjov/60327/|title=Estonia - S. Zenjov - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway}}</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Pärnu === Zenjov ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a wani kulob na Pärnu na gida, inda Juri Ivanov ya horar da shi..<ref name="ESBL">{{cite web|url=https://www.esbl.ee/biograafia/Sergei_Zenjov|title=Zenjov, Sergei|publisher=ESBL|language=Estonian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar manyan 'yan wasa a gasar II liiga tare da Pärnu Pataljon a shekarar 2005. Zenjov ya fara buga wasa a Meistriliiga a ranar 8 ga Maris 2006, yana bugawa Vaprus wasa, kuma ya zura ƙwallon da ƙungiyarsa ta ci a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun TVMK da ci 1-3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-alistas-vutihooaja-avalahingus-vapruse?id=12408019|title=TVMK alistas vutihooaja avalahingus Vapruse|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=9 March 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK defeated Vaprus in the opening match of the season}}</ref> ===TVMK=== A watan Yulin 2006, Zenjov ya sanya hannu a kulob din Meistriliiga TVMK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epl.delfi.ee/archive/tvmk-l-kaks-uut-mangijat-trans-kutsus-kuliki-tagasi?id=51203195|title=TVMK-l kaks uut mängijat, Trans kutsus Kuliki tagasi|publisher=Delfi Sport|date=6 July 2006|language=Estonian|trans-title=TVMK has two new players, Trans recalled Kulik}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 23 ga Yuli, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Levadia da ci 1-3 a waje. ===Karpaty Lviv=== A watan Fabrairun 2008, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kulob din Vyshcha Liha Karpaty Lviv.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport.postimees.ee/1763685/eesti-noortekoondise-rundaja-zenjov-siirdus-ukraina-korgliigasse|title=Eesti noortekoondise ründaja Zenjov siirdus Ukraina kõrgliigasse|work=Postimees|date=27 February 2008|language=Estonian|trans-title=Estonia youth international forward Zenjov moved to the Ukrainian top flight}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://football.ua/ukraine/33400-karpaty-podpysaly-ehstonca.html|title=Карпаты подписали эстонца |publisher=Football.ua|date=28 February 2008|language=Ukrainian|trans-title=Karpaty signed an Estonia}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa kulob din Vyshcha Liha a ranar 1 ga Maris na 2008, a wasan da suka doke [[FC Kharkiv|Kharkiv]] da ci 1-0 a gida.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport.postimees.ee/1765649/sergei-zenjovi-koduklubi-alistas-ukrainas-fc-harkivi|title=Sergei Zenjovi koduklubi alistas Ukrainas FC Harkivi|work=Postimees|date=3 March 2008|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov's home club defeated FC Kharkiv in Ukraine}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2008, Zenjov ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Karpaty Lviv a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Shakhtar Donetsk. Zenjov ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2010-11. Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a gasar Europa League a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2010, a wasan da [[Borussia Dortmund]] ta sha kashi a gida da ci 3-4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/01e9-0e75824473b3-745274121c17-1000--dortmund-s-late-rally-denies-brave-karpaty/|title=Dortmund's late rally denies brave Karpaty|publisher=UEFA|date=16 September 2010}}</ref> ===Blackpool=== A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2014, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Championship ta Blackpool.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasiders Sign Sergei Zenjov|url=http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/article/seasiders-sign-sergei-zenjov-1715346.aspx?|publisher=Blackpool F.C.|date=3 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/28159142|title=Blackpool: Sergei Zenjov becomes Jose Riga's first signing|publisher=BBC Sport|date=4 July 2014}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Agusta, inda ya fara da rashin nasara a hannun Nottingham Forest da ci 0-2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/28646431|title=Nottingham Forest 2–0 Blackpool|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 August 2014}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2014, Zenjov ya bar Blackpool bayan an cimma yarjejeniya ta soke kwantiraginsa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergei Zenjov Departs|url=http://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/article/zenjov-departs-2118414.aspx|publisher=Blackpool F.C.|date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/30292693|title=Blackpool: Sergei Zenjov leaves club by mutual consent|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 December 2014}}</ref> ===Torpedo Moscow=== Bayan barin Blackpool, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi da ƙungiyar Premier League ta Rasha Torpedo Moscow a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/64958/sergei-zenjov-siirdub-venemaa-korgliigasse|title=Sergei Zenjov siirdub Venemaa kõrgliigasse|publisher=ERR Sport|date=12 January 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov heading to the Russian top flight}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a gasar Premier ta Rasha a ranar 9 ga Maris 2015, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Amkar Perm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/67444/zenjov-tegi-torpedo-ridades-venemaa-korgliigas-debuudi|title=Zenjov tegi Torpedo ridades Venemaa kõrgliigas debüüdi|publisher=ERR Sport|date=9 March 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Zenjov made his debut for Torpedo in the Russian top flight}}</ref> ===Gabala=== A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2015, Zenjov ya koma ƙungiyar Premier League ta Azerbaijan Gabala kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/71722/sergei-zenjov-siirdub-aserbaidzaani|title=Sergei Zenjov siirdub Aserbaidžaani|publisher=ERR Sport|date=16 June 2015|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov heading to Azerbaijan}}</ref> Ya fara wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2015, a wasan farko da suka sha kashi a hannun Dinamo Tbilisi da ci 1-2 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar Europa League. A ranar 19 ga Maris 2016, Zenjov ya ci wa Gabala kwallo ta 500 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Qarabağ da ci 1-2 a waje.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabala hit 500th goal|url=http://gabalafc.az/eng/news/gabala-hit-500th-goal-2415|publisher=Gabala FC|date=19 March 2016}}</ref> ===Cracovia=== A ranar 27 ga Yuni 2017, Zenjov ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara guda da kulob din Ekstraklasa Cracovia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.err.ee/604411/sergei-zenjov-liitus-poola-korgliigaklubiga|title=Sergei Zenjov liitus Poola kõrgliigaklubiga|publisher=ERR Sport|date=27 June 2017|language=Estonian|trans-title=Sergei Zenjov joined Polish top flight club}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a Ekstraklasa a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2017, a wasan farko da Cracovia ta buga a kakar wasa ta 2017-18, kuma ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Piast Gliwice a gida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jalgpall.ee/koondis/uudised/eestlased-valismaal-zenjov-loi-poola-liiga-avavoorus-varava-n12274|title=Eestlased välismaal: Zenjov lõi Poola liiga avavoorus värava|publisher=Estonian Football Association|date=17 July 2017|language=Estonian|trans-title=Estonians abroad: Zenjov scored in the first round of the Polish league}}</ref> == Aikin Kasa da kasa == Zenjov ya fara wasansa na matasa a shekarar 2005 tare da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Estonia. Ya kuma wakilci ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da shekara 19 da kuma 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21. Zenjov ya fara buga wa Estonia wasa a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2008, a wasan da suka doke Malta da ci 2-1 a gida a wasan sada zumunci. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa a wasansa na biyu a ƙungiyar ƙasa a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2008, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Belgium da ci 2-3 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=250471/match=300042916/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034423/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=250471/match=300042916/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2017|title=Belgium 3–2 Estonia|publisher=FIFA|date=6 September 2008}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Satumba 2022, ya buga wasa na 100 ga Estonia a wasan Nations League da Malta.<ref>{{cite web|author=Gunnar Leheste|url=https://sport.delfi.ee/artikkel/120072274/100-mangu-klubisse-astunud-zenjov-vahel-motlen-et-lopetaks-aga-jargmisel-hommikul-motlen-umber|title=100 mängu klubisse astunud Zenjov: vahel mõtlen, et lõpetaks, aga järgmisel hommikul mõtlen ümber|trans-title=Zenjov, who joined the 100-game club: sometimes I think about quitting, but the next morning I change my mind|website=[[Delfi (web portal)|Delfi Sport]]|language=et|date=23 September 2022}}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|14 June 2024.}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergei Zenjov|url=http://jalgpall.ee/voistlused/player/5744|publisher=Estonian Football Association|language=Estonian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=S. Zenjov|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sergei-zenjov/60327|website=Soccerway.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan=2|Club !rowspan=2|Season !colspan=3|League !colspan=2|Cup<ref group="lower-alpha">Includes the [[Estonian Cup]], [[Ukrainian Cup]], [[Azerbaijan Cup]] and [[Polish Cup]]</ref> !colspan=2|[[Football League Cup|League Cup]] !colspan=2|[[UEFA#Club|Europe]] !colspan=2|Other !colspan=2|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |[[Pärnu Pataljoni JK|Pärnu Pataljon]]||[[2005 II liiga|2005]]||[[II liiga]]||19||27||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||19||27 |- |[[JK Vaprus Pärnu|Vaprus]]||[[2006 Meistriliiga|2006]]||[[Meistriliiga]]||17||8||0||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||17||8 |- |rowspan=3|[[FC TVMK|TVMK]]||[[2006 Meistriliiga|2006]]||Meistriliiga||12||3||1||3||colspan=2|—||2<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UCL">Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]</ref>||0||2<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in [[Baltic Champions Cup]]</ref>||0||17||6 |- |[[2007 Meistriliiga|2007]]||Meistriliiga||22||14||2||1||colspan=2|—||2<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in [[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]</ref>||0||2<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in [[Baltic League]]</ref>||0||28||15 |- !colspan=2|Total!!34!!17!!3!!4!!colspan=2|—!!4!!0!!4!!0!!45!!21 |- |rowspan=8|[[FC Karpaty Lviv|Karpaty Lviv]]||[[2007–08 Vyshcha Liha|2007–08]]||[[Ukrainian Premier League|Vyshcha Liha]]||11||0||0||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||11||0 |- |[[2008–09 Ukrainian Premier League|2008–09]]||Ukrainian Premier League||28||1||1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||29||1 |- |[[2009–10 Ukrainian Premier League|2009–10]]||Ukrainian Premier League||25||3||1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||26||3 |- |[[2010–11 FC Karpaty Lviv season|2010–11]]||Ukrainian Premier League||18||4||0||0||colspan=2|—||10<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEL">Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]</ref>||2||colspan=2|—||28||6 |- |[[2011–12 FC Karpaty Lviv season|2011–12]]||Ukrainian Premier League||17||1||2||0||colspan=2|—||3<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEL"/>||1||colspan=2|—||22||2 |- |[[2012–13 FC Karpaty Lviv season|2012–13]]||Ukrainian Premier League||10||3||2||2||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||12||5 |- |[[2013–14 FC Karpaty Lviv season|2013–14]]||Ukrainian Premier League||28||9||2||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||30||9 |- !colspan=2|Total!!137!!21!!8!!2!!colspan=2|—!!13!!3!!colspan=2|—!!158!!26 |- |[[Blackpool F.C.|Blackpool]]||[[2014–15 Blackpool F.C. season|2014–15]]||[[Football League Championship|Championship]]||8||0||0||0||1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||9||0 |- |[[FC Torpedo Moscow|Torpedo Moscow]]||[[2014–15 FC Torpedo Moscow season|2014–15]]||[[Russian Premier League]]||10||0||0||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||10||0 |- |rowspan=3|[[Gabala FK|Gabala]]||[[2015–16 Gabala FC season|2015–16]]||[[Azerbaijan Premier League]]||26||2||2||0||colspan=2|—||14<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEL"/>||2||colspan=2|—||42||4 |- |[[2016–17 Gabala FC season|2016–17]]||Azerbaijan Premier League||21||6||4||0||colspan=2|—||13<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEL"/>||4||colspan=2|—||38||10 |- !colspan=2|Total!!47!!8!!6!!0!!colspan=2|—!!27!!6!!colspan=2|—!!80!!14 |- |rowspan=3|[[KS Cracovia|Cracovia]]||[[2017–18 Ekstraklasa|2017–18]]||[[Ekstraklasa]]||27||3||1||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||28||3 |- |[[2018–19 Ekstraklasa|2018–19]]||Ekstraklasa||12||1||1||1||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||13||2 |- !colspan=2|Total!!39!!4!!2!!1!!colspan=2|—!!colspan=2|—!!colspan=2|—!!41!!5 |- |rowspan=3|[[FC Shakhter Karagandy|Shakhter Karagandy]]||[[2019 Kazakhstan Premier League|2019]]||[[Kazakhstan Premier League]]||30||8||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||30||8 |- |[[2020 Kazakhstan Premier League|2020]]||Kazakhstan Premier League||17||3||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||17||3 |- !colspan=2|Total!!47!!11!!colspan=2|—!!colspan=2|—!!colspan=2|—!!colspan=2|—!!47!!11 |- |rowspan=5|[[FC Flora|Flora]]||[[2021 Meistriliiga|2021]]||Meistriliiga||30||14||2||1||colspan=2|—||14{{efn|Four appearances and one goal in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in UEFA Europa League, eight appearances and two goals in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}}||3||colspan=2|—||46||18 |- |[[2022 Meistriliiga|2022]]||Meistriliiga||30||10||2||0||colspan=2|—||2{{efn|name=UEC|Appearances in UEFA Europa Conference League}}||0||1{{efn|name=Super|Appearance in [[Estonian Supercup]]}}||0||35||10 |- |[[2023 Meistriliiga|2023]]||Meistriliiga||29||12||3||2||colspan=2|—||2{{efn|name=UEC}}||0||1{{efn|name=Super}}||0||35||14 |- |[[2024 Meistriliiga|2024]]||Meistriliiga||10||3||2||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||1{{efn|name=Super}}||0||13||3 |- !colspan=2|Total!!99!!39!!9!!3!!colspan=2|—!!18!!3!!3!!0!!129!!45 |- !colspan=3|Career total!!457!!135!!28!!10!!1!!0!!62!!12!!7!!0!!555!!157 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ===International=== {{updated|19 November 2024.}}<ref name="NT profile"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year |- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan=17|[[Estonia national football team|Estonia]] |- |2008||3||1 |- |2009||8||2 |- |2010||4||1 |- |2011||6||1 |- |2013||11||2 |- |2014||8||0 |- |2015||8||2 |- |2016||6||1 |- |2017||10||3 |- |2018||10||0 |- |2019||10||0 |- |2020||3||0 |- |2021||6||1 |- |2022||9||2 |- |2023||10||1 |- |2024||2||0 |- !colspan=2|Total||114||17 |} ===Kwallayen ƙasa da ƙasa=== :''As of 10 January 2023. Estonia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Zenjov goal.''<ref name="NT profile">{{cite web|url=http://jalgpall.ee/koondis/koosseis/player/5744|title=Sergei Zenjov|publisher=Estonian Football Association|language=Estonian}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ International goals by date, venue, cap, opponent, score, result and competition |- !scope=col|No. !scope=col data-sort-type=date|Date !scope=col|Venue !scope=col|Cap !scope=col|Opponent !scope=col|Score !scope=col|Result !scope=col|Competition |- !scope=row|1 |6 September 2008||[[Stade Maurice Dufrasne]], [[Liège]], Belgium||align=center|2||{{fb|BEL}}||align=center|1–1||align=center|2–3||[[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2010 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- !scope=row|2 |28 March 2009||[[Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium|Republican Stadium]], [[Yerevan]], Armenia||align=center|5||{{fb|ARM}}||align=center|2–1||align=center|2–2||2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |- !scope=row|3 |6 June 2009||[[A. Le Coq Arena]], [[Tallinn]], Estonia||align=center|7||{{fb|EQG}}||align=center|3–0||align=center|3–0||[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- !scope=row|4 |3 September 2010||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|12||{{fb|ITA}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|1–2||[[UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying]] |- !scope=row|5 |6 September 2011||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|20||{{fb|NIR}}||align=center|3–1||align=center|4–1||UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying |- !scope=row|6 |15 November 2013||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|31||{{fb|AZE}}||align=center|1–1||align=center|2–1||Friendly |- !scope=row|7 |19 November 2013||[[Rheinpark Stadion]], [[Vaduz]], Liechtenstein||align=center|32||{{fb|LIE}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|3–0||Friendly |- !scope=row|8 |rowspan=2|14 June 2015||rowspan=2|A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||rowspan=2 align=center|44||rowspan=2|{{fb|SMR}}||align=center|1–0||rowspan=2 align=center|2–0||rowspan=2|[[UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying]] |- !scope=row|9 |align=center|2–0 |- !scope=row|10 |31 August 2016||[[Pärnu Rannastaadion]], [[Pärnu]], Estonia||align=center|51||{{fb|MLT}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|1–1||Friendly |- !scope=row|11 |28 March 2017||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|56||{{fb|CRO}}||align=center|3–0||align=center|3–0||Friendly |- !scope=row|12 |12 June 2017||[[Skonto Stadium]], [[Riga]], Latvia||align=center|58||{{fb|LAT}}||align=center|1–1||align=center|2–1||Friendly |- !scope=row|13 |7 October 2017||[[Estádio Algarve]], [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]]/[[Loulé]], Portugal||align=center|61||{{fb|GIB}}||align=center|3–0||align=center|6–0||[[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- !scope=row|14 |8 October 2021||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|90||{{fb|BLR}}||align=center|2–0||align=center|2–0||[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- !scope=row|15 |16 November 2022||[[Daugava Stadium (Riga)|Daugava Stadium]], Riga, Latvia||align=center|101||{{fb|LAT}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|1–1||[[2022 Baltic Cup]] |- !scope=row|16 |19 November 2022||A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia||align=center|102||{{fb|LTU}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|2–0||2022 Baltic Cup |- !scope=row|17 |8 January 2023||[[Estadio da Nora]], [[Albufeira]], Portugal||align=center|103||{{fb|ISL}}||align=center|1–0||align=center|1–1||Friendly |} == Girmamawa== '''Flora''<ref>{{cite yanar gizo |title=Sergei Zenjov |url=http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=18674 |shafin yanar gizo=90minut.pl |access-date=19 Afrilu 2024 |language=pl}}</ref> * [[Maistriliiga]]: [[2022 Meistriliga|2022]], [[2023 Meistriliiga|2023]] * [[Estoniya Supercup]]: [[2024 Estoniya Supercup|2024]] ''Mutum''' *[[Sauran Ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na Shekara]]: 2008, 2010 * [[Meistriliiga]] Gwarzon Dan Wasan Wata: [[2023 Meistriliga# Kyautar Watan | Mayu 2019 2023|kwanan wata=6 Yuni 2023}}</ref>, [[2024 Meistriliga# Kyauta na wata | Oktoba 2024]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jalgpall.ee/voistlused/uudised/premium-liiga-oktoobrikuu-parima-auhinnad-lavehad-florale-ja-paidele-n23983|title=Premium liiga oktoobrikuu parima auhinnad lähevad Florale ja Payedele|access-date=4 Nuwamba 2024|date=4 Nuwamba 2024|language=et}}</ref>, == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} cx2a0n7ao5fuwzdgldjus4cdu2jkluf 0 160676 875108 2026-07-03T16:00:21Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox football biography|name=Steven Fortes|image=|fullname=Steven Fortes|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1992|4|17}}|birth_place=Marseille, Farans|position=Mai tsaron baya|currentclub=|nationalteam1=Cape Verde|nationalyears1=2015–2022|nationalcaps1=13|nationalgoals1=0}}'''Steven Fortes''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''mai tsaron baya na tsakiya''' (centre-back). An haife shi a birnin Mar... 875108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Steven Fortes|image=|fullname=Steven Fortes|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1992|4|17}}|birth_place=Marseille, Farans|position=Mai tsaron baya|currentclub=|nationalteam1=Cape Verde|nationalyears1=2015–2022|nationalcaps1=13|nationalgoals1=0}}'''Steven Fortes''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''mai tsaron baya na tsakiya''' (centre-back). An haife shi a birnin Marseille na ƙasar Faransa, amma yana wakiltar '''ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Cape Verde''' a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya shahara saboda tsayinsa, ƙwarewarsa wajen dakile hare-haren abokan hamayya, da kuma iya taka leda a manyan gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na Faransa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Steven Fortes profile |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/steven-fortes/profil/spieler/276895 |access-date=3 July 2026 |website=Transfermarkt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Steven Fortès |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/186989/steven-fortes |access-date=3 July 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Steven Fortes a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1992 a Marseille, Faransa. Ya taso ne a tsarin koyar da ƙwallon ƙafa na yankin kudancin Faransa, inda ya fara haɓaka ƙwarewarsa kafin ya shiga ƙungiyoyin matasa daban-daban. Duk da cewa an haife shi a Faransa, yana da asalin iyali daga Cape Verde, abin da ya ba shi damar wakiltar ƙasar a wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Steven Fortes player profile |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/steven-fortes/profil/spieler/276895 |access-date=3 July 2026 |website=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == Fortes ya fara taka leda a matakin manya tare da '''Arles-Avignon''', inda ya nuna bajinta a gasar Ligue 2 ta Faransa. Daga nan ya koma '''Le Havre''', inda ya buga wasanni da dama tsakanin shekarun 2014 zuwa 2017, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya na ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Steven Fortès joins Toulouse |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Steven-fortes-le-havre-s-engage-a-toulouse/811557 |access-date=3 July 2026 |website=L'Équipe}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2017 ya koma '''Toulouse FC''' bayan ƙarewar kwantiraginsa da Le Havre. Sai dai raunin da ya samu ya rage masa damar buga wasanni akai-akai. A watan Janairun 2019 aka ba shi aro zuwa '''RC Lens''', inda ya taka rawar gani sosai har ƙungiyar ta saye shi na dindindin bayan ƙarshen kakar wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Steven Fortes signs for RC Lens |url=https://www.rclens.fr/fr/news/steven-fortes-transfert-rclens-20190621 |access-date=3 July 2026 |website=RC Lens}}</ref> Bayan ya taimaka wa Lens wajen samun matsayi mai kyau a Ligue 1, an ba shi aro zuwa ƙungiyar '''KV Oostende''' ta Belgium a shekarar 2021 domin samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. Bayan dawowarsa ya ci gaba da neman damar taka leda kafin daga bisani ya koma '''Quevilly-Rouen Métropole''' a shekarar 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Steven Fortes joins KV Oostende |url=https://kvo.be/nieuws/steven-fortes-is-de-vervanger-van-hendry/ |access-date=3 July 2026 |website=KV Oostende}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Steven Fortes signs for Quevilly-Rouen |url=https://qrm.fr/steven-fortes-un-nouveau-renfort-dexperience-a-qrm/ |access-date=3 July 2026 |website=Quevilly-Rouen Métropole}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Ko da yake an haife shi a Faransa, Fortes ya zaɓi wakiltar Cape Verde saboda asalinsa. Ya fara bugawa '''ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Cape Verde''' wasa a shekarar 2015. Daga baya ya kasance cikin 'yan wasan da aka zaɓa domin shiga gasar '''Kofin Nahiyar Afirka ta AFCON 2021''', inda Cape Verde ta kai zagayen 'yan 16 na ƙarshe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cape Verde include veteran quartet for AFCON |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37625444/cape-verde-include-veteran-quartet-afcon |access-date=3 July 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Steven Fortes yana taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na tsakiya. Ya shahara da tsayinsa (mita 1.92), ƙarfinsa a bugun kai, iya karanta wasan abokan hamayya, da kuma nutsuwarsa wajen fara gina hare-hare daga bayan fili. Waɗannan siffofi sun sa ya dace da tsarin wasan da ke buƙatar mai tsaron baya mai iya riƙe ƙwallo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Steven Fortes profile |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/steven-fortes/profil/spieler/276895 |access-date=3 July 2026 |website=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Manazarta == dm5syo2x2lxon81alzvjzurbid31kbd 0 160677 875126 2026-07-03T16:24:14Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361192761|Logan Costa]]" 875126 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Logan Evans Costa''' ( an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na kulob din La Liga Villarreal . An haife shi a Faransa, yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Cape Verde.................Costa is a former French youth international, having represented them at [[:en:France_national_under-16_football_team|U16]] and [[:en:France_national_under-17_football_team|U17]] level, before switching to play for Cape Verde in 2022.Costa is a former French youth international, having represented them at [[:en:France_national_under-16_football_team|U16]] and [[:en:France_national_under-17_football_team|U17]] level, before switching to play for Cape Verde in 2022.Costa is a former French youth international, having represented them at [[:en:France_national_under-16_football_team|U16]] and [[:en:France_national_under-17_football_team|U17]] level, before switching to play for Cape Verde in 2022. Costa tsohon matasan Faransa ne na kasa da kasa, bayan ya wakilce su a matakin U16 da U17, kafin ya sauya ya buga wa Cape Verde wasa a 2022. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Costa a Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, <ref name=":1"></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Valente |first=Toni |date=4 July 2021 |title=Mercato : Logan Costa ne prolongera pas avec le Stade de Reims |url=https://madeinfoot.ouest-france.fr/infos/article-mercato-logan-costa-ne-prolongera-pas-avec-le-stade-de-reims-348199.html |website=MadeinFoot |publisher=[[Ouest-France]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFValente2021">Valente, Toni (4 July 2021). </cite></ref> ga dangin [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verdean]]. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-05 |title=Stade de Reims, Logan Costa refuse de prolonger |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id272529/article/2021-07-05/football-ligue-1-stade-de-reims-logan-costa-refuse-de-prolonger |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr |quote=Pour le défenseur axial franco-cap-verdien, international U20, qui vient de changer d'agent, le club rémois ne lui offre plus les garanties}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://abonne.lunion.fr/id272529/article/2021-07-05/football-ligue-1-stade-de-reims-logan-costa-refuse-de-prolonger "Stade de Reims, Logan Costa refuse de prolonger"]. </cite></ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Cinq choses à savoir sur Logan Costa, le nouveau défenseur toulousain |url=https://www.lesviolets.com/actu/cinq-choses-a-savoir-sur-logan-costa-le-nouveau-defenseur-toulousain,59104.html |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=LesViolets.com |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lesviolets.com/actu/cinq-choses-a-savoir-sur-logan-costa-le-nouveau-defenseur-toulousain,59104.html "Cinq choses à savoir sur Logan Costa, le nouveau défenseur toulousain"]. </cite></ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == Bayan ya fara buga kwallon kafa a Argenteuil, Val-d'Oise, Costa ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Reims a shekarar 2016 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Musset |first=Hervé |date=2020-01-24 |title=Football (National 2) : Logan Costa, ce jeune discret du Stade de Reims qui s'ouvre |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id126055/article/2020-01-24/football-national-2-logan-costa-ce-jeune-discret-du-stade-de-reims-qui-souvre |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr |quote=d'abord passé par Argenteuil avant de poursuivre sa formation au Stade de Reims depuis 2016, avait trop envie de jouer.}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMusset2020">Musset, Hervé (24 January 2020). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-28 |title=Logan costa du RFC Argenteuil signe au Stade de Reims… |url=https://www.panamefoot.fr/logan-costa-du-rfc-argenteuil-signe-au-stade-de-reims/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218170817/https://www.panamefoot.fr/logan-costa-du-rfc-argenteuil-signe-au-stade-de-reims/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=Panamefoot |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A player in Reims's Championnat National 2 reserve starting in the 2018–19 season, Costa captained the side during the following campaign.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Cinq choses à savoir sur Logan Costa, le nouveau défenseur toulousain |url=https://www.lesviolets.com/actu/cinq-choses-a-savoir-sur-logan-costa-le-nouveau-defenseur-toulousain,59104.html |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=LesViolets.com |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lesviolets.com/actu/cinq-choses-a-savoir-sur-logan-costa-le-nouveau-defenseur-toulousain,59104.html "Cinq choses à savoir sur Logan Costa, le nouveau défenseur toulousain"]. </cite></ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Musset |first=Hervé |date=2020-01-24 |title=Football (National 2) : Logan Costa, ce jeune discret du Stade de Reims qui s'ouvre |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id126055/article/2020-01-24/football-national-2-logan-costa-ce-jeune-discret-du-stade-de-reims-qui-souvre |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr |quote=d'abord passé par Argenteuil avant de poursuivre sa formation au Stade de Reims depuis 2016, avait trop envie de jouer.}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMusset2020">Musset, Hervé (24 January 2020). </cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sabrié |first=Clémentine |date=2020-07-11 |title=Le défenseur central Logan Costa prêté au Mans FC par le Stade de Reims |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/sports/football/le-defenseur-central-logan-costa-prete-au-mans-fc-par-le-stade-de-reims-1594464038 |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[France Bleu]] |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSabrié2020">Sabrié, Clémentine (11 July 2020). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=Logan Costa prêté au Mans (National) |url=https://www.stade-de-reims.com/logan-costa-prete-au-mans-national/ |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[Stade de Reims]]}}</ref> With a few first-team appearances in [[Ligue 1]] games,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-07 |title=Le Stade de Reims avec Sissoko et Costa face à Saint-Étienne |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id114678/article/2019-12-07/football-ligue-1-le-stade-de-reims-avec-sissoko-et-costa-face-saint-etienne |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr}}</ref> he was loaned to Championnat National side Le Mans for the 2020–21 season.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Transferts : Logan Costa (Reims) vers Toulouse |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521162132/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Équipe]] |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061 "Transferts : Logan Costa (Reims) vers Toulouse"]. </cite></ref><ref name=":5" /> Tare da Le Mans da aka sake shi daga Ligue 2, ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa masu ban sha'awa a cikin tawagar, kuma ya bayyana gasar zakarun kasa, yana farawa da buga dukkan wasanni 26, yayin da kulob din kawai ya rasa wasannin gabatarwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Transferts : Logan Costa (Reims) vers Toulouse |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521162132/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Équipe]] |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061 "Transferts : Logan Costa (Reims) vers Toulouse"]. </cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Valente |first=Toni |date=4 July 2021 |title=Mercato : Logan Costa ne prolongera pas avec le Stade de Reims |url=https://madeinfoot.ouest-france.fr/infos/article-mercato-logan-costa-ne-prolongera-pas-avec-le-stade-de-reims-348199.html |website=MadeinFoot |publisher=[[Ouest-France]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFValente2021">Valente, Toni (4 July 2021). </cite></ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-05 |title=Stade de Reims, Logan Costa refuse de prolonger |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id272529/article/2021-07-05/football-ligue-1-stade-de-reims-logan-costa-refuse-de-prolonger |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr |quote=Pour le défenseur axial franco-cap-verdien, international U20, qui vient de changer d'agent, le club rémois ne lui offre plus les garanties}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://abonne.lunion.fr/id272529/article/2021-07-05/football-ligue-1-stade-de-reims-logan-costa-refuse-de-prolonger "Stade de Reims, Logan Costa refuse de prolonger"]. </cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ptak |first=Guillaume |date=20 August 2021 |title=Football Ligue 2 : le défenseur du Stade de Reims Logan Costa s'engage avec le Toulouse Football Club |url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie/haute-garonne/toulouse/football-ligue-2-le-defenseur-du-stade-de-reims-logan-costa-s-engage-avec-le-toulouse-football-club-2219971.html |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[France 3]] |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPtak2021">Ptak, Guillaume (20 August 2021). </cite></ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-18 |title=Logan Costa (Stade de Reims) se rapproche de Toulouse |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id285031/article/2021-08-18/football-ligue-1-logan-costa-stade-de-reims-se-rapproche-de-toulouse |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://abonne.lunion.fr/id285031/article/2021-08-18/football-ligue-1-logan-costa-stade-de-reims-se-rapproche-de-toulouse "Logan Costa (Stade de Reims) se rapproche de Toulouse"]. </cite></ref> Bayan wannan alkawarin aro, Reims ta ba Costa karin kwangila, amma ta zaɓi neman wani wuri don neman karin lokacin wasan.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Valente |first=Toni |date=4 July 2021 |title=Mercato : Logan Costa ne prolongera pas avec le Stade de Reims |url=https://madeinfoot.ouest-france.fr/infos/article-mercato-logan-costa-ne-prolongera-pas-avec-le-stade-de-reims-348199.html |website=MadeinFoot |publisher=[[Ouest-France]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-05 |title=Stade de Reims, Logan Costa refuse de prolonger |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id272529/article/2021-07-05/football-ligue-1-stade-de-reims-logan-costa-refuse-de-prolonger |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr |quote=Pour le défenseur axial franco-cap-verdien, international U20, qui vient de changer d'agent, le club rémois ne lui offre plus les garanties}}</ref> Tare da shekara guda da ya rage a kwangilarsa, kungiyoyi da yawa daga Faransa, Italiya da Jamus suna da sha'awar sanya hannu a kansa.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="213" href="./Toulouse_FC" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Toulouse FC">Toulouse<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2021-12-18&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;website&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot</nowiki>;<nowiki>[[L'Équipe]]</nowiki><nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;language<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;fr<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;archive-date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;21 May 2023<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;archive-url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20230521162132/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url-status&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;live&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAmY\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt14\" class=\"citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source\" id=\"mwAmc\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061\" id=\"mwAmg\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Transferts<span id=\"mwAmk\" typeof=\"mw:DisplaySpace\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>: Logan Costa (Reims) vers Toulouse\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Logan_Costa#cite_note-:1-2 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-18 |title=Logan Costa (Stade de Reims) se rapproche de Toulouse |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id285031/article/2021-08-18/football-ligue-1-logan-costa-stade-de-reims-se-rapproche-de-toulouse |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://abonne.lunion.fr/id285031/article/2021-08-18/football-ligue-1-logan-costa-stade-de-reims-se-rapproche-de-toulouse "Logan Costa (Stade de Reims) se rapproche de Toulouse"]. </cite></ref> Daga bisani aka sauya shi zuwa Toulouse a watan Agustan 2021.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ptak |first=Guillaume |date=20 August 2021 |title=Football Ligue 2 : le défenseur du Stade de Reims Logan Costa s'engage avec le Toulouse Football Club |url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie/haute-garonne/toulouse/football-ligue-2-le-defenseur-du-stade-de-reims-logan-costa-s-engage-avec-le-toulouse-football-club-2219971.html |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[France 3]] |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPtak2021">Ptak, Guillaume (20 August 2021). </cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Verger |first=Adrien |date=20 August 2021 |title=TFC : Logan Costa est officiellement un joueur toulousain |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/08/20/tfc-logan-costa-est-officiellement-un-joueur-toulousain-9742173.php |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[La Dépêche du Midi|La Dépêche]] |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVerger2021">Verger, Adrien (20 August 2021). </cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Le défenseur Logan Costa s'engage avec le TéFéCé ! |url=https://www.toulousefc.com/fr/le-defenseur-logan-costa-sengage-avec-le-tefece |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[Toulouse FC]] |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.toulousefc.com/fr/le-defenseur-logan-costa-sengage-avec-le-tefece "Le défenseur Logan Costa s'engage avec le TéFéCé !"] </cite></ref> Costa ya fara bugawa Toulouse wasa a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2021, yana farawa da wasa a kowane minti na nasarar da aka yi a kan Libourne a gasar Coupe de France, inda ya taimaka wa tawagarsa ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai tsabta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=Coupe de France - 7e tour : découvrez le 11 de départ du TFC pour le match à Libourne (5e division) |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/11/13/coupe-de-france-7e-tour-decouvrez-le-11-de-depart-du-tfc-pour-le-match-a-libourne-5e-division-9925543.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218142023/https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/11/13/coupe-de-france-7e-tour-decouvrez-le-11-de-depart-du-tfc-pour-le-match-a-libourne-5e-division-9925543.php |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[La Dépêche du Midi|La Dépêche]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Assemat |first=Anthony |date=20 November 2021 |title=Toulouse. Choc au sommet, record de spectateurs... Tous au Stadium pour TFC-Sochaux ! |url=https://actu.fr/occitanie/toulouse_31555/toulouse-choc-au-sommet-record-de-spectateurs-tous-au-stadium-pour-tfc-sochaux_46448050.html |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[actu.fr]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Polizzi |first=Cédric |date=14 November 2021 |title=Libourne FC 0-0 (1 tab à 3) TFC : La masterclass de Pettersson, j'y étais pour vous |url=https://www.lesviolets.com/actu/libourne-fc-0-0-1-tab-a-3-tfc-la-masterclass-de-pettersson-j-y-etais-pour-vous,60048.html |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=LesViolets.com |language=fr}}</ref> Fara kakar a bayan Rasmus Nicolaisen, Bafodé Diakité da Anthony Rouault, tare da ƙungiyar da ke da niyyar ingantawa, Costa ta fara fitowa ne kawai a benci a Ligue 2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2021 |title=FC Libourne - TFC : Isak Pettersson, Logan Costa, Steve Mvoue, Mamady Bangré, quatre joueurs à relancer |url=https://www.lesviolets.com/actu/fc-libourne-tfc-isak-pettersson-logan-costa-steve-mvoue-mamady-bangre-quatre-joueurs-a-relancer,60005.html |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=LesViolets.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desprez |first=Patrick |date=20 September 2021 |title=TFC, pourquoi ça marche ? Ado, Genreau, les recrues, quel cru ! |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/09/20/dossier-tfc-pourquoi-ca-marche-ado-genreau-les-recrues-quel-cru-9801346.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219235602/https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/09/20/dossier-tfc-pourquoi-ca-marche-ado-genreau-les-recrues-quel-cru-9801346.php |archive-date=19 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[La Dépêche du Midi|La Dépêche]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2021 |title=Ligue 2 - 17e journée : voici les 18 Toulousains retenus par Philippe Montanier pour le déplacement à Niort ce lundi soir |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/12/05/ligue-2-17e-journee-voici-les-18-toulousains-retenus-par-philippe-montanier-pour-le-deplacement-a-niort-ce-lundi-soir-9973216.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219235605/https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/12/05/ligue-2-17e-journee-voici-les-18-toulousains-retenus-par-philippe-montanier-pour-le-deplacement-a-niort-ce-lundi-soir-9973216.php |archive-date=19 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[La Dépêche du Midi|La Dépêche]] |language=fr}}</ref> Koyaya, ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai farawa na yau da kullun a gasar cin Kofin Faransa, har ma ya zira kwallaye na farko a kan Trélissac.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cassé |first=Josué |date=28 November 2021 |title=CdF : Toulouse vient à bout de Trélissac et se qualifie pour les 32e |url=https://www.footmercato.net/a5651078808250114002-cdf-toulouse-vient-a-bout-de-trelissac-et-se-qualifie-pour-les-32e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219235613/https://www.footmercato.net/a5651078808250114002-cdf-toulouse-vient-a-bout-de-trelissac-et-se-qualifie-pour-les-32e |archive-date=19 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-19 |website={{ill|Foot Mercato|fr}} |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Faham |first=Bryan |date=2021-11-28 |title=Coupe de France. Qualification dans les dernières minutes pour le TFC |url=https://www.lejournaltoulousain.fr/sport/coupe-de-france-qualification-derniere-minutes-pour-le-tfc-137285/ |access-date=2021-12-19 |website={{ill|Le Journal toulousain|fr}} |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Agustan 2024, Costa ya shiga [[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] La Liga Villarreal kan yarjejeniyar shekaru shida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2024 |title=Villarreal CF sign Logan Costa |url=https://villarrealcf.es/en/villarreal-cf-sign-logan-costa/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |publisher=[[Villarreal CF]]}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin a gasar da ya ci [[RC Celta de Vigo|Celta Vigo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2024 |title=Villarreal 4–3 Celta Vigo (Aug 26, 2024) Final Score |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/704688/celta-vigo-villarreal |access-date=15 September 2024 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Villarreal a nasarar 2-1 a kan Mallorca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brennan |first=Feargal |date=15 September 2024 |title=La Liga Round Up: Villarreal go third as Sevilla seal first win of 2024/25 |url=https://www.football-espana.net/2024/09/15/la-liga-round-up-villarreal-third-sevilla-seal-win |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=Football España}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Costa ya kasance matashi na kasa da kasa na Faransa, yana wasa tare da kungiyoyin 'yan kasa da shekara 17 da 17 . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sabrié |first=Clémentine |date=2020-07-11 |title=Le défenseur central Logan Costa prêté au Mans FC par le Stade de Reims |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/sports/football/le-defenseur-central-logan-costa-prete-au-mans-fc-par-le-stade-de-reims-1594464038 |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[France Bleu]] |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-18 |title=Logan Costa (Stade de Reims) se rapproche de Toulouse |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id285031/article/2021-08-18/football-ligue-1-logan-costa-stade-de-reims-se-rapproche-de-toulouse |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Verger |first=Adrien |date=20 August 2021 |title=TFC : Logan Costa est officiellement un joueur toulousain |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/08/20/tfc-logan-costa-est-officiellement-un-joueur-toulousain-9742173.php |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[La Dépêche du Midi|La Dépêche]] |language=fr}}</ref> An kuma zaba shi don <nowiki>''</nowiki>yan kasa da shekaru 20 da na kasa da shekaru 20, ba tare da buga kowane wasa na hukuma ba a lokacin da aka soke mafi yawansu saboda annobar COVID-19. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Cinq choses à savoir sur Logan Costa, le nouveau défenseur toulousain |url=https://www.lesviolets.com/actu/cinq-choses-a-savoir-sur-logan-costa-le-nouveau-defenseur-toulousain,59104.html |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=LesViolets.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Musset |first=Hervé |date=2020-01-24 |title=Football (National 2) : Logan Costa, ce jeune discret du Stade de Reims qui s'ouvre |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id126055/article/2020-01-24/football-national-2-logan-costa-ce-jeune-discret-du-stade-de-reims-qui-souvre |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr |quote=d'abord passé par Argenteuil avant de poursuivre sa formation au Stade de Reims depuis 2016, avait trop envie de jouer.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ptak |first=Guillaume |date=20 August 2021 |title=Football Ligue 2 : le défenseur du Stade de Reims Logan Costa s'engage avec le Toulouse Football Club |url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie/haute-garonne/toulouse/football-ligue-2-le-defenseur-du-stade-de-reims-logan-costa-s-engage-avec-le-toulouse-football-club-2219971.html |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[France 3]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Le défenseur Logan Costa s'engage avec le TéFéCé ! |url=https://www.toulousefc.com/fr/le-defenseur-logan-costa-sengage-avec-le-tefece |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[Toulouse FC]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, ya karbi kiransa na farko na kasa da kasa don tawagar kasar Cape Verde.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2022 |title=Seleção Nacional AA: Os convocados para os três jogos amigáveis em Março |url=https://fcf.cv/selecao-nacional-aa-os-convocados-para-os-tres-jogos-amigaveis-em-marco/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528163508/https://fcf.cv/selecao-nacional-aa-os-convocados-para-os-tres-jogos-amigaveis-em-marco/ |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=17 March 2022 |publisher=[[Cape Verdean Football Federation]] |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2022 |title=Cabo Verde divulga lista extensa de convocados. Bebé é estreia |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/desporto/1955308/cabo-verde-divulga-lista-extensa-de-convocados-bebe-e-estreia |publisher=Notícias ao Minuto |language=pt}}</ref> Ya fara wasa da Cape Verde a wasan sada zumunci 2-0 a kan Guadeloupe . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Live events Guadalupe vs Cape Verde – International Friendly 2022 |url=https://www.besoccer.com/match/seleccion-guadalupe/cabo-verde/2022433474/events |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528132654/https://www.besoccer.com/match/seleccion-guadalupe/cabo-verde/2022433474/events |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=besoccer.com}}</ref> Daga baya aka sanya masa suna a cikin tawagar Cape Verde don gasar cin [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2023]], inda ya taka leda a dukkan wasanninsu biyar kafin a kawar da su a wasan kusa da na karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2023 |title=Cape Verde announce 26-man squad for AFCON 2023 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-12-world-football-cape-verde-squad-afcon |publisher=Khel Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2024 |title=South Africa 0–0 Cape Verde (Feb 3, 2024) Final Score |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/698137/south-africa-cape-verde-islands |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2026, babban kocin Cape Verde [[Bubista]] ya kira shi don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026. == Rikici == A ranar 14 ga Mayu 2023, Costa ya ruwaito ya ki shiga cikin wasan Ligue 1 da Nantes saboda wasan yana cikin wani bangare na yakin neman zabe na gaba daya da yaƙi da homophobia, tare da 'yan wasan da ke sanye da riguna tare da kayan ado na bakan gizo. Koyaya, daga baya ya musanta zargin cewa ya ki yin wasa a wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Toulouse FC's Players, Including Morocco's Aboukhlal, Refuse LGBTQ+ Jerseys |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/05/355445/toulouse-fcs-players-including-moroccos-aboukhlal-refuse-lgbtq-jerseys |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514191031/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/05/355445/toulouse-fcs-players-including-moroccos-aboukhlal-refuse-lgbtq-jerseys |archive-date=14 May 2023 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=www.moroccoworldnews.com |language=en}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 24 May 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|id=517591|name=Logan Costa|access-date=30 April 2023 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Reims B |2018–19 |Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa ta 2 |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- |2019–20 |Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa ta 2 |19 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !25 !2 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !25 !2 |- |Le Mans (rashin aro) |2020–21 |Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa |26 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |26 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Toulouse B |2021–22 |Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa ta 3 |10 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |10 |0 |- |2022–23 |Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa ta 3 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !11 !1 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !11 !1 |- | rowspan="5" |Toulouse |2021–22 |Ligue 2 |3 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7 |1 |- |2022–23 |[[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] |6 |0 |6 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |2 |- |2023–24 |Lig 1 |31 |1 |0 |0 |7{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 |0 |0 |38 |1 |- |2024–25 |Lig 1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !41 !1 !10 !3 !7 !0 !0 !0 !58 !4 |- | rowspan="3" |Vlarreal |2024–25 |[[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] |32 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |34 |2 |- |2025–26 |Ƙungiyar |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !34 !2 !2 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !36 !2 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !137 !6 !12 !3 !7 !0 !0 !0 !156 !9 |} {{Updated|match played 10 October 2024}}<ref>{{NFT player|86830}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Cape Verde |2022 |4 |0 |- |2023 |5 |0 |- |2024 |13 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !22 !0 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8c370mbqytvio14lwo8r5ntfq9vbk3u 875135 875126 2026-07-03T16:28:38Z Saad Nuhu 43323 875135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Logan Evans Costa''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na kulob din La Liga Villarreal . An haife shi a Faransa, yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Cape Verde Costa tsohon matasan Faransa ne na kasa da kasa, bayan ya wakilce su a matakin U16 da U17, kafin ya sauya ya buga wa Cape Verde wasa a 2022. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Costa a Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, <ref name=":1"></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Valente |first=Toni |date=4 July 2021 |title=Mercato : Logan Costa ne prolongera pas avec le Stade de Reims |url=https://madeinfoot.ouest-france.fr/infos/article-mercato-logan-costa-ne-prolongera-pas-avec-le-stade-de-reims-348199.html |website=MadeinFoot |publisher=[[Ouest-France]]}}</ref> ga dangin [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verdean]]. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-05 |title=Stade de Reims, Logan Costa refuse de prolonger |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id272529/article/2021-07-05/football-ligue-1-stade-de-reims-logan-costa-refuse-de-prolonger |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr |quote=Pour le défenseur axial franco-cap-verdien, international U20, qui vient de changer d'agent, le club rémois ne lui offre plus les garanties}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Cinq choses à savoir sur Logan Costa, le nouveau défenseur toulousain |url=https://www.lesviolets.com/actu/cinq-choses-a-savoir-sur-logan-costa-le-nouveau-defenseur-toulousain,59104.html |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=LesViolets.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == Bayan ya fara buga kwallon kafa a Argenteuil, Val-d'Oise, Costa ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Reims a shekarar 2016 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Musset |first=Hervé |date=2020-01-24 |title=Football (National 2) : Logan Costa, ce jeune discret du Stade de Reims qui s'ouvre |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id126055/article/2020-01-24/football-national-2-logan-costa-ce-jeune-discret-du-stade-de-reims-qui-souvre |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr |quote=d'abord passé par Argenteuil avant de poursuivre sa formation au Stade de Reims depuis 2016, avait trop envie de jouer.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-28 |title=Logan costa du RFC Argenteuil signe au Stade de Reims… |url=https://www.panamefoot.fr/logan-costa-du-rfc-argenteuil-signe-au-stade-de-reims/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218170817/https://www.panamefoot.fr/logan-costa-du-rfc-argenteuil-signe-au-stade-de-reims/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=Panamefoot |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A player in Reims's Championnat National 2 reserve starting in the 2018–19 season, Costa captained the side during the following campaign.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Cinq choses à savoir sur Logan Costa, le nouveau défenseur toulousain |url=https://www.lesviolets.com/actu/cinq-choses-a-savoir-sur-logan-costa-le-nouveau-defenseur-toulousain,59104.html |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=LesViolets.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Musset |first=Hervé |date=2020-01-24 |title=Football (National 2) : Logan Costa, ce jeune discret du Stade de Reims qui s'ouvre |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id126055/article/2020-01-24/football-national-2-logan-costa-ce-jeune-discret-du-stade-de-reims-qui-souvre |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr |quote=d'abord passé par Argenteuil avant de poursuivre sa formation au Stade de Reims depuis 2016, avait trop envie de jouer.}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sabrié |first=Clémentine |date=2020-07-11 |title=Le défenseur central Logan Costa prêté au Mans FC par le Stade de Reims |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/sports/football/le-defenseur-central-logan-costa-prete-au-mans-fc-par-le-stade-de-reims-1594464038 |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[France Bleu]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=Logan Costa prêté au Mans (National) |url=https://www.stade-de-reims.com/logan-costa-prete-au-mans-national/ |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[Stade de Reims]]}}</ref> With a few first-team appearances in [[Ligue 1]] games,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-07 |title=Le Stade de Reims avec Sissoko et Costa face à Saint-Étienne |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id114678/article/2019-12-07/football-ligue-1-le-stade-de-reims-avec-sissoko-et-costa-face-saint-etienne |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr}}</ref> he was loaned to Championnat National side Le Mans for the 2020–21 season.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Transferts : Logan Costa (Reims) vers Toulouse |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521162132/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Équipe]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Tare da Le Mans da aka sake shi daga Ligue 2, ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa masu ban sha'awa a cikin tawagar, kuma ya bayyana gasar zakarun kasa, yana farawa da buga dukkan wasanni 26, yayin da kulob din kawai ya rasa wasannin gabatarwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Transferts : Logan Costa (Reims) vers Toulouse |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521162132/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Équipe]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Valente |first=Toni |date=4 July 2021 |title=Mercato : Logan Costa ne prolongera pas avec le Stade de Reims |url=https://madeinfoot.ouest-france.fr/infos/article-mercato-logan-costa-ne-prolongera-pas-avec-le-stade-de-reims-348199.html |website=MadeinFoot |publisher=[[Ouest-France]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-05 |title=Stade de Reims, Logan Costa refuse de prolonger |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id272529/article/2021-07-05/football-ligue-1-stade-de-reims-logan-costa-refuse-de-prolonger |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr |quote=Pour le défenseur axial franco-cap-verdien, international U20, qui vient de changer d'agent, le club rémois ne lui offre plus les garanties}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ptak |first=Guillaume |date=20 August 2021 |title=Football Ligue 2 : le défenseur du Stade de Reims Logan Costa s'engage avec le Toulouse Football Club |url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie/haute-garonne/toulouse/football-ligue-2-le-defenseur-du-stade-de-reims-logan-costa-s-engage-avec-le-toulouse-football-club-2219971.html |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[France 3]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-18 |title=Logan Costa (Stade de Reims) se rapproche de Toulouse |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id285031/article/2021-08-18/football-ligue-1-logan-costa-stade-de-reims-se-rapproche-de-toulouse |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan wannan alkawarin aro, Reims ta ba Costa karin kwangila, amma ta zaɓi neman wani wuri don neman karin lokacin wasan.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Valente |first=Toni |date=4 July 2021 |title=Mercato : Logan Costa ne prolongera pas avec le Stade de Reims |url=https://madeinfoot.ouest-france.fr/infos/article-mercato-logan-costa-ne-prolongera-pas-avec-le-stade-de-reims-348199.html |website=MadeinFoot |publisher=[[Ouest-France]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-05 |title=Stade de Reims, Logan Costa refuse de prolonger |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id272529/article/2021-07-05/football-ligue-1-stade-de-reims-logan-costa-refuse-de-prolonger |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr |quote=Pour le défenseur axial franco-cap-verdien, international U20, qui vient de changer d'agent, le club rémois ne lui offre plus les garanties}}</ref> Tare da shekara guda da ya rage a kwangilarsa, kungiyoyi da yawa daga Faransa, Italiya da Jamus suna da sha'awar sanya hannu a kansa.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="213" href="./Toulouse_FC" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Toulouse FC">Toulouse<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2021-12-18&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;website&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot</nowiki>;<nowiki>[[L'Équipe]]</nowiki><nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;language<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;fr<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;archive-date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;21 May 2023<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;archive-url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20230521162132/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url-status&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;live&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}</nowiki>]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAmY\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt14\" class=\"citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source\" id=\"mwAmc\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-logan-costa-reims-vers-toulouse/1279061\" id=\"mwAmg\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Transferts<span id=\"mwAmk\" typeof=\"mw:DisplaySpace\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>: Logan Costa (Reims) vers Toulouse\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Logan_Costa#cite_note-:1-2 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-18 |title=Logan Costa (Stade de Reims) se rapproche de Toulouse |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id285031/article/2021-08-18/football-ligue-1-logan-costa-stade-de-reims-se-rapproche-de-toulouse |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr}}</ref> Daga bisani aka sauya shi zuwa Toulouse a watan Agustan 2021.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ptak |first=Guillaume |date=20 August 2021 |title=Football Ligue 2 : le défenseur du Stade de Reims Logan Costa s'engage avec le Toulouse Football Club |url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie/haute-garonne/toulouse/football-ligue-2-le-defenseur-du-stade-de-reims-logan-costa-s-engage-avec-le-toulouse-football-club-2219971.html |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[France 3]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Verger |first=Adrien |date=20 August 2021 |title=TFC : Logan Costa est officiellement un joueur toulousain |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/08/20/tfc-logan-costa-est-officiellement-un-joueur-toulousain-9742173.php |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[La Dépêche du Midi|La Dépêche]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Le défenseur Logan Costa s'engage avec le TéFéCé ! |url=https://www.toulousefc.com/fr/le-defenseur-logan-costa-sengage-avec-le-tefece |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[Toulouse FC]] |language=fr}}</ref> Costa ya fara bugawa Toulouse wasa a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2021, yana farawa da wasa a kowane minti na nasarar da aka yi a kan Libourne a gasar Coupe de France, inda ya taimaka wa tawagarsa ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai tsabta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=Coupe de France - 7e tour : découvrez le 11 de départ du TFC pour le match à Libourne (5e division) |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/11/13/coupe-de-france-7e-tour-decouvrez-le-11-de-depart-du-tfc-pour-le-match-a-libourne-5e-division-9925543.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218142023/https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/11/13/coupe-de-france-7e-tour-decouvrez-le-11-de-depart-du-tfc-pour-le-match-a-libourne-5e-division-9925543.php |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[La Dépêche du Midi|La Dépêche]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Assemat |first=Anthony |date=20 November 2021 |title=Toulouse. Choc au sommet, record de spectateurs... Tous au Stadium pour TFC-Sochaux ! |url=https://actu.fr/occitanie/toulouse_31555/toulouse-choc-au-sommet-record-de-spectateurs-tous-au-stadium-pour-tfc-sochaux_46448050.html |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[actu.fr]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Polizzi |first=Cédric |date=14 November 2021 |title=Libourne FC 0-0 (1 tab à 3) TFC : La masterclass de Pettersson, j'y étais pour vous |url=https://www.lesviolets.com/actu/libourne-fc-0-0-1-tab-a-3-tfc-la-masterclass-de-pettersson-j-y-etais-pour-vous,60048.html |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=LesViolets.com |language=fr}}</ref> Fara kakar a bayan Rasmus Nicolaisen, Bafodé Diakité da Anthony Rouault, tare da ƙungiyar da ke da niyyar ingantawa, Costa ta fara fitowa ne kawai a benci a Ligue 2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2021 |title=FC Libourne - TFC : Isak Pettersson, Logan Costa, Steve Mvoue, Mamady Bangré, quatre joueurs à relancer |url=https://www.lesviolets.com/actu/fc-libourne-tfc-isak-pettersson-logan-costa-steve-mvoue-mamady-bangre-quatre-joueurs-a-relancer,60005.html |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=LesViolets.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desprez |first=Patrick |date=20 September 2021 |title=TFC, pourquoi ça marche ? Ado, Genreau, les recrues, quel cru ! |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/09/20/dossier-tfc-pourquoi-ca-marche-ado-genreau-les-recrues-quel-cru-9801346.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219235602/https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/09/20/dossier-tfc-pourquoi-ca-marche-ado-genreau-les-recrues-quel-cru-9801346.php |archive-date=19 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[La Dépêche du Midi|La Dépêche]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2021 |title=Ligue 2 - 17e journée : voici les 18 Toulousains retenus par Philippe Montanier pour le déplacement à Niort ce lundi soir |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/12/05/ligue-2-17e-journee-voici-les-18-toulousains-retenus-par-philippe-montanier-pour-le-deplacement-a-niort-ce-lundi-soir-9973216.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219235605/https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/12/05/ligue-2-17e-journee-voici-les-18-toulousains-retenus-par-philippe-montanier-pour-le-deplacement-a-niort-ce-lundi-soir-9973216.php |archive-date=19 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[La Dépêche du Midi|La Dépêche]] |language=fr}}</ref> Koyaya, ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai farawa na yau da kullun a gasar cin Kofin Faransa, har ma ya zira kwallaye na farko a kan Trélissac.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cassé |first=Josué |date=28 November 2021 |title=CdF : Toulouse vient à bout de Trélissac et se qualifie pour les 32e |url=https://www.footmercato.net/a5651078808250114002-cdf-toulouse-vient-a-bout-de-trelissac-et-se-qualifie-pour-les-32e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219235613/https://www.footmercato.net/a5651078808250114002-cdf-toulouse-vient-a-bout-de-trelissac-et-se-qualifie-pour-les-32e |archive-date=19 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-19 |website={{ill|Foot Mercato|fr}} |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Faham |first=Bryan |date=2021-11-28 |title=Coupe de France. Qualification dans les dernières minutes pour le TFC |url=https://www.lejournaltoulousain.fr/sport/coupe-de-france-qualification-derniere-minutes-pour-le-tfc-137285/ |access-date=2021-12-19 |website={{ill|Le Journal toulousain|fr}} |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Agustan 2024, Costa ya shiga [[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] La Liga Villarreal kan yarjejeniyar shekaru shida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2024 |title=Villarreal CF sign Logan Costa |url=https://villarrealcf.es/en/villarreal-cf-sign-logan-costa/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |publisher=[[Villarreal CF]]}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin a gasar da ya ci [[RC Celta de Vigo|Celta Vigo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2024 |title=Villarreal 4–3 Celta Vigo (Aug 26, 2024) Final Score |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/704688/celta-vigo-villarreal |access-date=15 September 2024 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Villarreal a nasarar 2-1 a kan Mallorca.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brennan |first=Feargal |date=15 September 2024 |title=La Liga Round Up: Villarreal go third as Sevilla seal first win of 2024/25 |url=https://www.football-espana.net/2024/09/15/la-liga-round-up-villarreal-third-sevilla-seal-win |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=Football España}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Costa ya kasance matashi na kasa da kasa na Faransa, yana wasa tare da kungiyoyin 'yan kasa da shekara 17 da 17 . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sabrié |first=Clémentine |date=2020-07-11 |title=Le défenseur central Logan Costa prêté au Mans FC par le Stade de Reims |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/sports/football/le-defenseur-central-logan-costa-prete-au-mans-fc-par-le-stade-de-reims-1594464038 |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[France Bleu]] |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-18 |title=Logan Costa (Stade de Reims) se rapproche de Toulouse |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id285031/article/2021-08-18/football-ligue-1-logan-costa-stade-de-reims-se-rapproche-de-toulouse |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Verger |first=Adrien |date=20 August 2021 |title=TFC : Logan Costa est officiellement un joueur toulousain |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/08/20/tfc-logan-costa-est-officiellement-un-joueur-toulousain-9742173.php |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[La Dépêche du Midi|La Dépêche]] |language=fr}}</ref> An kuma zaba shi don <nowiki>''</nowiki>yan kasa da shekaru 20 da na kasa da shekaru 20, ba tare da buga kowane wasa na hukuma ba a lokacin da aka soke mafi yawansu saboda annobar COVID-19. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Cinq choses à savoir sur Logan Costa, le nouveau défenseur toulousain |url=https://www.lesviolets.com/actu/cinq-choses-a-savoir-sur-logan-costa-le-nouveau-defenseur-toulousain,59104.html |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=LesViolets.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Musset |first=Hervé |date=2020-01-24 |title=Football (National 2) : Logan Costa, ce jeune discret du Stade de Reims qui s'ouvre |url=https://abonne.lunion.fr/id126055/article/2020-01-24/football-national-2-logan-costa-ce-jeune-discret-du-stade-de-reims-qui-souvre |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=[[L'Union (French newspaper)|L'Union]] |language=fr |quote=d'abord passé par Argenteuil avant de poursuivre sa formation au Stade de Reims depuis 2016, avait trop envie de jouer.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ptak |first=Guillaume |date=20 August 2021 |title=Football Ligue 2 : le défenseur du Stade de Reims Logan Costa s'engage avec le Toulouse Football Club |url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie/haute-garonne/toulouse/football-ligue-2-le-defenseur-du-stade-de-reims-logan-costa-s-engage-avec-le-toulouse-football-club-2219971.html |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[France 3]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2021 |title=Le défenseur Logan Costa s'engage avec le TéFéCé ! |url=https://www.toulousefc.com/fr/le-defenseur-logan-costa-sengage-avec-le-tefece |access-date=2021-12-19 |publisher=[[Toulouse FC]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, ya karbi kiransa na farko na kasa da kasa don tawagar kasar Cape Verde.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2022 |title=Seleção Nacional AA: Os convocados para os três jogos amigáveis em Março |url=https://fcf.cv/selecao-nacional-aa-os-convocados-para-os-tres-jogos-amigaveis-em-marco/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528163508/https://fcf.cv/selecao-nacional-aa-os-convocados-para-os-tres-jogos-amigaveis-em-marco/ |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=17 March 2022 |publisher=[[Cape Verdean Football Federation]] |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2022 |title=Cabo Verde divulga lista extensa de convocados. Bebé é estreia |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/desporto/1955308/cabo-verde-divulga-lista-extensa-de-convocados-bebe-e-estreia |publisher=Notícias ao Minuto |language=pt}}</ref> Ya fara wasa da Cape Verde a wasan sada zumunci 2-0 a kan Guadeloupe . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Live events Guadalupe vs Cape Verde – International Friendly 2022 |url=https://www.besoccer.com/match/seleccion-guadalupe/cabo-verde/2022433474/events |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528132654/https://www.besoccer.com/match/seleccion-guadalupe/cabo-verde/2022433474/events |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=besoccer.com}}</ref> Daga baya aka sanya masa suna a cikin tawagar Cape Verde don gasar cin [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2023]], inda ya taka leda a dukkan wasanninsu biyar kafin a kawar da su a wasan kusa da na karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2023 |title=Cape Verde announce 26-man squad for AFCON 2023 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-12-world-football-cape-verde-squad-afcon |publisher=Khel Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2024 |title=South Africa 0–0 Cape Verde (Feb 3, 2024) Final Score |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/698137/south-africa-cape-verde-islands |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2026, babban kocin Cape Verde [[Bubista]] ya kira shi don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026. == Rikici == A ranar 14 ga Mayu 2023, Costa ya ruwaito ya ki shiga cikin wasan Ligue 1 da Nantes saboda wasan yana cikin wani bangare na yakin neman zabe na gaba daya da yaƙi da homophobia, tare da 'yan wasan da ke sanye da riguna tare da kayan ado na bakan gizo. Koyaya, daga baya ya musanta zargin cewa ya ki yin wasa a wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Toulouse FC's Players, Including Morocco's Aboukhlal, Refuse LGBTQ+ Jerseys |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/05/355445/toulouse-fcs-players-including-moroccos-aboukhlal-refuse-lgbtq-jerseys |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514191031/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/05/355445/toulouse-fcs-players-including-moroccos-aboukhlal-refuse-lgbtq-jerseys |archive-date=14 May 2023 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=www.moroccoworldnews.com |language=en}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 24 May 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|id=517591|name=Logan Costa|access-date=30 April 2023 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin ng25d6r0wlmfm0c1eqnu0b7t2sa9yq0 0 160678 875172 2026-07-03T16:44:37Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Dylan Tavares | image = Fayil:Cap-vert_vs_Ethiopi_(16)_(cropped).jpg#filelinks | fullname = Dylan Tavares dos Santos | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|8|30}} | birth_place = Geneva, Switzerland | position = Mai tsaron baya na hagu | currentclub = Sochaux | clubnumber = 24 | nationalteam1 = Cape Verde | nationalyears1 = 2020– }} '''Dylan Tavares dos Santos''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Agustan 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne mai... 875172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Dylan Tavares | image = Fayil:Cap-vert_vs_Ethiopi_(16)_(cropped).jpg#filelinks | fullname = Dylan Tavares dos Santos | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|8|30}} | birth_place = Geneva, Switzerland | position = Mai tsaron baya na hagu | currentclub = Sochaux | clubnumber = 24 | nationalteam1 = Cape Verde | nationalyears1 = 2020– }} '''Dylan Tavares dos Santos''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Agustan 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne mai wakiltar ƙasar '''Cape Verde''', wanda ke taka leda a matsayin '''mai tsaron baya na hagu'''. An haife shi a birnin Geneva na ƙasar Switzerland, amma yana da asalin Cape Verde, kuma ya zaɓi buga wa tawagar ƙasar Cape Verde wasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Tun bayan fara buga wa ƙasar wasa a shekarar 2020, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan bayan ƙungiyar, musamman a gasar Kofin Nahiyar Afirka (AFCON).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fcsochaux.fr/actualites/communique/dylan-tavares-rejoint-le-fcsm |title=Dylan Tavares rejoint le FCSM |publisher=FC Sochaux-Montbéliard |date=30 June 2025 |access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/310000/dylan-tavares |title=Dylan Tavares Profile |publisher=ESPN |access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Dylan Tavares a Geneva, Switzerland, ga iyaye masu asalin Cape Verde. Ya taso ne a Switzerland inda ya fara koyon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Ya samu horo a makarantun matasa na ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Switzerland, abin da ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙwarewarsa a matsayin mai tsaron baya mai saurin kai hari daga gefen fili.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fcsochaux.fr/actualites/communique/dylan-tavares-rejoint-le-fcsm |title=Dylan Tavares rejoint le FCSM |publisher=FC Sochaux-Montbéliard |date=30 June 2025 |access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Farkon sana'a a Switzerland === Tavares ya fara taka leda a matakin manya tare da Étoile Carouge kafin ya koma Stade Nyonnais. Daga baya ya buga wa Servette U21 da Yverdon Sport kafin ya koma Stade Lausanne Ouchy a shekarar 2018. A Stade Lausanne Ouchy ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa ƙungiyar samun matsayi mai kyau a gasar Challenge League ta Switzerland, lamarin da ya sa ya fara jan hankalin ƙungiyoyi daga ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fcsochaux.fr/actualites/communique/dylan-tavares-rejoint-le-fcsm |title=Dylan Tavares rejoint le FCSM |publisher=FC Sochaux-Montbéliard |date=30 June 2025 |access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref> === Neuchâtel Xamax === A watan Yulin shekarar 2021 ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragi da Neuchâtel Xamax. A wannan ƙungiya ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewarsa a matsayin mai tsaron baya wanda ke iya taimakawa wajen kai hare-hare daga gefen hagu, abin da ya ƙara masa suna a ƙwallon ƙafar Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fcsochaux.fr/actualites/communique/dylan-tavares-rejoint-le-fcsm |title=Dylan Tavares rejoint le FCSM |publisher=FC Sochaux-Montbéliard |date=30 June 2025 |access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref> === Bastia === A shekarar 2022, Dylan Tavares ya koma ƙungiyar Bastia da ke buga gasar Ligue 2 ta Faransa. A cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a ƙungiyar, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan baya na ƙungiyar, inda ya buga wasanni sama da sittin a gasar Ligue 2 tare da taimakawa ƙungiyar wajen samun kwanciyar hankali a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fcsochaux.fr/actualites/communique/dylan-tavares-rejoint-le-fcsm |title=Dylan Tavares rejoint le FCSM |publisher=FC Sochaux-Montbéliard |date=30 June 2025 |access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref> === Sochaux === A ranar 30 ga Yunin 2025, Tavares ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekara biyu da ƙungiyar Sochaux. Shugabannin ƙungiyar sun bayyana cewa sun ɗauke shi ne saboda gogewarsa da kuma ƙwarewarsa wajen taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na hagu. Zuwa shekarar 2026 ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin manyan 'yan wasan ƙungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fcsochaux.fr/actualites/communique/dylan-tavares-rejoint-le-fcsm |title=Dylan Tavares rejoint le FCSM |publisher=FC Sochaux-Montbéliard |date=30 June 2025 |access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Ko da yake an haife shi a Switzerland, Dylan Tavares ya zaɓi wakiltar Cape Verde saboda asalinsa. Ya fara bugawa ƙasar wasa a ranar 7 ga Oktoban 2020 a wasan sada zumunci da Andorra. Daga baya ya kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasan Cape Verde da suka halarci gasar '''Kofin Nahiyar Afirka ta 2021''', inda ƙasar ta kai zagayen 'yan 16 mafi ƙarfi. Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasannin neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/310000/dylan-tavares |title=Dylan Tavares Profile |publisher=ESPN |access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fcsochaux.fr/actualites/communique/dylan-tavares-rejoint-le-fcsm |title=Dylan Tavares rejoint le FCSM |publisher=FC Sochaux-Montbéliard |date=30 June 2025 |access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref> A wasannin neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022, Tavares ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a wasan ƙasa da ƙasa lokacin da Cape Verde ta kara da Najeriya. Duk da cewa ƙungiyarsa ba ta samu tikitin shiga gasar ba, rawar da ya taka ta nuna muhimmancinsa a tawagar ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fcsochaux.fr/actualites/communique/dylan-tavares-rejoint-le-fcsm |title=Dylan Tavares rejoint le FCSM |publisher=FC Sochaux-Montbéliard |date=30 June 2025 |access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Dylan Tavares ya fito daga iyali masu alaƙa da ƙwallon ƙafa. Wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa irin su Gelson Fernandes, Edimilson Fernandes, Ulisses Garcia, Joël Monteiro da Keyan Varela duk sun kasance ko kuma suna ci gaba da taka leda a matakin ƙwararru a Turai, abin da ya sanya danginsu zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun iyalan 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa masu asalin Cape Verde.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fcsochaux.fr/actualites/communique/dylan-tavares-rejoint-le-fcsm |title=Dylan Tavares rejoint le FCSM |publisher=FC Sochaux-Montbéliard |date=30 June 2025 |access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == qbkmeswmyj8q9z9djn5pmvlcsdvw23b 0 160679 875178 2026-07-03T16:48:05Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 875178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Valentin Vasile Badea''' (born 23 October 1982) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a forward. == Aiki == An haifi Badea a Alexandria. *A shekarar 2001, Jiul ya sayi Badea akan Yuro 1,000 daga Rulmentul Alexandria. *Kafin shekarar 2006, lokacin da Badea ya koma Steaua București, ya kuma buga wa Rulmentul Alexandria, Jiul Petroşani da FC Vaslui wasa. *Ioan Sdrobiş ne ya gano shi yayin da yake bugawa Rulmentul Alexandria wasa a rukuni na uku na Romania kuma inda Badea shine babban mai zura kwallaye a kungiyar. Daga nan Sdrobiş ya kawo shi Jiul Petroşani, sannan ya koma FC Vaslui inda yake koci. *A shekarar 2006, Steaua ya biya Yuro 1,000,000 ga Badea. *A ranar 23 ga Agusta 2006, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi da Standard Liège, a zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA, kwallayen da suka sa Steaua București ta shiga matakin rukuni bayan shekaru goma da rashin zuwa. *A ranar 20 ga Disamba 2009, an sallame shi daga FC Universitatea Craiova. *A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2010, ya sanya hannu da Al Ain. Kwantiragin Badea na ƙarshe ya kasance tare da ƙungiyar La Liga II UTA Arad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stiridesport.ro/competitii/liga-2/vali-badea-a-debutat-la-uta.html |title=Vali Badea a debutat la UTA |date=19 April 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |work=Ştiri de Sport |language=ro}}</ref> 2gv9z5ygodsj7a5ycqephc813iffv10 875180 875178 2026-07-03T16:52:04Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala da saka sashe 875180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Valentin Vasile Badea''' (born 23 October 1982) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a forward. == Aiki == An haifi Badea a Alexandria. *A shekarar 2001, Jiul ya sayi Badea akan Yuro 1,000 daga Rulmentul Alexandria. *Kafin shekarar 2006, lokacin da Badea ya koma Steaua București, ya kuma buga wa Rulmentul Alexandria, Jiul Petroşani da FC Vaslui wasa. *Ioan Sdrobiş ne ya gano shi yayin da yake bugawa Rulmentul Alexandria wasa a rukuni na uku na Romania kuma inda Badea shine babban mai zura kwallaye a kungiyar. Daga nan Sdrobiş ya kawo shi Jiul Petroşani, sannan ya koma FC Vaslui inda yake koci. *A shekarar 2006, Steaua ya biya Yuro 1,000,000 ga Badea. *A ranar 23 ga Agusta 2006, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi da Standard Liège, a zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA, kwallayen da suka sa Steaua București ta shiga matakin rukuni bayan shekaru goma da rashin zuwa. *A ranar 20 ga Disamba 2009, an sallame shi daga FC Universitatea Craiova. *A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2010, ya sanya hannu da Al Ain. Kwantiragin Badea na ƙarshe ya kasance tare da ƙungiyar La Liga II UTA Arad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stiridesport.ro/competitii/liga-2/vali-badea-a-debutat-la-uta.html |title=Vali Badea a debutat la UTA |date=19 April 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |work=Ştiri de Sport |language=ro}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == An zaɓi Badea a matsayin kansilan yankin Alexandria a shekarar 2024, a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party.<ref>{{cite web | title=PSD păstrează majoritatea în Consiliul Local Alexandria, PNL câștigă 5 mandate – Lista candidaților cărora le-au fost distribuite mandate | date=11 June 2024 | url=https://teleormaneanul.ro/psd-pastreaza-majoritatea-in-consiliul-local-alexandria-pnl-castiga-5-mandate-lista-candidatilor-carora-le-au-fost-distribuite-mandate/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Fostul fotbalist Vali Badea a intrat în PSD! Lista de consilieri a PSD, depusă oficial - Ziarul Liber in Teleorman | date=27 April 2024 | url=https://liberinteleorman.ro/fostul-fotbalist-vali-badea-a-intrat-in-psd-lista-de-consilieri-a-psd-depusa-oficial/ }}</ref> ==Ƙididdigar aiki== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Bayyanar da kwallaye ta kulob, kakar wasa da gasa |- !rowspan="2"|Kungiyar !rowspan="2"|Kakar wasa !colspan="2"|League !colspan="2"|Kofin ƙasa !colspan="2"|Nahiyar Nahiyar !colspan="2"|Jimilla |- !Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Manhajoji!!Goals!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji |- |[[Jiul Petroşani]] |[[2001–02 Divizia B|2001–02]] |22||5||0||0||colspan="2"|–||22||5 |- |rowspan="5"|[[FC Vaslui|Vaslui]] |[[2002–03 FC Vaslui kakar|2002-03]] |23||14||1||0||colspan="2"|–||24||14| |- |[2003–04 Divizia B|2003–04]] |27||12||1||0||colspan="2"|–||28||12| |- |[2004–05 Divizia B|2004–05]] |30||11|2||1||colspan="2"|–||32||12| |- |[[2005-06 Diviziya A|2005-06]] |23||5||0||0||colspan="2"|–||23||5| |- !colspan = "1" | Jima'i !103!!42!!4!!0!!0!!107!!43 |- |rowspan="4"|[FC Steaua București|Steaua București]] |[2006–07 Laliga I|2006–07]] |33||13||4+1||0||11||4||49||17| |- |[2007–08 Laliga I|2007–08]] |16||2|2|2||1||6||1||24||4 |- |[[2008-09 Laliga I|2008-09]] |1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0 |- !colspan = "1" | Jima'i !50!!15!!7!!1!!17!!5!!74!!22 |- |[[Panserraikos F.C.|Panserraikos]] (rance) |[2008–09 Super League Greece|2008–09]] |3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||3||0 |- |[[FC Universitatea Craiova | Jami'ar Craiova]] |[2009-10 Laliga I|2009-10]] |13||2|2||0||colspan="2"|–||15||2| |- |[FC Politehnic Iași (1945)|Politehnica Iaşi]] |[2009-10 Laliga I|2009-10]] |12||1||0||0||colspan="2"|–||12||1 |- |[[FC Brașov (1936)|Braşov]] |[2010–11 Laliga I | 2010–11]] |10||1||2||1||colspan="2"|–||12||2| |- |[Al Ain S.C.C.|Al Ain]] |[2010–11 UAE Pro-League|2010–11]] |1||0||0||0||5||0||6||0 |- |[[CS Concordia Chiajna|Concordia Chiajna]] |[2011-12 La Liga I|2011-12]] |3||1||0||0||colspan="2"|–||3||1 |- |[[FC Farul Constanța|Farul Constanța]] |[2011-12 La Liga II|2011-12]] |11||1||0||0||colspan="2"|–||11||1| |- |[[FC UTA Arad|UTA Arad]] |[2012–13 La Liga II|2012–13]] |3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||3||0 |- !colspan="2" | Sana'a jimilla !231!!68!!15!!3!!22!!5!!268!!76 |} kqkxzvhhu2nh6f61xn33tjrb2w51isf 875183 875180 2026-07-03T16:53:15Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala da saka sashe 875183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Valentin Vasile Badea''' (born 23 October 1982) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a forward. == Aiki == An haifi Badea a Alexandria. *A shekarar 2001, Jiul ya sayi Badea akan Yuro 1,000 daga Rulmentul Alexandria. *Kafin shekarar 2006, lokacin da Badea ya koma Steaua București, ya kuma buga wa Rulmentul Alexandria, Jiul Petroşani da FC Vaslui wasa. *Ioan Sdrobiş ne ya gano shi yayin da yake bugawa Rulmentul Alexandria wasa a rukuni na uku na Romania kuma inda Badea shine babban mai zura kwallaye a kungiyar. Daga nan Sdrobiş ya kawo shi Jiul Petroşani, sannan ya koma FC Vaslui inda yake koci. *A shekarar 2006, Steaua ya biya Yuro 1,000,000 ga Badea. *A ranar 23 ga Agusta 2006, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi da Standard Liège, a zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA, kwallayen da suka sa Steaua București ta shiga matakin rukuni bayan shekaru goma da rashin zuwa. *A ranar 20 ga Disamba 2009, an sallame shi daga FC Universitatea Craiova. *A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2010, ya sanya hannu da Al Ain. Kwantiragin Badea na ƙarshe ya kasance tare da ƙungiyar La Liga II UTA Arad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stiridesport.ro/competitii/liga-2/vali-badea-a-debutat-la-uta.html |title=Vali Badea a debutat la UTA |date=19 April 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |work=Ştiri de Sport |language=ro}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == An zaɓi Badea a matsayin kansilan yankin Alexandria a shekarar 2024, a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party.<ref>{{cite web | title=PSD păstrează majoritatea în Consiliul Local Alexandria, PNL câștigă 5 mandate – Lista candidaților cărora le-au fost distribuite mandate | date=11 June 2024 | url=https://teleormaneanul.ro/psd-pastreaza-majoritatea-in-consiliul-local-alexandria-pnl-castiga-5-mandate-lista-candidatilor-carora-le-au-fost-distribuite-mandate/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Fostul fotbalist Vali Badea a intrat în PSD! Lista de consilieri a PSD, depusă oficial - Ziarul Liber in Teleorman | date=27 April 2024 | url=https://liberinteleorman.ro/fostul-fotbalist-vali-badea-a-intrat-in-psd-lista-de-consilieri-a-psd-depusa-oficial/ }}</ref> ==Ƙididdigar aiki== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Bayyanar da kwallaye ta kulob, kakar wasa da gasa |- !rowspan="2"|Kungiyar !rowspan="2"|Kakar wasa !colspan="2"|League !colspan="2"|Kofin ƙasa !colspan="2"|Nahiyar Nahiyar !colspan="2"|Jimilla |- !Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Manhajoji!!Goals!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji |- |[[Jiul Petroşani]] |[[2001–02 Divizia B|2001–02]] |22||5||0||0||colspan="2"|–||22||5 |- |rowspan="5"|[[FC Vaslui|Vaslui]] |[[2002–03 FC Vaslui kakar|2002-03]] |23||14||1||0||colspan="2"|–||24||14| |- |[2003–04 Divizia B|2003–04]] |27||12||1||0||colspan="2"|–||28||12| |- |[2004–05 Divizia B|2004–05]] |30||11|2||1||colspan="2"|–||32||12| |- |[[2005-06 Diviziya A|2005-06]] |23||5||0||0||colspan="2"|–||23||5| |- !colspan = "1" | Jima'i !103!!42!!4!!0!!0!!107!!43 |- |rowspan="4"|[FC Steaua București|Steaua București]] |[2006–07 Laliga I|2006–07]] |33||13||4+1||0||11||4||49||17| |- |[2007–08 Laliga I|2007–08]] |16||2|2|2||1||6||1||24||4 |- |[[2008-09 Laliga I|2008-09]] |1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0 |- !colspan = "1" | Jima'i !50!!15!!7!!1!!17!!5!!74!!22 |- |[[Panserraikos F.C.|Panserraikos]] (rance) |[2008–09 Super League Greece|2008–09]] |3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||3||0 |- |[[FC Universitatea Craiova | Jami'ar Craiova]] |[2009-10 Laliga I|2009-10]] |13||2|2||0||colspan="2"|–||15||2| |- |[FC Politehnic Iași (1945)|Politehnica Iaşi]] |[2009-10 Laliga I|2009-10]] |12||1||0||0||colspan="2"|–||12||1 |- |[[FC Brașov (1936)|Braşov]] |[2010–11 Laliga I | 2010–11]] |10||1||2||1||colspan="2"|–||12||2| |- |[Al Ain S.C.C.|Al Ain]] |[2010–11 UAE Pro-League|2010–11]] |1||0||0||0||5||0||6||0 |- |[[CS Concordia Chiajna|Concordia Chiajna]] |[2011-12 La Liga I|2011-12]] |3||1||0||0||colspan="2"|–||3||1 |- |[[FC Farul Constanța|Farul Constanța]] |[2011-12 La Liga II|2011-12]] |11||1||0||0||colspan="2"|–||11||1| |- |[[FC UTA Arad|UTA Arad]] |[2012–13 La Liga II|2012–13]] |3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||3||0 |- !colspan="2" | Sana'a jimilla !231!!68!!15!!3!!22!!5!!268!!76 |} == Girmamawa== ''FC Vaslui'' * [[Liga II]: 2004–05 g56f7ijg5uge80kqyplcvc98rtbtzy8 875186 875183 2026-07-03T16:56:12Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala da saka sashe 875186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Valentin Vasile Badea''' (born 23 October 1982) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a forward. == Aiki == An haifi Badea a Alexandria. *A shekarar 2001, Jiul ya sayi Badea akan Yuro 1,000 daga Rulmentul Alexandria. *Kafin shekarar 2006, lokacin da Badea ya koma Steaua București, ya kuma buga wa Rulmentul Alexandria, Jiul Petroşani da FC Vaslui wasa. *Ioan Sdrobiş ne ya gano shi yayin da yake bugawa Rulmentul Alexandria wasa a rukuni na uku na Romania kuma inda Badea shine babban mai zura kwallaye a kungiyar. Daga nan Sdrobiş ya kawo shi Jiul Petroşani, sannan ya koma FC Vaslui inda yake koci. *A shekarar 2006, Steaua ya biya Yuro 1,000,000 ga Badea. *A ranar 23 ga Agusta 2006, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi da Standard Liège, a zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA, kwallayen da suka sa Steaua București ta shiga matakin rukuni bayan shekaru goma da rashin zuwa. *A ranar 20 ga Disamba 2009, an sallame shi daga FC Universitatea Craiova. *A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2010, ya sanya hannu da Al Ain. Kwantiragin Badea na ƙarshe ya kasance tare da ƙungiyar La Liga II UTA Arad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stiridesport.ro/competitii/liga-2/vali-badea-a-debutat-la-uta.html |title=Vali Badea a debutat la UTA |date=19 April 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |work=Ştiri de Sport |language=ro}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == An zaɓi Badea a matsayin kansilan yankin Alexandria a shekarar 2024, a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party.<ref>{{cite web | title=PSD păstrează majoritatea în Consiliul Local Alexandria, PNL câștigă 5 mandate – Lista candidaților cărora le-au fost distribuite mandate | date=11 June 2024 | url=https://teleormaneanul.ro/psd-pastreaza-majoritatea-in-consiliul-local-alexandria-pnl-castiga-5-mandate-lista-candidatilor-carora-le-au-fost-distribuite-mandate/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Fostul fotbalist Vali Badea a intrat în PSD! Lista de consilieri a PSD, depusă oficial - Ziarul Liber in Teleorman | date=27 April 2024 | url=https://liberinteleorman.ro/fostul-fotbalist-vali-badea-a-intrat-in-psd-lista-de-consilieri-a-psd-depusa-oficial/ }}</ref> ==Ƙididdigar aiki== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Bayyanar da kwallaye ta kulob, kakar wasa da gasa |- !rowspan="2"|Kungiyar !rowspan="2"|Kakar wasa !colspan="2"|League !colspan="2"|Kofin ƙasa !colspan="2"|Nahiyar Nahiyar !colspan="2"|Jimilla |- !Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Manhajoji!!Goals!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji |- |[[Jiul Petroşani]] |[[2001–02 Divizia B|2001–02]] |22||5||0||0||colspan="2"|–||22||5 |- |rowspan="5"|[[FC Vaslui|Vaslui]] |[[2002–03 FC Vaslui kakar|2002-03]] |23||14||1||0||colspan="2"|–||24||14| |- |[2003–04 Divizia B|2003–04]] |27||12||1||0||colspan="2"|–||28||12| |- |[2004–05 Divizia B|2004–05]] |30||11|2||1||colspan="2"|–||32||12| |- |[[2005-06 Diviziya A|2005-06]] |23||5||0||0||colspan="2"|–||23||5| |- !colspan = "1" | Jima'i !103!!42!!4!!0!!0!!107!!43 |- |rowspan="4"|[FC Steaua București|Steaua București]] |[2006–07 Laliga I|2006–07]] |33||13||4+1||0||11||4||49||17| |- |[2007–08 Laliga I|2007–08]] |16||2|2|2||1||6||1||24||4 |- |[[2008-09 Laliga I|2008-09]] |1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0 |- !colspan = "1" | Jima'i !50!!15!!7!!1!!17!!5!!74!!22 |- |[[Panserraikos F.C.|Panserraikos]] (rance) |[2008–09 Super League Greece|2008–09]] |3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||3||0 |- |[[FC Universitatea Craiova | Jami'ar Craiova]] |[2009-10 Laliga I|2009-10]] |13||2|2||0||colspan="2"|–||15||2| |- |[FC Politehnic Iași (1945)|Politehnica Iaşi]] |[2009-10 Laliga I|2009-10]] |12||1||0||0||colspan="2"|–||12||1 |- |[[FC Brașov (1936)|Braşov]] |[2010–11 Laliga I | 2010–11]] |10||1||2||1||colspan="2"|–||12||2| |- |[Al Ain S.C.C.|Al Ain]] |[2010–11 UAE Pro-League|2010–11]] |1||0||0||0||5||0||6||0 |- |[[CS Concordia Chiajna|Concordia Chiajna]] |[2011-12 La Liga I|2011-12]] |3||1||0||0||colspan="2"|–||3||1 |- |[[FC Farul Constanța|Farul Constanța]] |[2011-12 La Liga II|2011-12]] |11||1||0||0||colspan="2"|–||11||1| |- |[[FC UTA Arad|UTA Arad]] |[2012–13 La Liga II|2012–13]] |3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||3||0 |- !colspan="2" | Sana'a jimilla !231!!68!!15!!3!!22!!5!!268!!76 |} == Girmamawa== ''FC Vaslui'' * [[Liga II]: 2004–05 ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *{{RomanianSoccer|id=118/valentin-vasile-badea}} *{{UEFA|105597}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Badea, Valentin}} [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:21st-century Romanian politicians]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Alexandria, Romania]] [[Category:Romanian men's footballers]] [[Category:Men's association football forwards]] [[Category:CSM Alexandria footballers]] [[Category:CSM Jiul Petroșani players]] [[Category:FCSB players]] [[Category:FCSB II players]] [[Category:FC Vaslui players]] [[Category:Panserraikos F.C. players]] [[Category:FC U Craiova 1948 players]] [[Category:FC Brașov (1936) players]] [[Category:FC Politehnica Iași (1945) players]] [[Category:CS Concordia Chiajna players]] [[Category:FCV Farul Constanța players]] [[Category:FC UTA Arad players]] [[Category:Romanian expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates]] [[Category:Romanian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Greece]] [[Category:Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Greece]] [[Category:Footballers from Teleorman County]] [[Category:21st-century Romanian sportsmen]] [[Category:Social Democratic Party (Romania) politicians]] == Manazarta == c01vafie21vin9jvf2gnqi5ojl9bp1x 875188 875186 2026-07-03T16:57:33Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 875188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Valentin Vasile Badea'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Badea</ref> (born 23 October 1982) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a forward. == Aiki == An haifi Badea a Alexandria. *A shekarar 2001, Jiul ya sayi Badea akan Yuro 1,000 daga Rulmentul Alexandria. *Kafin shekarar 2006, lokacin da Badea ya koma Steaua București, ya kuma buga wa Rulmentul Alexandria, Jiul Petroşani da FC Vaslui wasa. *Ioan Sdrobiş ne ya gano shi yayin da yake bugawa Rulmentul Alexandria wasa a rukuni na uku na Romania kuma inda Badea shine babban mai zura kwallaye a kungiyar. Daga nan Sdrobiş ya kawo shi Jiul Petroşani, sannan ya koma FC Vaslui inda yake koci. *A shekarar 2006, Steaua ya biya Yuro 1,000,000 ga Badea. *A ranar 23 ga Agusta 2006, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi da Standard Liège, a zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA, kwallayen da suka sa Steaua București ta shiga matakin rukuni bayan shekaru goma da rashin zuwa. *A ranar 20 ga Disamba 2009, an sallame shi daga FC Universitatea Craiova. *A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2010, ya sanya hannu da Al Ain. Kwantiragin Badea na ƙarshe ya kasance tare da ƙungiyar La Liga II UTA Arad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stiridesport.ro/competitii/liga-2/vali-badea-a-debutat-la-uta.html |title=Vali Badea a debutat la UTA |date=19 April 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |work=Ştiri de Sport |language=ro}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == An zaɓi Badea a matsayin kansilan yankin Alexandria a shekarar 2024, a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party.<ref>{{cite web | title=PSD păstrează majoritatea în Consiliul Local Alexandria, PNL câștigă 5 mandate – Lista candidaților cărora le-au fost distribuite mandate | date=11 June 2024 | url=https://teleormaneanul.ro/psd-pastreaza-majoritatea-in-consiliul-local-alexandria-pnl-castiga-5-mandate-lista-candidatilor-carora-le-au-fost-distribuite-mandate/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Fostul fotbalist Vali Badea a intrat în PSD! Lista de consilieri a PSD, depusă oficial - Ziarul Liber in Teleorman | date=27 April 2024 | url=https://liberinteleorman.ro/fostul-fotbalist-vali-badea-a-intrat-in-psd-lista-de-consilieri-a-psd-depusa-oficial/ }}</ref> ==Ƙididdigar aiki== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Bayyanar da kwallaye ta kulob, kakar wasa da gasa |- !rowspan="2"|Kungiyar !rowspan="2"|Kakar wasa !colspan="2"|League !colspan="2"|Kofin ƙasa !colspan="2"|Nahiyar Nahiyar !colspan="2"|Jimilla |- !Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Manhajoji!!Goals!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji!!Manhajoji |- |[[Jiul Petroşani]] |[[2001–02 Divizia B|2001–02]] |22||5||0||0||colspan="2"|–||22||5 |- |rowspan="5"|[[FC Vaslui|Vaslui]] |[[2002–03 FC Vaslui kakar|2002-03]] |23||14||1||0||colspan="2"|–||24||14| |- |[2003–04 Divizia B|2003–04]] |27||12||1||0||colspan="2"|–||28||12| |- |[2004–05 Divizia B|2004–05]] |30||11|2||1||colspan="2"|–||32||12| |- |[[2005-06 Diviziya A|2005-06]] |23||5||0||0||colspan="2"|–||23||5| |- !colspan = "1" | Jima'i !103!!42!!4!!0!!0!!107!!43 |- |rowspan="4"|[FC Steaua București|Steaua București]] |[2006–07 Laliga I|2006–07]] |33||13||4+1||0||11||4||49||17| |- |[2007–08 Laliga I|2007–08]] |16||2|2|2||1||6||1||24||4 |- |[[2008-09 Laliga I|2008-09]] |1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0 |- !colspan = "1" | Jima'i !50!!15!!7!!1!!17!!5!!74!!22 |- |[[Panserraikos F.C.|Panserraikos]] (rance) |[2008–09 Super League Greece|2008–09]] |3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||3||0 |- |[[FC Universitatea Craiova | Jami'ar Craiova]] |[2009-10 Laliga I|2009-10]] |13||2|2||0||colspan="2"|–||15||2| |- |[FC Politehnic Iași (1945)|Politehnica Iaşi]] |[2009-10 Laliga I|2009-10]] |12||1||0||0||colspan="2"|–||12||1 |- |[[FC Brașov (1936)|Braşov]] |[2010–11 Laliga I | 2010–11]] |10||1||2||1||colspan="2"|–||12||2| |- |[Al Ain S.C.C.|Al Ain]] |[2010–11 UAE Pro-League|2010–11]] |1||0||0||0||5||0||6||0 |- |[[CS Concordia Chiajna|Concordia Chiajna]] |[2011-12 La Liga I|2011-12]] |3||1||0||0||colspan="2"|–||3||1 |- |[[FC Farul Constanța|Farul Constanța]] |[2011-12 La Liga II|2011-12]] |11||1||0||0||colspan="2"|–||11||1| |- |[[FC UTA Arad|UTA Arad]] |[2012–13 La Liga II|2012–13]] |3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||3||0 |- !colspan="2" | Sana'a jimilla !231!!68!!15!!3!!22!!5!!268!!76 |} == Girmamawa== ''FC Vaslui'' * [[Liga II]: 2004–05 ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *{{RomanianSoccer|id=118/valentin-vasile-badea}} *{{UEFA|105597}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Badea, Valentin}} [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:21st-century Romanian politicians]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Alexandria, Romania]] [[Category:Romanian men's footballers]] [[Category:Men's association football forwards]] [[Category:CSM Alexandria footballers]] [[Category:CSM Jiul Petroșani players]] [[Category:FCSB players]] [[Category:FCSB II players]] [[Category:FC Vaslui players]] [[Category:Panserraikos F.C. players]] [[Category:FC U Craiova 1948 players]] [[Category:FC Brașov (1936) players]] [[Category:FC Politehnica Iași (1945) players]] [[Category:CS Concordia Chiajna players]] [[Category:FCV Farul Constanța players]] [[Category:FC UTA Arad players]] [[Category:Romanian expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates]] [[Category:Romanian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Greece]] [[Category:Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Greece]] [[Category:Footballers from Teleorman County]] [[Category:21st-century Romanian sportsmen]] [[Category:Social Democratic Party (Romania) politicians]] == Manazarta == cv4gkumkupkm4eerkin4naprzd3vkce 0 160680 875200 2026-07-03T17:09:14Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358179123|Yuya Osako]]" 875200 wikitext text/x-wiki Yuya Osako (大迫 勇也, Ōsako Yūya; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Japan wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Ataka|gaba]] a kungiyar [[Vissel Kobe]] ta J1 League .............In June 2014, Osako transferred to [[:en:1._FC_Köln|1. FC Köln]] signing a three-year contract. It was reported Kashima Antlers received a transfer fee of €1.5 million while 1860 Munich earnedIn June 2014, Osako transferred to [[:en:1._FC_Köln|1. FC Köln]] signing a three-year contract. It was reported Kashima Antlers received a transfer fee of €1.5 million while 1860 Munich earned == Ayyukan kulob din == === 1860 Munich === A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Osako ta koma kungiyar TSV 1860 Munich ta Jamus a rabi na biyu na kakar 2014-2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2014 |title=大迫選手がTSV 1860 Münchenに移籍 |url=http://www.so-net.ne.jp/antlers/news/release/41256 |access-date=6 January 2014 |language=ja |newspaper=Kashima Antlers}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2014 |title=Forward Osako joins Munich squad |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2014/01/07/soccer/j-league/forward-osako-joins-munich-squad/ |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref>Ya zira kwallaye a karon farko, a wasan farko a 1-1 draw a kan Fortuna Düsseldorf . <ref>{{cite news |date=11 February 2014 |title=Osako notches goal in German debut |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2014/02/11/soccer/osako-notches-goal-in-german-debut/ |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=The Japan Times}}</ref> Ya gama kakar wasa tare da kwallaye 6 a wasanni 15.<ref name="köln2">{{cite news |date=6 June 2014 |title=Transfer news: Japan striker Yuya Osako joins Cologne |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/9339624/transfer-news-japan-striker-yuya-osako-joins-cologne |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=Sky Sports}}</ref> === 1. FC Köln === A watan Yunin 2014, Osako ta koma [[1. FC Köln|FC Köln]]">1. FC Köln ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. An ruwaito cewa Kashima Antlers ta sami kuɗin canja wurin na Yuro miliyan 1.5 yayin da 1860 Munich ta sami Yuro 500,000.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 June 2014 |title=Gerhardt bleibt dem FC treu – Absage an Benfica |url=https://www.kicker.de/gerhardt-bleibt-dem-fc-treu---absage-an-benfica-605675/artikel |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref><ref name="köln3">{{cite news |date=6 June 2014 |title=Transfer news: Japan striker Yuya Osako joins Cologne |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/9339624/transfer-news-japan-striker-yuya-osako-joins-cologne |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=Sky Sports}}</ref> A watan Oktoba 2016, ya amince da tsawaita kwangila har zuwa lokacin rani na 2020 tare da Köln<ref>{{cite news |date=20 October 2016 |title=Warum Stöger Ibisevic-Tore mag – Osako verlängert |url=https://www.kicker.de/warum-stoeger-ibisevic-tore-mag---osako-verlaengert-662873/artikel |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2018, ya taka leda yayin da Köln ya rasa 3-2 ga SC Freiburg wanda ya tabbatar da sakewa daga Bundesliga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2018 |title=Cologne relegated after dramatic loss in Freiburg |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/freiburg-cologne-line-ups-stats-pizarro-jonas-hector-nils-petersen-timo-horn-479345.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185305/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/freiburg-cologne-line-ups-stats-pizarro-jonas-hector-nils-petersen-timo-horn-479345.jsp |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=bundesliga.com |publisher=Deutsche Fußball Liga}}</ref> === Werder Bremen === A ranar 16 ga Mayu 2018, an sanar da cewa Osako za ta shiga Werder Bremen don kakar 2018-19.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2018 |title=Fix! Osako wechselt an die Weser |url=https://www.kicker.de/fix-osako-wechselt-an-die-weser-724030/artikel |access-date=16 May 2018 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2018 |title=Yuya Osako joins SV Werder |url=https://www.werder.de/en/news/news/first-team/20172018/transfer-osako-16052018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=SV Werder Bremen}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye a karon farko a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta 2018, inda ya zira kwallayen farko tare da kai a wasan da ya ci Wormatia Worms a zagaye na farko na DFB-Pokal.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 August 2018 |title=Yuya Osako scores in debut for Werder Bremen |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2018/08/19/soccer/yuya-osako-scores-debut-werder-bremen/ |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=The Japan Times}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2019, an zabe shi dan wasan kwallon kafa na Japan na shekara ta 2018.<ref name="foty2">{{cite news |date=13 February 2019 |title="Etwas Besonderes": Osako ist Japans Fußballer des Jahres |url=https://www.kicker.de/etwas-besonderes_osako-ist-japans-fussballer-des-jahres-742312/artikel |access-date=13 February 2019 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref> === Vissel Kobe === Osako ta koma Japan a watan Agustan 2021, ta shiga Vissel Kobe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2021 |title=Yuya Osako returns to Japan |url=https://www.werder.de/en/news/news/first-team/20212022/yuya-osako-transfer-08082021/ |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=SV Werder Bremen}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, an sanya masa suna a cikin tawagar farko ta Japan don gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|Kofin Duniya na 2018]] a Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cup 2018: All the confirmed squads for this summer's finals in Russia |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/440833652018}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025}}</ref> A wasan farko da ya yi da Colombia, ya zira kwallaye na biyu ga Japan ta hanyar kai, don haka ya taimaka wa Japan ta zama tawagar Asiya ta farko da ta doke tawagar Kudancin Amurka a tarihin gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya kuma fito ga Japan a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC ta 2019 da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] ta shirya. Ya zira kwallaye hudu don taimaka musu su kai wasan karshe, inda suka rasa Qatar, 3-1.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reidy |first=Paul |date=2 February 2019 |title=Impressive Qatar stun Japan to lift 2019 Asian Cup |url=https://en.as.com/en/2019/02/01/football/1549025649_334665.html |work=Diario AS}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|8 October 2024}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/yuya-osaka/74303/|title=Y. Osako|website=Soccerway}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe145770/yuya-osako/club-matches/|title=Yuya Osako > Club matches|work=worldfootball.net}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Emperor's Cup]], [[DFB-Pokal]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[J.League Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="6" |Hanyoyin Kashima |2009 | rowspan="5" |J. League Division 1 |22 |3 |2 |0 |1 |0 |5{{Efn|Appearances in [[AFC Champions League]]}} |3 |1 |0 |31 |6 |- |2010 |27 |4 |5 |3 |0 |0 |5[c] |1 |0 |0 |37 |8 |- |2011 |25 |5 |3 |1 |3 |3 |4[c] |1 |1 |0 |36 |10 |- |2012 |32 |9 |3 |1 |9 |7 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |45 |17 |- |2013 |33 |19 |1 |0 |7 |2 | colspan="2" | - |1 |3 |42 |24 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !139 !40 !14 !5 !20 !12 !14 !5 !4 !3 !191 !65 |- |1860 Munich |2013–14 |2. Bundesliga |15 |6 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |6 |- | rowspan="5" |1. FC Köln |2014–15 | rowspan="4" |Bundesliga |28 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |3 |- |2015–16 |25 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |27 |1 |- |2016–17 |30 |7 |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |32 |9 |- |2017–18 |25 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |6{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |2 | colspan="2" | - |32 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !108 !15 !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !120 !19 |- | rowspan="5" |Werder Bremen |2018–19 | rowspan="3" |Bundesliga |21 |3 |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |5 |- |2019–20 |28 |8 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearances in Bundesliga relegation play-offs}} |0 |34 |9 |- |2020–21 |24 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |1 |- |2021–22 |2. Bundesliga |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !75 !11 !10 !4 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !2 !0 !87 !15 |- | rowspan="5" |Vissel Kobe |2021 | rowspan="4" |J1 League |11 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |4 |- |2022 |26 |7 |2 |2 |1 |1 |6[c] |3 | colspan="2" | - |35 |13 |- |2023 |34 |22 |4 |1 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |39 |24 |- |2024 |32 |11 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |35 |12 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !103 !44 !8 !4 !2 !2 !6 !3 !1 !0 !120 !53 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !440 !116 !38 !15 !22 !14 !26 !10 !7 !3 !433 !158 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 27 January 2022|<ref name="JNFTD">[http://www.jfootball-db.com/players_a/yuya_osako.html Japan National Football Team Database]</ref>}}<ref name="nft">{{NFT|53089}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="10" |Japan |2013 |6 |3 |- |2014 |6 |0 |- |2015 |3 |0 |- |2016 |2 |2 |- |2017 |8 |2 |- |2018 |12 |3 |- |2019 |8 |5 |- |2020 |1 |0 |- |2021 |9 |9 |- |2022 |1 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !56 !25 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Yuya Osako ya zira ! scope="col" |A'a. ! scope="col" |Ranar ! scope="col" |Wurin da ake ciki ! scope="col" |Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Gasar |- | align="center" |1 | rowspan="2" |25 ga Yulin 2013 | rowspan="2" |[[Hwaseong, Gyeonggi|Hwaseong]]_Stadium" id="mwAm4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hwaseong Stadium">Filin wasa na Hwaseong, Hwaseong da Koriya ta Kudu | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|AUS}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |2013 EAFF Gabashin Asiya |- | align="center" |2 | align="center" |3–2 |- | align="center" |3 |16 ga Nuwamba 2013 |Cristal Arena, Genk, Belgium |{{Fb|NED}} | align="center" |1–2 | align="center" |2–2 |Abokantaka |- | align="center" |4 | rowspan="2" |11 ga Nuwamba 2016 | rowspan="2" |[[Kashima, Ibaraki|Kashima]]_Soccer_Stadium" id="mwAok" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kashima Soccer Stadium">Filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kashima, Kashima, Japan | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|OMN}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |4–0 | rowspan="2" |Abokantaka |- | align="center" |5 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |6 |13 Yuni 2017 |Filin wasa na Shahid Dastgerdi, [[Tehran]], Iran |{{Fb|IRQ}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 |- | align="center" |7 |6 ga Oktoba 2017 |[[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]]_Stadium_(Japan)" id="mwAqM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Toyota Stadium (Japan)">Filin wasa na Toyota, Toyota, Japan |{{Fb|NZL}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |Abokantaka |- | align="center" |8 |19 Yuni 2018 |Mordovia Arena, Saransk, Rasha |{{Fb|COL}} | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |2–1 |Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2018 |- | align="center" |9 |16 ga Oktoba 2018 |[[Saitama (city)|Saitama]]_Stadium_2002" id="mwAro" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Saitama Stadium 2002">Filin wasa na Saitama 2002, Saitama, Japan |{{Fb|URU}} | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |4–3 |Kofin Gwagwarmayar Kirin na 2018 |- | align="center" |10 |20 Nuwamba 2018 |[[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]]_Stadium_(Japan)" id="mwAsY" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Toyota Stadium (Japan)">Filin wasa na Toyota, Toyota, Japan |{{Fb|KGZ}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |4–0 |Kofin Gwagwarmayar Kirin na 2018 |- | align="center" |11 | rowspan="2" |9 ga Janairu 2019 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Al Nahyan, [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]], Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|TKM}} | align="center" |1–1 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |Kofin Asiya na 2019 na AFC |- | align="center" |12 | align="center" |2–1 |- | align="center" |13 | rowspan="2" |28 Janairu 2019 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Hazza bin Zayed, [[Al Ain]], Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|IRN}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" |Kofin Asiya na 2019 na AFC |- | align="center" |14 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |15 |5 ga Satumba 2019 |[[Kashima, Ibaraki|Kashima]]_Soccer_Stadium" id="mwAu8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kashima Soccer Stadium">Filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kashima, Kashima, Japan |{{Fb|PAR}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Kofin Gwagwarmayar Kirin na 2019 |- | align="center" |16 | rowspan="3" |30 Maris 2021 | rowspan="3" |Fukuda Denshi Arena, Chiba, Japan | rowspan="3" |{{Fb|MNG}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |14–0 | rowspan="3" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- | align="center" |17 | align="center" |5–0 |- | align="center" |18 | align="center" |13–0 |- | align="center" |19 | rowspan="5" |28 ga Mayu 2021 | rowspan="5" |Fukuda Denshi Arena, Chiba, Japan | rowspan="5" |{{Fb|MYA}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="5" align="center" |10–0 | rowspan="5" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- | align="center" |20 | align="center" |3–0 |- | align="center" |21 | align="center" |4–0 |- | align="center" |22 | align="center" |5–0 |- | align="center" |23 | align="center" |9–0 |- | align="center" |24 |7 ga Satumba 2021 |[[Filin wasa na kasa da kasa na Khalifa]], [[Doha]], Qatar | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|CHN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- | align="center" |25 |27 Janairu 2022 |Filin wasa na Saitama 2002, Saitama, Japan | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |} == Daraja == '''Hanyoyin Kashima''' * J.League Division 1: 2009 * Kofin Sarkin sarakuna: 2010 * Kofin J.League: 2011, 2012 * Super Cup na Japan: 2009, 2010 * Gasar Bankin Suruga: 2012, 2013 * Dan wasan kwallon kafa na Japan na Shekara: 2018, 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=大迫勇也選手「フットボーラー・オブ・ザ・イヤー」受賞のお知らせ |url=https://www.vissel-kobe.co.jp/news/article/23011.html |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=Vissel Kobe}}</ref> * J.League Cup MVP: 2011 * Babban mai zira kwallaye na gasar cin kofin J.League: 2012 * J1 League Watanni MVP: Agusta 2013, Mayu 2023, Yuli 2023 * Kungiyar Kofin Asiya na AFC ta Gasar: 2019 * J.League Player of the Year: 2023 <ref name="2023ja">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2023 |title=Jリーグ年間MVPは神戸FW大迫勇也！ 得点王、ベストイレブンとの"個人3冠"は史上10人目 |url=https://www.soccer-king.jp/news/japan/jl/20231205/1837718.html |access-date=December 5, 2023 |website=Soccer King}}</ref> * J.League Babban mai zira kwallaye: 2023 <ref name="2023ja" /> * J.League Mafi Kyawun XI: 2023, 2024 <ref name="2023ja" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=2024年のJリーグベストイレブンが決定!! 連覇神戸から最多3人、広島・G大阪・鹿島は2人ずつ |url=https://web.gekisaka.jp/news/jleague/detail/?420514-420514-fl |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Gekisaka |language=ja}}</ref> * Kyaututtuka na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kwallon Kafa ta Japan: Mafi Kyawun XI (2023) == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] nyt4stpkwrkq8hyqqnw4sw1ti9o9wz5 875202 875200 2026-07-03T17:10:02Z Saad Nuhu 43323 875202 wikitext text/x-wiki Yuya Osako (大迫 勇也, Ōsako Yūya; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Japan wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Ataka|gaba]] a kungiyar [[Vissel Kobe]] ta J1 League == Ayyukan kulob din == === 1860 Munich === A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Osako ta koma kungiyar TSV 1860 Munich ta Jamus a rabi na biyu na kakar 2014-2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2014 |title=大迫選手がTSV 1860 Münchenに移籍 |url=http://www.so-net.ne.jp/antlers/news/release/41256 |access-date=6 January 2014 |language=ja |newspaper=Kashima Antlers}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2014 |title=Forward Osako joins Munich squad |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2014/01/07/soccer/j-league/forward-osako-joins-munich-squad/ |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref>Ya zira kwallaye a karon farko, a wasan farko a 1-1 draw a kan Fortuna Düsseldorf . <ref>{{cite news |date=11 February 2014 |title=Osako notches goal in German debut |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2014/02/11/soccer/osako-notches-goal-in-german-debut/ |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=The Japan Times}}</ref> Ya gama kakar wasa tare da kwallaye 6 a wasanni 15.<ref name="köln2">{{cite news |date=6 June 2014 |title=Transfer news: Japan striker Yuya Osako joins Cologne |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/9339624/transfer-news-japan-striker-yuya-osako-joins-cologne |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=Sky Sports}}</ref> === 1. FC Köln === A watan Yunin 2014, Osako ta koma [[1. FC Köln|FC Köln]]">1. FC Köln ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. An ruwaito cewa Kashima Antlers ta sami kuɗin canja wurin na Yuro miliyan 1.5 yayin da 1860 Munich ta sami Yuro 500,000.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 June 2014 |title=Gerhardt bleibt dem FC treu – Absage an Benfica |url=https://www.kicker.de/gerhardt-bleibt-dem-fc-treu---absage-an-benfica-605675/artikel |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref><ref name="köln3">{{cite news |date=6 June 2014 |title=Transfer news: Japan striker Yuya Osako joins Cologne |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/9339624/transfer-news-japan-striker-yuya-osako-joins-cologne |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=Sky Sports}}</ref> A watan Oktoba 2016, ya amince da tsawaita kwangila har zuwa lokacin rani na 2020 tare da Köln<ref>{{cite news |date=20 October 2016 |title=Warum Stöger Ibisevic-Tore mag – Osako verlängert |url=https://www.kicker.de/warum-stoeger-ibisevic-tore-mag---osako-verlaengert-662873/artikel |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2018, ya taka leda yayin da Köln ya rasa 3-2 ga SC Freiburg wanda ya tabbatar da sakewa daga Bundesliga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2018 |title=Cologne relegated after dramatic loss in Freiburg |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/freiburg-cologne-line-ups-stats-pizarro-jonas-hector-nils-petersen-timo-horn-479345.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185305/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/freiburg-cologne-line-ups-stats-pizarro-jonas-hector-nils-petersen-timo-horn-479345.jsp |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=bundesliga.com |publisher=Deutsche Fußball Liga}}</ref> === Werder Bremen === A ranar 16 ga Mayu 2018, an sanar da cewa Osako za ta shiga Werder Bremen don kakar 2018-19.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2018 |title=Fix! Osako wechselt an die Weser |url=https://www.kicker.de/fix-osako-wechselt-an-die-weser-724030/artikel |access-date=16 May 2018 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2018 |title=Yuya Osako joins SV Werder |url=https://www.werder.de/en/news/news/first-team/20172018/transfer-osako-16052018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=SV Werder Bremen}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye a karon farko a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta 2018, inda ya zira kwallayen farko tare da kai a wasan da ya ci Wormatia Worms a zagaye na farko na DFB-Pokal.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 August 2018 |title=Yuya Osako scores in debut for Werder Bremen |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2018/08/19/soccer/yuya-osako-scores-debut-werder-bremen/ |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=The Japan Times}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2019, an zabe shi dan wasan kwallon kafa na Japan na shekara ta 2018.<ref name="foty2">{{cite news |date=13 February 2019 |title="Etwas Besonderes": Osako ist Japans Fußballer des Jahres |url=https://www.kicker.de/etwas-besonderes_osako-ist-japans-fussballer-des-jahres-742312/artikel |access-date=13 February 2019 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref> === Vissel Kobe === Osako ta koma Japan a watan Agustan 2021, ta shiga Vissel Kobe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2021 |title=Yuya Osako returns to Japan |url=https://www.werder.de/en/news/news/first-team/20212022/yuya-osako-transfer-08082021/ |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=SV Werder Bremen}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, an sanya masa suna a cikin tawagar farko ta Japan don gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|Kofin Duniya na 2018]] a Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cup 2018: All the confirmed squads for this summer's finals in Russia |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/440833652018}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025}}</ref> A wasan farko da ya yi da Colombia, ya zira kwallaye na biyu ga Japan ta hanyar kai, don haka ya taimaka wa Japan ta zama tawagar Asiya ta farko da ta doke tawagar Kudancin Amurka a tarihin gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya kuma fito ga Japan a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC ta 2019 da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] ta shirya. Ya zira kwallaye hudu don taimaka musu su kai wasan karshe, inda suka rasa Qatar, 3-1.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reidy |first=Paul |date=2 February 2019 |title=Impressive Qatar stun Japan to lift 2019 Asian Cup |url=https://en.as.com/en/2019/02/01/football/1549025649_334665.html |work=Diario AS}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|8 October 2024}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/yuya-osaka/74303/|title=Y. Osako|website=Soccerway}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe145770/yuya-osako/club-matches/|title=Yuya Osako > Club matches|work=worldfootball.net}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Emperor's Cup]], [[DFB-Pokal]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[J.League Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="6" |Hanyoyin Kashima |2009 | rowspan="5" |J. League Division 1 |22 |3 |2 |0 |1 |0 |5{{Efn|Appearances in [[AFC Champions League]]}} |3 |1 |0 |31 |6 |- |2010 |27 |4 |5 |3 |0 |0 |5[c] |1 |0 |0 |37 |8 |- |2011 |25 |5 |3 |1 |3 |3 |4[c] |1 |1 |0 |36 |10 |- |2012 |32 |9 |3 |1 |9 |7 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |45 |17 |- |2013 |33 |19 |1 |0 |7 |2 | colspan="2" | - |1 |3 |42 |24 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !139 !40 !14 !5 !20 !12 !14 !5 !4 !3 !191 !65 |- |1860 Munich |2013–14 |2. Bundesliga |15 |6 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |6 |- | rowspan="5" |1. FC Köln |2014–15 | rowspan="4" |Bundesliga |28 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |3 |- |2015–16 |25 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |27 |1 |- |2016–17 |30 |7 |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |32 |9 |- |2017–18 |25 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |6{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |2 | colspan="2" | - |32 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !108 !15 !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !120 !19 |- | rowspan="5" |Werder Bremen |2018–19 | rowspan="3" |Bundesliga |21 |3 |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |5 |- |2019–20 |28 |8 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearances in Bundesliga relegation play-offs}} |0 |34 |9 |- |2020–21 |24 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |1 |- |2021–22 |2. Bundesliga |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !75 !11 !10 !4 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !2 !0 !87 !15 |- | rowspan="5" |Vissel Kobe |2021 | rowspan="4" |J1 League |11 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |4 |- |2022 |26 |7 |2 |2 |1 |1 |6[c] |3 | colspan="2" | - |35 |13 |- |2023 |34 |22 |4 |1 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |39 |24 |- |2024 |32 |11 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |35 |12 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !103 !44 !8 !4 !2 !2 !6 !3 !1 !0 !120 !53 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !440 !116 !38 !15 !22 !14 !26 !10 !7 !3 !433 !158 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 27 January 2022|<ref name="JNFTD">[http://www.jfootball-db.com/players_a/yuya_osako.html Japan National Football Team Database]</ref>}}<ref name="nft">{{NFT|53089}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="10" |Japan |2013 |6 |3 |- |2014 |6 |0 |- |2015 |3 |0 |- |2016 |2 |2 |- |2017 |8 |2 |- |2018 |12 |3 |- |2019 |8 |5 |- |2020 |1 |0 |- |2021 |9 |9 |- |2022 |1 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !56 !25 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Yuya Osako ya zira ! scope="col" |A'a. ! scope="col" |Ranar ! scope="col" |Wurin da ake ciki ! scope="col" |Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Gasar |- | align="center" |1 | rowspan="2" |25 ga Yulin 2013 | rowspan="2" |[[Hwaseong, Gyeonggi|Hwaseong]]_Stadium" id="mwAm4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hwaseong Stadium">Filin wasa na Hwaseong, Hwaseong da Koriya ta Kudu | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|AUS}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |2013 EAFF Gabashin Asiya |- | align="center" |2 | align="center" |3–2 |- | align="center" |3 |16 ga Nuwamba 2013 |Cristal Arena, Genk, Belgium |{{Fb|NED}} | align="center" |1–2 | align="center" |2–2 |Abokantaka |- | align="center" |4 | rowspan="2" |11 ga Nuwamba 2016 | rowspan="2" |[[Kashima, Ibaraki|Kashima]]_Soccer_Stadium" id="mwAok" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kashima Soccer Stadium">Filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kashima, Kashima, Japan | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|OMN}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |4–0 | rowspan="2" |Abokantaka |- | align="center" |5 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |6 |13 Yuni 2017 |Filin wasa na Shahid Dastgerdi, [[Tehran]], Iran |{{Fb|IRQ}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 |- | align="center" |7 |6 ga Oktoba 2017 |[[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]]_Stadium_(Japan)" id="mwAqM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Toyota Stadium (Japan)">Filin wasa na Toyota, Toyota, Japan |{{Fb|NZL}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |Abokantaka |- | align="center" |8 |19 Yuni 2018 |Mordovia Arena, Saransk, Rasha |{{Fb|COL}} | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |2–1 |Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2018 |- | align="center" |9 |16 ga Oktoba 2018 |[[Saitama (city)|Saitama]]_Stadium_2002" id="mwAro" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Saitama Stadium 2002">Filin wasa na Saitama 2002, Saitama, Japan |{{Fb|URU}} | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |4–3 |Kofin Gwagwarmayar Kirin na 2018 |- | align="center" |10 |20 Nuwamba 2018 |[[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]]_Stadium_(Japan)" id="mwAsY" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Toyota Stadium (Japan)">Filin wasa na Toyota, Toyota, Japan |{{Fb|KGZ}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |4–0 |Kofin Gwagwarmayar Kirin na 2018 |- | align="center" |11 | rowspan="2" |9 ga Janairu 2019 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Al Nahyan, [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]], Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|TKM}} | align="center" |1–1 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |Kofin Asiya na 2019 na AFC |- | align="center" |12 | align="center" |2–1 |- | align="center" |13 | rowspan="2" |28 Janairu 2019 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Hazza bin Zayed, [[Al Ain]], Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|IRN}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" |Kofin Asiya na 2019 na AFC |- | align="center" |14 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |15 |5 ga Satumba 2019 |[[Kashima, Ibaraki|Kashima]]_Soccer_Stadium" id="mwAu8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kashima Soccer Stadium">Filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kashima, Kashima, Japan |{{Fb|PAR}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Kofin Gwagwarmayar Kirin na 2019 |- | align="center" |16 | rowspan="3" |30 Maris 2021 | rowspan="3" |Fukuda Denshi Arena, Chiba, Japan | rowspan="3" |{{Fb|MNG}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |14–0 | rowspan="3" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- | align="center" |17 | align="center" |5–0 |- | align="center" |18 | align="center" |13–0 |- | align="center" |19 | rowspan="5" |28 ga Mayu 2021 | rowspan="5" |Fukuda Denshi Arena, Chiba, Japan | rowspan="5" |{{Fb|MYA}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="5" align="center" |10–0 | rowspan="5" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- | align="center" |20 | align="center" |3–0 |- | align="center" |21 | align="center" |4–0 |- | align="center" |22 | align="center" |5–0 |- | align="center" |23 | align="center" |9–0 |- | align="center" |24 |7 ga Satumba 2021 |[[Filin wasa na kasa da kasa na Khalifa]], [[Doha]], Qatar | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|CHN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- | align="center" |25 |27 Janairu 2022 |Filin wasa na Saitama 2002, Saitama, Japan | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |} == Daraja == '''Hanyoyin Kashima''' * J.League Division 1: 2009 * Kofin Sarkin sarakuna: 2010 * Kofin J.League: 2011, 2012 * Super Cup na Japan: 2009, 2010 * Gasar Bankin Suruga: 2012, 2013 * Dan wasan kwallon kafa na Japan na Shekara: 2018, 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=大迫勇也選手「フットボーラー・オブ・ザ・イヤー」受賞のお知らせ |url=https://www.vissel-kobe.co.jp/news/article/23011.html |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=Vissel Kobe}}</ref> * J.League Cup MVP: 2011 * Babban mai zira kwallaye na gasar cin kofin J.League: 2012 * J1 League Watanni MVP: Agusta 2013, Mayu 2023, Yuli 2023 * Kungiyar Kofin Asiya na AFC ta Gasar: 2019 * J.League Player of the Year: 2023 <ref name="2023ja">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2023 |title=Jリーグ年間MVPは神戸FW大迫勇也！ 得点王、ベストイレブンとの"個人3冠"は史上10人目 |url=https://www.soccer-king.jp/news/japan/jl/20231205/1837718.html |access-date=December 5, 2023 |website=Soccer King}}</ref> * J.League Babban mai zira kwallaye: 2023 <ref name="2023ja" /> * J.League Mafi Kyawun XI: 2023, 2024 <ref name="2023ja" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=2024年のJリーグベストイレブンが決定!! 連覇神戸から最多3人、広島・G大阪・鹿島は2人ずつ |url=https://web.gekisaka.jp/news/jleague/detail/?420514-420514-fl |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Gekisaka |language=ja}}</ref> * Kyaututtuka na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kwallon Kafa ta Japan: Mafi Kyawun XI (2023) == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] 7ol0awt4nxm494cyh5rzq8strfw9fdc 875206 875202 2026-07-03T17:10:55Z Saad Nuhu 43323 875206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yuya Osako (大迫 勇也, Ōsako Yūya; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Japan wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Ataka|gaba]] a kungiyar [[Vissel Kobe]] ta J1 League == Ayyukan kulob din == === 1860 Munich === A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Osako ta koma kungiyar TSV 1860 Munich ta Jamus a rabi na biyu na kakar 2014-2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2014 |title=大迫選手がTSV 1860 Münchenに移籍 |url=http://www.so-net.ne.jp/antlers/news/release/41256 |access-date=6 January 2014 |language=ja |newspaper=Kashima Antlers}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2014 |title=Forward Osako joins Munich squad |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2014/01/07/soccer/j-league/forward-osako-joins-munich-squad/ |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref>Ya zira kwallaye a karon farko, a wasan farko a 1-1 draw a kan Fortuna Düsseldorf . <ref>{{cite news |date=11 February 2014 |title=Osako notches goal in German debut |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2014/02/11/soccer/osako-notches-goal-in-german-debut/ |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=The Japan Times}}</ref> Ya gama kakar wasa tare da kwallaye 6 a wasanni 15.<ref name="köln2">{{cite news |date=6 June 2014 |title=Transfer news: Japan striker Yuya Osako joins Cologne |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/9339624/transfer-news-japan-striker-yuya-osako-joins-cologne |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=Sky Sports}}</ref> === 1. FC Köln === A watan Yunin 2014, Osako ta koma [[1. FC Köln|FC Köln]]">1. FC Köln ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. An ruwaito cewa Kashima Antlers ta sami kuɗin canja wurin na Yuro miliyan 1.5 yayin da 1860 Munich ta sami Yuro 500,000.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 June 2014 |title=Gerhardt bleibt dem FC treu – Absage an Benfica |url=https://www.kicker.de/gerhardt-bleibt-dem-fc-treu---absage-an-benfica-605675/artikel |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref><ref name="köln3">{{cite news |date=6 June 2014 |title=Transfer news: Japan striker Yuya Osako joins Cologne |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/9339624/transfer-news-japan-striker-yuya-osako-joins-cologne |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=Sky Sports}}</ref> A watan Oktoba 2016, ya amince da tsawaita kwangila har zuwa lokacin rani na 2020 tare da Köln<ref>{{cite news |date=20 October 2016 |title=Warum Stöger Ibisevic-Tore mag – Osako verlängert |url=https://www.kicker.de/warum-stoeger-ibisevic-tore-mag---osako-verlaengert-662873/artikel |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2018, ya taka leda yayin da Köln ya rasa 3-2 ga SC Freiburg wanda ya tabbatar da sakewa daga Bundesliga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2018 |title=Cologne relegated after dramatic loss in Freiburg |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/freiburg-cologne-line-ups-stats-pizarro-jonas-hector-nils-petersen-timo-horn-479345.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185305/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/freiburg-cologne-line-ups-stats-pizarro-jonas-hector-nils-petersen-timo-horn-479345.jsp |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=bundesliga.com |publisher=Deutsche Fußball Liga}}</ref> === Werder Bremen === A ranar 16 ga Mayu 2018, an sanar da cewa Osako za ta shiga Werder Bremen don kakar 2018-19.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2018 |title=Fix! Osako wechselt an die Weser |url=https://www.kicker.de/fix-osako-wechselt-an-die-weser-724030/artikel |access-date=16 May 2018 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2018 |title=Yuya Osako joins SV Werder |url=https://www.werder.de/en/news/news/first-team/20172018/transfer-osako-16052018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=SV Werder Bremen}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye a karon farko a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta 2018, inda ya zira kwallayen farko tare da kai a wasan da ya ci Wormatia Worms a zagaye na farko na DFB-Pokal.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 August 2018 |title=Yuya Osako scores in debut for Werder Bremen |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2018/08/19/soccer/yuya-osako-scores-debut-werder-bremen/ |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=The Japan Times}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2019, an zabe shi dan wasan kwallon kafa na Japan na shekara ta 2018.<ref name="foty2">{{cite news |date=13 February 2019 |title="Etwas Besonderes": Osako ist Japans Fußballer des Jahres |url=https://www.kicker.de/etwas-besonderes_osako-ist-japans-fussballer-des-jahres-742312/artikel |access-date=13 February 2019 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref> === Vissel Kobe === Osako ta koma Japan a watan Agustan 2021, ta shiga Vissel Kobe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2021 |title=Yuya Osako returns to Japan |url=https://www.werder.de/en/news/news/first-team/20212022/yuya-osako-transfer-08082021/ |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=SV Werder Bremen}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, an sanya masa suna a cikin tawagar farko ta Japan don gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|Kofin Duniya na 2018]] a Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cup 2018: All the confirmed squads for this summer's finals in Russia |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/440833652018}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025}}</ref> A wasan farko da ya yi da Colombia, ya zira kwallaye na biyu ga Japan ta hanyar kai, don haka ya taimaka wa Japan ta zama tawagar Asiya ta farko da ta doke tawagar Kudancin Amurka a tarihin gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya kuma fito ga Japan a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC ta 2019 da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] ta shirya. Ya zira kwallaye hudu don taimaka musu su kai wasan karshe, inda suka rasa Qatar, 3-1.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reidy |first=Paul |date=2 February 2019 |title=Impressive Qatar stun Japan to lift 2019 Asian Cup |url=https://en.as.com/en/2019/02/01/football/1549025649_334665.html |work=Diario AS}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|8 October 2024}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/yuya-osaka/74303/|title=Y. Osako|website=Soccerway}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe145770/yuya-osako/club-matches/|title=Yuya Osako > Club matches|work=worldfootball.net}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Emperor's Cup]], [[DFB-Pokal]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[J.League Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="6" |Hanyoyin Kashima |2009 | rowspan="5" |J. League Division 1 |22 |3 |2 |0 |1 |0 |5{{Efn|Appearances in [[AFC Champions League]]}} |3 |1 |0 |31 |6 |- |2010 |27 |4 |5 |3 |0 |0 |5[c] |1 |0 |0 |37 |8 |- |2011 |25 |5 |3 |1 |3 |3 |4[c] |1 |1 |0 |36 |10 |- |2012 |32 |9 |3 |1 |9 |7 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |45 |17 |- |2013 |33 |19 |1 |0 |7 |2 | colspan="2" | - |1 |3 |42 |24 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !139 !40 !14 !5 !20 !12 !14 !5 !4 !3 !191 !65 |- |1860 Munich |2013–14 |2. Bundesliga |15 |6 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |6 |- | rowspan="5" |1. FC Köln |2014–15 | rowspan="4" |Bundesliga |28 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |3 |- |2015–16 |25 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |27 |1 |- |2016–17 |30 |7 |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |32 |9 |- |2017–18 |25 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |6{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |2 | colspan="2" | - |32 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !108 !15 !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !120 !19 |- | rowspan="5" |Werder Bremen |2018–19 | rowspan="3" |Bundesliga |21 |3 |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |5 |- |2019–20 |28 |8 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearances in Bundesliga relegation play-offs}} |0 |34 |9 |- |2020–21 |24 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |1 |- |2021–22 |2. Bundesliga |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !75 !11 !10 !4 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !2 !0 !87 !15 |- | rowspan="5" |Vissel Kobe |2021 | rowspan="4" |J1 League |11 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |4 |- |2022 |26 |7 |2 |2 |1 |1 |6[c] |3 | colspan="2" | - |35 |13 |- |2023 |34 |22 |4 |1 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |39 |24 |- |2024 |32 |11 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |35 |12 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !103 !44 !8 !4 !2 !2 !6 !3 !1 !0 !120 !53 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !440 !116 !38 !15 !22 !14 !26 !10 !7 !3 !433 !158 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 27 January 2022|<ref name="JNFTD">[http://www.jfootball-db.com/players_a/yuya_osako.html Japan National Football Team Database]</ref>}}<ref name="nft">{{NFT|53089}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="10" |Japan |2013 |6 |3 |- |2014 |6 |0 |- |2015 |3 |0 |- |2016 |2 |2 |- |2017 |8 |2 |- |2018 |12 |3 |- |2019 |8 |5 |- |2020 |1 |0 |- |2021 |9 |9 |- |2022 |1 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !56 !25 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Yuya Osako ya zira ! scope="col" |A'a. ! scope="col" |Ranar ! scope="col" |Wurin da ake ciki ! scope="col" |Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Gasar |- | align="center" |1 | rowspan="2" |25 ga Yulin 2013 | rowspan="2" |[[Hwaseong, Gyeonggi|Hwaseong]]_Stadium" id="mwAm4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hwaseong Stadium">Filin wasa na Hwaseong, Hwaseong da Koriya ta Kudu | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|AUS}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |2013 EAFF Gabashin Asiya |- | align="center" |2 | align="center" |3–2 |- | align="center" |3 |16 ga Nuwamba 2013 |Cristal Arena, Genk, Belgium |{{Fb|NED}} | align="center" |1–2 | align="center" |2–2 |Abokantaka |- | align="center" |4 | rowspan="2" |11 ga Nuwamba 2016 | rowspan="2" |[[Kashima, Ibaraki|Kashima]]_Soccer_Stadium" id="mwAok" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kashima Soccer Stadium">Filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kashima, Kashima, Japan | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|OMN}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |4–0 | rowspan="2" |Abokantaka |- | align="center" |5 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |6 |13 Yuni 2017 |Filin wasa na Shahid Dastgerdi, [[Tehran]], Iran |{{Fb|IRQ}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 |- | align="center" |7 |6 ga Oktoba 2017 |[[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]]_Stadium_(Japan)" id="mwAqM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Toyota Stadium (Japan)">Filin wasa na Toyota, Toyota, Japan |{{Fb|NZL}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |Abokantaka |- | align="center" |8 |19 Yuni 2018 |Mordovia Arena, Saransk, Rasha |{{Fb|COL}} | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |2–1 |Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2018 |- | align="center" |9 |16 ga Oktoba 2018 |[[Saitama (city)|Saitama]]_Stadium_2002" id="mwAro" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Saitama Stadium 2002">Filin wasa na Saitama 2002, Saitama, Japan |{{Fb|URU}} | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |4–3 |Kofin Gwagwarmayar Kirin na 2018 |- | align="center" |10 |20 Nuwamba 2018 |[[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]]_Stadium_(Japan)" id="mwAsY" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Toyota Stadium (Japan)">Filin wasa na Toyota, Toyota, Japan |{{Fb|KGZ}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |4–0 |Kofin Gwagwarmayar Kirin na 2018 |- | align="center" |11 | rowspan="2" |9 ga Janairu 2019 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Al Nahyan, [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]], Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|TKM}} | align="center" |1–1 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |Kofin Asiya na 2019 na AFC |- | align="center" |12 | align="center" |2–1 |- | align="center" |13 | rowspan="2" |28 Janairu 2019 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Hazza bin Zayed, [[Al Ain]], Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|IRN}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" |Kofin Asiya na 2019 na AFC |- | align="center" |14 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |15 |5 ga Satumba 2019 |[[Kashima, Ibaraki|Kashima]]_Soccer_Stadium" id="mwAu8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kashima Soccer Stadium">Filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kashima, Kashima, Japan |{{Fb|PAR}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Kofin Gwagwarmayar Kirin na 2019 |- | align="center" |16 | rowspan="3" |30 Maris 2021 | rowspan="3" |Fukuda Denshi Arena, Chiba, Japan | rowspan="3" |{{Fb|MNG}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |14–0 | rowspan="3" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- | align="center" |17 | align="center" |5–0 |- | align="center" |18 | align="center" |13–0 |- | align="center" |19 | rowspan="5" |28 ga Mayu 2021 | rowspan="5" |Fukuda Denshi Arena, Chiba, Japan | rowspan="5" |{{Fb|MYA}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="5" align="center" |10–0 | rowspan="5" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- | align="center" |20 | align="center" |3–0 |- | align="center" |21 | align="center" |4–0 |- | align="center" |22 | align="center" |5–0 |- | align="center" |23 | align="center" |9–0 |- | align="center" |24 |7 ga Satumba 2021 |[[Filin wasa na kasa da kasa na Khalifa]], [[Doha]], Qatar | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|CHN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- | align="center" |25 |27 Janairu 2022 |Filin wasa na Saitama 2002, Saitama, Japan | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |} == Daraja == '''Hanyoyin Kashima''' * J.League Division 1: 2009 * Kofin Sarkin sarakuna: 2010 * Kofin J.League: 2011, 2012 * Super Cup na Japan: 2009, 2010 * Gasar Bankin Suruga: 2012, 2013 * Dan wasan kwallon kafa na Japan na Shekara: 2018, 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=大迫勇也選手「フットボーラー・オブ・ザ・イヤー」受賞のお知らせ |url=https://www.vissel-kobe.co.jp/news/article/23011.html |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=Vissel Kobe}}</ref> * J.League Cup MVP: 2011 * Babban mai zira kwallaye na gasar cin kofin J.League: 2012 * J1 League Watanni MVP: Agusta 2013, Mayu 2023, Yuli 2023 * Kungiyar Kofin Asiya na AFC ta Gasar: 2019 * J.League Player of the Year: 2023 <ref name="2023ja">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2023 |title=Jリーグ年間MVPは神戸FW大迫勇也！ 得点王、ベストイレブンとの"個人3冠"は史上10人目 |url=https://www.soccer-king.jp/news/japan/jl/20231205/1837718.html |access-date=December 5, 2023 |website=Soccer King}}</ref> * J.League Babban mai zira kwallaye: 2023 <ref name="2023ja" /> * J.League Mafi Kyawun XI: 2023, 2024 <ref name="2023ja" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=2024年のJリーグベストイレブンが決定!! 連覇神戸から最多3人、広島・G大阪・鹿島は2人ずつ |url=https://web.gekisaka.jp/news/jleague/detail/?420514-420514-fl |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Gekisaka |language=ja}}</ref> * Kyaututtuka na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kwallon Kafa ta Japan: Mafi Kyawun XI (2023) == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] bczefqw9f4o5ushemocloe096alyxxa 0 160681 875250 2026-07-03T18:26:04Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. awlhrl99w4x1tl3vn2rhyz37vm5uq7r 875251 875250 2026-07-03T18:26:20Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875251 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> tjdbqyuygomdfuds6icgop5566h95zh 875252 875251 2026-07-03T18:26:35Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> aycoril89mtequi1nr9v01bgcvjdl66 875253 875252 2026-07-03T18:26:51Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875253 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] 4bsqn4ek39nggu9g2x6gxaky5ma9l3d 875254 875253 2026-07-03T18:27:29Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875254 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> ih3g02otjpm6g1dxy8ud989l0oxp83g 875255 875254 2026-07-03T18:27:44Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875255 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> shv7lt2sh3r60u4c4svw3z2wuiuhgmr 875256 875255 2026-07-03T18:28:02Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875256 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> n4cxwe76r19p9y8rqqwi4j7bw9v6gjk 875257 875256 2026-07-03T18:28:19Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875257 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> 2i6xu7zqec92f3w32sxlf7kwrad575g 875258 875257 2026-07-03T18:29:06Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> s73c6jlrk56mccglt78pq3jwk08og81 875259 875258 2026-07-03T18:30:11Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875259 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. pibe13579gnvkosl8d4ql3g5u1sjs9i 875260 875259 2026-07-03T18:30:28Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875260 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. fu9b1jebiarateyjycuube1dziebu15 875261 875260 2026-07-03T18:30:44Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. === Zamanin zamani === hq6jlojcjnqvb31lymxntolwzahpu70 875262 875261 2026-07-03T18:31:01Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875262 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. === Zamanin zamani === A watan Yunin 2023, UMMC ta rufe asibitin kula da lafiyar LGBT saboda matsin lamba daga majalisar dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=UMMC to shut down LGBTQ+ clinic amid political pressure |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2023/06/01/ummc-shut-down-team-clinic/}}</ref> 65agdx78cjcizy9fih258ozqt8i7ijx 875264 875262 2026-07-03T18:32:27Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875264 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. === Zamanin zamani === A watan Yunin 2023, UMMC ta rufe asibitin kula da lafiyar LGBT saboda matsin lamba daga majalisar dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=UMMC to shut down LGBTQ+ clinic amid political pressure |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2023/06/01/ummc-shut-down-team-clinic/}}</ref> == Bayani == A matsayinta na harabar kimiyyar lafiya ta jami'ar Mississippi, Cibiyar Lafiya tana aiki a matsayin wani sashe mai zaman kansa wanda aka amince da shi daban, wanda ke da alhakin shugaban jami'ar kuma ta hanyarsa ga Kwamitin Amintattu na Tsarin Mulki na Cibiyoyin Ilimi na Jiha (IHL). Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi ta sami amincewar Kwamitin Kwalejoji da Makarantu na Kudancin (SACSCOC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on Colleges |url=http://sacscoc.org/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=sacscoc.org}}</ref> don bayar da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da na uku. Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa ta amince da Cibiyar Lafiya. meypaygq6qhi3edq8ub7ow2tc8qcui9 875267 875264 2026-07-03T18:32:53Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875267 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. === Zamanin zamani === A watan Yunin 2023, UMMC ta rufe asibitin kula da lafiyar LGBT saboda matsin lamba daga majalisar dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=UMMC to shut down LGBTQ+ clinic amid political pressure |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2023/06/01/ummc-shut-down-team-clinic/}}</ref> == Bayani == A matsayinta na harabar kimiyyar lafiya ta jami'ar Mississippi, Cibiyar Lafiya tana aiki a matsayin wani sashe mai zaman kansa wanda aka amince da shi daban, wanda ke da alhakin shugaban jami'ar kuma ta hanyarsa ga Kwamitin Amintattu na Tsarin Mulki na Cibiyoyin Ilimi na Jiha (IHL). Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi ta sami amincewar Kwamitin Kwalejoji da Makarantu na Kudancin (SACSCOC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on Colleges |url=http://sacscoc.org/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=sacscoc.org}}</ref> don bayar da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da na uku. Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa ta amince da Cibiyar Lafiya. Hukumar Amintattu ta IHL <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mississippi Public Universities - Board of Trustees |url=http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817070132/http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |archive-date=August 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.mississippi.edu}}</ref> ta naɗa shugaban jami'ar UM, wanda daga nan ya ba da shawarar wanda zai zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar UMMC kan harkokin lafiya. Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Mississippi. An naɗa LouAnn Woodward, MD, <ref name="umc.edu">{{Cite web |title=LouAnn Woodward - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/LouAnn_Woodward.asp |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2015, don cike gurbin mataimakin shugaban jami'a. <ref name="umc.edu" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography: LouAnn Woodward {{!}} University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/info/bios/woodward.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> Ita ce ke da alhakin jagorancin dabarun Cibiyar Lafiya gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma mutum na 10 da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. 0xozldfusgf39kuy02gdte4qs1fiuq8 875272 875267 2026-07-03T18:34:27Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875272 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. === Zamanin zamani === A watan Yunin 2023, UMMC ta rufe asibitin kula da lafiyar LGBT saboda matsin lamba daga majalisar dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=UMMC to shut down LGBTQ+ clinic amid political pressure |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2023/06/01/ummc-shut-down-team-clinic/}}</ref> == Bayani == A matsayinta na harabar kimiyyar lafiya ta jami'ar Mississippi, Cibiyar Lafiya tana aiki a matsayin wani sashe mai zaman kansa wanda aka amince da shi daban, wanda ke da alhakin shugaban jami'ar kuma ta hanyarsa ga Kwamitin Amintattu na Tsarin Mulki na Cibiyoyin Ilimi na Jiha (IHL). Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi ta sami amincewar Kwamitin Kwalejoji da Makarantu na Kudancin (SACSCOC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on Colleges |url=http://sacscoc.org/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=sacscoc.org}}</ref> don bayar da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da na uku. Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa ta amince da Cibiyar Lafiya. Hukumar Amintattu ta IHL <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mississippi Public Universities - Board of Trustees |url=http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817070132/http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |archive-date=August 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.mississippi.edu}}</ref> ta naɗa shugaban jami'ar UM, wanda daga nan ya ba da shawarar wanda zai zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar UMMC kan harkokin lafiya. Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Mississippi. An naɗa LouAnn Woodward, MD, <ref name="umc.edu">{{Cite web |title=LouAnn Woodward - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/LouAnn_Woodward.asp |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2015, don cike gurbin mataimakin shugaban jami'a. <ref name="umc.edu" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography: LouAnn Woodward {{!}} University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/info/bios/woodward.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> Ita ce ke da alhakin jagorancin dabarun Cibiyar Lafiya gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma mutum na 10 da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Dalibai sama da 3,000 ne suka shiga cikin shirye-shiryen digiri na UMMC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Degree Programs |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/Degree-Programs.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/About-Us/About-Us-Overview.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> Ana ba wa mazauna Mississippi fifikon shiga don ƙoƙarin samar da ƙwararru don biyan buƙatun kula da lafiya na jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official UMMC website |url=https://umcstage.umc.edu/education/}}</ref> c7fvwztpykgslrn6s2hvcecgje67bs8 875274 875272 2026-07-03T18:34:50Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875274 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. === Zamanin kare hakkin jama'a === A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. === Zamanin zamani === A watan Yunin 2023, UMMC ta rufe asibitin kula da lafiyar LGBT saboda matsin lamba daga majalisar dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=UMMC to shut down LGBTQ+ clinic amid political pressure |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2023/06/01/ummc-shut-down-team-clinic/}}</ref> == Bayani == A matsayinta na harabar kimiyyar lafiya ta jami'ar Mississippi, Cibiyar Lafiya tana aiki a matsayin wani sashe mai zaman kansa wanda aka amince da shi daban, wanda ke da alhakin shugaban jami'ar kuma ta hanyarsa ga Kwamitin Amintattu na Tsarin Mulki na Cibiyoyin Ilimi na Jiha (IHL). Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi ta sami amincewar Kwamitin Kwalejoji da Makarantu na Kudancin (SACSCOC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on Colleges |url=http://sacscoc.org/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=sacscoc.org}}</ref> don bayar da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da na uku. Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa ta amince da Cibiyar Lafiya. Hukumar Amintattu ta IHL <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mississippi Public Universities - Board of Trustees |url=http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817070132/http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |archive-date=August 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.mississippi.edu}}</ref> ta naɗa shugaban jami'ar UM, wanda daga nan ya ba da shawarar wanda zai zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar UMMC kan harkokin lafiya. Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Mississippi. An naɗa LouAnn Woodward, MD, <ref name="umc.edu">{{Cite web |title=LouAnn Woodward - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/LouAnn_Woodward.asp |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2015, don cike gurbin mataimakin shugaban jami'a. <ref name="umc.edu" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography: LouAnn Woodward {{!}} University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/info/bios/woodward.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> Ita ce ke da alhakin jagorancin dabarun Cibiyar Lafiya gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma mutum na 10 da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Dalibai sama da 3,000 ne suka shiga cikin shirye-shiryen digiri na UMMC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Degree Programs |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/Degree-Programs.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/About-Us/About-Us-Overview.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> Ana ba wa mazauna Mississippi fifikon shiga don ƙoƙarin samar da ƙwararru don biyan buƙatun kula da lafiya na jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official UMMC website |url=https://umcstage.umc.edu/education/}}</ref> 4tkgvn8q4trc1ebil0r6vwwm6svu33x 875276 875274 2026-07-03T18:35:15Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875276 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. === Zamanin kare hakkin jama'a === A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. === Zamanin zamani === A watan Yunin 2023, UMMC ta rufe asibitin kula da lafiyar LGBT saboda matsin lamba daga majalisar dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=UMMC to shut down LGBTQ+ clinic amid political pressure |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2023/06/01/ummc-shut-down-team-clinic/}}</ref> == Bayani == A matsayinta na harabar kimiyyar lafiya ta jami'ar Mississippi, Cibiyar Lafiya tana aiki a matsayin wani sashe mai zaman kansa wanda aka amince da shi daban, wanda ke da alhakin shugaban jami'ar kuma ta hanyarsa ga Kwamitin Amintattu na Tsarin Mulki na Cibiyoyin Ilimi na Jiha (IHL). Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi ta sami amincewar Kwamitin Kwalejoji da Makarantu na Kudancin (SACSCOC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on Colleges |url=http://sacscoc.org/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=sacscoc.org}}</ref> don bayar da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da na uku. Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa ta amince da Cibiyar Lafiya. Hukumar Amintattu ta IHL <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mississippi Public Universities - Board of Trustees |url=http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817070132/http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |archive-date=August 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.mississippi.edu}}</ref> ta naɗa shugaban jami'ar UM, wanda daga nan ya ba da shawarar wanda zai zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar UMMC kan harkokin lafiya. Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Mississippi. An naɗa LouAnn Woodward, MD, <ref name="umc.edu">{{Cite web |title=LouAnn Woodward - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/LouAnn_Woodward.asp |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2015, don cike gurbin mataimakin shugaban jami'a. <ref name="umc.edu" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography: LouAnn Woodward {{!}} University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/info/bios/woodward.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> Ita ce ke da alhakin jagorancin dabarun Cibiyar Lafiya gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma mutum na 10 da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Dalibai sama da 3,000 ne suka shiga cikin shirye-shiryen digiri na UMMC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Degree Programs |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/Degree-Programs.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/About-Us/About-Us-Overview.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> Ana ba wa mazauna Mississippi fifikon shiga don ƙoƙarin samar da ƙwararru don biyan buƙatun kula da lafiya na jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official UMMC website |url=https://umcstage.umc.edu/education/}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar (ASB) ita ce ƙungiyar gwamnatin ɗalibai ta UMMC. Tana aiki a matsayin wata hanya ta tsara ayyukan ɗaliban da ba sa cikin makaranta da kuma bayyana damuwarsu, ra'ayoyi, da tambayoyi ga gwamnati da al'umma. k7hg9n4g1jr4uh628h9y3wpaztn7egs 875277 875276 2026-07-03T18:35:37Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. === Zamanin kare hakkin jama'a === A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. === Zamanin zamani === A watan Yunin 2023, UMMC ta rufe asibitin kula da lafiyar LGBT saboda matsin lamba daga majalisar dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=UMMC to shut down LGBTQ+ clinic amid political pressure |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2023/06/01/ummc-shut-down-team-clinic/}}</ref> == Bayani == A matsayinta na harabar kimiyyar lafiya ta jami'ar Mississippi, Cibiyar Lafiya tana aiki a matsayin wani sashe mai zaman kansa wanda aka amince da shi daban, wanda ke da alhakin shugaban jami'ar kuma ta hanyarsa ga Kwamitin Amintattu na Tsarin Mulki na Cibiyoyin Ilimi na Jiha (IHL). Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi ta sami amincewar Kwamitin Kwalejoji da Makarantu na Kudancin (SACSCOC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on Colleges |url=http://sacscoc.org/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=sacscoc.org}}</ref> don bayar da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da na uku. Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa ta amince da Cibiyar Lafiya. Hukumar Amintattu ta IHL <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mississippi Public Universities - Board of Trustees |url=http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817070132/http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |archive-date=August 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.mississippi.edu}}</ref> ta naɗa shugaban jami'ar UM, wanda daga nan ya ba da shawarar wanda zai zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar UMMC kan harkokin lafiya. Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Mississippi. An naɗa LouAnn Woodward, MD, <ref name="umc.edu">{{Cite web |title=LouAnn Woodward - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/LouAnn_Woodward.asp |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2015, don cike gurbin mataimakin shugaban jami'a. <ref name="umc.edu" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography: LouAnn Woodward {{!}} University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/info/bios/woodward.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> Ita ce ke da alhakin jagorancin dabarun Cibiyar Lafiya gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma mutum na 10 da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Dalibai sama da 3,000 ne suka shiga cikin shirye-shiryen digiri na UMMC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Degree Programs |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/Degree-Programs.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/About-Us/About-Us-Overview.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> Ana ba wa mazauna Mississippi fifikon shiga don ƙoƙarin samar da ƙwararru don biyan buƙatun kula da lafiya na jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official UMMC website |url=https://umcstage.umc.edu/education/}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar (ASB) ita ce ƙungiyar gwamnatin ɗalibai ta UMMC. Tana aiki a matsayin wata hanya ta tsara ayyukan ɗaliban da ba sa cikin makaranta da kuma bayyana damuwarsu, ra'ayoyi, da tambayoyi ga gwamnati da al'umma. * UP Pavilion – Jackson, Miss. * Jirgin Ruwa na UP Grants - Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Magunguna ta UP Lakeland - Jackson, Miss * UP Northeast Jackson a Asibitin Musamman na Select – Jackson, Miss. * Kula da Lafiya ta Musamman ga Mata a Mirror Lake – Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Fuska da Fata ta Likitocin Jami'a - Ridgeland, Miss. * Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon daji ta UMMC a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. * Asibitocin UP a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9b173a6ydnwz8dlgc75kkvd45g1ekx9 875279 875277 2026-07-03T18:35:59Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875279 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. === Zamanin kare hakkin jama'a === A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. === Zamanin zamani === A watan Yunin 2023, UMMC ta rufe asibitin kula da lafiyar LGBT saboda matsin lamba daga majalisar dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=UMMC to shut down LGBTQ+ clinic amid political pressure |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2023/06/01/ummc-shut-down-team-clinic/}}</ref> == Bayani == A matsayinta na harabar kimiyyar lafiya ta jami'ar Mississippi, Cibiyar Lafiya tana aiki a matsayin wani sashe mai zaman kansa wanda aka amince da shi daban, wanda ke da alhakin shugaban jami'ar kuma ta hanyarsa ga Kwamitin Amintattu na Tsarin Mulki na Cibiyoyin Ilimi na Jiha (IHL). Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi ta sami amincewar Kwamitin Kwalejoji da Makarantu na Kudancin (SACSCOC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on Colleges |url=http://sacscoc.org/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=sacscoc.org}}</ref> don bayar da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da na uku. Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa ta amince da Cibiyar Lafiya. Hukumar Amintattu ta IHL <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mississippi Public Universities - Board of Trustees |url=http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817070132/http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |archive-date=August 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.mississippi.edu}}</ref> ta naɗa shugaban jami'ar UM, wanda daga nan ya ba da shawarar wanda zai zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar UMMC kan harkokin lafiya. Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Mississippi. An naɗa LouAnn Woodward, MD, <ref name="umc.edu">{{Cite web |title=LouAnn Woodward - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/LouAnn_Woodward.asp |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2015, don cike gurbin mataimakin shugaban jami'a. <ref name="umc.edu" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography: LouAnn Woodward {{!}} University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/info/bios/woodward.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> Ita ce ke da alhakin jagorancin dabarun Cibiyar Lafiya gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma mutum na 10 da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Dalibai sama da 3,000 ne suka shiga cikin shirye-shiryen digiri na UMMC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Degree Programs |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/Degree-Programs.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/About-Us/About-Us-Overview.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> Ana ba wa mazauna Mississippi fifikon shiga don ƙoƙarin samar da ƙwararru don biyan buƙatun kula da lafiya na jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official UMMC website |url=https://umcstage.umc.edu/education/}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar (ASB) ita ce ƙungiyar gwamnatin ɗalibai ta UMMC. Tana aiki a matsayin wata hanya ta tsara ayyukan ɗaliban da ba sa cikin makaranta da kuma bayyana damuwarsu, ra'ayoyi, da tambayoyi ga gwamnati da al'umma. UMMC ita ce asibiti ɗaya tilo a jihar da aka keɓe a matsayin cibiyar rauni ta Level 1. Ayyukan asibiti na musamman sun haɗa da: MRI na shiga tsakani; sashin kulawa mai zurfi na jarirai na Level 4 (NICU) ɗaya tilo a jihar; asibitoci daban-daban na likita, tiyata, zuciya, ilimin jijiyoyi da na yara; cibiyar kula da cututtukan zuciya don ganowa da magance [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] ; asibitin [[gazawar zuciya]] ; shirye-shiryen dashen zuciya, koda, hanta, pancreas, cornea da ƙashi; cikakken sashin [[bugun jini]] ; tsarin daukar hoton rediyo na zamani; dakin gwaje-gwaje [[Rashin bacci|na cututtukan barci]] ; shirin hadi a cikin vitro ; da kuma ayyukan magunguna na musamman. * UP Pavilion – Jackson, Miss. * Jirgin Ruwa na UP Grants - Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Magunguna ta UP Lakeland - Jackson, Miss * UP Northeast Jackson a Asibitin Musamman na Select – Jackson, Miss. * Kula da Lafiya ta Musamman ga Mata a Mirror Lake – Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Fuska da Fata ta Likitocin Jami'a - Ridgeland, Miss. * Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon daji ta UMMC a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. * Asibitocin UP a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qx63lj8414r83ekcywboxwwfu1gl69o 875281 875279 2026-07-03T18:36:19Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875281 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. === Zamanin kare hakkin jama'a === A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. === Zamanin zamani === A watan Yunin 2023, UMMC ta rufe asibitin kula da lafiyar LGBT saboda matsin lamba daga majalisar dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=UMMC to shut down LGBTQ+ clinic amid political pressure |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2023/06/01/ummc-shut-down-team-clinic/}}</ref> == Bayani == A matsayinta na harabar kimiyyar lafiya ta jami'ar Mississippi, Cibiyar Lafiya tana aiki a matsayin wani sashe mai zaman kansa wanda aka amince da shi daban, wanda ke da alhakin shugaban jami'ar kuma ta hanyarsa ga Kwamitin Amintattu na Tsarin Mulki na Cibiyoyin Ilimi na Jiha (IHL). Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi ta sami amincewar Kwamitin Kwalejoji da Makarantu na Kudancin (SACSCOC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on Colleges |url=http://sacscoc.org/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=sacscoc.org}}</ref> don bayar da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da na uku. Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa ta amince da Cibiyar Lafiya. Hukumar Amintattu ta IHL <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mississippi Public Universities - Board of Trustees |url=http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817070132/http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |archive-date=August 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.mississippi.edu}}</ref> ta naɗa shugaban jami'ar UM, wanda daga nan ya ba da shawarar wanda zai zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar UMMC kan harkokin lafiya. Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Mississippi. An naɗa LouAnn Woodward, MD, <ref name="umc.edu">{{Cite web |title=LouAnn Woodward - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/LouAnn_Woodward.asp |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2015, don cike gurbin mataimakin shugaban jami'a. <ref name="umc.edu" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography: LouAnn Woodward {{!}} University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/info/bios/woodward.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> Ita ce ke da alhakin jagorancin dabarun Cibiyar Lafiya gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma mutum na 10 da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Dalibai sama da 3,000 ne suka shiga cikin shirye-shiryen digiri na UMMC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Degree Programs |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/Degree-Programs.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/About-Us/About-Us-Overview.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> Ana ba wa mazauna Mississippi fifikon shiga don ƙoƙarin samar da ƙwararru don biyan buƙatun kula da lafiya na jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official UMMC website |url=https://umcstage.umc.edu/education/}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar (ASB) ita ce ƙungiyar gwamnatin ɗalibai ta UMMC. Tana aiki a matsayin wata hanya ta tsara ayyukan ɗaliban da ba sa cikin makaranta da kuma bayyana damuwarsu, ra'ayoyi, da tambayoyi ga gwamnati da al'umma. UMMC ita ce asibiti ɗaya tilo a jihar da aka keɓe a matsayin cibiyar rauni ta Level 1. Ayyukan asibiti na musamman sun haɗa da: MRI na shiga tsakani; sashin kulawa mai zurfi na jarirai na Level 4 (NICU) ɗaya tilo a jihar; asibitoci daban-daban na likita, tiyata, zuciya, ilimin jijiyoyi da na yara; cibiyar kula da cututtukan zuciya don ganowa da magance [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] ; asibitin [[gazawar zuciya]] ; shirye-shiryen dashen zuciya, koda, hanta, pancreas, cornea da ƙashi; cikakken sashin [[bugun jini]] ; tsarin daukar hoton rediyo na zamani; dakin gwaje-gwaje [[Rashin bacci|na cututtukan barci]] ; shirin hadi a cikin vitro ; da kuma ayyukan magunguna na musamman. Wani ɓangare na fili a harabar UMMC a da shine wurin da Mississippi Insane Asylum ya kasance, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html "History of the Mississippi State Asylum"]. ''msacp.cobb.msstate.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> wanda ya canza aikinsa a 1935 kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . * UP Pavilion – Jackson, Miss. * Jirgin Ruwa na UP Grants - Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Magunguna ta UP Lakeland - Jackson, Miss * UP Northeast Jackson a Asibitin Musamman na Select – Jackson, Miss. * Kula da Lafiya ta Musamman ga Mata a Mirror Lake – Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Fuska da Fata ta Likitocin Jami'a - Ridgeland, Miss. * Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon daji ta UMMC a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. * Asibitocin UP a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 97ker09b01m33pk4muil39xdcpk7sw1 875283 875281 2026-07-03T18:36:54Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. === Zamanin kare hakkin jama'a === A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. === Zamanin zamani === A watan Yunin 2023, UMMC ta rufe asibitin kula da lafiyar LGBT saboda matsin lamba daga majalisar dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=UMMC to shut down LGBTQ+ clinic amid political pressure |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2023/06/01/ummc-shut-down-team-clinic/}}</ref> == Bayani == A matsayinta na harabar kimiyyar lafiya ta jami'ar Mississippi, Cibiyar Lafiya tana aiki a matsayin wani sashe mai zaman kansa wanda aka amince da shi daban, wanda ke da alhakin shugaban jami'ar kuma ta hanyarsa ga Kwamitin Amintattu na Tsarin Mulki na Cibiyoyin Ilimi na Jiha (IHL). Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi ta sami amincewar Kwamitin Kwalejoji da Makarantu na Kudancin (SACSCOC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on Colleges |url=http://sacscoc.org/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=sacscoc.org}}</ref> don bayar da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da na uku. Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa ta amince da Cibiyar Lafiya. Hukumar Amintattu ta IHL <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mississippi Public Universities - Board of Trustees |url=http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817070132/http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |archive-date=August 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.mississippi.edu}}</ref> ta naɗa shugaban jami'ar UM, wanda daga nan ya ba da shawarar wanda zai zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar UMMC kan harkokin lafiya. Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Mississippi. An naɗa LouAnn Woodward, MD, <ref name="umc.edu">{{Cite web |title=LouAnn Woodward - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/LouAnn_Woodward.asp |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2015, don cike gurbin mataimakin shugaban jami'a. <ref name="umc.edu" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography: LouAnn Woodward {{!}} University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/info/bios/woodward.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> Ita ce ke da alhakin jagorancin dabarun Cibiyar Lafiya gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma mutum na 10 da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Dalibai sama da 3,000 ne suka shiga cikin shirye-shiryen digiri na UMMC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Degree Programs |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/Degree-Programs.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/About-Us/About-Us-Overview.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> Ana ba wa mazauna Mississippi fifikon shiga don ƙoƙarin samar da ƙwararru don biyan buƙatun kula da lafiya na jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official UMMC website |url=https://umcstage.umc.edu/education/}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar (ASB) ita ce ƙungiyar gwamnatin ɗalibai ta UMMC. Tana aiki a matsayin wata hanya ta tsara ayyukan ɗaliban da ba sa cikin makaranta da kuma bayyana damuwarsu, ra'ayoyi, da tambayoyi ga gwamnati da al'umma. UMMC ita ce asibiti ɗaya tilo a jihar da aka keɓe a matsayin cibiyar rauni ta Level 1. Ayyukan asibiti na musamman sun haɗa da: MRI na shiga tsakani; sashin kulawa mai zurfi na jarirai na Level 4 (NICU) ɗaya tilo a jihar; asibitoci daban-daban na likita, tiyata, zuciya, ilimin jijiyoyi da na yara; cibiyar kula da cututtukan zuciya don ganowa da magance [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] ; asibitin [[gazawar zuciya]] ; shirye-shiryen dashen zuciya, koda, hanta, pancreas, cornea da ƙashi; cikakken sashin [[bugun jini]] ; tsarin daukar hoton rediyo na zamani; dakin gwaje-gwaje [[Rashin bacci|na cututtukan barci]] ; shirin hadi a cikin vitro ; da kuma ayyukan magunguna na musamman. Wani ɓangare na fili a harabar UMMC a da shine wurin da Mississippi Insane Asylum ya kasance, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html "History of the Mississippi State Asylum"]. ''msacp.cobb.msstate.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> wanda ya canza aikinsa a 1935 kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . === Wuraren kiwon lafiya === UMMC tana da asibiti ɗaya tilo a jihar da aka keɓe a matsayin cibiyar kula da rauni ta Level 1, da kuma sashin kula da jarirai na Level 4 (NICU) ɗaya tilo da ke cikin Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai. Cibiyar Lafiya kuma tana da shirin dashen gabobi (manya da yara) da kuma ɗakin gaggawa na mata/mata a Mississippi. * UP Pavilion – Jackson, Miss. * Jirgin Ruwa na UP Grants - Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Magunguna ta UP Lakeland - Jackson, Miss * UP Northeast Jackson a Asibitin Musamman na Select – Jackson, Miss. * Kula da Lafiya ta Musamman ga Mata a Mirror Lake – Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Fuska da Fata ta Likitocin Jami'a - Ridgeland, Miss. * Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon daji ta UMMC a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. * Asibitocin UP a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] es9thqswqr2p7nux3nvlools63y4642 875286 875283 2026-07-03T18:38:45Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875286 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. === Zamanin kare hakkin jama'a === A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. === Zamanin zamani === A watan Yunin 2023, UMMC ta rufe asibitin kula da lafiyar LGBT saboda matsin lamba daga majalisar dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=UMMC to shut down LGBTQ+ clinic amid political pressure |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2023/06/01/ummc-shut-down-team-clinic/}}</ref> == Bayani == A matsayinta na harabar kimiyyar lafiya ta jami'ar Mississippi, Cibiyar Lafiya tana aiki a matsayin wani sashe mai zaman kansa wanda aka amince da shi daban, wanda ke da alhakin shugaban jami'ar kuma ta hanyarsa ga Kwamitin Amintattu na Tsarin Mulki na Cibiyoyin Ilimi na Jiha (IHL). Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi ta sami amincewar Kwamitin Kwalejoji da Makarantu na Kudancin (SACSCOC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on Colleges |url=http://sacscoc.org/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=sacscoc.org}}</ref> don bayar da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da na uku. Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa ta amince da Cibiyar Lafiya. Hukumar Amintattu ta IHL <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mississippi Public Universities - Board of Trustees |url=http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817070132/http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |archive-date=August 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.mississippi.edu}}</ref> ta naɗa shugaban jami'ar UM, wanda daga nan ya ba da shawarar wanda zai zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar UMMC kan harkokin lafiya. Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Mississippi. An naɗa LouAnn Woodward, MD, <ref name="umc.edu">{{Cite web |title=LouAnn Woodward - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/LouAnn_Woodward.asp |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2015, don cike gurbin mataimakin shugaban jami'a. <ref name="umc.edu" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography: LouAnn Woodward {{!}} University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/info/bios/woodward.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> Ita ce ke da alhakin jagorancin dabarun Cibiyar Lafiya gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma mutum na 10 da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Dalibai sama da 3,000 ne suka shiga cikin shirye-shiryen digiri na UMMC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Degree Programs |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/Degree-Programs.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/About-Us/About-Us-Overview.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> Ana ba wa mazauna Mississippi fifikon shiga don ƙoƙarin samar da ƙwararru don biyan buƙatun kula da lafiya na jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official UMMC website |url=https://umcstage.umc.edu/education/}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar (ASB) ita ce ƙungiyar gwamnatin ɗalibai ta UMMC. Tana aiki a matsayin wata hanya ta tsara ayyukan ɗaliban da ba sa cikin makaranta da kuma bayyana damuwarsu, ra'ayoyi, da tambayoyi ga gwamnati da al'umma. UMMC ita ce asibiti ɗaya tilo a jihar da aka keɓe a matsayin cibiyar rauni ta Level 1. Ayyukan asibiti na musamman sun haɗa da: MRI na shiga tsakani; sashin kulawa mai zurfi na jarirai na Level 4 (NICU) ɗaya tilo a jihar; asibitoci daban-daban na likita, tiyata, zuciya, ilimin jijiyoyi da na yara; cibiyar kula da cututtukan zuciya don ganowa da magance [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] ; asibitin [[gazawar zuciya]] ; shirye-shiryen dashen zuciya, koda, hanta, pancreas, cornea da ƙashi; cikakken sashin [[bugun jini]] ; tsarin daukar hoton rediyo na zamani; dakin gwaje-gwaje [[Rashin bacci|na cututtukan barci]] ; shirin hadi a cikin vitro ; da kuma ayyukan magunguna na musamman. Wani ɓangare na fili a harabar UMMC a da shine wurin da Mississippi Insane Asylum ya kasance, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html "History of the Mississippi State Asylum"]. ''msacp.cobb.msstate.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> wanda ya canza aikinsa a 1935 kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . === Wuraren kiwon lafiya === UMMC tana da asibiti ɗaya tilo a jihar da aka keɓe a matsayin cibiyar kula da rauni ta Level 1, da kuma sashin kula da jarirai na Level 4 (NICU) ɗaya tilo da ke cikin Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai. Cibiyar Lafiya kuma tana da shirin dashen gabobi (manya da yara) da kuma ɗakin gaggawa na mata/mata a Mississippi. Tare da jimillar gadaje 1,003, ciki har da wuraren Holmes County da Grenada, UMMC ita ce mafi girman tsarin kulawa da ganewar asali, magani da kuma kulawa ta hanyar tura marasa lafiya a jihar. Dangane da kididdigar shekarar kuɗi ta baya-bayan nan (2013-14), shigar marasa lafiya a wurare da dama ya kai sama da 33,000, tare da ziyartar marasa lafiya a asibiti sama da 487,000. Dakunan gaggawa na UMMC da ke Jackson sun ziyarci mutane 70,000, yayin da Grenada ta ziyarci mutane 18,324, kuma Holmes County ta ziyarci mutane 6,657. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> * UP Pavilion – Jackson, Miss. * Jirgin Ruwa na UP Grants - Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Magunguna ta UP Lakeland - Jackson, Miss * UP Northeast Jackson a Asibitin Musamman na Select – Jackson, Miss. * Kula da Lafiya ta Musamman ga Mata a Mirror Lake – Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Fuska da Fata ta Likitocin Jami'a - Ridgeland, Miss. * Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon daji ta UMMC a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. * Asibitocin UP a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3kwab71t1t43ceuid50zr1wimvmleyb 875288 875286 2026-07-03T18:39:17Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337554074|University of Mississippi Medical Center]]" 875288 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. === Zamanin kare hakkin jama'a === A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. === Zamanin zamani === A watan Yunin 2023, UMMC ta rufe asibitin kula da lafiyar LGBT saboda matsin lamba daga majalisar dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=UMMC to shut down LGBTQ+ clinic amid political pressure |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2023/06/01/ummc-shut-down-team-clinic/}}</ref> == Bayani == A matsayinta na harabar kimiyyar lafiya ta jami'ar Mississippi, Cibiyar Lafiya tana aiki a matsayin wani sashe mai zaman kansa wanda aka amince da shi daban, wanda ke da alhakin shugaban jami'ar kuma ta hanyarsa ga Kwamitin Amintattu na Tsarin Mulki na Cibiyoyin Ilimi na Jiha (IHL). Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi ta sami amincewar Kwamitin Kwalejoji da Makarantu na Kudancin (SACSCOC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on Colleges |url=http://sacscoc.org/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=sacscoc.org}}</ref> don bayar da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da na uku. Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa ta amince da Cibiyar Lafiya. Hukumar Amintattu ta IHL <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mississippi Public Universities - Board of Trustees |url=http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817070132/http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |archive-date=August 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.mississippi.edu}}</ref> ta naɗa shugaban jami'ar UM, wanda daga nan ya ba da shawarar wanda zai zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar UMMC kan harkokin lafiya. Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Mississippi. An naɗa LouAnn Woodward, MD, <ref name="umc.edu">{{Cite web |title=LouAnn Woodward - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/LouAnn_Woodward.asp |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2015, don cike gurbin mataimakin shugaban jami'a. <ref name="umc.edu" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography: LouAnn Woodward {{!}} University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/info/bios/woodward.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> Ita ce ke da alhakin jagorancin dabarun Cibiyar Lafiya gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma mutum na 10 da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Dalibai sama da 3,000 ne suka shiga cikin shirye-shiryen digiri na UMMC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Degree Programs |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/Degree-Programs.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/About-Us/About-Us-Overview.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> Ana ba wa mazauna Mississippi fifikon shiga don ƙoƙarin samar da ƙwararru don biyan buƙatun kula da lafiya na jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official UMMC website |url=https://umcstage.umc.edu/education/}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar (ASB) ita ce ƙungiyar gwamnatin ɗalibai ta UMMC. Tana aiki a matsayin wata hanya ta tsara ayyukan ɗaliban da ba sa cikin makaranta da kuma bayyana damuwarsu, ra'ayoyi, da tambayoyi ga gwamnati da al'umma. UMMC ita ce asibiti ɗaya tilo a jihar da aka keɓe a matsayin cibiyar rauni ta Level 1. Ayyukan asibiti na musamman sun haɗa da: MRI na shiga tsakani; sashin kulawa mai zurfi na jarirai na Level 4 (NICU) ɗaya tilo a jihar; asibitoci daban-daban na likita, tiyata, zuciya, ilimin jijiyoyi da na yara; cibiyar kula da cututtukan zuciya don ganowa da magance [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] ; asibitin [[gazawar zuciya]] ; shirye-shiryen dashen zuciya, koda, hanta, pancreas, cornea da ƙashi; cikakken sashin [[bugun jini]] ; tsarin daukar hoton rediyo na zamani; dakin gwaje-gwaje [[Rashin bacci|na cututtukan barci]] ; shirin hadi a cikin vitro ; da kuma ayyukan magunguna na musamman. Wani ɓangare na fili a harabar UMMC a da shine wurin da Mississippi Insane Asylum ya kasance, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html "History of the Mississippi State Asylum"]. ''msacp.cobb.msstate.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> wanda ya canza aikinsa a 1935 kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . === Wuraren kiwon lafiya === UMMC tana da asibiti ɗaya tilo a jihar da aka keɓe a matsayin cibiyar kula da rauni ta Level 1, da kuma sashin kula da jarirai na Level 4 (NICU) ɗaya tilo da ke cikin Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai. Cibiyar Lafiya kuma tana da shirin dashen gabobi (manya da yara) da kuma ɗakin gaggawa na mata/mata a Mississippi. Tare da jimillar gadaje 1,003, ciki har da wuraren Holmes County da Grenada, UMMC ita ce mafi girman tsarin kulawa da ganewar asali, magani da kuma kulawa ta hanyar tura marasa lafiya a jihar. Dangane da kididdigar shekarar kuɗi ta baya-bayan nan (2013-14), shigar marasa lafiya a wurare da dama ya kai sama da 33,000, tare da ziyartar marasa lafiya a asibiti sama da 487,000. Dakunan gaggawa na UMMC da ke Jackson sun ziyarci mutane 70,000, yayin da Grenada ta ziyarci mutane 18,324, kuma Holmes County ta ziyarci mutane 6,657. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> * UP Pavilion – Jackson, Miss. * Jirgin Ruwa na UP Grants - Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Magunguna ta UP Lakeland - Jackson, Miss * UP Northeast Jackson a Asibitin Musamman na Select – Jackson, Miss. * Kula da Lafiya ta Musamman ga Mata a Mirror Lake – Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Fuska da Fata ta Likitocin Jami'a - Ridgeland, Miss. * Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon daji ta UMMC a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. * Asibitocin UP a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. Sauran fasaloli da kayan aiki sun haɗa da na'urorin likitanci daban-daban, na tiyata, na zuciya, na jijiyoyi da na kwakwalwa na yara; Cibiyar Zuciya ta Jami'a don ganowa da magance [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] ; asibitin [[gazawar zuciya]] ; cibiyar [[bugun jini]] mai cikakken bayani; cibiyar [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], tsarin daukar hoton rediyo na zamani; dakin gwaje-gwaje [[Rashin bacci|na cututtukan barci]] ; shirin hadi a cikin vitro ; da kuma ayyukan [[Magani|magunguna]] na musamman. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qtyblk8w4l66xl9h0z9edyo45bvej9i 0 160682 875325 2026-07-03T19:02:09Z Saudarh2 14842 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314142050|Nuestra Cocina]]" 875325 wikitext text/x-wiki    Nuestra Cocina (Hausa "Kicin ɗinmu") <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuestra Cocina |url=https://www.travelportland.com/directory/nuestra-cocina/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225624/https://www.travelportland.com/directory/nuestra-cocina/ |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |access-date=April 3, 2018 |publisher=[[Travel Portland]]}}</ref> gidan cin abinci ne na Mexico a unguwar [[Portland, Oregon]]">Hosford-Abernethy ta kudu maso gabashin Portland, Oregon, a Amurka. Benjamin Gonzales da Shannon Dooley-Gonzales sune masu mallakar gidan cin abinci.<ref name="Slabtown">{{Cite web |last=Korfhage |first=Matthew |date=May 3, 2016 |title=Nuestra Cocina's Slabtown Food Cart Is Serving Very Fine Street Tacos |url=http://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/05/03/nuestra-cocinas-slabtown-food-cart-is-serving-very-fine-street-tacos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402230745/http://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/05/03/nuestra-cocinas-slabtown-food-cart-is-serving-very-fine-street-tacos/ |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |access-date=April 3, 2018 |website=Willamette Week}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Nuestra Cocina a shekara ta 2004. A cikin 2016, gidan cin abinci ya fara aiki da keken abinci na taco a arewa maso yammacin Portland da ake kira Frogtown Tacos . <ref name="Slabtown">{{Cite web |last=Korfhage |first=Matthew |date=May 3, 2016 |title=Nuestra Cocina's Slabtown Food Cart Is Serving Very Fine Street Tacos |url=http://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/05/03/nuestra-cocinas-slabtown-food-cart-is-serving-very-fine-street-tacos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402230745/http://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/05/03/nuestra-cocinas-slabtown-food-cart-is-serving-very-fine-street-tacos/ |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |access-date=April 3, 2018 |website=Willamette Week}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin 2013, an haɗa gidan cin abinci a cikin jerin Travel + Leisure na "Mafi kyawun Gidajen cin abinci na Mexico a == Dubi kuma == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> * Hispanics da Latinos a Portland, Oregon * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Mexico == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 25ta787jyby24l6oco3qy6d3i2kwoa1 875327 875325 2026-07-03T19:02:35Z Saudarh2 14842 875327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    Nuestra Cocina (Hausa "Kicin ɗinmu") <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuestra Cocina |url=https://www.travelportland.com/directory/nuestra-cocina/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225624/https://www.travelportland.com/directory/nuestra-cocina/ |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |access-date=April 3, 2018 |publisher=[[Travel Portland]]}}</ref> gidan cin abinci ne na Mexico a unguwar [[Portland, Oregon]]">Hosford-Abernethy ta kudu maso gabashin Portland, Oregon, a Amurka. Benjamin Gonzales da Shannon Dooley-Gonzales sune masu mallakar gidan cin abinci.<ref name="Slabtown">{{Cite web |last=Korfhage |first=Matthew |date=May 3, 2016 |title=Nuestra Cocina's Slabtown Food Cart Is Serving Very Fine Street Tacos |url=http://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/05/03/nuestra-cocinas-slabtown-food-cart-is-serving-very-fine-street-tacos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402230745/http://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/05/03/nuestra-cocinas-slabtown-food-cart-is-serving-very-fine-street-tacos/ |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |access-date=April 3, 2018 |website=Willamette Week}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Nuestra Cocina a shekara ta 2004. A cikin 2016, gidan cin abinci ya fara aiki da keken abinci na taco a arewa maso yammacin Portland da ake kira Frogtown Tacos . <ref name="Slabtown">{{Cite web |last=Korfhage |first=Matthew |date=May 3, 2016 |title=Nuestra Cocina's Slabtown Food Cart Is Serving Very Fine Street Tacos |url=http://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/05/03/nuestra-cocinas-slabtown-food-cart-is-serving-very-fine-street-tacos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402230745/http://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/05/03/nuestra-cocinas-slabtown-food-cart-is-serving-very-fine-street-tacos/ |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |access-date=April 3, 2018 |website=Willamette Week}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin 2013, an haɗa gidan cin abinci a cikin jerin Travel + Leisure na "Mafi kyawun Gidajen cin abinci na Mexico a == Dubi kuma == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> * Hispanics da Latinos a Portland, Oregon * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Mexico == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} g21bedco5g65on1e3dii0s8733wizc3 875349 875327 2026-07-03T19:12:45Z Saudarh2 14842 /* Tarihi */ 875349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    Nuestra Cocina (Hausa "Kicin ɗinmu") <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuestra Cocina |url=https://www.travelportland.com/directory/nuestra-cocina/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225624/https://www.travelportland.com/directory/nuestra-cocina/ |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |access-date=April 3, 2018 |publisher=[[Travel Portland]]}}</ref> gidan cin abinci ne na Mexico a unguwar [[Portland, Oregon]]">Hosford-Abernethy ta kudu maso gabashin Portland, Oregon, a Amurka. Benjamin Gonzales da Shannon Dooley-Gonzales sune masu mallakar gidan cin abinci.<ref name="Slabtown">{{Cite web |last=Korfhage |first=Matthew |date=May 3, 2016 |title=Nuestra Cocina's Slabtown Food Cart Is Serving Very Fine Street Tacos |url=http://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/05/03/nuestra-cocinas-slabtown-food-cart-is-serving-very-fine-street-tacos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402230745/http://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/05/03/nuestra-cocinas-slabtown-food-cart-is-serving-very-fine-street-tacos/ |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |access-date=April 3, 2018 |website=Willamette Week}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Nuestra Cocina a shekara ta 2004. A cikin 2016, gidan cin abinci ya fara aiki da keken abinci na taco a arewa maso yammacin Portland da ake kira a Frogtown Tacos . <ref name="Slabtown">{{Cite web |last=Korfhage |first=Matthew |date=May 3, 2016 |title=Nuestra Cocina's Slabtown Food Cart Is Serving Very Fine Street Tacos |url=http://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/05/03/nuestra-cocinas-slabtown-food-cart-is-serving-very-fine-street-tacos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402230745/http://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2016/05/03/nuestra-cocinas-slabtown-food-cart-is-serving-very-fine-street-tacos/ |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |access-date=April 3, 2018 |website=Willamette Week}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin 2013, an haɗa gidan cin abinci a cikin jerin Travel + Leisure na "Mafi kyawun Gidajen cin abinci na Mexico a == Dubi kuma == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> * Hispanics da Latinos a Portland, Oregon * Jerin gidajen cin abinci na Mexico == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} avark8mmciorskxzlnaraqcoymm6lew 0 160683 875332 2026-07-03T19:04:38Z Young ibskeed 46263 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289313187|Max Iklé]]" 875332 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MyMax Arthur Iklé''' (21 Maris 1903){{Spaced en dash}} A ranar 3 ga Disamba 1999) lauya ne na Switzerland, masanin masana'antu kuma jami'i wanda ya fi shahara a matsayin Darakta Janar na Bankin Ƙasa na Switzerland daga 1956 zuwa 1968. Ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin Darakta na Hukumar Kuɗi ta Tarayya daga 1948 zuwa 1956. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1903-03-21 |title=Dodis Iklé, Max (1903–1999) |url=https://dodis.ch/P2605 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Dodis}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-01-25 |title=Iklé, Max |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/009187/2007-01-25/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=hls-dhs-dss.ch |language=de}}</ref> Shi ne mahaifin [[Elisabeth Kopp]], wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Tarayya (Switzerland) . == HiRayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Iklé a ranar 21 ga Maris, 1903 a St. Gallen, Switzerland, 'ya'ya ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya uku, ga Adolph Iklé, ɗan ƙasar Jamus (1852–1923), mai kera kayan ɗinki, da kuma Anna Elisabeth Iklé ( née Steinlin; 1868–1931). 'Yan uwansa su ne; Curt Arnold Iklé (1902–1987) da Hans Adalbert Iklé. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS) |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/famn/index.php |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=hls-dhs-dss.ch |language=de}}</ref> Ya kuma haifi 'yan'uwa uku daga aurensa na farko da mahaifinsa ya yi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ADOLF IKLé-STEINLIN (1852-1923) |url=https://www.coinbooks.org/v20/esylum_v20n44a17.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.coinbooks.org}}</ref> Asalin danginsa na uba asalinsu Bayahude ne daga Jamus daga [[Hamburg]] . Mahaifinsa, Adolph Iklé (1852–1923), ya zama abokin tarayya a kamfanin farko na dinki na injina a Gabashin Switzerland a shekarar 1880, wanda ya koma ''Iklé Frères'' wanda ya wanzu har zuwa 1929. Kawunsa Leopold Iklé ne. Mahaifiyarsa 'yar ƙasar Switzerland ce mai gyara. Iklé ya kammala karatunsa na Likitanci a Jami'ar Zurich a shekarar 1926. == Sana'a == Ya yi aiki a matsayin darakta a Hukumar Kudi ta Tarayya daga 1948 zuwa 1956. Daga nan aka naɗa Iklé a matsayin babban darakta na Babban Bankin Ƙasa na Switzerland, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa 1968. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1928, Iklé ya auri Beatrice "Beatrix" Heberlein (1906–1988), 'yar Georges Heberlein da Margaretha Heberlein ( née Jenny). Surukinsa yana gudanar da wani kamfanin masaku kuma yana samar da zare na farko a Switzerland. Suna da 'ya'ya uku; * Marianne Iklé (1935–2019), likita, ta auri Gasser ba tare da wata matsala ba. * Anna Elisabeth Iklé, wacce aka fi sani da [[Elisabeth Kopp|Elisabeth Iklé]] (1936–2023), wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Tarayya (Switzerland), ta auri Dr. Hans W. Kopp (1931–2015), 'ya mace ɗaya. * Beatrix Iklé (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944), ta auri Dr. Randolf Hanslin, injiniyan injiniya kuma ɗan kasuwa, 'ya'ya uku. Ya sake aure a shekarar 1957. Iklé ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1999 a gidansa da ke Zumikon kusa da Zurich, Switzerland yana da shekaru 96. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] i3joym3h0zepbe9v8h3lkse97com2ds 875335 875332 2026-07-03T19:05:18Z Quinlan83 13504 Fix 875335 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MyMax Arthur Iklé''' (21 Maris 1903){{Spaced en dash}} A ranar 3 ga Disamba 1999) lauya ne na Switzerland, masanin masana'antu kuma jami'i wanda ya fi shahara a matsayin Darakta Janar na Bankin Ƙasa na Switzerland daga 1956 zuwa 1968. Ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin Darakta na Hukumar Kuɗi ta Tarayya daga 1948 zuwa 1956. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1903-03-21 |title=Dodis Iklé, Max (1903–1999) |url=https://dodis.ch/P2605 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Dodis}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-01-25 |title=Iklé, Max |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/009187/2007-01-25/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=hls-dhs-dss.ch |language=de}}</ref> Shi ne mahaifin [[Elisabeth Kopp]], wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Tarayya (Switzerland) . == HiRayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Iklé a ranar 21 ga Maris, 1903 a St. Gallen, Switzerland, 'ya'ya ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya uku, ga Adolph Iklé, ɗan ƙasar Jamus (1852–1923), mai kera kayan ɗinki, da kuma Anna Elisabeth Iklé ( née Steinlin; 1868–1931). 'Yan uwansa su ne; Curt Arnold Iklé (1902–1987) da Hans Adalbert Iklé. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS) |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/famn/index.php |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=hls-dhs-dss.ch |language=de}}</ref> Ya kuma haifi 'yan'uwa uku daga aurensa na farko da mahaifinsa ya yi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ADOLF IKLé-STEINLIN (1852-1923) |url=https://www.coinbooks.org/v20/esylum_v20n44a17.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.coinbooks.org}}</ref> Asalin danginsa na uba asalinsu Bayahude ne daga Jamus daga [[Hamburg]] . Mahaifinsa, Adolph Iklé (1852–1923), ya zama abokin tarayya a kamfanin farko na dinki na injina a Gabashin Switzerland a shekarar 1880, wanda ya koma ''Iklé Frères'' wanda ya wanzu har zuwa 1929. Kawunsa Leopold Iklé ne. Mahaifiyarsa 'yar ƙasar Switzerland ce mai gyara. Iklé ya kammala karatunsa na Likitanci a Jami'ar Zurich a shekarar 1926. == Sana'a == Ya yi aiki a matsayin darakta a Hukumar Kudi ta Tarayya daga 1948 zuwa 1956. Daga nan aka naɗa Iklé a matsayin babban darakta na Babban Bankin Ƙasa na Switzerland, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa 1968. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1928, Iklé ya auri Beatrice "Beatrix" Heberlein (1906–1988), 'yar Georges Heberlein da Margaretha Heberlein ( née Jenny). Surukinsa yana gudanar da wani kamfanin masaku kuma yana samar da zare na farko a Switzerland. Suna da 'ya'ya uku; * Marianne Iklé (1935–2019), likita, ta auri Gasser ba tare da wata matsala ba. * Anna Elisabeth Iklé, wacce aka fi sani da [[Elisabeth Kopp|Elisabeth Iklé]] (1936–2023), wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Tarayya (Switzerland), ta auri Dr. Hans W. Kopp (1931–2015), 'ya mace ɗaya. * Beatrix Iklé (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944), ta auri Dr. Randolf Hanslin, injiniyan injiniya kuma ɗan kasuwa, 'ya'ya uku. Ya sake aure a shekarar 1957. Iklé ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1999 a gidansa da ke Zumikon kusa da Zurich, Switzerland yana da shekaru 96. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] nlymw6n65gl1ww2zzs9xjurvn4s8bql 875347 875335 2026-07-03T19:11:17Z Young ibskeed 46263 875347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rubutu mai gwaɓi''''''MyMax Arthur Iklé''' (21 Maris 1903){{Spaced en dash}} A ranar 3 ga Disamba 1999) lauya ne na Switzerland, masanin masana'antu kuma jami'i wanda ya fi shahara a matsayin Darakta Janar na Bankin Ƙasa na Switzerland daga 1956 zuwa 1968. Ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin Darakta na Hukumar Kuɗi ta Tarayya daga 1948 zuwa 1956. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1903-03-21 |title=Dodis Iklé, Max (1903–1999) |url=https://dodis.ch/P2605 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Dodis}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-01-25 |title=Iklé, Max |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/009187/2007-01-25/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=hls-dhs-dss.ch |language=de}}</ref> Shi ne mahaifin [[Elisabeth Kopp]], wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Tarayya (Switzerland) . == HiRayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Iklé a ranar 21 ga Maris, 1903 a St. Gallen, Switzerland, 'ya'ya ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya uku, ga Adolph Iklé, ɗan ƙasar Jamus (1852–1923), mai kera kayan ɗinki, da kuma Anna Elisabeth Iklé ( née Steinlin; 1868–1931). 'Yan uwansa su ne; Curt Arnold Iklé (1902–1987) da Hans Adalbert Iklé. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS) |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/famn/index.php |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=hls-dhs-dss.ch |language=de}}</ref> Ya kuma haifi 'yan'uwa uku daga aurensa na farko da mahaifinsa ya yi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ADOLF IKLé-STEINLIN (1852-1923) |url=https://www.coinbooks.org/v20/esylum_v20n44a17.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.coinbooks.org}}</ref> Asalin danginsa na uba asalinsu Bayahude ne daga Jamus daga [[Hamburg]] . Mahaifinsa, Adolph Iklé (1852–1923), ya zama abokin tarayya a kamfanin farko na dinki na injina a Gabashin Switzerland a shekarar 1880, wanda ya koma ''Iklé Frères'' wanda ya wanzu har zuwa 1929. Kawunsa Leopold Iklé ne. Mahaifiyarsa 'yar ƙasar Switzerland ce mai gyara. Iklé ya kammala karatunsa na Likitanci a Jami'ar Zurich a shekarar 1926. == Sana'a == Ya yi aiki a matsayin darakta a Hukumar Kudi ta Tarayya daga 1948 zuwa 1956. Daga nan aka naɗa Iklé a matsayin babban darakta na Babban Bankin Ƙasa na Switzerland, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa 1968. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1928, Iklé ya auri Beatrice "Beatrix" Heberlein (1906–1988), 'yar Georges Heberlein da Margaretha Heberlein ( née Jenny). Surukinsa yana gudanar da wani kamfanin masaku kuma yana samar da zare na farko a Switzerland. Suna da 'ya'ya uku; * Marianne Iklé (1935–2019), likita, ta auri Gasser ba tare da wata matsala ba. * Anna Elisabeth Iklé, wacce aka fi sani da [[Elisabeth Kopp|Elisabeth Iklé]] (1936–2023), wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Tarayya (Switzerland), ta auri Dr. Hans W. Kopp (1931–2015), 'ya mace ɗaya. * Beatrix Iklé (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944), ta auri Dr. Randolf Hanslin, injiniyan injiniya kuma ɗan kasuwa, 'ya'ya uku. Ya sake aure a shekarar 1957. Iklé ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1999 a gidansa da ke Zumikon kusa da Zurich, Switzerland yana da shekaru 96. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] t4j6m5l7czpu3oong78o4608qc8ew1u 3 160684 875466 2026-07-03T21:23:18Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875466 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, CuteNiki! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/CuteNiki|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) gh5xtisft383bk27q48h9arlcffron1 3 160685 875467 2026-07-03T21:23:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875467 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Duauch! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Duauch|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) knzsh10gh5epug3mz8yxlkn3hnhhdh9 3 160686 875468 2026-07-03T21:23:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875468 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Anas Djab! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Anas Djab|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 1nz0ar2meiiccjcmhktmcth113n66li 3 160687 875469 2026-07-03T21:23:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875469 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Карт-Хадашт! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Карт-Хадашт|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 24nb7gi7pmitmmapqwqm9hjh3gqlx6h 3 160688 875470 2026-07-03T21:23:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875470 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Inderlovescinema! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Inderlovescinema|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) apgrgyaggs2dt4wt06quta0cgjgiisk 3 160689 875471 2026-07-03T21:24:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875471 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Idazmakina! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Idazmakina|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) aeobvrr2clx4v28n7f6tzwdgcgrxlta 3 160690 875472 2026-07-03T21:24:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875472 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kenmercy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kenmercy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) svrydgipxloct0q837mjh77vk8xa4zw 3 160691 875473 2026-07-03T21:24:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875473 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Understarzzz! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Understarzzz|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) e2263e4bqi37txutv76mxkhajvspdns 3 160692 875474 2026-07-03T21:24:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875474 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Saifan ali! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Saifan ali|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ehj5alsru0rbem7ejwyjmvvg9rylyy2 3 160693 875475 2026-07-03T21:24:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875475 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Harald Hansen! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Harald Hansen|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) shs62ks27b65x89eyq1rvzj9co3gqtg 3 160694 875476 2026-07-03T21:24:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875476 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jojo V! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jojo V|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 7zx699btx84zy5tsl36b3eynq9c101j 3 160695 875477 2026-07-03T21:25:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875477 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Askabur! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Askabur|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) day591tp94tdlfq38kdmu0qllwb1nz6 3 160696 875478 2026-07-03T21:25:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875478 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sunwutian! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sunwutian|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 1cvj7axzsbe1rg0p667mmeu58a7xisl 3 160697 875479 2026-07-03T21:25:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875479 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, أبو القاسم الحجي! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/أبو القاسم الحجي|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) pjzdei1f6ajoiqzjkmfkz6rcigyrvfs 3 160698 875480 2026-07-03T21:25:38Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875480 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rakoon! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rakoon|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) nue6rcnkv8i3c9isqycmwp38n6weqjc 3 160699 875481 2026-07-03T21:25:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875481 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Little Professor! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Little Professor|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 9u2wimtfhsicib7io90dfa0c1k3fmpa 3 160700 875482 2026-07-03T21:25:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875482 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tsungam! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tsungam|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) thn3u0xg7sgxz92jlda5zs1fqrl8vum 3 160701 875483 2026-07-03T21:26:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875483 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Leon918! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Leon918|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 833dg962zyw18z1palmo1efj2f365so 3 160702 875484 2026-07-03T21:26:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875484 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Babayo Usman! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Babayo Usman|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 65h7hyn7dwub0c1lfcrp3qyftdtgn4m 3 160703 875485 2026-07-03T21:26:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875485 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mahamed souleymane! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mahamed souleymane|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 2pqwfnos3kanmsilwmhbf4or88fl9rn 3 160704 875486 2026-07-03T21:26:38Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875486 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jozefus! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jozefus|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) k7h0rvvs6g8d3yj4q079lyj05l14kga 3 160705 875487 2026-07-03T21:26:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875487 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yodin! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yodin|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) stj31werizo650vfpksnj8zbgf5s677 3 160706 875488 2026-07-03T21:26:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875488 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Grosa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Grosa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 0sdkr5l9km1bo861otcnh03mo43ngh8 3 160707 875489 2026-07-03T21:27:08Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875489 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Suleimanuba! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Suleimanuba|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) jm5msk5l4rob9rfkejduz872kt69hxx 3 160708 875490 2026-07-03T21:27:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875490 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aldo Campidoglio! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aldo Campidoglio|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 7gg1lfu6autml5xkl7387knnt8w2fwc 3 160709 875491 2026-07-03T21:27:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875491 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Մարի Պոդոսյան! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Մարի Պոդոսյան|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) hmatxu7ou8mytwhilays8cm6wwdadbz 3 160710 875492 2026-07-03T21:27:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875492 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Varduhy Arakelyan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Varduhy Arakelyan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 62b4aauyv14z4xu06zrc3bxz67hqbl5 3 160711 875493 2026-07-03T21:27:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875493 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Raskuly! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Raskuly|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) gkndmgoxzhjd3ds53ip6xbsuvp36uhq 3 160712 875494 2026-07-03T21:27:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875494 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Faithsaguindan03062005! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Faithsaguindan03062005|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ca5he0yrjzph5sree4ufoqgex6juzry 3 160713 875495 2026-07-03T21:28:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875495 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Iutoft! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Iutoft|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) rzkgkxlgei5bqwmktjilvcsvppr1knt 3 160714 875496 2026-07-03T21:28:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875496 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pluk van de Petteflet! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pluk van de Petteflet|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ma4rj6jiwnaxnziwz41buxww74um0j5 3 160715 875497 2026-07-03T21:28:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875497 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, JORGE ANDRES SALAZAR! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/JORGE ANDRES SALAZAR|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) qn14f3xz6t1ob8x8lfqq4t9ye26tnkk 3 160716 875498 2026-07-03T21:28:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875498 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ainolinnek! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ainolinnek|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) aqcu8k2d2ukndhr44wwlfdjajvjuure 3 160717 875499 2026-07-03T21:28:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875499 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lluis tgn! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lluis tgn|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 9gf84rlnlmqksvuvnc5vqo5pfqdhswo 3 160718 875500 2026-07-03T21:28:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 875500 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yusuf2033! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yusuf2033|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) p1dkag86ky6n3695k1fo6jf63rf3x69 0 160719 875546 2026-07-04T02:06:29Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360032200|Carlton Rose]]" 875546 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka Carlton S. Rose''' (8 ga Fabrairu, 1962 - 26 ga Maris, 2006) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Amirka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin mai ba da layi a Jami'ar Michigan daga 1980 zuwa 1983. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a matsayin mai ba da layi a cikin Kungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Amurka (USFL) a cikin 1984 da 1985 kuma a cikin Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa na Kasa (NFL) don Washington Redskins a matsayin mai layin layi kuma a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Rose a Pompano Beach, Florida, a shekarar 1962. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Stranahan a Ft. Lauderdale, Florida . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Carlton Rose |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RoseCa20.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> == Jami'ar Michigan == Rose ta shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1980 kuma ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Bo Schembechler ta Michigan Wolverines daga 1980 zuwa 1983. <ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya fara wasanni 11 a waje linebacker na ƙungiyar Kwallon ƙafa na Michigan Wolverines ta 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1982 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1982fbt.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya fara wasanni shida a waje kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Dick Katcher ta 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1983 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1983fbt.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Masu horar da taron ne suka zaba shi a matsayin dan wasa na biyu a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta 1983 All-Big Ten Conference . == Ƙwarewar Kwallon ƙafa == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Michigan, Rose ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL) don Michigan Panthers a 1984 da Los Angeles Express a 1985 kuma a cikin Kudancin Kwallon Kafa na Kanada (CFL) don Ottawa Rough Riders . Ya kuma buga wasanni biyu a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) ga Washington Redskins a matsayin mai maye gurbin dan wasa a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987.<ref name="obit" /> == Rayuwa ta baya == Rose ta mutu daga bugun jini a shekara ta 2006 tana da shekaru 44. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] 4xz3ihck7s2oavr72ljo08n6un9wftw 875547 875546 2026-07-04T02:07:08Z Aluja 30485 875547 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carlton S. Rose''' (8 ga Fabrairu, 1962 - 26 ga Maris, 2006) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Amirka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin mai ba da layi a Jami'ar Michigan daga 1980 zuwa 1983. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a matsayin mai ba da layi a cikin Kungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Amurka (USFL) a cikin 1984 da 1985 kuma a cikin Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa na Kasa (NFL) don Washington Redskins a matsayin mai layin layi kuma a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Rose a Pompano Beach, Florida, a shekarar 1962. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Stranahan a Ft. Lauderdale, Florida . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Carlton Rose |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RoseCa20.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> == Jami'ar Michigan == Rose ta shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1980 kuma ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Bo Schembechler ta Michigan Wolverines daga 1980 zuwa 1983. <ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya fara wasanni 11 a waje linebacker na ƙungiyar Kwallon ƙafa na Michigan Wolverines ta 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1982 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1982fbt.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya fara wasanni shida a waje kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Dick Katcher ta 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1983 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1983fbt.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Masu horar da taron ne suka zaba shi a matsayin dan wasa na biyu a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta 1983 All-Big Ten Conference . == Ƙwarewar Kwallon ƙafa == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Michigan, Rose ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL) don Michigan Panthers a 1984 da Los Angeles Express a 1985 kuma a cikin Kudancin Kwallon Kafa na Kanada (CFL) don Ottawa Rough Riders . Ya kuma buga wasanni biyu a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) ga Washington Redskins a matsayin mai maye gurbin dan wasa a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987.<ref name="obit" /> == Rayuwa ta baya == Rose ta mutu daga bugun jini a shekara ta 2006 tana da shekaru 44. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] tql9c2kdn1vtsmr3eyc6l0bnvfwc5ln 875548 875547 2026-07-04T02:07:29Z Aluja 30485 875548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Carlton S. Rose''' (8 ga Fabrairu, 1962 - 26 ga Maris, 2006) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Amirka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin mai ba da layi a Jami'ar Michigan daga 1980 zuwa 1983. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a matsayin mai ba da layi a cikin Kungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Amurka (USFL) a cikin 1984 da 1985 kuma a cikin Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa na Kasa (NFL) don Washington Redskins a matsayin mai layin layi kuma a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Rose a Pompano Beach, Florida, a shekarar 1962. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Stranahan a Ft. Lauderdale, Florida . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Carlton Rose |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RoseCa20.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> == Jami'ar Michigan == Rose ta shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1980 kuma ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Bo Schembechler ta Michigan Wolverines daga 1980 zuwa 1983. <ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya fara wasanni 11 a waje linebacker na ƙungiyar Kwallon ƙafa na Michigan Wolverines ta 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1982 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1982fbt.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya fara wasanni shida a waje kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Dick Katcher ta 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1983 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1983fbt.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Masu horar da taron ne suka zaba shi a matsayin dan wasa na biyu a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta 1983 All-Big Ten Conference . == Ƙwarewar Kwallon ƙafa == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Michigan, Rose ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL) don Michigan Panthers a 1984 da Los Angeles Express a 1985 kuma a cikin Kudancin Kwallon Kafa na Kanada (CFL) don Ottawa Rough Riders . Ya kuma buga wasanni biyu a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) ga Washington Redskins a matsayin mai maye gurbin dan wasa a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987.<ref name="obit" /> == Rayuwa ta baya == Rose ta mutu daga bugun jini a shekara ta 2006 tana da shekaru 44. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] fu37siqr36uy9mbtzc1qsntbbcd61ie 875549 875548 2026-07-04T02:08:28Z Aluja 30485 /* Jami'ar Michigan */ 875549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Carlton S. Rose''' (8 ga Fabrairu, 1962 - 26 ga Maris, 2006) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Amirka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin mai ba da layi a Jami'ar Michigan daga 1980 zuwa 1983. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a matsayin mai ba da layi a cikin Kungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Amurka (USFL) a cikin 1984 da 1985 kuma a cikin Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa na Kasa (NFL) don Washington Redskins a matsayin mai layin layi kuma a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Rose a Pompano Beach, Florida, a shekarar 1962. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Stranahan a Ft. Lauderdale, Florida . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Carlton Rose |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RoseCa20.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> == Jami'ar Michigan == Rose ta shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1980 kuma ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Bo Schembechler ta Michigan Wolverines daga 1980 zuwa 1983. <ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya fara wasanni 11 a waje linebacker na ƙungiyar Kwallon ƙafa na Michigan Wolverines ta 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1982 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1982fbt.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya fara wasanni shida a waje kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Dick Katcher ta 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1983 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1983fbt.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Masu horar da taron ne suka zaba shi a matsayin dan wasa na biyu a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta 1983 All-Big Ten Conference .<ref>{{cite news|title=All-Big Ten|newspaper=The Bryan Times (UPI story)|author=Barry Minkoff|date=November 22, 1983|page=12|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=799&dat=19631122&id=baZhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5ocDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3162,5187647&hl=en}}</ref> == Ƙwarewar Kwallon ƙafa == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Michigan, Rose ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL) don Michigan Panthers a 1984 da Los Angeles Express a 1985 kuma a cikin Kudancin Kwallon Kafa na Kanada (CFL) don Ottawa Rough Riders . Ya kuma buga wasanni biyu a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) ga Washington Redskins a matsayin mai maye gurbin dan wasa a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987.<ref name="obit" /> == Rayuwa ta baya == Rose ta mutu daga bugun jini a shekara ta 2006 tana da shekaru 44. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] mu13oo8483j1y2po9ai6ka7b5fmxmag 875550 875549 2026-07-04T02:10:01Z Aluja 30485 /* Ƙwarewar Kwallon ƙafa */ 875550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Carlton S. Rose''' (8 ga Fabrairu, 1962 - 26 ga Maris, 2006) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Amirka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin mai ba da layi a Jami'ar Michigan daga 1980 zuwa 1983. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a matsayin mai ba da layi a cikin Kungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Amurka (USFL) a cikin 1984 da 1985 kuma a cikin Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa na Kasa (NFL) don Washington Redskins a matsayin mai layin layi kuma a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Rose a Pompano Beach, Florida, a shekarar 1962. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Stranahan a Ft. Lauderdale, Florida . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Carlton Rose |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RoseCa20.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> == Jami'ar Michigan == Rose ta shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1980 kuma ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Bo Schembechler ta Michigan Wolverines daga 1980 zuwa 1983. <ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya fara wasanni 11 a waje linebacker na ƙungiyar Kwallon ƙafa na Michigan Wolverines ta 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1982 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1982fbt.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya fara wasanni shida a waje kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Dick Katcher ta 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1983 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1983fbt.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Masu horar da taron ne suka zaba shi a matsayin dan wasa na biyu a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta 1983 All-Big Ten Conference .<ref>{{cite news|title=All-Big Ten|newspaper=The Bryan Times (UPI story)|author=Barry Minkoff|date=November 22, 1983|page=12|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=799&dat=19631122&id=baZhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5ocDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3162,5187647&hl=en}}</ref> == Ƙwarewar Kwallon ƙafa == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Michigan, Rose ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL) don Michigan Panthers a 1984 da Los Angeles Express a 1985 kuma a cikin Kudancin Kwallon Kafa na Kanada (CFL) don Ottawa Rough Riders .<ref>{{cite news|title=Still Rose-y: Ex-'M' linebacker at home in the pros|newspaper=The Michigan Daily|date=March 22, 1984|page=8|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2706&dat=19840323&id=uwhKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sx4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1242,3022450&hl=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Express Beats the Odds . . . Takes On Gamblers|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 24, 1985|author=Chris Dufresne|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-02-24-sp-24679-story.html}}</ref><ref name=obit/> Ya kuma buga wasanni biyu a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) ga Washington Redskins a matsayin mai maye gurbin dan wasa a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987.<ref name="obit" /> == Rayuwa ta baya == Rose ta mutu daga bugun jini a shekara ta 2006 tana da shekaru 44. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] 5br2cdhf234wqmxvg0l1o6jnd8dvtyp 875551 875550 2026-07-04T02:11:00Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta baya */ 875551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Carlton S. Rose''' (8 ga Fabrairu, 1962 - 26 ga Maris, 2006) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Amirka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin mai ba da layi a Jami'ar Michigan daga 1980 zuwa 1983. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a matsayin mai ba da layi a cikin Kungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Amurka (USFL) a cikin 1984 da 1985 kuma a cikin Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa na Kasa (NFL) don Washington Redskins a matsayin mai layin layi kuma a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Rose a Pompano Beach, Florida, a shekarar 1962. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Stranahan a Ft. Lauderdale, Florida . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Carlton Rose |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RoseCa20.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> == Jami'ar Michigan == Rose ta shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1980 kuma ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Bo Schembechler ta Michigan Wolverines daga 1980 zuwa 1983. <ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya fara wasanni 11 a waje linebacker na ƙungiyar Kwallon ƙafa na Michigan Wolverines ta 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1982 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1982fbt.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya fara wasanni shida a waje kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Dick Katcher ta 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1983 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1983fbt.htm |access-date=March 20, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Masu horar da taron ne suka zaba shi a matsayin dan wasa na biyu a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta 1983 All-Big Ten Conference .<ref>{{cite news|title=All-Big Ten|newspaper=The Bryan Times (UPI story)|author=Barry Minkoff|date=November 22, 1983|page=12|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=799&dat=19631122&id=baZhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5ocDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3162,5187647&hl=en}}</ref> == Ƙwarewar Kwallon ƙafa == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Michigan, Rose ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL) don Michigan Panthers a 1984 da Los Angeles Express a 1985 kuma a cikin Kudancin Kwallon Kafa na Kanada (CFL) don Ottawa Rough Riders .<ref>{{cite news|title=Still Rose-y: Ex-'M' linebacker at home in the pros|newspaper=The Michigan Daily|date=March 22, 1984|page=8|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2706&dat=19840323&id=uwhKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sx4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1242,3022450&hl=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Express Beats the Odds . . . Takes On Gamblers|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 24, 1985|author=Chris Dufresne|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-02-24-sp-24679-story.html}}</ref><ref name=obit/> Ya kuma buga wasanni biyu a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) ga Washington Redskins a matsayin mai maye gurbin dan wasa a lokacin Yajin aikin NFL na 1987.<ref name="obit" /> == Rayuwa ta baya == Rose ta mutu daga bugun jini a shekara ta 2006 tana da shekaru 44.<ref name=obit>{{cite news|title=Former Prep Star Dies: Rose, 44, One Of Best To Play At Stranahan|date=April 1, 2006|author=Dave Brousseau |newspaper=Sun Sentinel|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2006-04-01/sports/0603310673_1_high-school-football-canadian-football-league-all-time-team|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211220716/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2006-04-01/sports/0603310673_1_high-school-football-canadian-football-league-all-time-team|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 11, 2013}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] iukyj386hib1g7nkwqz7ekuuxwaz7eg 0 160720 875553 2026-07-04T02:18:29Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335885179|1957 Clemson Tigers football team]]" 875553 wikitext text/x-wiki   Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Clemson Tigers ta 1957 kungiya ce ta [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka]] wacce ta wakilci Kwalejin Clemson a taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) a lokacin kakar kwallon kafa ta kwaleji ta 1957. A kakar wasa ta 18 a karkashin kocin Frank Howard, kungiyar ta tara rikodin 7-3 (4-3 a kan abokan adawar taron), an ɗaure shi a matsayi na uku a cikin ACC, an sanya shi a matsayi Na 18 a cikin Poll na Kocin karshe, kuma ya fi abokan adawar jimlar 216 zuwa 78. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=2016 Media Guide |url=https://issuu.com/clemsontigers/docs/2016_guide |access-date=June 23, 2017 |website=clemsontigers.com |publisher=Clemson Athletics |pages=200–208 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1957 Clemson Tigers Schedule and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/clemson/1957-schedule.html |access-date=October 3, 2019 |website=SR/College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Kungiyar ta buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na Memorial a Clemson, South Carolina . Wasan shekara-shekara na "Babban Alhamis" tare da Kudancin Carolina ya jawo taron mutane 44,020, mafi yawan jama'a don ganin wasan kwallon kafa har zuwa wannan ranar a jihar Kudancin Caroline. Clemson ya buga wasan karshe da ya yi da Kwalejin Presbyterian; Presbyterien shine wasan bude kakar Clemson daga 1930 har zuwa 1957. Mai tsaron gida John Grdijan da Leon Kaltenback sun kasance kyaftin din tawagar. Shugabannin ƙididdigar ƙungiyar sun haɗa da mai tsaron gida Harvey White tare da yadudduka 841, mai tsaron baya Bob Spooner tare da yadadduka 358, da Spooner da rabin baya Bill Mathis tare da maki 30 (tabbuka biyar) kowannensu.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1960 |title=Clemson 1960 Football Media Guide |url=https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1076&context=fball_media |access-date=October 3, 2019 |publisher=Clemson University |pages=40–42}}</ref> An zaɓi John Grdijan da Harvey White a matsayin 'yan wasa na farko ta ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta All-Atlantic Coast Conference ta 1957. An kuma sanya wa 'yan wasan Clemson hudu suna zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kudu ta 1957: Grdijan, White, Ray Masneri, da kuma tsakiya Donnie Bunton. == Shirin == {{CFB schedule|September 21|2:00 p.m.||{{cfb link|year=1957|team=Presbyterian Blue Hose|title=Presbyterian}}<ncg>||[[Memorial Stadium (Clemson)|Memorial Stadium]]|[[Clemson, South Carolina|Clemson, SC]]|W 66–0|15,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-journal-tigers-tear-blue-hos/138916590/|work=The Atlanta Journal & Constitution|title=Tigers tear Blue Hose in series finale, 66–0|date=September 22, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|September 28|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 North Carolina Tar Heels football team|North Carolina]]||[[Kenan Memorial Stadium]]|[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill, NC]]|L 0–26|16,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news-tar-heels-convert-clemson/138916748/|work=Miami Daily News|title=Tar Heels convert Clemson fumblitis into 26–0 victory|date=September 29, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|October 5|2:00 p.m.||No. 13 [[1957 NC State Wolfpack football team|NC State]]||Memorial Stadium|Clemson, SC ([[Textile Bowl|rivalry]])|L 7–13|17,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-greenville-news-christys-97-yard-ru/138912831/|work=The Greenville News|title=Christy's 97-yard run lifts Wolfpack over Tigers, 13–7|date=October 6, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|October 12|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 Virginia Cavaliers football team|Virginia]]||[[Scott Stadium]]|[[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville, VA]]|W 20–6|18,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-and-observer-tigers-beat-virgin/138916915/|work=The News and Observer|title=Tigers beat Virginia, 20–6|date=October 13, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|October 24|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 South Carolina Gamecocks football team|South Carolina]]||[[Williams–Brice Stadium|Carolina Stadium]]|[[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia, SC]] ([[Clemson–South Carolina rivalry|rivalry]])|W 13–0|44,020|<ref>{{cite news|title=Tigers Take To Air To Upset Birds, 13–0|newspaper=The Greenville News|author=Jim Anderson|date=October 25, 1957|pages= 1, 19 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36756268/tigers_take_to_air_to_upset_birds_130/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 2|9:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 Rice Owls football team|Rice]]<ncg>||[[Rice Stadium (Rice University)|Rice Stadium]]|[[Houston|Houston, TX]]|W 20–7||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tyler-courier-times-harvey-white-lea/138917075/|work=The Tyler Courier-Times|title=Harvey White leads Clemson in victory over Rice, 20–7|date=November 3, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 9|2:00 p.m.||[[1957 Maryland Terrapins football team|Maryland]]<hc>||Memorial Stadium|Clemson, SC|W 26–7|28,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-and-democrat-clemson-defeats-m/138917281/|work=The Times and Democrat|title=Clemson defeats Maryland, 26–7|date=November 10, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 16|2:00 p.m.|at|No. 11 [[1957 Duke Blue Devils football team|Duke]]|14|[[Wallace Wade Stadium|Duke Stadium]]|[[Durham, North Carolina|Durham, NC]]|L 6–7|22,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/rocky-mount-telegram-duke-edges-by-clems/138915337/|work=The Rocky Mount Telegram|title=Duke edges by Clemson 7–6|date=November 17, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 23|2:00 p.m.||[[1957 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team|Wake Forest]]||Memorial Stadium|Clemson, SC|W 13–6|18,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-virginian-pilot-late-rally-wins-13/138917451/|work=The Virginian-Pilot|title=Late rally wins, 13–6, for Tigers|date=November 24, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 30|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 Furman Purple Hurricane football team|Furman]]<ncg>||[[Sirrine Stadium]]|[[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville, SC]]|W 45–6|10,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109616868/white-sets-passing-record-as-clemson-bea/|work=The Times and Democrat|title=White sets passing record as Clemson beats Furman, 45–6|date=December 1, 1957|accessdate=September 15, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|rankyear=1957|poll=AP|timezone=Eastern|time=y|rank=y|attend=y|source=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=1957 |title=Clemson Football Media Guide - 1957 |url=https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/fball_media/81/ |access-date=November 8, 2023 |publisher=[[Clemson University]] |page=1}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 3qzjlo0m1ok0pyngst2t890mvw031gt 875554 875553 2026-07-04T02:19:38Z Aluja 30485 875554 wikitext text/x-wiki Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Clemson Tigers ta 1957 kungiya ce ta [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka]] wacce ta wakilci Kwalejin Clemson a taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) a lokacin kakar kwallon kafa ta kwaleji ta 1957. A kakar wasa ta 18 a karkashin kocin Frank Howard, kungiyar ta tara rikodin 7-3 (4-3 a kan abokan adawar taron), an ɗaure shi a matsayi na uku a cikin ACC, an sanya shi a matsayi Na 18 a cikin Poll na Kocin karshe, kuma ya fi abokan adawar jimlar 216 zuwa 78. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=2016 Media Guide |url=https://issuu.com/clemsontigers/docs/2016_guide |access-date=June 23, 2017 |website=clemsontigers.com |publisher=Clemson Athletics |pages=200–208 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1957 Clemson Tigers Schedule and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/clemson/1957-schedule.html |access-date=October 3, 2019 |website=SR/College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Kungiyar ta buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na Memorial a Clemson, South Carolina . Wasan shekara-shekara na "Babban Alhamis" tare da Kudancin Carolina ya jawo taron mutane 44,020, mafi yawan jama'a don ganin wasan kwallon kafa har zuwa wannan ranar a jihar Kudancin Caroline. Clemson ya buga wasan karshe da ya yi da Kwalejin Presbyterian; Presbyterien shine wasan bude kakar Clemson daga 1930 har zuwa 1957. Mai tsaron gida John Grdijan da Leon Kaltenback sun kasance kyaftin din tawagar. Shugabannin ƙididdigar ƙungiyar sun haɗa da mai tsaron gida Harvey White tare da yadudduka 841, mai tsaron baya Bob Spooner tare da yadadduka 358, da Spooner da rabin baya Bill Mathis tare da maki 30 (tabbuka biyar) kowannensu.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1960 |title=Clemson 1960 Football Media Guide |url=https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1076&context=fball_media |access-date=October 3, 2019 |publisher=Clemson University |pages=40–42}}</ref> An zaɓi John Grdijan da Harvey White a matsayin 'yan wasa na farko ta ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta All-Atlantic Coast Conference ta 1957. An kuma sanya wa 'yan wasan Clemson hudu suna zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kudu ta 1957: Grdijan, White, Ray Masneri, da kuma tsakiya Donnie Bunton. == Shirin == {{CFB schedule|September 21|2:00 p.m.||{{cfb link|year=1957|team=Presbyterian Blue Hose|title=Presbyterian}}<ncg>||[[Memorial Stadium (Clemson)|Memorial Stadium]]|[[Clemson, South Carolina|Clemson, SC]]|W 66–0|15,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-journal-tigers-tear-blue-hos/138916590/|work=The Atlanta Journal & Constitution|title=Tigers tear Blue Hose in series finale, 66–0|date=September 22, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|September 28|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 North Carolina Tar Heels football team|North Carolina]]||[[Kenan Memorial Stadium]]|[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill, NC]]|L 0–26|16,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news-tar-heels-convert-clemson/138916748/|work=Miami Daily News|title=Tar Heels convert Clemson fumblitis into 26–0 victory|date=September 29, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|October 5|2:00 p.m.||No. 13 [[1957 NC State Wolfpack football team|NC State]]||Memorial Stadium|Clemson, SC ([[Textile Bowl|rivalry]])|L 7–13|17,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-greenville-news-christys-97-yard-ru/138912831/|work=The Greenville News|title=Christy's 97-yard run lifts Wolfpack over Tigers, 13–7|date=October 6, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|October 12|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 Virginia Cavaliers football team|Virginia]]||[[Scott Stadium]]|[[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville, VA]]|W 20–6|18,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-and-observer-tigers-beat-virgin/138916915/|work=The News and Observer|title=Tigers beat Virginia, 20–6|date=October 13, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|October 24|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 South Carolina Gamecocks football team|South Carolina]]||[[Williams–Brice Stadium|Carolina Stadium]]|[[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia, SC]] ([[Clemson–South Carolina rivalry|rivalry]])|W 13–0|44,020|<ref>{{cite news|title=Tigers Take To Air To Upset Birds, 13–0|newspaper=The Greenville News|author=Jim Anderson|date=October 25, 1957|pages= 1, 19 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36756268/tigers_take_to_air_to_upset_birds_130/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 2|9:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 Rice Owls football team|Rice]]<ncg>||[[Rice Stadium (Rice University)|Rice Stadium]]|[[Houston|Houston, TX]]|W 20–7||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tyler-courier-times-harvey-white-lea/138917075/|work=The Tyler Courier-Times|title=Harvey White leads Clemson in victory over Rice, 20–7|date=November 3, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 9|2:00 p.m.||[[1957 Maryland Terrapins football team|Maryland]]<hc>||Memorial Stadium|Clemson, SC|W 26–7|28,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-and-democrat-clemson-defeats-m/138917281/|work=The Times and Democrat|title=Clemson defeats Maryland, 26–7|date=November 10, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 16|2:00 p.m.|at|No. 11 [[1957 Duke Blue Devils football team|Duke]]|14|[[Wallace Wade Stadium|Duke Stadium]]|[[Durham, North Carolina|Durham, NC]]|L 6–7|22,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/rocky-mount-telegram-duke-edges-by-clems/138915337/|work=The Rocky Mount Telegram|title=Duke edges by Clemson 7–6|date=November 17, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 23|2:00 p.m.||[[1957 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team|Wake Forest]]||Memorial Stadium|Clemson, SC|W 13–6|18,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-virginian-pilot-late-rally-wins-13/138917451/|work=The Virginian-Pilot|title=Late rally wins, 13–6, for Tigers|date=November 24, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 30|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 Furman Purple Hurricane football team|Furman]]<ncg>||[[Sirrine Stadium]]|[[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville, SC]]|W 45–6|10,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109616868/white-sets-passing-record-as-clemson-bea/|work=The Times and Democrat|title=White sets passing record as Clemson beats Furman, 45–6|date=December 1, 1957|accessdate=September 15, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|rankyear=1957|poll=AP|timezone=Eastern|time=y|rank=y|attend=y|source=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=1957 |title=Clemson Football Media Guide - 1957 |url=https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/fball_media/81/ |access-date=November 8, 2023 |publisher=[[Clemson University]] |page=1}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} kpw25wg80uzl84xzqu89qqso7b4qp85 875555 875554 2026-07-04T02:20:15Z Aluja 30485 875555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Clemson Tigers ta 1957 kungiya ce ta [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka]] wacce ta wakilci Kwalejin Clemson a taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) a lokacin kakar kwallon kafa ta kwaleji ta 1957. A kakar wasa ta 18 a karkashin kocin Frank Howard, kungiyar ta tara rikodin 7-3 (4-3 a kan abokan adawar taron), an ɗaure shi a matsayi na uku a cikin ACC, an sanya shi a matsayi Na 18 a cikin Poll na Kocin karshe, kuma ya fi abokan adawar jimlar 216 zuwa 78. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=2016 Media Guide |url=https://issuu.com/clemsontigers/docs/2016_guide |access-date=June 23, 2017 |website=clemsontigers.com |publisher=Clemson Athletics |pages=200–208 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1957 Clemson Tigers Schedule and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/clemson/1957-schedule.html |access-date=October 3, 2019 |website=SR/College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Kungiyar ta buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na Memorial a Clemson, South Carolina . Wasan shekara-shekara na "Babban Alhamis" tare da Kudancin Carolina ya jawo taron mutane 44,020, mafi yawan jama'a don ganin wasan kwallon kafa har zuwa wannan ranar a jihar Kudancin Caroline. Clemson ya buga wasan karshe da ya yi da Kwalejin Presbyterian; Presbyterien shine wasan bude kakar Clemson daga 1930 har zuwa 1957. Mai tsaron gida John Grdijan da Leon Kaltenback sun kasance kyaftin din tawagar. Shugabannin ƙididdigar ƙungiyar sun haɗa da mai tsaron gida Harvey White tare da yadudduka 841, mai tsaron baya Bob Spooner tare da yadadduka 358, da Spooner da rabin baya Bill Mathis tare da maki 30 (tabbuka biyar) kowannensu.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1960 |title=Clemson 1960 Football Media Guide |url=https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1076&context=fball_media |access-date=October 3, 2019 |publisher=Clemson University |pages=40–42}}</ref> An zaɓi John Grdijan da Harvey White a matsayin 'yan wasa na farko ta ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta All-Atlantic Coast Conference ta 1957. An kuma sanya wa 'yan wasan Clemson hudu suna zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kudu ta 1957: Grdijan, White, Ray Masneri, da kuma tsakiya Donnie Bunton. == Shirin == {{CFB schedule|September 21|2:00 p.m.||{{cfb link|year=1957|team=Presbyterian Blue Hose|title=Presbyterian}}<ncg>||[[Memorial Stadium (Clemson)|Memorial Stadium]]|[[Clemson, South Carolina|Clemson, SC]]|W 66–0|15,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-journal-tigers-tear-blue-hos/138916590/|work=The Atlanta Journal & Constitution|title=Tigers tear Blue Hose in series finale, 66–0|date=September 22, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|September 28|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 North Carolina Tar Heels football team|North Carolina]]||[[Kenan Memorial Stadium]]|[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill, NC]]|L 0–26|16,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news-tar-heels-convert-clemson/138916748/|work=Miami Daily News|title=Tar Heels convert Clemson fumblitis into 26–0 victory|date=September 29, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|October 5|2:00 p.m.||No. 13 [[1957 NC State Wolfpack football team|NC State]]||Memorial Stadium|Clemson, SC ([[Textile Bowl|rivalry]])|L 7–13|17,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-greenville-news-christys-97-yard-ru/138912831/|work=The Greenville News|title=Christy's 97-yard run lifts Wolfpack over Tigers, 13–7|date=October 6, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|October 12|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 Virginia Cavaliers football team|Virginia]]||[[Scott Stadium]]|[[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville, VA]]|W 20–6|18,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-and-observer-tigers-beat-virgin/138916915/|work=The News and Observer|title=Tigers beat Virginia, 20–6|date=October 13, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|October 24|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 South Carolina Gamecocks football team|South Carolina]]||[[Williams–Brice Stadium|Carolina Stadium]]|[[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia, SC]] ([[Clemson–South Carolina rivalry|rivalry]])|W 13–0|44,020|<ref>{{cite news|title=Tigers Take To Air To Upset Birds, 13–0|newspaper=The Greenville News|author=Jim Anderson|date=October 25, 1957|pages= 1, 19 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36756268/tigers_take_to_air_to_upset_birds_130/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 2|9:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 Rice Owls football team|Rice]]<ncg>||[[Rice Stadium (Rice University)|Rice Stadium]]|[[Houston|Houston, TX]]|W 20–7||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tyler-courier-times-harvey-white-lea/138917075/|work=The Tyler Courier-Times|title=Harvey White leads Clemson in victory over Rice, 20–7|date=November 3, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 9|2:00 p.m.||[[1957 Maryland Terrapins football team|Maryland]]<hc>||Memorial Stadium|Clemson, SC|W 26–7|28,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-and-democrat-clemson-defeats-m/138917281/|work=The Times and Democrat|title=Clemson defeats Maryland, 26–7|date=November 10, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 16|2:00 p.m.|at|No. 11 [[1957 Duke Blue Devils football team|Duke]]|14|[[Wallace Wade Stadium|Duke Stadium]]|[[Durham, North Carolina|Durham, NC]]|L 6–7|22,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/rocky-mount-telegram-duke-edges-by-clems/138915337/|work=The Rocky Mount Telegram|title=Duke edges by Clemson 7–6|date=November 17, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 23|2:00 p.m.||[[1957 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team|Wake Forest]]||Memorial Stadium|Clemson, SC|W 13–6|18,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-virginian-pilot-late-rally-wins-13/138917451/|work=The Virginian-Pilot|title=Late rally wins, 13–6, for Tigers|date=November 24, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 30|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 Furman Purple Hurricane football team|Furman]]<ncg>||[[Sirrine Stadium]]|[[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville, SC]]|W 45–6|10,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109616868/white-sets-passing-record-as-clemson-bea/|work=The Times and Democrat|title=White sets passing record as Clemson beats Furman, 45–6|date=December 1, 1957|accessdate=September 15, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|rankyear=1957|poll=AP|timezone=Eastern|time=y|rank=y|attend=y|source=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=1957 |title=Clemson Football Media Guide - 1957 |url=https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/fball_media/81/ |access-date=November 8, 2023 |publisher=[[Clemson University]] |page=1}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ska6ezv1mg8hyben4aywlecrjjfk5rc 875556 875555 2026-07-04T02:22:52Z Aluja 30485 875556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Clemson Tigers ta 1957 kungiya ce ta [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka]] wacce ta wakilci Kwalejin Clemson a taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) a lokacin kakar kwallon kafa ta kwaleji ta 1957. A kakar wasa ta 18 a karkashin kocin Frank Howard, kungiyar ta tara rikodin 7-3 (4-3 a kan abokan adawar taron), an ɗaure shi a matsayi na uku a cikin ACC, an sanya shi a matsayi Na 18 a cikin Poll na Kocin karshe, kuma ya fi abokan adawar jimlar 216 zuwa 78. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=2016 Media Guide |url=https://issuu.com/clemsontigers/docs/2016_guide |access-date=June 23, 2017 |website=clemsontigers.com |publisher=Clemson Athletics |pages=200–208 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1957 Clemson Tigers Schedule and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/clemson/1957-schedule.html |access-date=October 3, 2019 |website=SR/College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Kungiyar ta buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na Memorial a Clemson, South Carolina . Wasan shekara-shekara na "Babban Alhamis" tare da Kudancin Carolina ya jawo taron mutane 44,020, mafi yawan jama'a don ganin wasan kwallon kafa har zuwa wannan ranar a jihar Kudancin Caroline.<ref name=BigThu>{{cite news|title=Tigers Take To Air To Upset Birds, 13-0|newspaper=The Greenville News|author=Jim Anderson|date=October 25, 1957|pages= 1, 19 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36756268/tigers_take_to_air_to_upset_birds_130/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Clemson ta buga wasan karshe da ta yi da Kwalejin Presbyterian; Presbyterien shine wasan bude kakar Clemson daga 1930 har zuwa 1957. Mai tsaron gida John Grdijan da Leon Kaltenback sun kasance kyaftin din tawagar. Shugabannin ƙididdigar ƙungiyar sun haɗa da mai tsaron gida Harvey White tare da yadudduka 841, mai tsaron baya Bob Spooner tare da yadadduka 358, da Spooner da rabin baya Bill Mathis tare da maki 30 (tabbuka biyar) kowannensu.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1960 |title=Clemson 1960 Football Media Guide |url=https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1076&context=fball_media |access-date=October 3, 2019 |publisher=Clemson University |pages=40–42}}</ref> An zaɓi John Grdijan da Harvey White a matsayin 'yan wasa na farko ta ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta All-Atlantic Coast Conference ta 1957. An kuma sanya wa 'yan wasan Clemson hudu suna zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kudu ta 1957: Grdijan, White, Ray Masneri, da kuma tsakiya Donnie Bunton. == Shirin == {{CFB schedule|September 21|2:00 p.m.||{{cfb link|year=1957|team=Presbyterian Blue Hose|title=Presbyterian}}<ncg>||[[Memorial Stadium (Clemson)|Memorial Stadium]]|[[Clemson, South Carolina|Clemson, SC]]|W 66–0|15,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-journal-tigers-tear-blue-hos/138916590/|work=The Atlanta Journal & Constitution|title=Tigers tear Blue Hose in series finale, 66–0|date=September 22, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|September 28|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 North Carolina Tar Heels football team|North Carolina]]||[[Kenan Memorial Stadium]]|[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill, NC]]|L 0–26|16,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news-tar-heels-convert-clemson/138916748/|work=Miami Daily News|title=Tar Heels convert Clemson fumblitis into 26–0 victory|date=September 29, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|October 5|2:00 p.m.||No. 13 [[1957 NC State Wolfpack football team|NC State]]||Memorial Stadium|Clemson, SC ([[Textile Bowl|rivalry]])|L 7–13|17,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-greenville-news-christys-97-yard-ru/138912831/|work=The Greenville News|title=Christy's 97-yard run lifts Wolfpack over Tigers, 13–7|date=October 6, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|October 12|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 Virginia Cavaliers football team|Virginia]]||[[Scott Stadium]]|[[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville, VA]]|W 20–6|18,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-and-observer-tigers-beat-virgin/138916915/|work=The News and Observer|title=Tigers beat Virginia, 20–6|date=October 13, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|October 24|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 South Carolina Gamecocks football team|South Carolina]]||[[Williams–Brice Stadium|Carolina Stadium]]|[[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia, SC]] ([[Clemson–South Carolina rivalry|rivalry]])|W 13–0|44,020|<ref>{{cite news|title=Tigers Take To Air To Upset Birds, 13–0|newspaper=The Greenville News|author=Jim Anderson|date=October 25, 1957|pages= 1, 19 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36756268/tigers_take_to_air_to_upset_birds_130/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 2|9:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 Rice Owls football team|Rice]]<ncg>||[[Rice Stadium (Rice University)|Rice Stadium]]|[[Houston|Houston, TX]]|W 20–7||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tyler-courier-times-harvey-white-lea/138917075/|work=The Tyler Courier-Times|title=Harvey White leads Clemson in victory over Rice, 20–7|date=November 3, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 9|2:00 p.m.||[[1957 Maryland Terrapins football team|Maryland]]<hc>||Memorial Stadium|Clemson, SC|W 26–7|28,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-and-democrat-clemson-defeats-m/138917281/|work=The Times and Democrat|title=Clemson defeats Maryland, 26–7|date=November 10, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 16|2:00 p.m.|at|No. 11 [[1957 Duke Blue Devils football team|Duke]]|14|[[Wallace Wade Stadium|Duke Stadium]]|[[Durham, North Carolina|Durham, NC]]|L 6–7|22,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/rocky-mount-telegram-duke-edges-by-clems/138915337/|work=The Rocky Mount Telegram|title=Duke edges by Clemson 7–6|date=November 17, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 23|2:00 p.m.||[[1957 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team|Wake Forest]]||Memorial Stadium|Clemson, SC|W 13–6|18,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-virginian-pilot-late-rally-wins-13/138917451/|work=The Virginian-Pilot|title=Late rally wins, 13–6, for Tigers|date=November 24, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 30|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 Furman Purple Hurricane football team|Furman]]<ncg>||[[Sirrine Stadium]]|[[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville, SC]]|W 45–6|10,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109616868/white-sets-passing-record-as-clemson-bea/|work=The Times and Democrat|title=White sets passing record as Clemson beats Furman, 45–6|date=December 1, 1957|accessdate=September 15, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|rankyear=1957|poll=AP|timezone=Eastern|time=y|rank=y|attend=y|source=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=1957 |title=Clemson Football Media Guide - 1957 |url=https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/fball_media/81/ |access-date=November 8, 2023 |publisher=[[Clemson University]] |page=1}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} qgdig9wsakel6wd0u2zehh75oi7wm1w 875557 875556 2026-07-04T02:25:27Z Aluja 30485 875557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Clemson Tigers ta 1957 kungiya ce ta [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka]] wacce ta wakilci Kwalejin Clemson a taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) a lokacin kakar kwallon kafa ta kwaleji ta 1957. A kakar wasa ta 18 a karkashin kocin Frank Howard, kungiyar ta tara rikodin 7-3 (4-3 a kan abokan adawar taron), an ɗaure shi a matsayi na uku a cikin ACC, an sanya shi a matsayi Na 18 a cikin Poll na Kocin karshe, kuma ya fi abokan adawar jimlar 216 zuwa 78. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=2016 Media Guide |url=https://issuu.com/clemsontigers/docs/2016_guide |access-date=June 23, 2017 |website=clemsontigers.com |publisher=Clemson Athletics |pages=200–208 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1957 Clemson Tigers Schedule and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/clemson/1957-schedule.html |access-date=October 3, 2019 |website=SR/College Football |publisher=Sports Reference LLC |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Kungiyar ta buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na Memorial a Clemson, South Carolina . Wasan shekara-shekara na "Babban Alhamis" tare da Kudancin Carolina ya jawo taron mutane 44,020, mafi yawan jama'a don ganin wasan kwallon kafa har zuwa wannan ranar a jihar Kudancin Caroline.<ref name=BigThu>{{cite news|title=Tigers Take To Air To Upset Birds, 13-0|newspaper=The Greenville News|author=Jim Anderson|date=October 25, 1957|pages= 1, 19 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36756268/tigers_take_to_air_to_upset_birds_130/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Clemson ta buga wasan karshe da ta yi da Kwalejin Presbyterian; Presbyterien shine wasan bude kakar Clemson daga 1930 har zuwa 1957. Mai tsaron gida John Grdijan da Leon Kaltenback sun kasance kyaftin din tawagar. Shugabannin ƙididdigar ƙungiyar sun haɗa da mai tsaron gida Harvey White tare da yadudduka 841, mai tsaron baya Bob Spooner tare da yadadduka 358, da Spooner da rabin baya Bill Mathis tare da maki 30 (tabbuka biyar) kowannensu.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1960 |title=Clemson 1960 Football Media Guide |url=https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1076&context=fball_media |access-date=October 3, 2019 |publisher=Clemson University |pages=40–42}}</ref> An zaɓi John Grdijan da Harvey White a matsayin 'yan wasa na farko ta ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta All-Atlantic Coast Conference ta 1957. An kuma sanya wa 'yan wasan Clemson hudu suna zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kudu ta 1957: Grdijan, White, Ray Masneri, da kuma tsakiya Donnie Bunton.<ref>1960 Clemson Football Media Guide, p. 22.</ref> Four Clemson players were also named to the 1957 All-South Carolina football team: Grdijan, White, end Ray Masneri, and center Donnie Bunton.<ref>1960 Clemson Football Media Guide, p. 23.</ref> == Shirin == {{CFB schedule|September 21|2:00 p.m.||{{cfb link|year=1957|team=Presbyterian Blue Hose|title=Presbyterian}}<ncg>||[[Memorial Stadium (Clemson)|Memorial Stadium]]|[[Clemson, South Carolina|Clemson, SC]]|W 66–0|15,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-journal-tigers-tear-blue-hos/138916590/|work=The Atlanta Journal & Constitution|title=Tigers tear Blue Hose in series finale, 66–0|date=September 22, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|September 28|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 North Carolina Tar Heels football team|North Carolina]]||[[Kenan Memorial Stadium]]|[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill, NC]]|L 0–26|16,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news-tar-heels-convert-clemson/138916748/|work=Miami Daily News|title=Tar Heels convert Clemson fumblitis into 26–0 victory|date=September 29, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|October 5|2:00 p.m.||No. 13 [[1957 NC State Wolfpack football team|NC State]]||Memorial Stadium|Clemson, SC ([[Textile Bowl|rivalry]])|L 7–13|17,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-greenville-news-christys-97-yard-ru/138912831/|work=The Greenville News|title=Christy's 97-yard run lifts Wolfpack over Tigers, 13–7|date=October 6, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|October 12|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 Virginia Cavaliers football team|Virginia]]||[[Scott Stadium]]|[[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville, VA]]|W 20–6|18,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-and-observer-tigers-beat-virgin/138916915/|work=The News and Observer|title=Tigers beat Virginia, 20–6|date=October 13, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|October 24|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 South Carolina Gamecocks football team|South Carolina]]||[[Williams–Brice Stadium|Carolina Stadium]]|[[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia, SC]] ([[Clemson–South Carolina rivalry|rivalry]])|W 13–0|44,020|<ref>{{cite news|title=Tigers Take To Air To Upset Birds, 13–0|newspaper=The Greenville News|author=Jim Anderson|date=October 25, 1957|pages= 1, 19 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36756268/tigers_take_to_air_to_upset_birds_130/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 2|9:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 Rice Owls football team|Rice]]<ncg>||[[Rice Stadium (Rice University)|Rice Stadium]]|[[Houston|Houston, TX]]|W 20–7||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tyler-courier-times-harvey-white-lea/138917075/|work=The Tyler Courier-Times|title=Harvey White leads Clemson in victory over Rice, 20–7|date=November 3, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 9|2:00 p.m.||[[1957 Maryland Terrapins football team|Maryland]]<hc>||Memorial Stadium|Clemson, SC|W 26–7|28,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-and-democrat-clemson-defeats-m/138917281/|work=The Times and Democrat|title=Clemson defeats Maryland, 26–7|date=November 10, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 16|2:00 p.m.|at|No. 11 [[1957 Duke Blue Devils football team|Duke]]|14|[[Wallace Wade Stadium|Duke Stadium]]|[[Durham, North Carolina|Durham, NC]]|L 6–7|22,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/rocky-mount-telegram-duke-edges-by-clems/138915337/|work=The Rocky Mount Telegram|title=Duke edges by Clemson 7–6|date=November 17, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 23|2:00 p.m.||[[1957 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team|Wake Forest]]||Memorial Stadium|Clemson, SC|W 13–6|18,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-virginian-pilot-late-rally-wins-13/138917451/|work=The Virginian-Pilot|title=Late rally wins, 13–6, for Tigers|date=November 24, 1957|accessdate=January 16, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|November 30|2:00 p.m.|at|[[1957 Furman Purple Hurricane football team|Furman]]<ncg>||[[Sirrine Stadium]]|[[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville, SC]]|W 45–6|10,000|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109616868/white-sets-passing-record-as-clemson-bea/|work=The Times and Democrat|title=White sets passing record as Clemson beats Furman, 45–6|date=December 1, 1957|accessdate=September 15, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|rankyear=1957|poll=AP|timezone=Eastern|time=y|rank=y|attend=y|source=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=1957 |title=Clemson Football Media Guide - 1957 |url=https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/fball_media/81/ |access-date=November 8, 2023 |publisher=[[Clemson University]] |page=1}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} phq4shisqh2pzn50alz7uj10jy0ru4k 0 160721 875558 2026-07-04T02:29:44Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357301134|Tristen Keys]]" 875558 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da Tristen Keys (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Tennessee Volunteers . == Rayuwa ta farko == Keys tana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Hattiesburg a Hattiesbourg, Mississippi . A matsayinsa na ƙarami a 2024, yana da liyafa 58 don yadudduka 1,275 da kuma touchdowns 14. Bayan kakar, ya taka leda a cikin 2025 Under Armour All-America Game. Wani matashi mai taurari biyar, Keys an kiyasta shi a matsayin mai karɓar lamba ɗaya a cikin aji na 2026. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana (LSU) don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji. Ya kasance mai karɓar karɓa mafi girma don yin aiki a LSU tun farkon Doucet a shekara ta 2004  Keys ya karkatar da jajircewarsa daga LSU zuwa Jami'ar Tennessee a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 2025. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gvop3ro0410lpsf53x5wa0buw9qagvh 875559 875558 2026-07-04T02:30:20Z Aluja 30485 875559 wikitext text/x-wiki Tristen Keys (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Tennessee Volunteers . == Rayuwa ta farko == Keys tana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Hattiesburg a Hattiesbourg, Mississippi . A matsayinsa na ƙarami a 2024, yana da liyafa 58 don yadudduka 1,275 da kuma touchdowns 14. Bayan kakar, ya taka leda a cikin 2025 Under Armour All-America Game. Wani matashi mai taurari biyar, Keys an kiyasta shi a matsayin mai karɓar lamba ɗaya a cikin aji na 2026. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana (LSU) don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji. Ya kasance mai karɓar karɓa mafi girma don yin aiki a LSU tun farkon Doucet a shekara ta 2004  Keys ya karkatar da jajircewarsa daga LSU zuwa Jami'ar Tennessee a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 2025. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gpw50dkhj6ljdakpk669cpj0hfobhjt 875560 875559 2026-07-04T02:31:16Z Aluja 30485 875560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Tristen Keys (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Tennessee Volunteers . == Rayuwa ta farko == Keys tana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Hattiesburg a Hattiesbourg, Mississippi . A matsayinsa na ƙarami a 2024, yana da liyafa 58 don yadudduka 1,275 da kuma touchdowns 14. Bayan kakar, ya taka leda a cikin 2025 Under Armour All-America Game. Wani matashi mai taurari biyar, Keys an kiyasta shi a matsayin mai karɓar lamba ɗaya a cikin aji na 2026. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana (LSU) don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji. Ya kasance mai karɓar karɓa mafi girma don yin aiki a LSU tun farkon Doucet a shekara ta 2004  Keys ya karkatar da jajircewarsa daga LSU zuwa Jami'ar Tennessee a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 2025. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5bwzrpniws3598200cge9ea8kwfg5dc 875561 875560 2026-07-04T02:32:34Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 875561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Tristen Keys (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Tennessee Volunteers . == Rayuwa ta farko == Keys tana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Hattiesburg a Hattiesbourg, Mississippi . A matsayinsa na ƙarami a 2024, yana da liyafa 58 don yadudduka 1,275 da kuma touchdowns 14.<ref>[https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/high-school/2025/03/19/tristen-keys-commits-lsu-football-recruiting-2026-hattiesburg/82552089007/ Five-star WR Tristen Keys commits to LSU football over Ole Miss, Mississippi State]</ref> Bayan kakar, ya taka leda a cikin 2025 Under Armour All-America Game. Wani matashi mai taurari biyar, Keys an kiyasta shi a matsayin mai karɓar lamba ɗaya a cikin aji na 2026. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana (LSU) don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji. Ya kasance mai karɓar karɓa mafi girma don yin aiki a LSU tun farkon Doucet a shekara ta 2004  Keys ya karkatar da jajircewarsa daga LSU zuwa Jami'ar Tennessee a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 2025. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] eiwy0wfywk91ivjzgu4scegn8a5p5e7 875563 875561 2026-07-04T02:33:35Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 875563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Tristen Keys (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Tennessee Volunteers . == Rayuwa ta farko == Keys tana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Hattiesburg a Hattiesbourg, Mississippi . A matsayinsa na ƙarami a 2024, yana da liyafa 58 don yadudduka 1,275 da kuma touchdowns 14.<ref>[https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/high-school/2025/03/19/tristen-keys-commits-lsu-football-recruiting-2026-hattiesburg/82552089007/ Five-star WR Tristen Keys commits to LSU football over Ole Miss, Mississippi State]</ref> Bayan kakar, ya taka leda a cikin 2025 Under Armour All-America Game.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/44320353/receiver-tristen-keys-no-16-recruit-26-commits-lsu Receiver Tristen Keys, No. 16 recruit for '26, commits to LSU]</ref> Wani matashi mai taurari biyar, Keys an kiyasta shi a matsayin mai karɓar lamba ɗaya a cikin aji na 2026. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana (LSU) don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji. Ya kasance mai karɓar karɓa mafi girma don yin aiki a LSU tun farkon Doucet a shekara ta 2004  Keys ya karkatar da jajircewarsa daga LSU zuwa Jami'ar Tennessee a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 2025. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bsh9eddcx4s6pnki4v02yzn4veezer5 875564 875563 2026-07-04T02:35:57Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 875564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Tristen Keys (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Tennessee Volunteers . == Rayuwa ta farko == Keys tana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Hattiesburg a Hattiesbourg, Mississippi . A matsayinsa na ƙarami a 2024, yana da liyafa 58 don yadudduka 1,275 da kuma touchdowns 14.<ref>[https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/high-school/2025/03/19/tristen-keys-commits-lsu-football-recruiting-2026-hattiesburg/82552089007/ Five-star WR Tristen Keys commits to LSU football over Ole Miss, Mississippi State]</ref> Bayan kakar, ya taka leda a cikin 2025 Under Armour All-America Game.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/44320353/receiver-tristen-keys-no-16-recruit-26-commits-lsu Receiver Tristen Keys, No. 16 recruit for '26, commits to LSU]</ref> Wani matashi mai taurari biyar, Keys an kiyasta shi a matsayin mai karɓar lamba ɗaya a cikin aji na 2026.<ref>[https://www.chron.com/sports/college/article/texas-am-recruit-tristen-keys-20007411.php Texas A&M among top three choices for 5-star recruit Tristen Keys]</ref><ref>[https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/high-school/2025/01/22/tristen-keys-mississippi-state-ole-miss-tennessee-football-recruiting-top-12/77888931007/ 5-star 2026 WR Tristen Keys includes Mississippi State, Ole Miss, Tennessee football in top 12]</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana (LSU) don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji. Ya kasance mai karɓar karɓa mafi girma don yin aiki a LSU tun farkon Doucet a shekara ta 2004  Keys ya karkatar da jajircewarsa daga LSU zuwa Jami'ar Tennessee a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 2025. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 79bun0arjrbi5ruatznuk8nj5lfr72x 875565 875564 2026-07-04T02:38:26Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 875565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Tristen Keys (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Tennessee Volunteers . == Rayuwa ta farko == Keys tana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Hattiesburg a Hattiesbourg, Mississippi . A matsayinsa na ƙarami a 2024, yana da liyafa 58 don yadudduka 1,275 da kuma touchdowns 14.<ref>[https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/high-school/2025/03/19/tristen-keys-commits-lsu-football-recruiting-2026-hattiesburg/82552089007/ Five-star WR Tristen Keys commits to LSU football over Ole Miss, Mississippi State]</ref> Bayan kakar, ya taka leda a cikin 2025 Under Armour All-America Game.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/44320353/receiver-tristen-keys-no-16-recruit-26-commits-lsu Receiver Tristen Keys, No. 16 recruit for '26, commits to LSU]</ref> Wani matashi mai taurari biyar, Keys an kiyasta shi a matsayin mai karɓar lamba ɗaya a cikin aji na 2026.<ref>[https://www.chron.com/sports/college/article/texas-am-recruit-tristen-keys-20007411.php Texas A&M among top three choices for 5-star recruit Tristen Keys]</ref><ref>[https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/high-school/2025/01/22/tristen-keys-mississippi-state-ole-miss-tennessee-football-recruiting-top-12/77888931007/ 5-star 2026 WR Tristen Keys includes Mississippi State, Ole Miss, Tennessee football in top 12]</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana (LSU) don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji.<ref>[https://www.nola.com/sports/lsu/tristen-keys-commits-lsu-football/article_8aae2f99-ff90-4ce2-87c4-ca5fe55add8c.html LSU football has landed a commitment from the No. 1 wide receiver in the 2026 class]</ref><ref>[https://www.cbssports.com/college-football/news/lsu-football-recruiting-five-star-prospect-tristen-keys-commits-as-tigers-land-no-1-wr-in-2026-class/ LSU football recruiting: Five-star prospect Tristen Keys commits as Tigers land No. 1 WR in 2026 class]</ref> Ya kasance mai karɓar karɓa mafi girma don yin aiki a LSU tun farkon Doucet a shekara ta 2004  Keys ya karkatar da jajircewarsa daga LSU zuwa Jami'ar Tennessee a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 2025. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4pxttsoxa19gqrs9f72h485xk5shukr 875566 875565 2026-07-04T02:39:44Z Aluja 30485 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 875566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Tristen Keys (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwalejin Amurka na Tennessee Volunteers . == Rayuwa ta farko == Keys tana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Hattiesburg a Hattiesbourg, Mississippi . A matsayinsa na ƙarami a 2024, yana da liyafa 58 don yadudduka 1,275 da kuma touchdowns 14.<ref>[https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/high-school/2025/03/19/tristen-keys-commits-lsu-football-recruiting-2026-hattiesburg/82552089007/ Five-star WR Tristen Keys commits to LSU football over Ole Miss, Mississippi State]</ref> Bayan kakar, ya taka leda a cikin 2025 Under Armour All-America Game.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/44320353/receiver-tristen-keys-no-16-recruit-26-commits-lsu Receiver Tristen Keys, No. 16 recruit for '26, commits to LSU]</ref> Wani matashi mai taurari biyar, Keys an kiyasta shi a matsayin mai karɓar lamba ɗaya a cikin aji na 2026.<ref>[https://www.chron.com/sports/college/article/texas-am-recruit-tristen-keys-20007411.php Texas A&M among top three choices for 5-star recruit Tristen Keys]</ref><ref>[https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/high-school/2025/01/22/tristen-keys-mississippi-state-ole-miss-tennessee-football-recruiting-top-12/77888931007/ 5-star 2026 WR Tristen Keys includes Mississippi State, Ole Miss, Tennessee football in top 12]</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana (LSU) don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji.<ref>[https://www.nola.com/sports/lsu/tristen-keys-commits-lsu-football/article_8aae2f99-ff90-4ce2-87c4-ca5fe55add8c.html LSU football has landed a commitment from the No. 1 wide receiver in the 2026 class]</ref><ref>[https://www.cbssports.com/college-football/news/lsu-football-recruiting-five-star-prospect-tristen-keys-commits-as-tigers-land-no-1-wr-in-2026-class/ LSU football recruiting: Five-star prospect Tristen Keys commits as Tigers land No. 1 WR in 2026 class]</ref> Ya kasance mai karɓar karɓa mafi girma don yin aiki a LSU tun farkon Doucet a shekara ta 2004  Keys ya karkatar da jajircewarsa daga LSU zuwa Jami'ar Tennessee a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 2025.<ref>[https://sports.yahoo.com/article/lsu-lands-tristen-keys-second-120903471.html LSU lands Tristen Keys, second highest-rated WR recruit in program history]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5541y4e8f98vjk05wf1xuijovydlo99 0 160722 875570 2026-07-04T02:47:29Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361641023|Jordan Hudson]]" 875570 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da Jordan Hudson''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Dallas Cowboys na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga TCU Horned Frogs da SMU Mustangs . == Rayuwa ta farko == Hudson ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Garland a [[Texas A&M Aggies football|Texas A&M]]. A lokacin ƙarami lokacinsa, ya kama 80 passes don 1,285 yadudduka da 19 touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aber |first=Ryan |date=21 July 2020 |title=OU football: Sooners get commitment from 2022 WR Jordan Hudson |url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/sports/college/sooners/2020/07/21/sooners-get-commitment-from-2022-wr-jordan-hudson/60390988007/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=The Oklahoman}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, an kiyasta Hudson a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari biyar kuma na 12 a cikin aji na 2022 ta ESPN; ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Oklahoma Sooners a kan tayin daga wasu makarantu kamar Alabama, Auburn, LSU, Miami, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, da Texas A & M. Koyaya, daga baya ya cire kansa daga Sooners kuma ya sake buɗe aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |date=July 21, 2020 |title=Sooners continue WR windfall with 2022 commit Jordan Hudson |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/29510289/sooners-continue-wr-windfall-2022-commit-jordan-hudson |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |title=WR Jordan Hudson, No. 12 football recruit in ESPN 300 Class of 2022, decommits from Oklahoma |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/31631366/wr-jordan-hudson-no-12-recruit-espn-300-class-2022-decommits-oklahoma |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, Hudson ya sanar da jajircewarsa na yin wasa ga SMU Mustangs . <ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |title=SMU football lands five-star WR recruit Jordan Hudson, No. 12 prospect in 2022 class |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/recruiting/story/_/id/31760894/smu-football-lands-five-star-wr-recruit-jordan-hudson-no-12-prospect-2022-class |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Koyaya, zai canza jajircewarsa kuma ya sanya hannu don buga wa TCU Horned Frogs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McFarland |first=Shawn |date=30 November 2021 |title=Former SMU commits Jordan Hudson of Garland, Cordale Russell of North Mesquite commit to TCU |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/high-school-sports/football/2021/11/30/former-smu-commits-jordan-hudson-of-garland-cordale-russell-of-north-mesquite-commit-to-tcu/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === TCU === A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2022, Hudson ya kama kwallaye 14 don yadudduka 174 da kuma touchdowns uku. Bayan kakar, ya shiga tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |title=TCU wide receiver, a former five-star recruit, enters transfer portal |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/article274444770.html |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> === SMU === Hudson transferred to play for the SMU Mustangs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan Jr. |first=Sam |date=21 May 2023 |title=Former TCU WR Jordan Hudson transfers to SMU: What will he bring to Mustangs? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4538865/2023/05/21/jordan-hudson-transfer-smu-tcu/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=The Athletic}}</ref> In 2023, he played in all 14 games, recording 30 receptions for 425 yards and seven touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riddle |first=Greg |date=2 April 2024 |title=Former SMU commits Jordan Hudson of Garland, Cordale Russell of North Mesquite commit to TCU |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/smu-mustangs/2024/04/02/smu-qb-preston-stone-returns-from-injury-for-spring-drills-wr-jordan-hudson-stands-out/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> In 2024, Hudson caught 39 passes for 422 yards and five touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Assimakopoulos |first=Lia |date=6 September 2025 |title=SMU to face Baylor without WR Jordan Hudson, LB Alex Kilgore |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/smu-mustangs/2025/09/06/smu-to-face-baylor-without-jordan-hudson-alex-kilgore/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> He finished his final collegiate season in 2025 with a career-high 766 receiving yards and earned third-team all-ACC honors. After the season, Hudson accepted an invite to participate in the 2026 Senior Bowl.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2026 |title=Hudson To Play In Panini Senior Bowl |url=https://smumustangs.com/news/2026/1/7/football-hudson-to-play-in-panini-senior-bowl.aspx?path=football |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=SMU Athletics}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}}Bayan ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 2026, Dallas Cowboys ta sanya hannu kan Hudson a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yarrish, Tommy |date=April 25, 2026 |title=UDFA Tracker: Cowboys continuing to add to roster following 2026 NFL draft |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/udfa-tracker-cowboys-continuing-to-add-to-roster-following-2026-nfl-draft |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://gofrogs.com/sports/football/roster/jordan-hudson/14245 TCU Horned Frogs bio] * [https://smumustangs.com/sports/football/roster/jordan-hudson/14964 SMU Mustangs bio] * [https://www.dallascowboys.com/team/players-roster/jordan-hudson/ Tarihin Dallas Cowboys] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] iq4vtmhdw5e789p4b1x6gu8frgqa11a 875571 875570 2026-07-04T02:48:09Z Aluja 30485 875571 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jordan Hudson''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Dallas Cowboys na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga TCU Horned Frogs da SMU Mustangs . == Rayuwa ta farko == Hudson ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Garland a [[Texas A&M Aggies football|Texas A&M]]. A lokacin ƙarami lokacinsa, ya kama 80 passes don 1,285 yadudduka da 19 touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aber |first=Ryan |date=21 July 2020 |title=OU football: Sooners get commitment from 2022 WR Jordan Hudson |url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/sports/college/sooners/2020/07/21/sooners-get-commitment-from-2022-wr-jordan-hudson/60390988007/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=The Oklahoman}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, an kiyasta Hudson a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari biyar kuma na 12 a cikin aji na 2022 ta ESPN; ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Oklahoma Sooners a kan tayin daga wasu makarantu kamar Alabama, Auburn, LSU, Miami, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, da Texas A & M. Koyaya, daga baya ya cire kansa daga Sooners kuma ya sake buɗe aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |date=July 21, 2020 |title=Sooners continue WR windfall with 2022 commit Jordan Hudson |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/29510289/sooners-continue-wr-windfall-2022-commit-jordan-hudson |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |title=WR Jordan Hudson, No. 12 football recruit in ESPN 300 Class of 2022, decommits from Oklahoma |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/31631366/wr-jordan-hudson-no-12-recruit-espn-300-class-2022-decommits-oklahoma |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, Hudson ya sanar da jajircewarsa na yin wasa ga SMU Mustangs . <ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |title=SMU football lands five-star WR recruit Jordan Hudson, No. 12 prospect in 2022 class |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/recruiting/story/_/id/31760894/smu-football-lands-five-star-wr-recruit-jordan-hudson-no-12-prospect-2022-class |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Koyaya, zai canza jajircewarsa kuma ya sanya hannu don buga wa TCU Horned Frogs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McFarland |first=Shawn |date=30 November 2021 |title=Former SMU commits Jordan Hudson of Garland, Cordale Russell of North Mesquite commit to TCU |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/high-school-sports/football/2021/11/30/former-smu-commits-jordan-hudson-of-garland-cordale-russell-of-north-mesquite-commit-to-tcu/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === TCU === A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2022, Hudson ya kama kwallaye 14 don yadudduka 174 da kuma touchdowns uku. Bayan kakar, ya shiga tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |title=TCU wide receiver, a former five-star recruit, enters transfer portal |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/article274444770.html |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> === SMU === Hudson transferred to play for the SMU Mustangs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan Jr. |first=Sam |date=21 May 2023 |title=Former TCU WR Jordan Hudson transfers to SMU: What will he bring to Mustangs? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4538865/2023/05/21/jordan-hudson-transfer-smu-tcu/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=The Athletic}}</ref> In 2023, he played in all 14 games, recording 30 receptions for 425 yards and seven touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riddle |first=Greg |date=2 April 2024 |title=Former SMU commits Jordan Hudson of Garland, Cordale Russell of North Mesquite commit to TCU |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/smu-mustangs/2024/04/02/smu-qb-preston-stone-returns-from-injury-for-spring-drills-wr-jordan-hudson-stands-out/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> In 2024, Hudson caught 39 passes for 422 yards and five touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Assimakopoulos |first=Lia |date=6 September 2025 |title=SMU to face Baylor without WR Jordan Hudson, LB Alex Kilgore |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/smu-mustangs/2025/09/06/smu-to-face-baylor-without-jordan-hudson-alex-kilgore/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> He finished his final collegiate season in 2025 with a career-high 766 receiving yards and earned third-team all-ACC honors. After the season, Hudson accepted an invite to participate in the 2026 Senior Bowl.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2026 |title=Hudson To Play In Panini Senior Bowl |url=https://smumustangs.com/news/2026/1/7/football-hudson-to-play-in-panini-senior-bowl.aspx?path=football |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=SMU Athletics}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}}Bayan ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 2026, Dallas Cowboys ta sanya hannu kan Hudson a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yarrish, Tommy |date=April 25, 2026 |title=UDFA Tracker: Cowboys continuing to add to roster following 2026 NFL draft |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/udfa-tracker-cowboys-continuing-to-add-to-roster-following-2026-nfl-draft |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://gofrogs.com/sports/football/roster/jordan-hudson/14245 TCU Horned Frogs bio] * [https://smumustangs.com/sports/football/roster/jordan-hudson/14964 SMU Mustangs bio] * [https://www.dallascowboys.com/team/players-roster/jordan-hudson/ Tarihin Dallas Cowboys] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] it0i8hgjqgmnyu1w051lgobgmekw8wg 875572 875571 2026-07-04T02:49:01Z Aluja 30485 875572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jordan Hudson''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Dallas Cowboys na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga TCU Horned Frogs da SMU Mustangs . == Rayuwa ta farko == Hudson ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Garland a [[Texas A&M Aggies football|Texas A&M]]. A lokacin ƙarami lokacinsa, ya kama 80 passes don 1,285 yadudduka da 19 touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aber |first=Ryan |date=21 July 2020 |title=OU football: Sooners get commitment from 2022 WR Jordan Hudson |url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/sports/college/sooners/2020/07/21/sooners-get-commitment-from-2022-wr-jordan-hudson/60390988007/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=The Oklahoman}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, an kiyasta Hudson a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari biyar kuma na 12 a cikin aji na 2022 ta ESPN; ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Oklahoma Sooners a kan tayin daga wasu makarantu kamar Alabama, Auburn, LSU, Miami, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, da Texas A & M. Koyaya, daga baya ya cire kansa daga Sooners kuma ya sake buɗe aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |date=July 21, 2020 |title=Sooners continue WR windfall with 2022 commit Jordan Hudson |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/29510289/sooners-continue-wr-windfall-2022-commit-jordan-hudson |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |title=WR Jordan Hudson, No. 12 football recruit in ESPN 300 Class of 2022, decommits from Oklahoma |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/31631366/wr-jordan-hudson-no-12-recruit-espn-300-class-2022-decommits-oklahoma |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, Hudson ya sanar da jajircewarsa na yin wasa ga SMU Mustangs . <ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |title=SMU football lands five-star WR recruit Jordan Hudson, No. 12 prospect in 2022 class |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/recruiting/story/_/id/31760894/smu-football-lands-five-star-wr-recruit-jordan-hudson-no-12-prospect-2022-class |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Koyaya, zai canza jajircewarsa kuma ya sanya hannu don buga wa TCU Horned Frogs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McFarland |first=Shawn |date=30 November 2021 |title=Former SMU commits Jordan Hudson of Garland, Cordale Russell of North Mesquite commit to TCU |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/high-school-sports/football/2021/11/30/former-smu-commits-jordan-hudson-of-garland-cordale-russell-of-north-mesquite-commit-to-tcu/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === TCU === A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2022, Hudson ya kama kwallaye 14 don yadudduka 174 da kuma touchdowns uku. Bayan kakar, ya shiga tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |title=TCU wide receiver, a former five-star recruit, enters transfer portal |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/article274444770.html |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> === SMU === Hudson transferred to play for the SMU Mustangs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan Jr. |first=Sam |date=21 May 2023 |title=Former TCU WR Jordan Hudson transfers to SMU: What will he bring to Mustangs? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4538865/2023/05/21/jordan-hudson-transfer-smu-tcu/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=The Athletic}}</ref> In 2023, he played in all 14 games, recording 30 receptions for 425 yards and seven touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riddle |first=Greg |date=2 April 2024 |title=Former SMU commits Jordan Hudson of Garland, Cordale Russell of North Mesquite commit to TCU |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/smu-mustangs/2024/04/02/smu-qb-preston-stone-returns-from-injury-for-spring-drills-wr-jordan-hudson-stands-out/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> In 2024, Hudson caught 39 passes for 422 yards and five touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Assimakopoulos |first=Lia |date=6 September 2025 |title=SMU to face Baylor without WR Jordan Hudson, LB Alex Kilgore |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/smu-mustangs/2025/09/06/smu-to-face-baylor-without-jordan-hudson-alex-kilgore/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> He finished his final collegiate season in 2025 with a career-high 766 receiving yards and earned third-team all-ACC honors. After the season, Hudson accepted an invite to participate in the 2026 Senior Bowl.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2026 |title=Hudson To Play In Panini Senior Bowl |url=https://smumustangs.com/news/2026/1/7/football-hudson-to-play-in-panini-senior-bowl.aspx?path=football |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=SMU Athletics}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}}Bayan ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 2026, Dallas Cowboys ta sanya hannu kan Hudson a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yarrish, Tommy |date=April 25, 2026 |title=UDFA Tracker: Cowboys continuing to add to roster following 2026 NFL draft |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/udfa-tracker-cowboys-continuing-to-add-to-roster-following-2026-nfl-draft |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://gofrogs.com/sports/football/roster/jordan-hudson/14245 TCU Horned Frogs bio] * [https://smumustangs.com/sports/football/roster/jordan-hudson/14964 SMU Mustangs bio] * [https://www.dallascowboys.com/team/players-roster/jordan-hudson/ Tarihin Dallas Cowboys] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] gnnot72b8xx7t8vvsqxr2cmbpmd9i1j 875573 875572 2026-07-04T02:50:34Z Aluja 30485 875573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jordan Hudson''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2003)<ref name=birthday>{{cite web|url=https://www.nfldraftbuzz.com/Player/Jordan-Hudson-WR-TCU|title=Jordan Hudson WR SMU NFL Draft Profile & Scouting Report|website=NFL Draft Buzz|access-date=May 22, 2026}}</ref> ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Dallas Cowboys na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga TCU Horned Frogs da SMU Mustangs . == Rayuwa ta farko == Hudson ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Garland a [[Texas A&M Aggies football|Texas A&M]]. A lokacin ƙarami lokacinsa, ya kama 80 passes don 1,285 yadudduka da 19 touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aber |first=Ryan |date=21 July 2020 |title=OU football: Sooners get commitment from 2022 WR Jordan Hudson |url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/sports/college/sooners/2020/07/21/sooners-get-commitment-from-2022-wr-jordan-hudson/60390988007/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=The Oklahoman}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, an kiyasta Hudson a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari biyar kuma na 12 a cikin aji na 2022 ta ESPN; ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Oklahoma Sooners a kan tayin daga wasu makarantu kamar Alabama, Auburn, LSU, Miami, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, da Texas A & M. Koyaya, daga baya ya cire kansa daga Sooners kuma ya sake buɗe aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |date=July 21, 2020 |title=Sooners continue WR windfall with 2022 commit Jordan Hudson |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/29510289/sooners-continue-wr-windfall-2022-commit-jordan-hudson |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |title=WR Jordan Hudson, No. 12 football recruit in ESPN 300 Class of 2022, decommits from Oklahoma |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/31631366/wr-jordan-hudson-no-12-recruit-espn-300-class-2022-decommits-oklahoma |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, Hudson ya sanar da jajircewarsa na yin wasa ga SMU Mustangs . <ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |title=SMU football lands five-star WR recruit Jordan Hudson, No. 12 prospect in 2022 class |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/recruiting/story/_/id/31760894/smu-football-lands-five-star-wr-recruit-jordan-hudson-no-12-prospect-2022-class |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Koyaya, zai canza jajircewarsa kuma ya sanya hannu don buga wa TCU Horned Frogs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McFarland |first=Shawn |date=30 November 2021 |title=Former SMU commits Jordan Hudson of Garland, Cordale Russell of North Mesquite commit to TCU |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/high-school-sports/football/2021/11/30/former-smu-commits-jordan-hudson-of-garland-cordale-russell-of-north-mesquite-commit-to-tcu/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === TCU === A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2022, Hudson ya kama kwallaye 14 don yadudduka 174 da kuma touchdowns uku. Bayan kakar, ya shiga tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |title=TCU wide receiver, a former five-star recruit, enters transfer portal |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/article274444770.html |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> === SMU === Hudson transferred to play for the SMU Mustangs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan Jr. |first=Sam |date=21 May 2023 |title=Former TCU WR Jordan Hudson transfers to SMU: What will he bring to Mustangs? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4538865/2023/05/21/jordan-hudson-transfer-smu-tcu/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=The Athletic}}</ref> In 2023, he played in all 14 games, recording 30 receptions for 425 yards and seven touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riddle |first=Greg |date=2 April 2024 |title=Former SMU commits Jordan Hudson of Garland, Cordale Russell of North Mesquite commit to TCU |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/smu-mustangs/2024/04/02/smu-qb-preston-stone-returns-from-injury-for-spring-drills-wr-jordan-hudson-stands-out/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> In 2024, Hudson caught 39 passes for 422 yards and five touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Assimakopoulos |first=Lia |date=6 September 2025 |title=SMU to face Baylor without WR Jordan Hudson, LB Alex Kilgore |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/smu-mustangs/2025/09/06/smu-to-face-baylor-without-jordan-hudson-alex-kilgore/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> He finished his final collegiate season in 2025 with a career-high 766 receiving yards and earned third-team all-ACC honors. After the season, Hudson accepted an invite to participate in the 2026 Senior Bowl.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2026 |title=Hudson To Play In Panini Senior Bowl |url=https://smumustangs.com/news/2026/1/7/football-hudson-to-play-in-panini-senior-bowl.aspx?path=football |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=SMU Athletics}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}}Bayan ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 2026, Dallas Cowboys ta sanya hannu kan Hudson a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yarrish, Tommy |date=April 25, 2026 |title=UDFA Tracker: Cowboys continuing to add to roster following 2026 NFL draft |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/udfa-tracker-cowboys-continuing-to-add-to-roster-following-2026-nfl-draft |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://gofrogs.com/sports/football/roster/jordan-hudson/14245 TCU Horned Frogs bio] * [https://smumustangs.com/sports/football/roster/jordan-hudson/14964 SMU Mustangs bio] * [https://www.dallascowboys.com/team/players-roster/jordan-hudson/ Tarihin Dallas Cowboys] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] iv0p0bl2kjm5wrc5q1h8x5nz8m1xcxf 875574 875573 2026-07-04T02:51:49Z Aluja 30485 /* Ayyukan sana'a */ 875574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jordan Hudson''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2003)<ref name=birthday>{{cite web|url=https://www.nfldraftbuzz.com/Player/Jordan-Hudson-WR-TCU|title=Jordan Hudson WR SMU NFL Draft Profile & Scouting Report|website=NFL Draft Buzz|access-date=May 22, 2026}}</ref> ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Dallas Cowboys na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga TCU Horned Frogs da SMU Mustangs . == Rayuwa ta farko == Hudson ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Garland a [[Texas A&M Aggies football|Texas A&M]]. A lokacin ƙarami lokacinsa, ya kama 80 passes don 1,285 yadudduka da 19 touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aber |first=Ryan |date=21 July 2020 |title=OU football: Sooners get commitment from 2022 WR Jordan Hudson |url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/sports/college/sooners/2020/07/21/sooners-get-commitment-from-2022-wr-jordan-hudson/60390988007/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=The Oklahoman}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, an kiyasta Hudson a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari biyar kuma na 12 a cikin aji na 2022 ta ESPN; ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Oklahoma Sooners a kan tayin daga wasu makarantu kamar Alabama, Auburn, LSU, Miami, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, da Texas A & M. Koyaya, daga baya ya cire kansa daga Sooners kuma ya sake buɗe aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |date=July 21, 2020 |title=Sooners continue WR windfall with 2022 commit Jordan Hudson |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/29510289/sooners-continue-wr-windfall-2022-commit-jordan-hudson |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |title=WR Jordan Hudson, No. 12 football recruit in ESPN 300 Class of 2022, decommits from Oklahoma |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/31631366/wr-jordan-hudson-no-12-recruit-espn-300-class-2022-decommits-oklahoma |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, Hudson ya sanar da jajircewarsa na yin wasa ga SMU Mustangs . <ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |title=SMU football lands five-star WR recruit Jordan Hudson, No. 12 prospect in 2022 class |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/recruiting/story/_/id/31760894/smu-football-lands-five-star-wr-recruit-jordan-hudson-no-12-prospect-2022-class |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Koyaya, zai canza jajircewarsa kuma ya sanya hannu don buga wa TCU Horned Frogs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McFarland |first=Shawn |date=30 November 2021 |title=Former SMU commits Jordan Hudson of Garland, Cordale Russell of North Mesquite commit to TCU |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/high-school-sports/football/2021/11/30/former-smu-commits-jordan-hudson-of-garland-cordale-russell-of-north-mesquite-commit-to-tcu/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === TCU === A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2022, Hudson ya kama kwallaye 14 don yadudduka 174 da kuma touchdowns uku. Bayan kakar, ya shiga tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |title=TCU wide receiver, a former five-star recruit, enters transfer portal |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/article274444770.html |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> === SMU === Hudson transferred to play for the SMU Mustangs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan Jr. |first=Sam |date=21 May 2023 |title=Former TCU WR Jordan Hudson transfers to SMU: What will he bring to Mustangs? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4538865/2023/05/21/jordan-hudson-transfer-smu-tcu/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=The Athletic}}</ref> In 2023, he played in all 14 games, recording 30 receptions for 425 yards and seven touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riddle |first=Greg |date=2 April 2024 |title=Former SMU commits Jordan Hudson of Garland, Cordale Russell of North Mesquite commit to TCU |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/smu-mustangs/2024/04/02/smu-qb-preston-stone-returns-from-injury-for-spring-drills-wr-jordan-hudson-stands-out/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> In 2024, Hudson caught 39 passes for 422 yards and five touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Assimakopoulos |first=Lia |date=6 September 2025 |title=SMU to face Baylor without WR Jordan Hudson, LB Alex Kilgore |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/smu-mustangs/2025/09/06/smu-to-face-baylor-without-jordan-hudson-alex-kilgore/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> He finished his final collegiate season in 2025 with a career-high 766 receiving yards and earned third-team all-ACC honors. After the season, Hudson accepted an invite to participate in the 2026 Senior Bowl.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2026 |title=Hudson To Play In Panini Senior Bowl |url=https://smumustangs.com/news/2026/1/7/football-hudson-to-play-in-panini-senior-bowl.aspx?path=football |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=SMU Athletics}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}}Bayan ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 2026, Dallas Cowboys ta sanya hannu kan Hudson a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Heyen |first1=Billy |title=Cowboys sign Jordan, not Jordon, Hudson to free agent contract after NFL Draft |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/ca/nfl/dallas-cowboys/news/cowboys-sign-jordan-not-jordon-hudson-free-agent-contract-nfl-draft/423f7eb795d29997e9c4b65b |access-date=April 29, 2026 |work=[[Sporting News]] |date=April 26, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yarrish, Tommy |date=April 25, 2026 |title=UDFA Tracker: Cowboys continuing to add to roster following 2026 NFL draft |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/udfa-tracker-cowboys-continuing-to-add-to-roster-following-2026-nfl-draft |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://gofrogs.com/sports/football/roster/jordan-hudson/14245 TCU Horned Frogs bio] * [https://smumustangs.com/sports/football/roster/jordan-hudson/14964 SMU Mustangs bio] * [https://www.dallascowboys.com/team/players-roster/jordan-hudson/ Tarihin Dallas Cowboys] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] 4sou5mz2mds9gmw2vnaqpdva907r7fa 875575 875574 2026-07-04T02:55:45Z Aluja 30485 875575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jordan Hudson''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2003)<ref name=birthday>{{cite web|url=https://www.nfldraftbuzz.com/Player/Jordan-Hudson-WR-TCU|title=Jordan Hudson WR SMU NFL Draft Profile & Scouting Report|website=NFL Draft Buzz|access-date=May 22, 2026}}</ref> ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Dallas Cowboys na Ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga TCU Horned Frogs da SMU Mustangs . == Rayuwa ta farko == Hudson ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Garland a [[Texas A&M Aggies football|Texas A&M]]. A lokacin ƙarami lokacinsa, ya kama 80 passes don 1,285 yadudduka da 19 touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aber |first=Ryan |date=21 July 2020 |title=OU football: Sooners get commitment from 2022 WR Jordan Hudson |url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/sports/college/sooners/2020/07/21/sooners-get-commitment-from-2022-wr-jordan-hudson/60390988007/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=The Oklahoman}}</ref> Da yake fitowa daga makarantar sakandare, an kiyasta Hudson a matsayin mai daukar nauyin taurari biyar kuma na 12 a cikin aji na 2022 ta ESPN; ya himmatu ga buga wasan Ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Oklahoma Sooners a kan tayin daga wasu makarantu kamar Alabama, Auburn, LSU, Miami, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, da Texas A & M. Koyaya, daga baya ya cire kansa daga Sooners kuma ya sake buɗe aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |date=July 21, 2020 |title=Sooners continue WR windfall with 2022 commit Jordan Hudson |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/29510289/sooners-continue-wr-windfall-2022-commit-jordan-hudson |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |title=WR Jordan Hudson, No. 12 football recruit in ESPN 300 Class of 2022, decommits from Oklahoma |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/31631366/wr-jordan-hudson-no-12-recruit-espn-300-class-2022-decommits-oklahoma |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, Hudson ya sanar da jajircewarsa na yin wasa ga SMU Mustangs . <ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHaaren |first=Tom |title=SMU football lands five-star WR recruit Jordan Hudson, No. 12 prospect in 2022 class |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/recruiting/story/_/id/31760894/smu-football-lands-five-star-wr-recruit-jordan-hudson-no-12-prospect-2022-class |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> Koyaya, zai canza jajircewarsa kuma ya sanya hannu don buga wa TCU Horned Frogs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McFarland |first=Shawn |date=30 November 2021 |title=Former SMU commits Jordan Hudson of Garland, Cordale Russell of North Mesquite commit to TCU |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/high-school-sports/football/2021/11/30/former-smu-commits-jordan-hudson-of-garland-cordale-russell-of-north-mesquite-commit-to-tcu/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == === TCU === A matsayinsa na sabon shiga a shekarar 2022, Hudson ya kama kwallaye 14 don yadudduka 174 da kuma touchdowns uku. Bayan kakar, ya shiga tashar canja wurin NCAA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Steven |title=TCU wide receiver, a former five-star recruit, enters transfer portal |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/article274444770.html |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref> === SMU === An canja Hudson zuwa wasa don SMU Mustangs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan Jr. |first=Sam |date=21 May 2023 |title=Former TCU WR Jordan Hudson transfers to SMU: What will he bring to Mustangs? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4538865/2023/05/21/jordan-hudson-transfer-smu-tcu/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=The Athletic}}</ref> In 2023, he played in all 14 games, recording 30 receptions for 425 yards and seven touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riddle |first=Greg |date=2 April 2024 |title=Former SMU commits Jordan Hudson of Garland, Cordale Russell of North Mesquite commit to TCU |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/smu-mustangs/2024/04/02/smu-qb-preston-stone-returns-from-injury-for-spring-drills-wr-jordan-hudson-stands-out/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> In 2024, Hudson caught 39 passes for 422 yards and five touchdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Assimakopoulos |first=Lia |date=6 September 2025 |title=SMU to face Baylor without WR Jordan Hudson, LB Alex Kilgore |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/smu-mustangs/2025/09/06/smu-to-face-baylor-without-jordan-hudson-alex-kilgore/ |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> He finished his final collegiate season in 2025 with a career-high 766 receiving yards and earned third-team all-ACC honors. After the season, Hudson accepted an invite to participate in the 2026 Senior Bowl.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2026 |title=Hudson To Play In Panini Senior Bowl |url=https://smumustangs.com/news/2026/1/7/football-hudson-to-play-in-panini-senior-bowl.aspx?path=football |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=SMU Athletics}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}}Bayan ba a zaba shi a cikin shirin NFL na 2026, Dallas Cowboys ta sanya hannu kan Hudson a matsayin mai ba da kyauta.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Heyen |first1=Billy |title=Cowboys sign Jordan, not Jordon, Hudson to free agent contract after NFL Draft |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/ca/nfl/dallas-cowboys/news/cowboys-sign-jordan-not-jordon-hudson-free-agent-contract-nfl-draft/423f7eb795d29997e9c4b65b |access-date=April 29, 2026 |work=[[Sporting News]] |date=April 26, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yarrish, Tommy |date=April 25, 2026 |title=UDFA Tracker: Cowboys continuing to add to roster following 2026 NFL draft |url=https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/udfa-tracker-cowboys-continuing-to-add-to-roster-following-2026-nfl-draft |website=DallasCowboys.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://gofrogs.com/sports/football/roster/jordan-hudson/14245 TCU Horned Frogs bio] * [https://smumustangs.com/sports/football/roster/jordan-hudson/14964 SMU Mustangs bio] * [https://www.dallascowboys.com/team/players-roster/jordan-hudson/ Tarihin Dallas Cowboys] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] 03sqpofqgif5mwnuxlt5gjhwwifzk1f 0 160723 875591 2026-07-04T05:02:18Z ~2026-38052-77 46632 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Usman Haruna | image = usman_haruna.jpg | caption = Usman Haruna (Communicator) | birth_name = | birth_place = Lafiagi, Karamar Hukumar Edu, Jihar Kwara, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | education = Kwalejin Larabci da Nazarin Shari'ar Musulunci legal ta Jihar Kwara da ke Ilorin (CAILS), Ilorin<br>Jami'ar Bayero Kano | occupation = Ɗan jarida, marubucin | known_for = Aikin jarida na zamani da fafutukar al'umma... 875591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Usman Haruna | image = usman_haruna.jpg | caption = Usman Haruna (Communicator) | birth_name = | birth_place = Lafiagi, Karamar Hukumar Edu, Jihar Kwara, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | education = Kwalejin Larabci da Nazarin Shari'ar Musulunci legal ta Jihar Kwara da ke Ilorin (CAILS), Ilorin<br>Jami'ar Bayero Kano | occupation = Ɗan jarida, marubucin | known_for = Aikin jarida na zamani da fafutukar al'umma }} '''Usman Haruna''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Communicator''', ɗan jarida ne kuma marubucin fasaha daga Jihar Kwara, Najeriya. Ya fi mayar da hankali wajen rubuce rubuce kan fasaha, sadarwa, fasahar kuɗi da kuma harkokin jama'a. Haka kuma an san shi da fafutukar wayar da kai kan matsalolin tsaro a wasu sassan Jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Usman Haruna author profile |url=https://www.naijanews.com/author/usman-haruna |website=Naija News |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Haruna ya fito ne daga garin Lafiagi da ke Karamar Hukumar Edu a Jihar Kwara. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Larabci da Nazarin Shari'ar Musulunci legal ta Jihar Kwara da ke Ilorin (CAILS), Ilorin, sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Bayero Kano. == Aiki == Haruna ɗan jarida ne kuma marubucin fasaha wanda rubuce rubucensa suka fi mayar da hankali kan sadarwa, tsarin tantance ɗan ƙasa ta hanyar fasaha, fasahar kuɗi da fasahar zamani. Shi marubuci ne a Naija News inda yake wallafa labarai da maƙaloli kan fasaha da harkokin jama'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Usman Haruna author profile |url=https://www.naijanews.com/author/usman-haruna |website=Naija News |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> An kuma tattara rubuce rubucensa a shafin Muck Rack.<ref>{{cite web |title=Author profile: communicator |url=https://muckrack.com/__communicator_/articles |website=Muck Rack |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar al'umma == A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2026, Haruna ya shiga zanga zangar matasan Kwara ta Arewa da aka gudanar a Gidan Gwamnatin Jihar Kwara da ke Ilorin. Zanga zangar ta mayar da hankali ne kan matsalar rashin tsaro a yankunan Edu, Patigi da Kaiama, inda ake yawan samun satar mutane da kashe kashe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Insecurity: Youths demand end to incessant killings in Kwara |url=https://punchng.com/insecurity-youths-demand-end-to-incessant-killings-in-kwara/ |work=The Punch |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> Masu zanga zangar sun kuma nuna adawa da shirin mayar da sansanin horas da masu yi wa ƙasa hidima (NYSC) na Jihar Kwara zuwa sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara Insecurity: Residents Reject Conversion Of NYSC Camp To IDP Camp |url=https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1699268-kwara-insecurity-residents-reject-conversion-nysc-camp-idp-camp-displaced-families/ |work=Legit.ng |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> Jaridu da dama a Najeriya sun ruwaito wannan zanga zanga.<ref>{{cite news |title=Security Crisis: Kwara North Youths Stage Peaceful Protest In Ilorin |url=https://leadership.ng/security-crisis-kwara-north-youths-stage-peaceful-protest-in-ilorin/ |work=Leadership |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara Residents Demand Decisive Action Against Bandits |url=https://dailytrust.com/kwara-residents-demand-decisive-action-against-bandits |work=Daily Trust |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara residents protest killings, kidnappings, accuse government of negligence |url=https://gazettengr.com/kwara-residents-protest-killings-kidnappings-accuse-abdulrazaqs-govt-of-negligence/ |work=Peoples Gazette |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara youths march to Government House over killings, kidnappings |url=https://saharareporters.com/2026/02/26/breaking-tib-movement-kwara-youths-march-govt-house-over-killings-kidnappings-five-lgas |work=Sahara Reporters |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kwara youths storm Govt House to protest kidnappings, killings |url=https://www.naijanews.com/2026/02/26/just-in-kwara-youths-storm-govt-house-protest-incessant-kidnappings-killings/ |work=Naija News |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Fitowa a kafafen yaɗa labarai == Haruna ya halarci shirye shirye a kafafen yaɗa labarai inda aka tattauna batutuwan shugabanci da rashin tsaro a Jihar Kwara. A shekarar 2026 ya kasance baƙo a NupekoTV, inda ya tattauna kan siyasa da matsalar tsaro a yankin Kwara ta Arewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Communicator To Feature Live On TheInformant247 TV Today Over Politics, Insecurity In Kwara North |url=https://www.nupekotv.com/2026/06/communicator-to-feature-live-on.html |website=NupekoTV |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Nigerian]] [[Rukuni:Online person databases]] [[Rukuni:Living people]] [[Rukuni:Biography]] [[Rukuni:Bayero University Kano alumni]] [[Rukuni:Social Media Manager]] __NOEDITSECTION__ __INDEX__ 4ucjieig5orpzbi6wgkcn5nko3xty3o 0 160724 875666 2026-07-04T06:19:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 Pharouqenr moved page [[Fassara na Tsohon Masarawa]] to [[Fassara na Kakannin yan Masar]] 875666 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Fassara na Kakannin yan Masar]] ih7qppkwi9rbpvmyj41gic44m5w78wo 0 160725 875667 2026-07-04T06:41:44Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320259757|Ben Aknoun Forest]]" 875667 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dajin Ben Aknoun''' wani daji ne da ke Ben Aknoun, a cikin lardin Algiers na [[Aljeriya]] . Hukumar Kula da Dazuzzuka ta Algiers ce ke kula da dajin kuma yana aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar Babban Daraktan Dazuzzuka. == Wuri == Dajin Ben Aknoun yana da nisan kilomita 20 kudu maso yammacin Algiers, a cikin gundumar Ben Aknoun a yankin Mitidja . Yana da fadin hekta 304 (kadada 750). Kusa da dajin akwai Ben Aknoun Park, wanda ya haɗa da gidan namun daji da wurin shakatawa . An buɗe wurin shakatawa a shekarar 1982 a yankin Said Hamdeen, wurin shakatawa yana jan hankalin iyalai, masu sha'awar wasanni. == Nassoshi == 5q1e6y1umkczu039ljclx8o451t5kl3 875668 875667 2026-07-04T06:42:16Z Sirjat 20447 875668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dajin Ben Aknoun''' wani daji ne da ke Ben Aknoun, a cikin lardin Algiers na [[Aljeriya]] . Hukumar Kula da Dazuzzuka ta Algiers ce ke kula da dajin kuma yana aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar Babban Daraktan Dazuzzuka. == Wuri == Dajin Ben Aknoun yana da nisan kilomita 20 kudu maso yammacin Algiers, a cikin gundumar Ben Aknoun a yankin Mitidja . Yana da fadin hekta 304 (kadada 750). Kusa da dajin akwai Ben Aknoun Park, wanda ya haɗa da gidan namun daji da wurin shakatawa . An buɗe wurin shakatawa a shekarar 1982 a yankin Said Hamdeen, wurin shakatawa yana jan hankalin iyalai, masu sha'awar wasanni. == Nassoshi == 0e5i09c17mdzkimzhr6qeg0ikjiu8r7 0 160726 875670 2026-07-04T06:47:17Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: '''Dam ɗin Itaipu''' ({{langx|gn|Yjoko Itaipu}} {{IPA|gn|itajˈpu|}}; {{langx|pt|Barragem de Itaipu}} {{IPA|pt-BR|itajˈpu|}}; {{langx|es|Represa de Itaipú}} {{IPA|es|itajˈpu|}}) wani madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki ne a kan Kogin Paraná da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay. Shi ne madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki na uku mafi girma a duniya dangane da makamashin da yake samarwa. An samo sunan "Itaipu" ne daga wani tsibiri da ke kusa da wurin da aka yi g... 875670 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam ɗin Itaipu''' ({{langx|gn|Yjoko Itaipu}} {{IPA|gn|itajˈpu|}}; {{langx|pt|Barragem de Itaipu}} {{IPA|pt-BR|itajˈpu|}}; {{langx|es|Represa de Itaipú}} {{IPA|es|itajˈpu|}}) wani madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki ne a kan Kogin Paraná da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay. Shi ne madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki na uku mafi girma a duniya dangane da makamashin da yake samarwa. An samo sunan "Itaipu" ne daga wani tsibiri da ke kusa da wurin da aka yi ginin. A cikin yaren Guarani, {{lang|gn|Itaipu}} yana nufin "dutse mai sauti."<ref name=energy>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|access-date=4 July 2014|publisher=Itaipu Binacional|year=2014|title=Energy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412010023/http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|archive-date=12 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2020, matatar samar da wutar lantarki ta Dam ɗin Itaipu ta samar da wutar lantarki ta biyu mafi yawa a cikin dukkan madatsun ruwa na duniya, inda madatsar ruwan Three Gorges da ke China ce kawai ta zarce ta. Bayan haka, Itaipu yana ɗauke da tafkin ruwa na 45 mafi girma a duniya. Tare da kammala ginin shi a shekarar 1984, wani aiki ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe biyu da Brazil da Paraguay ke gudanarwa a kan iyakar ƙasashen biyu, {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} arewa da Gadar Abuta. Aikin ya tashi ne daga Foz do Iguaçu, a Brazil, da Ciudad del Este a Paraguay, a kudu zuwa Guaíra da Salto del Guairá a arewa. Ƙarfin injinan da aka girka a cibiyar shine GW 14, tare da rukunin samar da wutar lantarki 20 da ke samar da MW 700 kowanne tare da tsayin ruwa na {{convert|118|m}}. A cikin 2016, cibiyar ta ɗauki ma'aikata 3038 aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |title=Number of employees {{pipe}} ITAIPU BINACIONAL |access-date=2017-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217142721/https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |archive-date=2017-02-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> cr7fboai3gh651cawwhs759xoq0b3sh 875671 875670 2026-07-04T06:47:39Z Sirjat 20447 875671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam ɗin Itaipu''' wani madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki ne a kan Kogin Paraná da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay. Shi ne madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki na uku mafi girma a duniya dangane da makamashin da yake samarwa. An samo sunan "Itaipu" ne daga wani tsibiri da ke kusa da wurin da aka yi ginin. A cikin yaren Guarani, {{lang|gn|Itaipu}} yana nufin "dutse mai sauti."<ref name=energy>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|access-date=4 July 2014|publisher=Itaipu Binacional|year=2014|title=Energy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412010023/http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|archive-date=12 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2020, matatar samar da wutar lantarki ta Dam ɗin Itaipu ta samar da wutar lantarki ta biyu mafi yawa a cikin dukkan madatsun ruwa na duniya, inda madatsar ruwan Three Gorges da ke China ce kawai ta zarce ta. Bayan haka, Itaipu yana ɗauke da tafkin ruwa na 45 mafi girma a duniya. Tare da kammala ginin shi a shekarar 1984, wani aiki ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe biyu da Brazil da Paraguay ke gudanarwa a kan iyakar ƙasashen biyu, {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} arewa da Gadar Abuta. Aikin ya tashi ne daga Foz do Iguaçu, a Brazil, da Ciudad del Este a Paraguay, a kudu zuwa Guaíra da Salto del Guairá a arewa. Ƙarfin injinan da aka girka a cibiyar shine GW 14, tare da rukunin samar da wutar lantarki 20 da ke samar da MW 700 kowanne tare da tsayin ruwa na {{convert|118|m}}. A cikin 2016, cibiyar ta ɗauki ma'aikata 3038 aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |title=Number of employees {{pipe}} ITAIPU BINACIONAL |access-date=2017-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217142721/https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |archive-date=2017-02-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> i36kphfyzicb1q8rj0ik85rm8ovjc0t 875672 875671 2026-07-04T06:48:24Z Sirjat 20447 875672 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam ɗin Itaipu''' wani madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki ne a kan Kogin Paraná da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay. Shi ne madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki na uku mafi girma a duniya dangane da makamashin da yake samarwa. An samo sunan "Itaipu" ne daga wani tsibiri da ke kusa da wurin da aka yi ginin. A cikin yaren Guarani, {{lang|gn|Itaipu}} yana nufin "dutse mai sauti."<ref name=energy>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|access-date=4 July 2014|publisher=Itaipu Binacional|year=2014|title=Energy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412010023/http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|archive-date=12 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2020, matatar samar da wutar lantarki ta Dam ɗin Itaipu ta samar da wutar lantarki ta biyu mafi yawa a cikin dukkan madatsun ruwa na duniya, inda madatsar ruwan Three Gorges da ke China ce kawai ta zarce ta. Bayan haka, Itaipu yana ɗauke da tafkin ruwa na 45 mafi girma a duniya. Tare da kammala ginin shi a shekarar 1984, wani aiki ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe biyu da Brazil da Paraguay ke gudanarwa a kan iyakar ƙasashen biyu, {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} arewa da Gadar Abuta. Aikin ya tashi ne daga Foz do Iguaçu, a Brazil, da Ciudad del Este a Paraguay, a kudu zuwa Guaíra da Salto del Guairá a arewa. Ƙarfin injinan da aka girka a cibiyar shine GW 14, tare da rukunin samar da wutar lantarki 20 da ke samar da MW 700 kowanne tare da tsayin ruwa na {{convert|118|m}}. A cikin 2016, cibiyar ta ɗauki ma'aikata 3038 aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |title=Number of employees {{pipe}} ITAIPU BINACIONAL |access-date=2017-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217142721/https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |archive-date=2017-02-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin injina ashirin da aka girka a halin yanzu, goma suna samar da wutar lantarki a 50&nbsp;Hz ga Paraguay kuma goma suna samarwa a 60&nbsp;Hz ga Brazil. Tun da yake ƙarfin injinan Paraguay ya zarce buƙatar wutar lantarki ta Paraguay nesa ba kusa ba, yawancin abin da suke samarwa ana tura shi kai tsaye zuwa ɓangaren Brazil, inda layuka biyu na 600&nbsp;kV HVDC, kowanne mai tsayin kusan {{convert|800|km}}, ke jigilar mafi yawan makamashin zuwa yankin São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro inda kayan aiki ke canza wutar zuwa 60&nbsp;Hz. == Tarihi == === Tattaunawa tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay === Tunanin da ke bayan Matatar Wutar Lantarki ta Itaipu sakamakon tattaunawa mai tsanani ne tsakanin ƙasashen biyu a lokacin shekarun 1960. Ministan Harkokin Waje na Brazil da na Paraguay, Juracy Magalhães da Raúl Sapena Pastor, sun sanya hannu a kan "Ata do Iguaçu" (Dokar Iguaçu) a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1966. Wannan wata sanarwa ce ta haɗin gwiwa ta moriyar juna wajen nazarin yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙasashen biyu ke rabawa a sashin Kogin Paraná da ya fara daga ciki har da Salto de Sete Quedas, zuwa yankin Kogin Iguaçu. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta haifar da matatar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1973. Sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar, wacce ta ƙare a shekarar 2023, sun kasance sanadin rashin gamsuwa na ko'ina a Paraguay. Gwamnatin Shugaba Lugo ta lashi takobin sake tattaunawa kan sharuddan yarjejeniyar da Brazil, wadda ta daɗe tana adawa da duk wata sake tattaunawa.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nickson|first=Andrew|title=Paraguay: Lugo versus the Colorado Machine|work=Open Democracy|date=20 February 2008|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_power/politics_protest/paraguay_fernando_lugo|access-date=3 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803073835/http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_power/politics_protest/paraguay_fernando_lugo|archive-date=3 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mander|first=Benedict|title=Brazil's Itaipú dam treaty with Paraguay up for renewal|work=Financial Times|date=20 September 2017|url=https://www.ft.com/content/bf02af96-7eb8-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/bf02af96-7eb8-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> pjz14eui8ok7thjfmwxdj2i3y47v3je 875673 875672 2026-07-04T06:48:50Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tattaunawa tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay */ 875673 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam ɗin Itaipu''' wani madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki ne a kan Kogin Paraná da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay. Shi ne madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki na uku mafi girma a duniya dangane da makamashin da yake samarwa. An samo sunan "Itaipu" ne daga wani tsibiri da ke kusa da wurin da aka yi ginin. A cikin yaren Guarani, {{lang|gn|Itaipu}} yana nufin "dutse mai sauti."<ref name=energy>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|access-date=4 July 2014|publisher=Itaipu Binacional|year=2014|title=Energy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412010023/http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|archive-date=12 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2020, matatar samar da wutar lantarki ta Dam ɗin Itaipu ta samar da wutar lantarki ta biyu mafi yawa a cikin dukkan madatsun ruwa na duniya, inda madatsar ruwan Three Gorges da ke China ce kawai ta zarce ta. Bayan haka, Itaipu yana ɗauke da tafkin ruwa na 45 mafi girma a duniya. Tare da kammala ginin shi a shekarar 1984, wani aiki ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe biyu da Brazil da Paraguay ke gudanarwa a kan iyakar ƙasashen biyu, {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} arewa da Gadar Abuta. Aikin ya tashi ne daga Foz do Iguaçu, a Brazil, da Ciudad del Este a Paraguay, a kudu zuwa Guaíra da Salto del Guairá a arewa. Ƙarfin injinan da aka girka a cibiyar shine GW 14, tare da rukunin samar da wutar lantarki 20 da ke samar da MW 700 kowanne tare da tsayin ruwa na {{convert|118|m}}. A cikin 2016, cibiyar ta ɗauki ma'aikata 3038 aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |title=Number of employees {{pipe}} ITAIPU BINACIONAL |access-date=2017-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217142721/https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |archive-date=2017-02-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin injina ashirin da aka girka a halin yanzu, goma suna samar da wutar lantarki a 50&nbsp;Hz ga Paraguay kuma goma suna samarwa a 60&nbsp;Hz ga Brazil. Tun da yake ƙarfin injinan Paraguay ya zarce buƙatar wutar lantarki ta Paraguay nesa ba kusa ba, yawancin abin da suke samarwa ana tura shi kai tsaye zuwa ɓangaren Brazil, inda layuka biyu na 600&nbsp;kV HVDC, kowanne mai tsayin kusan {{convert|800|km}}, ke jigilar mafi yawan makamashin zuwa yankin São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro inda kayan aiki ke canza wutar zuwa 60&nbsp;Hz. == Tarihi == === Tattaunawa tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay === Tunanin da ke bayan Matatar Wutar Lantarki ta Itaipu sakamakon tattaunawa mai tsanani ne tsakanin ƙasashen biyu a lokacin shekarun 1960. Ministan Harkokin Waje na Brazil da na Paraguay, Juracy Magalhães da Raúl Sapena Pastor, sun sanya hannu a kan "Ata do Iguaçu" (Dokar Iguaçu) a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1966. Wannan wata sanarwa ce ta haɗin gwiwa ta moriyar juna wajen nazarin yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙasashen biyu ke rabawa a sashin Kogin Paraná da ya fara daga ciki har da Salto de Sete Quedas, zuwa yankin Kogin Iguaçu. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta haifar da matatar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1973. Sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar, wacce ta ƙare a shekarar 2023, sun kasance sanadin rashin gamsuwa na ko'ina a Paraguay. Gwamnatin Shugaba Lugo ta lashi takobin sake tattaunawa kan sharuddan yarjejeniyar da Brazil, wadda ta daɗe tana adawa da duk wata sake tattaunawa.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nickson|first=Andrew|title=Paraguay: Lugo versus the Colorado Machine|work=Open Democracy|date=20 February 2008|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_power/politics_protest/paraguay_fernando_lugo|access-date=3 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803073835/http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_power/politics_protest/paraguay_fernando_lugo|archive-date=3 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mander|first=Benedict|title=Brazil's Itaipú dam treaty with Paraguay up for renewal|work=Financial Times|date=20 September 2017|url=https://www.ft.com/content/bf02af96-7eb8-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/bf02af96-7eb8-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin 2009, Brazil ta amince da biyan kuɗi na adalci don wutar lantarki ga Paraguay sannan kuma ta ba Paraguay damar sayar da rarar wutar lantarki kai tsaye ga kamfanonin Brazil maimakon kawai ta hanyar kamfanin wutar lantarki na Brazil mai ikon mallakar kasuwa.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 July 2009|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8169139.stm|title=Why Brazil gave way on Itaipu dam|access-date=2009-07-26|work=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726101650/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8169139.stm|archive-date=26 July 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=New York Times|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|date=July 27, 2009|page=A10|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/americas/27paraguay.html|title=Energy Deal With Brazil Gives Boost to Paraguay|access-date=February 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820035519/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/americas/27paraguay.html|archive-date=August 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> d5tkh5xnveuokk56xpgl4ir3jvgemux 875676 875673 2026-07-04T07:15:43Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tattaunawa tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay */ 875676 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam ɗin Itaipu''' wani madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki ne a kan Kogin Paraná da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay. Shi ne madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki na uku mafi girma a duniya dangane da makamashin da yake samarwa. An samo sunan "Itaipu" ne daga wani tsibiri da ke kusa da wurin da aka yi ginin. A cikin yaren Guarani, {{lang|gn|Itaipu}} yana nufin "dutse mai sauti."<ref name=energy>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|access-date=4 July 2014|publisher=Itaipu Binacional|year=2014|title=Energy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412010023/http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|archive-date=12 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2020, matatar samar da wutar lantarki ta Dam ɗin Itaipu ta samar da wutar lantarki ta biyu mafi yawa a cikin dukkan madatsun ruwa na duniya, inda madatsar ruwan Three Gorges da ke China ce kawai ta zarce ta. Bayan haka, Itaipu yana ɗauke da tafkin ruwa na 45 mafi girma a duniya. Tare da kammala ginin shi a shekarar 1984, wani aiki ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe biyu da Brazil da Paraguay ke gudanarwa a kan iyakar ƙasashen biyu, {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} arewa da Gadar Abuta. Aikin ya tashi ne daga Foz do Iguaçu, a Brazil, da Ciudad del Este a Paraguay, a kudu zuwa Guaíra da Salto del Guairá a arewa. Ƙarfin injinan da aka girka a cibiyar shine GW 14, tare da rukunin samar da wutar lantarki 20 da ke samar da MW 700 kowanne tare da tsayin ruwa na {{convert|118|m}}. A cikin 2016, cibiyar ta ɗauki ma'aikata 3038 aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |title=Number of employees {{pipe}} ITAIPU BINACIONAL |access-date=2017-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217142721/https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |archive-date=2017-02-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin injina ashirin da aka girka a halin yanzu, goma suna samar da wutar lantarki a 50&nbsp;Hz ga Paraguay kuma goma suna samarwa a 60&nbsp;Hz ga Brazil. Tun da yake ƙarfin injinan Paraguay ya zarce buƙatar wutar lantarki ta Paraguay nesa ba kusa ba, yawancin abin da suke samarwa ana tura shi kai tsaye zuwa ɓangaren Brazil, inda layuka biyu na 600&nbsp;kV HVDC, kowanne mai tsayin kusan {{convert|800|km}}, ke jigilar mafi yawan makamashin zuwa yankin São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro inda kayan aiki ke canza wutar zuwa 60&nbsp;Hz. == Tarihi == === Tattaunawa tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay === Tunanin da ke bayan Matatar Wutar Lantarki ta Itaipu sakamakon tattaunawa mai tsanani ne tsakanin ƙasashen biyu a lokacin shekarun 1960. Ministan Harkokin Waje na Brazil da na Paraguay, Juracy Magalhães da Raúl Sapena Pastor, sun sanya hannu a kan "Ata do Iguaçu" (Dokar Iguaçu) a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1966. Wannan wata sanarwa ce ta haɗin gwiwa ta moriyar juna wajen nazarin yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙasashen biyu ke rabawa a sashin Kogin Paraná da ya fara daga ciki har da Salto de Sete Quedas, zuwa yankin Kogin Iguaçu. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta haifar da matatar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1973. Sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar, wacce ta ƙare a shekarar 2023, sun kasance sanadin rashin gamsuwa na ko'ina a Paraguay. Gwamnatin Shugaba Lugo ta lashi takobin sake tattaunawa kan sharuddan yarjejeniyar da Brazil, wadda ta daɗe tana adawa da duk wata sake tattaunawa.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nickson|first=Andrew|title=Paraguay: Lugo versus the Colorado Machine|work=Open Democracy|date=20 February 2008|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_power/politics_protest/paraguay_fernando_lugo|access-date=3 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803073835/http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_power/politics_protest/paraguay_fernando_lugo|archive-date=3 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mander|first=Benedict|title=Brazil's Itaipú dam treaty with Paraguay up for renewal|work=Financial Times|date=20 September 2017|url=https://www.ft.com/content/bf02af96-7eb8-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/bf02af96-7eb8-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin 2009, Brazil ta amince da biyan kuɗi na adalci don wutar lantarki ga Paraguay sannan kuma ta ba Paraguay damar sayar da rarar wutar lantarki kai tsaye ga kamfanonin Brazil maimakon kawai ta hanyar kamfanin wutar lantarki na Brazil mai ikon mallakar kasuwa.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 July 2009|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8169139.stm|title=Why Brazil gave way on Itaipu dam|access-date=2009-07-26|work=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726101650/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8169139.stm|archive-date=26 July 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=New York Times|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|date=July 27, 2009|page=A10|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/americas/27paraguay.html|title=Energy Deal With Brazil Gives Boost to Paraguay|access-date=February 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820035519/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/americas/27paraguay.html|archive-date=August 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === Fara Ginin === A cikin 1970, haɗakar kamfanoni da kamfanonin ELC Electroconsult S.p.A. (daga Italiya) da IECO (daga Amurka)<ref>International Engineering Company, Inc. (IECO) was a subsidiary of Morrison-Knudsen. See {{cite web |title=Morrison-Knudsen Company, Inc. |publisher=Baker Library, Harvard Business School |url=http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/company.html?company=morrison_knudsen_company_inc |access-date=2014-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319173455/http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/company.html?company=morrison_knudsen_company_inc |archive-date=2015-03-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> suka kafa sun yi nasara a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa don gudanar da binciken yiwuwar aiki da kuma tsara aikin ginin. An fara binciken zane a watan Fabrairu 1971. A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1973, Brazil da Paraguay sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Itaipu, tsarin doka na amfani da Kogin Paraná don samar da wutar lantarki ga ƙasheshin biyu. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1974, aka ƙafa hukumar Itaipu Binacional don gudanar da ginin matatar. An fara ginin a watan Janairu na shekara mai zuwa. An gabatar da motar lantarki ta farko ta Brazil (kuma ta Latin Amurka) a ƙarshen shekarar 1974; ta sami sunan ''Itaipu'' don ƙarrama aikin.<ref name="QRweb">{{cite web | url = http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/classicos/brasileiros/conteudo_229224.shtml | title = Clássicos: Grandes Brasileiros: Gurgel Itaipu | trans-title = Classics: Brazilian Greats: Gurgel Itaipu | language = pt | last = Pereira | first = Fabiano | publisher = Quatro Rodas | date = April 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070830163205/http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/classicos/brasileiros/conteudo_229224.shtml | archive-date = 2007-08-30 }}</ref> === Canza Hanyar Kogin Paraná === A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1978, aka canza hanyar Kogin Paraná, wanda ya ba da damar wani ɓangare na gadon kogin ya bushe domin a iya gina dam ɗin a wurin. === Yarjejeniya tsakanin Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina === Da farko Argentina ta ƙalubalanci ginin dam ɗin, amma tattaunawa da daidaita takaddamar sun kasance tushen haɗin kan Argentina da Brazil daga baya.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schenoni |first=Luis |title=Regional Power Transitions: Lessons from the Southern Cone |journal=GIGA Working Papers |date=2016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/29398128 |access-date=2017-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920114823/http://www.academia.edu/29398128/Regional_Power_Transitions_Lessons_from_the_Southern_Cone |archive-date=2018-09-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> An cimma wata muhimmiyar yarjejeniyar diflomasiyya tare da sanya hannu kan ''Acordo Tripartite'' (Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Uku) da Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina suka yi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1979. Wannan yarjejeniya ta ƙayyade matakan ruwan da aka amince da su da kuma yadda za su iya canzawa sakamakon ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki daban-daban a cikin kogin da ƙasashe uku ke rabawa. 7chmd4e8jd4ldsmuotvicfk5tvo8q2o 875677 875676 2026-07-04T07:16:22Z Sirjat 20447 /* Yarjejeniya tsakanin Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina */ 875677 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam ɗin Itaipu''' wani madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki ne a kan Kogin Paraná da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay. Shi ne madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki na uku mafi girma a duniya dangane da makamashin da yake samarwa. An samo sunan "Itaipu" ne daga wani tsibiri da ke kusa da wurin da aka yi ginin. A cikin yaren Guarani, {{lang|gn|Itaipu}} yana nufin "dutse mai sauti."<ref name=energy>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|access-date=4 July 2014|publisher=Itaipu Binacional|year=2014|title=Energy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412010023/http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|archive-date=12 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2020, matatar samar da wutar lantarki ta Dam ɗin Itaipu ta samar da wutar lantarki ta biyu mafi yawa a cikin dukkan madatsun ruwa na duniya, inda madatsar ruwan Three Gorges da ke China ce kawai ta zarce ta. Bayan haka, Itaipu yana ɗauke da tafkin ruwa na 45 mafi girma a duniya. Tare da kammala ginin shi a shekarar 1984, wani aiki ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe biyu da Brazil da Paraguay ke gudanarwa a kan iyakar ƙasashen biyu, {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} arewa da Gadar Abuta. Aikin ya tashi ne daga Foz do Iguaçu, a Brazil, da Ciudad del Este a Paraguay, a kudu zuwa Guaíra da Salto del Guairá a arewa. Ƙarfin injinan da aka girka a cibiyar shine GW 14, tare da rukunin samar da wutar lantarki 20 da ke samar da MW 700 kowanne tare da tsayin ruwa na {{convert|118|m}}. A cikin 2016, cibiyar ta ɗauki ma'aikata 3038 aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |title=Number of employees {{pipe}} ITAIPU BINACIONAL |access-date=2017-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217142721/https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |archive-date=2017-02-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin injina ashirin da aka girka a halin yanzu, goma suna samar da wutar lantarki a 50&nbsp;Hz ga Paraguay kuma goma suna samarwa a 60&nbsp;Hz ga Brazil. Tun da yake ƙarfin injinan Paraguay ya zarce buƙatar wutar lantarki ta Paraguay nesa ba kusa ba, yawancin abin da suke samarwa ana tura shi kai tsaye zuwa ɓangaren Brazil, inda layuka biyu na 600&nbsp;kV HVDC, kowanne mai tsayin kusan {{convert|800|km}}, ke jigilar mafi yawan makamashin zuwa yankin São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro inda kayan aiki ke canza wutar zuwa 60&nbsp;Hz. == Tarihi == === Tattaunawa tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay === Tunanin da ke bayan Matatar Wutar Lantarki ta Itaipu sakamakon tattaunawa mai tsanani ne tsakanin ƙasashen biyu a lokacin shekarun 1960. Ministan Harkokin Waje na Brazil da na Paraguay, Juracy Magalhães da Raúl Sapena Pastor, sun sanya hannu a kan "Ata do Iguaçu" (Dokar Iguaçu) a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1966. Wannan wata sanarwa ce ta haɗin gwiwa ta moriyar juna wajen nazarin yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙasashen biyu ke rabawa a sashin Kogin Paraná da ya fara daga ciki har da Salto de Sete Quedas, zuwa yankin Kogin Iguaçu. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta haifar da matatar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1973. Sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar, wacce ta ƙare a shekarar 2023, sun kasance sanadin rashin gamsuwa na ko'ina a Paraguay. Gwamnatin Shugaba Lugo ta lashi takobin sake tattaunawa kan sharuddan yarjejeniyar da Brazil, wadda ta daɗe tana adawa da duk wata sake tattaunawa.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nickson|first=Andrew|title=Paraguay: Lugo versus the Colorado Machine|work=Open Democracy|date=20 February 2008|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_power/politics_protest/paraguay_fernando_lugo|access-date=3 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803073835/http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_power/politics_protest/paraguay_fernando_lugo|archive-date=3 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mander|first=Benedict|title=Brazil's Itaipú dam treaty with Paraguay up for renewal|work=Financial Times|date=20 September 2017|url=https://www.ft.com/content/bf02af96-7eb8-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/bf02af96-7eb8-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin 2009, Brazil ta amince da biyan kuɗi na adalci don wutar lantarki ga Paraguay sannan kuma ta ba Paraguay damar sayar da rarar wutar lantarki kai tsaye ga kamfanonin Brazil maimakon kawai ta hanyar kamfanin wutar lantarki na Brazil mai ikon mallakar kasuwa.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 July 2009|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8169139.stm|title=Why Brazil gave way on Itaipu dam|access-date=2009-07-26|work=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726101650/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8169139.stm|archive-date=26 July 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=New York Times|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|date=July 27, 2009|page=A10|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/americas/27paraguay.html|title=Energy Deal With Brazil Gives Boost to Paraguay|access-date=February 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820035519/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/americas/27paraguay.html|archive-date=August 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === Fara Ginin === A cikin 1970, haɗakar kamfanoni da kamfanonin ELC Electroconsult S.p.A. (daga Italiya) da IECO (daga Amurka)<ref>International Engineering Company, Inc. (IECO) was a subsidiary of Morrison-Knudsen. See {{cite web |title=Morrison-Knudsen Company, Inc. |publisher=Baker Library, Harvard Business School |url=http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/company.html?company=morrison_knudsen_company_inc |access-date=2014-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319173455/http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/company.html?company=morrison_knudsen_company_inc |archive-date=2015-03-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> suka kafa sun yi nasara a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa don gudanar da binciken yiwuwar aiki da kuma tsara aikin ginin. An fara binciken zane a watan Fabrairu 1971. A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1973, Brazil da Paraguay sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Itaipu, tsarin doka na amfani da Kogin Paraná don samar da wutar lantarki ga ƙasheshin biyu. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1974, aka ƙafa hukumar Itaipu Binacional don gudanar da ginin matatar. An fara ginin a watan Janairu na shekara mai zuwa. An gabatar da motar lantarki ta farko ta Brazil (kuma ta Latin Amurka) a ƙarshen shekarar 1974; ta sami sunan ''Itaipu'' don ƙarrama aikin.<ref name="QRweb">{{cite web | url = http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/classicos/brasileiros/conteudo_229224.shtml | title = Clássicos: Grandes Brasileiros: Gurgel Itaipu | trans-title = Classics: Brazilian Greats: Gurgel Itaipu | language = pt | last = Pereira | first = Fabiano | publisher = Quatro Rodas | date = April 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070830163205/http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/classicos/brasileiros/conteudo_229224.shtml | archive-date = 2007-08-30 }}</ref> === Canza Hanyar Kogin Paraná === A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1978, aka canza hanyar Kogin Paraná, wanda ya ba da damar wani ɓangare na gadon kogin ya bushe domin a iya gina dam ɗin a wurin. === Yarjejeniya tsakanin Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina === Da farko Argentina ta ƙalubalanci ginin dam ɗin, amma tattaunawa da daidaita takaddamar sun kasance tushen haɗin kan Argentina da Brazil daga baya.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schenoni |first=Luis |title=Regional Power Transitions: Lessons from the Southern Cone |journal=GIGA Working Papers |date=2016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/29398128 |access-date=2017-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920114823/http://www.academia.edu/29398128/Regional_Power_Transitions_Lessons_from_the_Southern_Cone |archive-date=2018-09-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> An cimma wata muhimmiyar yarjejeniyar diflomasiyya tare da sanya hannu kan ''Acordo Tripartite'' (Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Uku) da Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina suka yi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1979. Wannan yarjejeniya ta ƙayyade matakan ruwan da aka amince da su da kuma yadda za su iya canzawa sakamakon ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki daban-daban a cikin kogin da ƙasashe uku ke rabawa. === Kafuwar Tafkin === Tafkin ya fara kafuwa ne a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1982, lokacin da aka kammala ayyukan dam ɗin aka kuma rufe ƙofofin tashar gefe. A cikin wannan lokacin, manyan ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa sun hanzarta cika tafkin yayin da ruwan ya tashi da {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} kuma ya kai ƙofofin madatsar ambaliya a ranar 27 ga Oktoba.{{citation needed|date=October 2012|reason=The reservoir rose 100 meters in just 14 days from October 13 to 27?}} === Fara Aiki === A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1984, rukunin samar da wutar lantarki na farko ya fara aiki a Itaipu. An girka rukunoni 18 na farko a tsakanin guda biyu zuwa uku a kowace shekara; biyu na ƙarshe sun fara aiki ne a shekarar 1991. === Faɗada Ƙarfi a Shekarar 2007 === [[Image:Itaipu 3285.jpg|left|thumb|180px|Dam ɗin yana fuskantar aikin faɗadawa.]] Biyu na ƙarshe daga cikin rukunonin samar da wutar lantarki 20 sun fara aiki ne a watan Satumba 2006 da watan Maris 2007, ta haka aka ɗaga ƙarfin da aka girka zuwa GW 14 kuma aka kammala ginin matatar wutar lantarki. Wannan ƙarin ƙarfi yana bawa rukunoni 18 damar aiki na ɗin-din-din yayin da aka kashe guda biyu don gyare-gyare. Saboda wani sashe a cikin yarjejeniyar da aka sanya wa hannu tsakanin Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina, matsakaicin adadin rukunonin samar da wuta da aka amince su yi aiki a lokaci guda ba zai iya wuce 18 ba (duba sashin yarjejeniya don ƙarin bayani). Ƙarfin kowane rukunin samar da wutar lantarki (injin turbin da janareta) shine MW 700. Koyaya, saboda tsayin ruwa (bambanci tsakanin matakin tafkin da matakin kogin a ƙasan dam ɗin) da ke faruwa a zahiri ya fi tsayin da aka tsara ({{cvt|118|m|||disp=or}}), wutar da ke akwai ta kan wuce MW 750 rabin lokaci ga kowane janareta. Kowane turbin yana samar da kusan MW 700; idan aka kwatanta, duk ruwan da ke fitowa daga ambaliyar Iguaçu yana da ƙarfin ciyar da janareta biyu kacal. == Katsewar Wutar Lantarki ta Watan Nuwamba 2009 == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2009, watsa wutar lantarki daga matatar ta katse gaba ɗaya, mai yiwuwa saboda wata guguwa da ta lalata layukan watsa wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin gaske har guda uku.<ref>{{cite news|title=Apagão teve origem em função de condições meteorológicas, diz MME|date=2009-11-11|first=Diego|last=Abreu|work=Globo News|url=http://g1.globo.com/Sites/Especiais/Noticias/0,,MUL1374655-17814,00-APAGAO+TEVE+ORIGEM+EM+FUNCAO+DE+CONDICOES+METEOROLOGICAS+DIZ+MME.html|access-date=2009-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114090205/http://g1.globo.com/Sites/Especiais/Noticias/0,,MUL1374655-17814,00-APAGAO+TEVE+ORIGEM+EM+FUNCAO+DE+CONDICOES+METEOROLOGICAS+DIZ+MME.html|archive-date=2009-11-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ita kanta Itaipu ba ta lalace ba. Wannan ya haifar da katsewar wutar lantarki mai yawa a Brazil da Paraguay, inda aka yi duhu a duk faɗin ƙasar Paraguay na tsawon mintuna 15, kuma aka jefa Rio de Janeiro da São Paulo cikin duhu na tsawon sa'o'i fiye da 2. An ba da rahoton cewa mutane miliyan 50 abin ya shafa.<ref>{{cite news|date=2009-11-11|work=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8353878.stm|title=Major Power Failures Hit Brazil|access-date=2009-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111100938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8353878.stm|archive-date=2009-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> Katsewar wutar ta faru ne da ƙarfe 22:13 na lokacin gida. Ta fi shafar kudu maso gabashin Brazil sosai, inda ta bar São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, da Espírito Santo gaba ɗaya ba tare da wutar lantarki ba. Haka kuma ɗaukewar wutar ta shafi cikin garuruwan Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, cikin garuruwan Bahia, da sassan Pernambuco, in ji jami'an makamashi.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|work=New York Times|date=November 11, 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/world/americas/12brazil.html|title=Brazil Looks for Answers After Huge Blackout|access-date=February 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831034359/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/world/americas/12brazil.html|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Da ƙarfe 00:30, an dawo da wuta a yawancin yankuna. psmxxy75jtrxlifc4acrgjx0p75kpqb 875678 875677 2026-07-04T07:16:49Z Sirjat 20447 /* Katsewar Wutar Lantarki ta Watan Nuwamba 2009 */ 875678 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam ɗin Itaipu''' wani madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki ne a kan Kogin Paraná da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay. Shi ne madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki na uku mafi girma a duniya dangane da makamashin da yake samarwa. An samo sunan "Itaipu" ne daga wani tsibiri da ke kusa da wurin da aka yi ginin. A cikin yaren Guarani, {{lang|gn|Itaipu}} yana nufin "dutse mai sauti."<ref name=energy>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|access-date=4 July 2014|publisher=Itaipu Binacional|year=2014|title=Energy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412010023/http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|archive-date=12 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2020, matatar samar da wutar lantarki ta Dam ɗin Itaipu ta samar da wutar lantarki ta biyu mafi yawa a cikin dukkan madatsun ruwa na duniya, inda madatsar ruwan Three Gorges da ke China ce kawai ta zarce ta. Bayan haka, Itaipu yana ɗauke da tafkin ruwa na 45 mafi girma a duniya. Tare da kammala ginin shi a shekarar 1984, wani aiki ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe biyu da Brazil da Paraguay ke gudanarwa a kan iyakar ƙasashen biyu, {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} arewa da Gadar Abuta. Aikin ya tashi ne daga Foz do Iguaçu, a Brazil, da Ciudad del Este a Paraguay, a kudu zuwa Guaíra da Salto del Guairá a arewa. Ƙarfin injinan da aka girka a cibiyar shine GW 14, tare da rukunin samar da wutar lantarki 20 da ke samar da MW 700 kowanne tare da tsayin ruwa na {{convert|118|m}}. A cikin 2016, cibiyar ta ɗauki ma'aikata 3038 aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |title=Number of employees {{pipe}} ITAIPU BINACIONAL |access-date=2017-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217142721/https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |archive-date=2017-02-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin injina ashirin da aka girka a halin yanzu, goma suna samar da wutar lantarki a 50&nbsp;Hz ga Paraguay kuma goma suna samarwa a 60&nbsp;Hz ga Brazil. Tun da yake ƙarfin injinan Paraguay ya zarce buƙatar wutar lantarki ta Paraguay nesa ba kusa ba, yawancin abin da suke samarwa ana tura shi kai tsaye zuwa ɓangaren Brazil, inda layuka biyu na 600&nbsp;kV HVDC, kowanne mai tsayin kusan {{convert|800|km}}, ke jigilar mafi yawan makamashin zuwa yankin São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro inda kayan aiki ke canza wutar zuwa 60&nbsp;Hz. == Tarihi == === Tattaunawa tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay === Tunanin da ke bayan Matatar Wutar Lantarki ta Itaipu sakamakon tattaunawa mai tsanani ne tsakanin ƙasashen biyu a lokacin shekarun 1960. Ministan Harkokin Waje na Brazil da na Paraguay, Juracy Magalhães da Raúl Sapena Pastor, sun sanya hannu a kan "Ata do Iguaçu" (Dokar Iguaçu) a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1966. Wannan wata sanarwa ce ta haɗin gwiwa ta moriyar juna wajen nazarin yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙasashen biyu ke rabawa a sashin Kogin Paraná da ya fara daga ciki har da Salto de Sete Quedas, zuwa yankin Kogin Iguaçu. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta haifar da matatar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1973. Sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar, wacce ta ƙare a shekarar 2023, sun kasance sanadin rashin gamsuwa na ko'ina a Paraguay. Gwamnatin Shugaba Lugo ta lashi takobin sake tattaunawa kan sharuddan yarjejeniyar da Brazil, wadda ta daɗe tana adawa da duk wata sake tattaunawa.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nickson|first=Andrew|title=Paraguay: Lugo versus the Colorado Machine|work=Open Democracy|date=20 February 2008|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_power/politics_protest/paraguay_fernando_lugo|access-date=3 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803073835/http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_power/politics_protest/paraguay_fernando_lugo|archive-date=3 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mander|first=Benedict|title=Brazil's Itaipú dam treaty with Paraguay up for renewal|work=Financial Times|date=20 September 2017|url=https://www.ft.com/content/bf02af96-7eb8-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/bf02af96-7eb8-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin 2009, Brazil ta amince da biyan kuɗi na adalci don wutar lantarki ga Paraguay sannan kuma ta ba Paraguay damar sayar da rarar wutar lantarki kai tsaye ga kamfanonin Brazil maimakon kawai ta hanyar kamfanin wutar lantarki na Brazil mai ikon mallakar kasuwa.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 July 2009|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8169139.stm|title=Why Brazil gave way on Itaipu dam|access-date=2009-07-26|work=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726101650/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8169139.stm|archive-date=26 July 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=New York Times|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|date=July 27, 2009|page=A10|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/americas/27paraguay.html|title=Energy Deal With Brazil Gives Boost to Paraguay|access-date=February 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820035519/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/americas/27paraguay.html|archive-date=August 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === Fara Ginin === A cikin 1970, haɗakar kamfanoni da kamfanonin ELC Electroconsult S.p.A. (daga Italiya) da IECO (daga Amurka)<ref>International Engineering Company, Inc. (IECO) was a subsidiary of Morrison-Knudsen. See {{cite web |title=Morrison-Knudsen Company, Inc. |publisher=Baker Library, Harvard Business School |url=http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/company.html?company=morrison_knudsen_company_inc |access-date=2014-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319173455/http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/company.html?company=morrison_knudsen_company_inc |archive-date=2015-03-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> suka kafa sun yi nasara a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa don gudanar da binciken yiwuwar aiki da kuma tsara aikin ginin. An fara binciken zane a watan Fabrairu 1971. A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1973, Brazil da Paraguay sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Itaipu, tsarin doka na amfani da Kogin Paraná don samar da wutar lantarki ga ƙasheshin biyu. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1974, aka ƙafa hukumar Itaipu Binacional don gudanar da ginin matatar. An fara ginin a watan Janairu na shekara mai zuwa. An gabatar da motar lantarki ta farko ta Brazil (kuma ta Latin Amurka) a ƙarshen shekarar 1974; ta sami sunan ''Itaipu'' don ƙarrama aikin.<ref name="QRweb">{{cite web | url = http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/classicos/brasileiros/conteudo_229224.shtml | title = Clássicos: Grandes Brasileiros: Gurgel Itaipu | trans-title = Classics: Brazilian Greats: Gurgel Itaipu | language = pt | last = Pereira | first = Fabiano | publisher = Quatro Rodas | date = April 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070830163205/http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/classicos/brasileiros/conteudo_229224.shtml | archive-date = 2007-08-30 }}</ref> === Canza Hanyar Kogin Paraná === A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1978, aka canza hanyar Kogin Paraná, wanda ya ba da damar wani ɓangare na gadon kogin ya bushe domin a iya gina dam ɗin a wurin. === Yarjejeniya tsakanin Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina === Da farko Argentina ta ƙalubalanci ginin dam ɗin, amma tattaunawa da daidaita takaddamar sun kasance tushen haɗin kan Argentina da Brazil daga baya.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schenoni |first=Luis |title=Regional Power Transitions: Lessons from the Southern Cone |journal=GIGA Working Papers |date=2016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/29398128 |access-date=2017-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920114823/http://www.academia.edu/29398128/Regional_Power_Transitions_Lessons_from_the_Southern_Cone |archive-date=2018-09-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> An cimma wata muhimmiyar yarjejeniyar diflomasiyya tare da sanya hannu kan ''Acordo Tripartite'' (Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Uku) da Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina suka yi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1979. Wannan yarjejeniya ta ƙayyade matakan ruwan da aka amince da su da kuma yadda za su iya canzawa sakamakon ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki daban-daban a cikin kogin da ƙasashe uku ke rabawa. === Kafuwar Tafkin === Tafkin ya fara kafuwa ne a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1982, lokacin da aka kammala ayyukan dam ɗin aka kuma rufe ƙofofin tashar gefe. A cikin wannan lokacin, manyan ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa sun hanzarta cika tafkin yayin da ruwan ya tashi da {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} kuma ya kai ƙofofin madatsar ambaliya a ranar 27 ga Oktoba.{{citation needed|date=October 2012|reason=The reservoir rose 100 meters in just 14 days from October 13 to 27?}} === Fara Aiki === A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1984, rukunin samar da wutar lantarki na farko ya fara aiki a Itaipu. An girka rukunoni 18 na farko a tsakanin guda biyu zuwa uku a kowace shekara; biyu na ƙarshe sun fara aiki ne a shekarar 1991. === Faɗada Ƙarfi a Shekarar 2007 === [[Image:Itaipu 3285.jpg|left|thumb|180px|Dam ɗin yana fuskantar aikin faɗadawa.]] Biyu na ƙarshe daga cikin rukunonin samar da wutar lantarki 20 sun fara aiki ne a watan Satumba 2006 da watan Maris 2007, ta haka aka ɗaga ƙarfin da aka girka zuwa GW 14 kuma aka kammala ginin matatar wutar lantarki. Wannan ƙarin ƙarfi yana bawa rukunoni 18 damar aiki na ɗin-din-din yayin da aka kashe guda biyu don gyare-gyare. Saboda wani sashe a cikin yarjejeniyar da aka sanya wa hannu tsakanin Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina, matsakaicin adadin rukunonin samar da wuta da aka amince su yi aiki a lokaci guda ba zai iya wuce 18 ba (duba sashin yarjejeniya don ƙarin bayani). Ƙarfin kowane rukunin samar da wutar lantarki (injin turbin da janareta) shine MW 700. Koyaya, saboda tsayin ruwa (bambanci tsakanin matakin tafkin da matakin kogin a ƙasan dam ɗin) da ke faruwa a zahiri ya fi tsayin da aka tsara ({{cvt|118|m|||disp=or}}), wutar da ke akwai ta kan wuce MW 750 rabin lokaci ga kowane janareta. Kowane turbin yana samar da kusan MW 700; idan aka kwatanta, duk ruwan da ke fitowa daga ambaliyar Iguaçu yana da ƙarfin ciyar da janareta biyu kacal. == Katsewar Wutar Lantarki ta Watan Nuwamba 2009 == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2009, watsa wutar lantarki daga matatar ta katse gaba ɗaya, mai yiwuwa saboda wata guguwa da ta lalata layukan watsa wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin gaske har guda uku.<ref>{{cite news|title=Apagão teve origem em função de condições meteorológicas, diz MME|date=2009-11-11|first=Diego|last=Abreu|work=Globo News|url=http://g1.globo.com/Sites/Especiais/Noticias/0,,MUL1374655-17814,00-APAGAO+TEVE+ORIGEM+EM+FUNCAO+DE+CONDICOES+METEOROLOGICAS+DIZ+MME.html|access-date=2009-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114090205/http://g1.globo.com/Sites/Especiais/Noticias/0,,MUL1374655-17814,00-APAGAO+TEVE+ORIGEM+EM+FUNCAO+DE+CONDICOES+METEOROLOGICAS+DIZ+MME.html|archive-date=2009-11-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ita kanta Itaipu ba ta lalace ba. Wannan ya haifar da katsewar wutar lantarki mai yawa a Brazil da Paraguay, inda aka yi duhu a duk faɗin ƙasar Paraguay na tsawon mintuna 15, kuma aka jefa Rio de Janeiro da São Paulo cikin duhu na tsawon sa'o'i fiye da 2. An ba da rahoton cewa mutane miliyan 50 abin ya shafa.<ref>{{cite news|date=2009-11-11|work=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8353878.stm|title=Major Power Failures Hit Brazil|access-date=2009-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111100938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8353878.stm|archive-date=2009-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> Katsewar wutar ta faru ne da ƙarfe 22:13 na lokacin gida. Ta fi shafar kudu maso gabashin Brazil sosai, inda ta bar São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, da Espírito Santo gaba ɗaya ba tare da wutar lantarki ba. Haka kuma ɗaukewar wutar ta shafi cikin garuruwan Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, cikin garuruwan Bahia, da sassan Pernambuco, in ji jami'an makamashi.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|work=New York Times|date=November 11, 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/world/americas/12brazil.html|title=Brazil Looks for Answers After Huge Blackout|access-date=February 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831034359/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/world/americas/12brazil.html|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Da ƙarfe 00:30, an dawo da wuta a yawancin yankuna. == Abubuwan Al'ajabi na Zamani na Duniya == A cikin shekarar 1994, Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Bil'adama ta Amurka ta zaɓi Dam ɗin Itaipu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi guda bakwai na zamani na duniya. A cikin 1995, mujallar Amurka ta Popular Mechanics ta buga sakamakon.<ref>{{Citation | last = Pope | first = Gregory T. | title = The seven wonders of the modern world | newspaper = Popular Mechanics | pages = 48–56 | date = December 1995 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=O2YEAAAAMBAJ&q=itaipu&pg=PA50 | access-date = 2017-09-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170305180336/https://books.google.com/books?id=O2YEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA50&dq=itaipu&as_brr=1&pg=PA50 | archive-date = 2017-03-05 | url-status = live }}</ref> {{wide image|Itaipu Décembre 2007 - Vue Générale.jpg|900px|Hoton panorama na Dam ɗin Itaipu, tare da ƙofofin ambaliya a rufe}} {{wide image|ItaipúDamFozDoIguaçúBrasilParaguai-01.png|900px}} {{wide image|Itaipú Dam 325m 260m 247m 225m 196m 1981 Mechanical Power Plant Foz Do Iguaçu Brazil.png|900px |Waɗannan zane-zane suna nuna cikakken bayani kan tsayin: {{convert|325|m|ft}}, dukkan dam ɗin gami da dogayen ginshiƙan layin wutar lantarki guda huɗu masu tsayin {{convert|100|m|ft}} a saman katangar dam ɗin <br /> {{convert|260|m|ft}}, katangar dam ɗin + harsashin ginin da ke cikin ruwa har zuwa ƙasan kogin <br /> {{convert|247|m|ft}}, tsayin katangar dam ɗin da aka ƙarfafa da siminti {{convert|196|m|ft}} + Kuran a saman katangar <br /> {{convert|225|m|ft}}, Ƙarshen tsayin babban katangar siminti gami da dukkan tsare-tsare a saman <br /> {{convert|196|m|ft}}, Rufin hukuma da aka bayar daga Shafin Yanar Gizo na Itaipú Binacional, wanda shine kawai sashin Turbines}} == Tasirin Zamantakewa da Muhalli == Lokacin da aka fara ginin dam ɗin a shekarar 1971, iyalai kusan 10,000 da ke zaune a gefen Kogin Paraná sun rasa matsugunansu saboda ginin.<ref>{{cite journal |title=News & Notes |journal=Water and Energy International |volume=61|issue=4|year=2004|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:wei&volume=61&issue=4&article=001&type=pdf}}</ref><ref>Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214213848/http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full |date=2013-12-14 }}</ref> Ambaliyar ruwa mafi girma a duniya ta fuskar girma, wato Ambaliyar Guaíra, ta nutse a cikin sabon tafkin Itaipu da aka kafa. Daga baya gwamnatin Brazil ta soke shirin Gandun Daji na Ƙasa na Ambaliyar Guaíra. Watanni kaɗan kafin a cika tafkin, mutane 80 sun mutu lokacin da wata gada da ta cika da mutane da ke kallon ambaliyar ta rushe, yayin da masu ziyara ke ƙoƙarin ganin ambaliyar a ƙaron ƙarshe.<ref name="intlrivers">{{cite web|url=http://internationalrivers.org/en/blog/glenn-switkes/farewell-seven-falls|title=Farewell, Seven Falls|first=Glenn|last=Switkes|date=2008-03-14|access-date=2010-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121063123/http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/blog/glenn-switkes/farewell-seven-falls|archive-date=2010-01-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ambaliyar Guaíra ta kasance wani katanga mai tasiri da ke raba nau'ikan halittun ruwa mai daɗi a cikin ƙwarin Paraná na sama da nau'ikan da ake samu a ƙasa da ita, kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin yankuna daban-daban na muhalli.<ref name=JulioJunior>{{cite journal |last1=Júlio Júnior |first1=Horácio Ferreira |last2=Tós |first2=Claudenice Dei |last3=Agostinho |first3=Ângelo Antonio |last4=Pavanelli |first4=Carla Simone |title=A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin |journal=Neotropical Ichthyology |date=2009 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=709–718 |doi=10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021|doi-access=free }}</ref> Bayan ɓatan ambaliyar ruwan, nau'ikan halittu da yawa waɗanda a baya suka takaita ga ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yankuna sun sami damar mamaye ɗaya yankin, wanda ya haifar da matsalolin da yawanci ke da alaƙa da nau'ikan halittun da aka shigo da su. Misali, fiye da nau'ikan kifi 30 waɗanda a baya suka takaita ga yankin da ke ƙasa da ambaliyar sun sami damar mamaye yankin da ke sama.<ref name=JulioJunior/> Mawaƙin Amurka Philip Glass ya rubuta wata waƙa mai suna ''Itaipu'' don ƙarrama tsarin. Hanyar Muhalli ta Santa Maria yanzu ta haɗa Gandun Daji na Ƙasa na Iguaçu da kiyayyen gefen Tafkin Itaipu, kuma ta waɗannan gefuna da Gandun Daji na Ƙasa na Ilha Grande.<ref>{{citation|location=Asunción|date=5 April 2016|language=pt|page=3|last=Teixeira|first=Cristiano|publisher=Itaipu Binacional/MI|title=Corredor Ecológico de Santa Maria, Paraná – Brasil|url=http://www.paraguaybio.com.py/forocorredoresbiologicos/Presentaciones/Dia-2-Cristiano%20Teixeira%20-%20Corredor%20Ecologico%20de%20Santa%20Maria.pdf|access-date=2016-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105094845/http://www.paraguaybio.com.py/forocorredoresbiologicos/Presentaciones/Dia-2-Cristiano%20Teixeira%20-%20Corredor%20Ecologico%20de%20Santa%20Maria.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ƙididdiga == [[File:Itaipu-Wasserkraftwerk Kontrollraum.JPG|thumb|Ɗakin Kula na Tsakiya (CCR)]] [[File:Itaipu Dam.jpg|thumb|Dam ɗin da daddare]] [[File:ItaipúDam196m1984HydrelectricParanáBrasil-01.gif|thumb|left|sashin hukuma na katangar dam a ɓangaren turbin]] === Ginin === * An canza tafiyar kogi na bakwai mafi girma a duniya, kamar yadda aka canza ton miliyan 50 na ƙasa da dutse. * Adadin simintin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen gina Matatar Wutar Lantarki ta Itaipu zai isa a gina filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa 210 masu girman Estádio do Maracanã. * Ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da shi zai ba da damar gina Hasumiyar Eiffel guda 380. * Jimillar girman haƙar ƙasa da dutse a Itaipu ya ninka na Ramin Channel sau 8.5, yayin da girman siminti ya ninka sau 15. * Ƙusan mutane dubu arba'in ne suka yi aiki a ginin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unmuseum.org/7wonders/megadam.htm|title=Seven Wonders of the Modern World: The Itaipu Dam|work=unmuseum.org|access-date=2014-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107110217/http://www.unmuseum.org/7wonders/megadam.htm|archive-date=2014-01-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Itaipu yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa mafi tsada da aka taɓa gina su. === Tashar Samar da Wuta da Dam === * Jimillar tsayin dam ɗin shine {{convert|7235|m}}. Tsayin kololuwar shine {{convert|225|m}}. Itaipu a zahiri dam huɗu ne da aka haɗa wuri guda – daga can hagu, dam ɗin ƙasa, dam ɗin dutse, babban dam ɗin siminti mai goyon baya, da dam ɗin siminti na fikafikai a dama. * Madatsar ambaliyar tana da tsayin {{convert|483|m}}. * Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na madatsun ambaliya guda goma sha hudu na Itaipu shine {{convert|62.2|e3m3/s|}}, zuwa cikin tashoshi uku da aka ƙera kamar hanyar tseren ƙankara. Yana da daidai da sau 40 na matsakaicin kwararar Ambaliyar Iguaçu da ke kusa. * Kwararar janareta biyu ({{convert|700|m3/s}} kowanne) yana ƙusan daidai da matsakaicin kwararar Ambaliyar Iguaçu ({{convert|1500|m3/s}}). * Dam ɗin yana da tsayin {{convert|196|m}}, daidai da gini mai hawa 65.<ref>{{cite web |title= Itaipu binacional&nbsp;– Technical data&nbsp;– Comparisons |url= http://www.itaipu.gov.br |access-date= February 16, 2007 |archive-url= htt_</ref> edm08w0f6c245hg6nzru8kfehmjyuc7 875679 875678 2026-07-04T07:17:11Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tashar Samar da Wuta da Dam */ 875679 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam ɗin Itaipu''' wani madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki ne a kan Kogin Paraná da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay. Shi ne madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki na uku mafi girma a duniya dangane da makamashin da yake samarwa. An samo sunan "Itaipu" ne daga wani tsibiri da ke kusa da wurin da aka yi ginin. A cikin yaren Guarani, {{lang|gn|Itaipu}} yana nufin "dutse mai sauti."<ref name=energy>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|access-date=4 July 2014|publisher=Itaipu Binacional|year=2014|title=Energy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412010023/http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|archive-date=12 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2020, matatar samar da wutar lantarki ta Dam ɗin Itaipu ta samar da wutar lantarki ta biyu mafi yawa a cikin dukkan madatsun ruwa na duniya, inda madatsar ruwan Three Gorges da ke China ce kawai ta zarce ta. Bayan haka, Itaipu yana ɗauke da tafkin ruwa na 45 mafi girma a duniya. Tare da kammala ginin shi a shekarar 1984, wani aiki ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe biyu da Brazil da Paraguay ke gudanarwa a kan iyakar ƙasashen biyu, {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} arewa da Gadar Abuta. Aikin ya tashi ne daga Foz do Iguaçu, a Brazil, da Ciudad del Este a Paraguay, a kudu zuwa Guaíra da Salto del Guairá a arewa. Ƙarfin injinan da aka girka a cibiyar shine GW 14, tare da rukunin samar da wutar lantarki 20 da ke samar da MW 700 kowanne tare da tsayin ruwa na {{convert|118|m}}. A cikin 2016, cibiyar ta ɗauki ma'aikata 3038 aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |title=Number of employees {{pipe}} ITAIPU BINACIONAL |access-date=2017-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217142721/https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |archive-date=2017-02-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin injina ashirin da aka girka a halin yanzu, goma suna samar da wutar lantarki a 50&nbsp;Hz ga Paraguay kuma goma suna samarwa a 60&nbsp;Hz ga Brazil. Tun da yake ƙarfin injinan Paraguay ya zarce buƙatar wutar lantarki ta Paraguay nesa ba kusa ba, yawancin abin da suke samarwa ana tura shi kai tsaye zuwa ɓangaren Brazil, inda layuka biyu na 600&nbsp;kV HVDC, kowanne mai tsayin kusan {{convert|800|km}}, ke jigilar mafi yawan makamashin zuwa yankin São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro inda kayan aiki ke canza wutar zuwa 60&nbsp;Hz. == Tarihi == === Tattaunawa tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay === Tunanin da ke bayan Matatar Wutar Lantarki ta Itaipu sakamakon tattaunawa mai tsanani ne tsakanin ƙasashen biyu a lokacin shekarun 1960. Ministan Harkokin Waje na Brazil da na Paraguay, Juracy Magalhães da Raúl Sapena Pastor, sun sanya hannu a kan "Ata do Iguaçu" (Dokar Iguaçu) a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1966. Wannan wata sanarwa ce ta haɗin gwiwa ta moriyar juna wajen nazarin yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙasashen biyu ke rabawa a sashin Kogin Paraná da ya fara daga ciki har da Salto de Sete Quedas, zuwa yankin Kogin Iguaçu. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta haifar da matatar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1973. Sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar, wacce ta ƙare a shekarar 2023, sun kasance sanadin rashin gamsuwa na ko'ina a Paraguay. Gwamnatin Shugaba Lugo ta lashi takobin sake tattaunawa kan sharuddan yarjejeniyar da Brazil, wadda ta daɗe tana adawa da duk wata sake tattaunawa.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nickson|first=Andrew|title=Paraguay: Lugo versus the Colorado Machine|work=Open Democracy|date=20 February 2008|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_power/politics_protest/paraguay_fernando_lugo|access-date=3 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803073835/http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_power/politics_protest/paraguay_fernando_lugo|archive-date=3 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mander|first=Benedict|title=Brazil's Itaipú dam treaty with Paraguay up for renewal|work=Financial Times|date=20 September 2017|url=https://www.ft.com/content/bf02af96-7eb8-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/bf02af96-7eb8-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin 2009, Brazil ta amince da biyan kuɗi na adalci don wutar lantarki ga Paraguay sannan kuma ta ba Paraguay damar sayar da rarar wutar lantarki kai tsaye ga kamfanonin Brazil maimakon kawai ta hanyar kamfanin wutar lantarki na Brazil mai ikon mallakar kasuwa.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 July 2009|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8169139.stm|title=Why Brazil gave way on Itaipu dam|access-date=2009-07-26|work=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726101650/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8169139.stm|archive-date=26 July 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=New York Times|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|date=July 27, 2009|page=A10|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/americas/27paraguay.html|title=Energy Deal With Brazil Gives Boost to Paraguay|access-date=February 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820035519/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/americas/27paraguay.html|archive-date=August 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === Fara Ginin === A cikin 1970, haɗakar kamfanoni da kamfanonin ELC Electroconsult S.p.A. (daga Italiya) da IECO (daga Amurka)<ref>International Engineering Company, Inc. (IECO) was a subsidiary of Morrison-Knudsen. See {{cite web |title=Morrison-Knudsen Company, Inc. |publisher=Baker Library, Harvard Business School |url=http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/company.html?company=morrison_knudsen_company_inc |access-date=2014-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319173455/http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/company.html?company=morrison_knudsen_company_inc |archive-date=2015-03-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> suka kafa sun yi nasara a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa don gudanar da binciken yiwuwar aiki da kuma tsara aikin ginin. An fara binciken zane a watan Fabrairu 1971. A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1973, Brazil da Paraguay sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Itaipu, tsarin doka na amfani da Kogin Paraná don samar da wutar lantarki ga ƙasheshin biyu. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1974, aka ƙafa hukumar Itaipu Binacional don gudanar da ginin matatar. An fara ginin a watan Janairu na shekara mai zuwa. An gabatar da motar lantarki ta farko ta Brazil (kuma ta Latin Amurka) a ƙarshen shekarar 1974; ta sami sunan ''Itaipu'' don ƙarrama aikin.<ref name="QRweb">{{cite web | url = http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/classicos/brasileiros/conteudo_229224.shtml | title = Clássicos: Grandes Brasileiros: Gurgel Itaipu | trans-title = Classics: Brazilian Greats: Gurgel Itaipu | language = pt | last = Pereira | first = Fabiano | publisher = Quatro Rodas | date = April 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070830163205/http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/classicos/brasileiros/conteudo_229224.shtml | archive-date = 2007-08-30 }}</ref> === Canza Hanyar Kogin Paraná === A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1978, aka canza hanyar Kogin Paraná, wanda ya ba da damar wani ɓangare na gadon kogin ya bushe domin a iya gina dam ɗin a wurin. === Yarjejeniya tsakanin Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina === Da farko Argentina ta ƙalubalanci ginin dam ɗin, amma tattaunawa da daidaita takaddamar sun kasance tushen haɗin kan Argentina da Brazil daga baya.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schenoni |first=Luis |title=Regional Power Transitions: Lessons from the Southern Cone |journal=GIGA Working Papers |date=2016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/29398128 |access-date=2017-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920114823/http://www.academia.edu/29398128/Regional_Power_Transitions_Lessons_from_the_Southern_Cone |archive-date=2018-09-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> An cimma wata muhimmiyar yarjejeniyar diflomasiyya tare da sanya hannu kan ''Acordo Tripartite'' (Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Uku) da Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina suka yi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1979. Wannan yarjejeniya ta ƙayyade matakan ruwan da aka amince da su da kuma yadda za su iya canzawa sakamakon ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki daban-daban a cikin kogin da ƙasashe uku ke rabawa. === Kafuwar Tafkin === Tafkin ya fara kafuwa ne a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1982, lokacin da aka kammala ayyukan dam ɗin aka kuma rufe ƙofofin tashar gefe. A cikin wannan lokacin, manyan ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa sun hanzarta cika tafkin yayin da ruwan ya tashi da {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} kuma ya kai ƙofofin madatsar ambaliya a ranar 27 ga Oktoba.{{citation needed|date=October 2012|reason=The reservoir rose 100 meters in just 14 days from October 13 to 27?}} === Fara Aiki === A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1984, rukunin samar da wutar lantarki na farko ya fara aiki a Itaipu. An girka rukunoni 18 na farko a tsakanin guda biyu zuwa uku a kowace shekara; biyu na ƙarshe sun fara aiki ne a shekarar 1991. === Faɗada Ƙarfi a Shekarar 2007 === [[Image:Itaipu 3285.jpg|left|thumb|180px|Dam ɗin yana fuskantar aikin faɗadawa.]] Biyu na ƙarshe daga cikin rukunonin samar da wutar lantarki 20 sun fara aiki ne a watan Satumba 2006 da watan Maris 2007, ta haka aka ɗaga ƙarfin da aka girka zuwa GW 14 kuma aka kammala ginin matatar wutar lantarki. Wannan ƙarin ƙarfi yana bawa rukunoni 18 damar aiki na ɗin-din-din yayin da aka kashe guda biyu don gyare-gyare. Saboda wani sashe a cikin yarjejeniyar da aka sanya wa hannu tsakanin Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina, matsakaicin adadin rukunonin samar da wuta da aka amince su yi aiki a lokaci guda ba zai iya wuce 18 ba (duba sashin yarjejeniya don ƙarin bayani). Ƙarfin kowane rukunin samar da wutar lantarki (injin turbin da janareta) shine MW 700. Koyaya, saboda tsayin ruwa (bambanci tsakanin matakin tafkin da matakin kogin a ƙasan dam ɗin) da ke faruwa a zahiri ya fi tsayin da aka tsara ({{cvt|118|m|||disp=or}}), wutar da ke akwai ta kan wuce MW 750 rabin lokaci ga kowane janareta. Kowane turbin yana samar da kusan MW 700; idan aka kwatanta, duk ruwan da ke fitowa daga ambaliyar Iguaçu yana da ƙarfin ciyar da janareta biyu kacal. == Katsewar Wutar Lantarki ta Watan Nuwamba 2009 == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2009, watsa wutar lantarki daga matatar ta katse gaba ɗaya, mai yiwuwa saboda wata guguwa da ta lalata layukan watsa wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin gaske har guda uku.<ref>{{cite news|title=Apagão teve origem em função de condições meteorológicas, diz MME|date=2009-11-11|first=Diego|last=Abreu|work=Globo News|url=http://g1.globo.com/Sites/Especiais/Noticias/0,,MUL1374655-17814,00-APAGAO+TEVE+ORIGEM+EM+FUNCAO+DE+CONDICOES+METEOROLOGICAS+DIZ+MME.html|access-date=2009-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114090205/http://g1.globo.com/Sites/Especiais/Noticias/0,,MUL1374655-17814,00-APAGAO+TEVE+ORIGEM+EM+FUNCAO+DE+CONDICOES+METEOROLOGICAS+DIZ+MME.html|archive-date=2009-11-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ita kanta Itaipu ba ta lalace ba. Wannan ya haifar da katsewar wutar lantarki mai yawa a Brazil da Paraguay, inda aka yi duhu a duk faɗin ƙasar Paraguay na tsawon mintuna 15, kuma aka jefa Rio de Janeiro da São Paulo cikin duhu na tsawon sa'o'i fiye da 2. An ba da rahoton cewa mutane miliyan 50 abin ya shafa.<ref>{{cite news|date=2009-11-11|work=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8353878.stm|title=Major Power Failures Hit Brazil|access-date=2009-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111100938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8353878.stm|archive-date=2009-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> Katsewar wutar ta faru ne da ƙarfe 22:13 na lokacin gida. Ta fi shafar kudu maso gabashin Brazil sosai, inda ta bar São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, da Espírito Santo gaba ɗaya ba tare da wutar lantarki ba. Haka kuma ɗaukewar wutar ta shafi cikin garuruwan Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, cikin garuruwan Bahia, da sassan Pernambuco, in ji jami'an makamashi.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|work=New York Times|date=November 11, 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/world/americas/12brazil.html|title=Brazil Looks for Answers After Huge Blackout|access-date=February 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831034359/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/world/americas/12brazil.html|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Da ƙarfe 00:30, an dawo da wuta a yawancin yankuna. == Abubuwan Al'ajabi na Zamani na Duniya == A cikin shekarar 1994, Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Bil'adama ta Amurka ta zaɓi Dam ɗin Itaipu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi guda bakwai na zamani na duniya. A cikin 1995, mujallar Amurka ta Popular Mechanics ta buga sakamakon.<ref>{{Citation | last = Pope | first = Gregory T. | title = The seven wonders of the modern world | newspaper = Popular Mechanics | pages = 48–56 | date = December 1995 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=O2YEAAAAMBAJ&q=itaipu&pg=PA50 | access-date = 2017-09-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170305180336/https://books.google.com/books?id=O2YEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA50&dq=itaipu&as_brr=1&pg=PA50 | archive-date = 2017-03-05 | url-status = live }}</ref> {{wide image|Itaipu Décembre 2007 - Vue Générale.jpg|900px|Hoton panorama na Dam ɗin Itaipu, tare da ƙofofin ambaliya a rufe}} {{wide image|ItaipúDamFozDoIguaçúBrasilParaguai-01.png|900px}} {{wide image|Itaipú Dam 325m 260m 247m 225m 196m 1981 Mechanical Power Plant Foz Do Iguaçu Brazil.png|900px |Waɗannan zane-zane suna nuna cikakken bayani kan tsayin: {{convert|325|m|ft}}, dukkan dam ɗin gami da dogayen ginshiƙan layin wutar lantarki guda huɗu masu tsayin {{convert|100|m|ft}} a saman katangar dam ɗin <br /> {{convert|260|m|ft}}, katangar dam ɗin + harsashin ginin da ke cikin ruwa har zuwa ƙasan kogin <br /> {{convert|247|m|ft}}, tsayin katangar dam ɗin da aka ƙarfafa da siminti {{convert|196|m|ft}} + Kuran a saman katangar <br /> {{convert|225|m|ft}}, Ƙarshen tsayin babban katangar siminti gami da dukkan tsare-tsare a saman <br /> {{convert|196|m|ft}}, Rufin hukuma da aka bayar daga Shafin Yanar Gizo na Itaipú Binacional, wanda shine kawai sashin Turbines}} == Tasirin Zamantakewa da Muhalli == Lokacin da aka fara ginin dam ɗin a shekarar 1971, iyalai kusan 10,000 da ke zaune a gefen Kogin Paraná sun rasa matsugunansu saboda ginin.<ref>{{cite journal |title=News & Notes |journal=Water and Energy International |volume=61|issue=4|year=2004|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:wei&volume=61&issue=4&article=001&type=pdf}}</ref><ref>Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214213848/http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full |date=2013-12-14 }}</ref> Ambaliyar ruwa mafi girma a duniya ta fuskar girma, wato Ambaliyar Guaíra, ta nutse a cikin sabon tafkin Itaipu da aka kafa. Daga baya gwamnatin Brazil ta soke shirin Gandun Daji na Ƙasa na Ambaliyar Guaíra. Watanni kaɗan kafin a cika tafkin, mutane 80 sun mutu lokacin da wata gada da ta cika da mutane da ke kallon ambaliyar ta rushe, yayin da masu ziyara ke ƙoƙarin ganin ambaliyar a ƙaron ƙarshe.<ref name="intlrivers">{{cite web|url=http://internationalrivers.org/en/blog/glenn-switkes/farewell-seven-falls|title=Farewell, Seven Falls|first=Glenn|last=Switkes|date=2008-03-14|access-date=2010-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121063123/http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/blog/glenn-switkes/farewell-seven-falls|archive-date=2010-01-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ambaliyar Guaíra ta kasance wani katanga mai tasiri da ke raba nau'ikan halittun ruwa mai daɗi a cikin ƙwarin Paraná na sama da nau'ikan da ake samu a ƙasa da ita, kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin yankuna daban-daban na muhalli.<ref name=JulioJunior>{{cite journal |last1=Júlio Júnior |first1=Horácio Ferreira |last2=Tós |first2=Claudenice Dei |last3=Agostinho |first3=Ângelo Antonio |last4=Pavanelli |first4=Carla Simone |title=A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin |journal=Neotropical Ichthyology |date=2009 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=709–718 |doi=10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021|doi-access=free }}</ref> Bayan ɓatan ambaliyar ruwan, nau'ikan halittu da yawa waɗanda a baya suka takaita ga ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yankuna sun sami damar mamaye ɗaya yankin, wanda ya haifar da matsalolin da yawanci ke da alaƙa da nau'ikan halittun da aka shigo da su. Misali, fiye da nau'ikan kifi 30 waɗanda a baya suka takaita ga yankin da ke ƙasa da ambaliyar sun sami damar mamaye yankin da ke sama.<ref name=JulioJunior/> Mawaƙin Amurka Philip Glass ya rubuta wata waƙa mai suna ''Itaipu'' don ƙarrama tsarin. Hanyar Muhalli ta Santa Maria yanzu ta haɗa Gandun Daji na Ƙasa na Iguaçu da kiyayyen gefen Tafkin Itaipu, kuma ta waɗannan gefuna da Gandun Daji na Ƙasa na Ilha Grande.<ref>{{citation|location=Asunción|date=5 April 2016|language=pt|page=3|last=Teixeira|first=Cristiano|publisher=Itaipu Binacional/MI|title=Corredor Ecológico de Santa Maria, Paraná – Brasil|url=http://www.paraguaybio.com.py/forocorredoresbiologicos/Presentaciones/Dia-2-Cristiano%20Teixeira%20-%20Corredor%20Ecologico%20de%20Santa%20Maria.pdf|access-date=2016-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105094845/http://www.paraguaybio.com.py/forocorredoresbiologicos/Presentaciones/Dia-2-Cristiano%20Teixeira%20-%20Corredor%20Ecologico%20de%20Santa%20Maria.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ƙididdiga == [[File:Itaipu-Wasserkraftwerk Kontrollraum.JPG|thumb|Ɗakin Kula na Tsakiya (CCR)]] [[File:Itaipu Dam.jpg|thumb|Dam ɗin da daddare]] [[File:ItaipúDam196m1984HydrelectricParanáBrasil-01.gif|thumb|left|sashin hukuma na katangar dam a ɓangaren turbin]] === Ginin === * An canza tafiyar kogi na bakwai mafi girma a duniya, kamar yadda aka canza ton miliyan 50 na ƙasa da dutse. * Adadin simintin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen gina Matatar Wutar Lantarki ta Itaipu zai isa a gina filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa 210 masu girman Estádio do Maracanã. * Ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da shi zai ba da damar gina Hasumiyar Eiffel guda 380. * Jimillar girman haƙar ƙasa da dutse a Itaipu ya ninka na Ramin Channel sau 8.5, yayin da girman siminti ya ninka sau 15. * Ƙusan mutane dubu arba'in ne suka yi aiki a ginin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unmuseum.org/7wonders/megadam.htm|title=Seven Wonders of the Modern World: The Itaipu Dam|work=unmuseum.org|access-date=2014-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107110217/http://www.unmuseum.org/7wonders/megadam.htm|archive-date=2014-01-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Itaipu yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa mafi tsada da aka taɓa gina su. === Tashar Samar da Wuta da Dam === * Jimillar tsayin dam ɗin shine {{convert|7235|m}}. Tsayin kololuwar shine {{convert|225|m}}. Itaipu a zahiri dam huɗu ne da aka haɗa wuri guda – daga can hagu, dam ɗin ƙasa, dam ɗin dutse, babban dam ɗin siminti mai goyon baya, da dam ɗin siminti na fikafikai a dama. * Madatsar ambaliyar tana da tsayin {{convert|483|m}}. * Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na madatsun ambaliya guda goma sha hudu na Itaipu shine {{convert|62.2|e3m3/s|}}, zuwa cikin tashoshi uku da aka ƙera kamar hanyar tseren ƙankara. Yana da daidai da sau 40 na matsakaicin kwararar Ambaliyar Iguaçu da ke kusa. * Kwararar janareta biyu ({{convert|700|m3/s}} kowanne) yana ƙusan daidai da matsakaicin kwararar Ambaliyar Iguaçu ({{convert|1500|m3/s}}). * Dam ɗin yana da tsayin {{convert|196|m}}, daidai da gini mai hawa 65.<ref>{{cite web |title= Itaipu binacional&nbsp;– Technical data&nbsp;– Comparisons |url= http://www.itaipu.gov.br |access-date= February 16, 2007 |archive-url= htt_</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} hmiinyv16e3110urgrt796ta8lfy3nx 875681 875679 2026-07-04T07:18:33Z Sirjat 20447 875681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dam ɗin Itaipu''' wani madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki ne a kan Kogin Paraná da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay. Shi ne madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki na uku mafi girma a duniya dangane da makamashin da yake samarwa. An samo sunan "Itaipu" ne daga wani tsibiri da ke kusa da wurin da aka yi ginin. A cikin yaren Guarani, {{lang|gn|Itaipu}} yana nufin "dutse mai sauti."<ref name=energy>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|access-date=4 July 2014|publisher=Itaipu Binacional|year=2014|title=Energy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412010023/http://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/energy|archive-date=12 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2020, matatar samar da wutar lantarki ta Dam ɗin Itaipu ta samar da wutar lantarki ta biyu mafi yawa a cikin dukkan madatsun ruwa na duniya, inda madatsar ruwan Three Gorges da ke China ce kawai ta zarce ta. Bayan haka, Itaipu yana ɗauke da tafkin ruwa na 45 mafi girma a duniya. Tare da kammala ginin shi a shekarar 1984, wani aiki ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe biyu da Brazil da Paraguay ke gudanarwa a kan iyakar ƙasashen biyu, {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} arewa da Gadar Abuta. Aikin ya tashi ne daga Foz do Iguaçu, a Brazil, da Ciudad del Este a Paraguay, a kudu zuwa Guaíra da Salto del Guairá a arewa. Ƙarfin injinan da aka girka a cibiyar shine GW 14, tare da rukunin samar da wutar lantarki 20 da ke samar da MW 700 kowanne tare da tsayin ruwa na {{convert|118|m}}. A cikin 2016, cibiyar ta ɗauki ma'aikata 3038 aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |title=Number of employees {{pipe}} ITAIPU BINACIONAL |access-date=2017-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217142721/https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/human-resources/number-employees |archive-date=2017-02-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin injina ashirin da aka girka a halin yanzu, goma suna samar da wutar lantarki a 50&nbsp;Hz ga Paraguay kuma goma suna samarwa a 60&nbsp;Hz ga Brazil. Tun da yake ƙarfin injinan Paraguay ya zarce buƙatar wutar lantarki ta Paraguay nesa ba kusa ba, yawancin abin da suke samarwa ana tura shi kai tsaye zuwa ɓangaren Brazil, inda layuka biyu na 600&nbsp;kV HVDC, kowanne mai tsayin kusan {{convert|800|km}}, ke jigilar mafi yawan makamashin zuwa yankin São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro inda kayan aiki ke canza wutar zuwa 60&nbsp;Hz. == Tarihi == === Tattaunawa tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay === Tunanin da ke bayan Matatar Wutar Lantarki ta Itaipu sakamakon tattaunawa mai tsanani ne tsakanin ƙasashen biyu a lokacin shekarun 1960. Ministan Harkokin Waje na Brazil da na Paraguay, Juracy Magalhães da Raúl Sapena Pastor, sun sanya hannu a kan "Ata do Iguaçu" (Dokar Iguaçu) a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1966. Wannan wata sanarwa ce ta haɗin gwiwa ta moriyar juna wajen nazarin yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙasashen biyu ke rabawa a sashin Kogin Paraná da ya fara daga ciki har da Salto de Sete Quedas, zuwa yankin Kogin Iguaçu. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta haifar da matatar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1973. Sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar, wacce ta ƙare a shekarar 2023, sun kasance sanadin rashin gamsuwa na ko'ina a Paraguay. Gwamnatin Shugaba Lugo ta lashi takobin sake tattaunawa kan sharuddan yarjejeniyar da Brazil, wadda ta daɗe tana adawa da duk wata sake tattaunawa.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nickson|first=Andrew|title=Paraguay: Lugo versus the Colorado Machine|work=Open Democracy|date=20 February 2008|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_power/politics_protest/paraguay_fernando_lugo|access-date=3 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803073835/http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/democracy_power/politics_protest/paraguay_fernando_lugo|archive-date=3 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mander|first=Benedict|title=Brazil's Itaipú dam treaty with Paraguay up for renewal|work=Financial Times|date=20 September 2017|url=https://www.ft.com/content/bf02af96-7eb8-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/bf02af96-7eb8-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin 2009, Brazil ta amince da biyan kuɗi na adalci don wutar lantarki ga Paraguay sannan kuma ta ba Paraguay damar sayar da rarar wutar lantarki kai tsaye ga kamfanonin Brazil maimakon kawai ta hanyar kamfanin wutar lantarki na Brazil mai ikon mallakar kasuwa.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 July 2009|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8169139.stm|title=Why Brazil gave way on Itaipu dam|access-date=2009-07-26|work=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726101650/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8169139.stm|archive-date=26 July 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=New York Times|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|date=July 27, 2009|page=A10|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/americas/27paraguay.html|title=Energy Deal With Brazil Gives Boost to Paraguay|access-date=February 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820035519/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/americas/27paraguay.html|archive-date=August 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === Fara Ginin === A cikin 1970, haɗakar kamfanoni da kamfanonin ELC Electroconsult S.p.A. (daga Italiya) da IECO (daga Amurka)<ref>International Engineering Company, Inc. (IECO) was a subsidiary of Morrison-Knudsen. See {{cite web |title=Morrison-Knudsen Company, Inc. |publisher=Baker Library, Harvard Business School |url=http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/company.html?company=morrison_knudsen_company_inc |access-date=2014-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319173455/http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/company.html?company=morrison_knudsen_company_inc |archive-date=2015-03-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> suka kafa sun yi nasara a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa don gudanar da binciken yiwuwar aiki da kuma tsara aikin ginin. An fara binciken zane a watan Fabrairu 1971. A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1973, Brazil da Paraguay sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Itaipu, tsarin doka na amfani da Kogin Paraná don samar da wutar lantarki ga ƙasheshin biyu. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1974, aka ƙafa hukumar Itaipu Binacional don gudanar da ginin matatar. An fara ginin a watan Janairu na shekara mai zuwa. An gabatar da motar lantarki ta farko ta Brazil (kuma ta Latin Amurka) a ƙarshen shekarar 1974; ta sami sunan ''Itaipu'' don ƙarrama aikin.<ref name="QRweb">{{cite web | url = http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/classicos/brasileiros/conteudo_229224.shtml | title = Clássicos: Grandes Brasileiros: Gurgel Itaipu | trans-title = Classics: Brazilian Greats: Gurgel Itaipu | language = pt | last = Pereira | first = Fabiano | publisher = Quatro Rodas | date = April 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070830163205/http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/classicos/brasileiros/conteudo_229224.shtml | archive-date = 2007-08-30 }}</ref> === Canza Hanyar Kogin Paraná === A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1978, aka canza hanyar Kogin Paraná, wanda ya ba da damar wani ɓangare na gadon kogin ya bushe domin a iya gina dam ɗin a wurin. === Yarjejeniya tsakanin Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina === Da farko Argentina ta ƙalubalanci ginin dam ɗin, amma tattaunawa da daidaita takaddamar sun kasance tushen haɗin kan Argentina da Brazil daga baya.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schenoni |first=Luis |title=Regional Power Transitions: Lessons from the Southern Cone |journal=GIGA Working Papers |date=2016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/29398128 |access-date=2017-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920114823/http://www.academia.edu/29398128/Regional_Power_Transitions_Lessons_from_the_Southern_Cone |archive-date=2018-09-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> An cimma wata muhimmiyar yarjejeniyar diflomasiyya tare da sanya hannu kan ''Acordo Tripartite'' (Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Uku) da Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina suka yi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1979. Wannan yarjejeniya ta ƙayyade matakan ruwan da aka amince da su da kuma yadda za su iya canzawa sakamakon ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki daban-daban a cikin kogin da ƙasashe uku ke rabawa. === Kafuwar Tafkin === Tafkin ya fara kafuwa ne a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1982, lokacin da aka kammala ayyukan dam ɗin aka kuma rufe ƙofofin tashar gefe. A cikin wannan lokacin, manyan ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa sun hanzarta cika tafkin yayin da ruwan ya tashi da {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} kuma ya kai ƙofofin madatsar ambaliya a ranar 27 ga Oktoba.{{citation needed|date=October 2012|reason=The reservoir rose 100 meters in just 14 days from October 13 to 27?}} === Fara Aiki === A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1984, rukunin samar da wutar lantarki na farko ya fara aiki a Itaipu. An girka rukunoni 18 na farko a tsakanin guda biyu zuwa uku a kowace shekara; biyu na ƙarshe sun fara aiki ne a shekarar 1991. === Faɗada Ƙarfi a Shekarar 2007 === [[Image:Itaipu 3285.jpg|left|thumb|180px|Dam ɗin yana fuskantar aikin faɗadawa.]] Biyu na ƙarshe daga cikin rukunonin samar da wutar lantarki 20 sun fara aiki ne a watan Satumba 2006 da watan Maris 2007, ta haka aka ɗaga ƙarfin da aka girka zuwa GW 14 kuma aka kammala ginin matatar wutar lantarki. Wannan ƙarin ƙarfi yana bawa rukunoni 18 damar aiki na ɗin-din-din yayin da aka kashe guda biyu don gyare-gyare. Saboda wani sashe a cikin yarjejeniyar da aka sanya wa hannu tsakanin Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina, matsakaicin adadin rukunonin samar da wuta da aka amince su yi aiki a lokaci guda ba zai iya wuce 18 ba (duba sashin yarjejeniya don ƙarin bayani). Ƙarfin kowane rukunin samar da wutar lantarki (injin turbin da janareta) shine MW 700. Koyaya, saboda tsayin ruwa (bambanci tsakanin matakin tafkin da matakin kogin a ƙasan dam ɗin) da ke faruwa a zahiri ya fi tsayin da aka tsara ({{cvt|118|m|||disp=or}}), wutar da ke akwai ta kan wuce MW 750 rabin lokaci ga kowane janareta. Kowane turbin yana samar da kusan MW 700; idan aka kwatanta, duk ruwan da ke fitowa daga ambaliyar Iguaçu yana da ƙarfin ciyar da janareta biyu kacal. == Katsewar Wutar Lantarki ta Watan Nuwamba 2009 == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2009, watsa wutar lantarki daga matatar ta katse gaba ɗaya, mai yiwuwa saboda wata guguwa da ta lalata layukan watsa wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin gaske har guda uku.<ref>{{cite news|title=Apagão teve origem em função de condições meteorológicas, diz MME|date=2009-11-11|first=Diego|last=Abreu|work=Globo News|url=http://g1.globo.com/Sites/Especiais/Noticias/0,,MUL1374655-17814,00-APAGAO+TEVE+ORIGEM+EM+FUNCAO+DE+CONDICOES+METEOROLOGICAS+DIZ+MME.html|access-date=2009-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114090205/http://g1.globo.com/Sites/Especiais/Noticias/0,,MUL1374655-17814,00-APAGAO+TEVE+ORIGEM+EM+FUNCAO+DE+CONDICOES+METEOROLOGICAS+DIZ+MME.html|archive-date=2009-11-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ita kanta Itaipu ba ta lalace ba. Wannan ya haifar da katsewar wutar lantarki mai yawa a Brazil da Paraguay, inda aka yi duhu a duk faɗin ƙasar Paraguay na tsawon mintuna 15, kuma aka jefa Rio de Janeiro da São Paulo cikin duhu na tsawon sa'o'i fiye da 2. An ba da rahoton cewa mutane miliyan 50 abin ya shafa.<ref>{{cite news|date=2009-11-11|work=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8353878.stm|title=Major Power Failures Hit Brazil|access-date=2009-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111100938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8353878.stm|archive-date=2009-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> Katsewar wutar ta faru ne da ƙarfe 22:13 na lokacin gida. Ta fi shafar kudu maso gabashin Brazil sosai, inda ta bar São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, da Espírito Santo gaba ɗaya ba tare da wutar lantarki ba. Haka kuma ɗaukewar wutar ta shafi cikin garuruwan Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, cikin garuruwan Bahia, da sassan Pernambuco, in ji jami'an makamashi.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alexei|last=Barrionuevo|work=New York Times|date=November 11, 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/world/americas/12brazil.html|title=Brazil Looks for Answers After Huge Blackout|access-date=February 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831034359/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/world/americas/12brazil.html|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Da ƙarfe 00:30, an dawo da wuta a yawancin yankuna. == Abubuwan Al'ajabi na Zamani na Duniya == A cikin shekarar 1994, Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Bil'adama ta Amurka ta zaɓi Dam ɗin Itaipu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi guda bakwai na zamani na duniya. A cikin 1995, mujallar Amurka ta Popular Mechanics ta buga sakamakon.<ref>{{Citation | last = Pope | first = Gregory T. | title = The seven wonders of the modern world | newspaper = Popular Mechanics | pages = 48–56 | date = December 1995 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=O2YEAAAAMBAJ&q=itaipu&pg=PA50 | access-date = 2017-09-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170305180336/https://books.google.com/books?id=O2YEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA50&dq=itaipu&as_brr=1&pg=PA50 | archive-date = 2017-03-05 | url-status = live }}</ref> {{wide image|Itaipu Décembre 2007 - Vue Générale.jpg|900px|Hoton panorama na Dam ɗin Itaipu, tare da ƙofofin ambaliya a rufe}} {{wide image|ItaipúDamFozDoIguaçúBrasilParaguai-01.png|900px}} {{wide image|Itaipú Dam 325m 260m 247m 225m 196m 1981 Mechanical Power Plant Foz Do Iguaçu Brazil.png|900px |Waɗannan zane-zane suna nuna cikakken bayani kan tsayin: {{convert|325|m|ft}}, dukkan dam ɗin gami da dogayen ginshiƙan layin wutar lantarki guda huɗu masu tsayin {{convert|100|m|ft}} a saman katangar dam ɗin <br /> {{convert|260|m|ft}}, katangar dam ɗin + harsashin ginin da ke cikin ruwa har zuwa ƙasan kogin <br /> {{convert|247|m|ft}}, tsayin katangar dam ɗin da aka ƙarfafa da siminti {{convert|196|m|ft}} + Kuran a saman katangar <br /> {{convert|225|m|ft}}, Ƙarshen tsayin babban katangar siminti gami da dukkan tsare-tsare a saman <br /> {{convert|196|m|ft}}, Rufin hukuma da aka bayar daga Shafin Yanar Gizo na Itaipú Binacional, wanda shine kawai sashin Turbines}} == Tasirin Zamantakewa da Muhalli == Lokacin da aka fara ginin dam ɗin a shekarar 1971, iyalai kusan 10,000 da ke zaune a gefen Kogin Paraná sun rasa matsugunansu saboda ginin.<ref>{{cite journal |title=News & Notes |journal=Water and Energy International |volume=61|issue=4|year=2004|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:wei&volume=61&issue=4&article=001&type=pdf}}</ref><ref>Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214213848/http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full |date=2013-12-14 }}</ref> Ambaliyar ruwa mafi girma a duniya ta fuskar girma, wato Ambaliyar Guaíra, ta nutse a cikin sabon tafkin Itaipu da aka kafa. Daga baya gwamnatin Brazil ta soke shirin Gandun Daji na Ƙasa na Ambaliyar Guaíra. Watanni kaɗan kafin a cika tafkin, mutane 80 sun mutu lokacin da wata gada da ta cika da mutane da ke kallon ambaliyar ta rushe, yayin da masu ziyara ke ƙoƙarin ganin ambaliyar a ƙaron ƙarshe.<ref name="intlrivers">{{cite web|url=http://internationalrivers.org/en/blog/glenn-switkes/farewell-seven-falls|title=Farewell, Seven Falls|first=Glenn|last=Switkes|date=2008-03-14|access-date=2010-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121063123/http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/blog/glenn-switkes/farewell-seven-falls|archive-date=2010-01-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ambaliyar Guaíra ta kasance wani katanga mai tasiri da ke raba nau'ikan halittun ruwa mai daɗi a cikin ƙwarin Paraná na sama da nau'ikan da ake samu a ƙasa da ita, kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin yankuna daban-daban na muhalli.<ref name=JulioJunior>{{cite journal |last1=Júlio Júnior |first1=Horácio Ferreira |last2=Tós |first2=Claudenice Dei |last3=Agostinho |first3=Ângelo Antonio |last4=Pavanelli |first4=Carla Simone |title=A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin |journal=Neotropical Ichthyology |date=2009 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=709–718 |doi=10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021|doi-access=free }}</ref> Bayan ɓatan ambaliyar ruwan, nau'ikan halittu da yawa waɗanda a baya suka takaita ga ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yankuna sun sami damar mamaye ɗaya yankin, wanda ya haifar da matsalolin da yawanci ke da alaƙa da nau'ikan halittun da aka shigo da su. Misali, fiye da nau'ikan kifi 30 waɗanda a baya suka takaita ga yankin da ke ƙasa da ambaliyar sun sami damar mamaye yankin da ke sama.<ref name=JulioJunior/> Mawaƙin Amurka Philip Glass ya rubuta wata waƙa mai suna ''Itaipu'' don ƙarrama tsarin. Hanyar Muhalli ta Santa Maria yanzu ta haɗa Gandun Daji na Ƙasa na Iguaçu da kiyayyen gefen Tafkin Itaipu, kuma ta waɗannan gefuna da Gandun Daji na Ƙasa na Ilha Grande.<ref>{{citation|location=Asunción|date=5 April 2016|language=pt|page=3|last=Teixeira|first=Cristiano|publisher=Itaipu Binacional/MI|title=Corredor Ecológico de Santa Maria, Paraná – Brasil|url=http://www.paraguaybio.com.py/forocorredoresbiologicos/Presentaciones/Dia-2-Cristiano%20Teixeira%20-%20Corredor%20Ecologico%20de%20Santa%20Maria.pdf|access-date=2016-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105094845/http://www.paraguaybio.com.py/forocorredoresbiologicos/Presentaciones/Dia-2-Cristiano%20Teixeira%20-%20Corredor%20Ecologico%20de%20Santa%20Maria.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ƙididdiga == [[File:Itaipu-Wasserkraftwerk Kontrollraum.JPG|thumb|Ɗakin Kula na Tsakiya (CCR)]] [[File:Itaipu Dam.jpg|thumb|Dam ɗin da daddare]] [[File:ItaipúDam196m1984HydrelectricParanáBrasil-01.gif|thumb|left|sashin hukuma na katangar dam a ɓangaren turbin]] === Ginin === * An canza tafiyar kogi na bakwai mafi girma a duniya, kamar yadda aka canza ton miliyan 50 na ƙasa da dutse. * Adadin simintin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen gina Matatar Wutar Lantarki ta Itaipu zai isa a gina filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa 210 masu girman Estádio do Maracanã. * Ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da shi zai ba da damar gina Hasumiyar Eiffel guda 380. * Jimillar girman haƙar ƙasa da dutse a Itaipu ya ninka na Ramin Channel sau 8.5, yayin da girman siminti ya ninka sau 15. * Ƙusan mutane dubu arba'in ne suka yi aiki a ginin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unmuseum.org/7wonders/megadam.htm|title=Seven Wonders of the Modern World: The Itaipu Dam|work=unmuseum.org|access-date=2014-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107110217/http://www.unmuseum.org/7wonders/megadam.htm|archive-date=2014-01-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Itaipu yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa mafi tsada da aka taɓa gina su. === Tashar Samar da Wuta da Dam === * Jimillar tsayin dam ɗin shine {{convert|7235|m}}. Tsayin kololuwar shine {{convert|225|m}}. Itaipu a zahiri dam huɗu ne da aka haɗa wuri guda – daga can hagu, dam ɗin ƙasa, dam ɗin dutse, babban dam ɗin siminti mai goyon baya, da dam ɗin siminti na fikafikai a dama. * Madatsar ambaliyar tana da tsayin {{convert|483|m}}. * Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na madatsun ambaliya guda goma sha hudu na Itaipu shine {{convert|62.2|e3m3/s|}}, zuwa cikin tashoshi uku da aka ƙera kamar hanyar tseren ƙankara. Yana da daidai da sau 40 na matsakaicin kwararar Ambaliyar Iguaçu da ke kusa. * Kwararar janareta biyu ({{convert|700|m3/s}} kowanne) yana ƙusan daidai da matsakaicin kwararar Ambaliyar Iguaçu ({{convert|1500|m3/s}}). * Dam ɗin yana da tsayin {{convert|196|m}}, daidai da gini mai hawa 65.<ref>{{cite web |title= Itaipu binacional&nbsp;– Technical data&nbsp;– Comparisons |url= http://www.itaipu.gov.br |access-date= February 16, 2007 |archive-url= htt_</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} gyoz9jq8q047hiha3dtjs1bflm6ujny 0 160727 875688 2026-07-04T07:54:25Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875688 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> or6keaz1h85sutsk4z5gyspcwsn8kka 875689 875688 2026-07-04T07:54:38Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875689 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. l9teej9p0rcquzxyf7h4bkc5bmvcl6w 875690 875689 2026-07-04T07:54:55Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875690 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == hc57fwur0ko6uc967wizf9zwty8ldf8 875691 875690 2026-07-04T07:55:46Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875691 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. k2tpflncxpkv8ve0phxhn9ai6ru59ao 875692 875691 2026-07-04T07:56:04Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875692 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. === Gwamna === A matsayinsa na jami'in da ya fi girma a cikin zartarwa, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi shugabancin jihar. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan tsarin shugaban kasa, gwamnan shine shugaban gwamnati da shugaban kasa. Gwamna yana da iko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki don jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma nadawa, korar ko sake nada mambobinta - ban da mataimakin gwamnan - a son rai. Bugu da kari gwamnan na iya sanya hannu kan dokokin da majalisar ta zartar a matsayin doka ko kuma na iya soke shi, duk da haka, lissafin ya zama doka ta atomatik bayan kwanaki 30 idan gwamnan bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba. h1nq77vyepvutwi0015xpz8rjt8flao 875693 875692 2026-07-04T07:56:25Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875693 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. === Gwamna === A matsayinsa na jami'in da ya fi girma a cikin zartarwa, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi shugabancin jihar. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan tsarin shugaban kasa, gwamnan shine shugaban gwamnati da shugaban kasa. Gwamna yana da iko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki don jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma nadawa, korar ko sake nada mambobinta - ban da mataimakin gwamnan - a son rai. Bugu da kari gwamnan na iya sanya hannu kan dokokin da majalisar ta zartar a matsayin doka ko kuma na iya soke shi, duk da haka, lissafin ya zama doka ta atomatik bayan kwanaki 30 idan gwamnan bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba. Zaɓin da kashi biyu bisa uku suka yi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa na iya rinjayar gwamnan. Ana buƙatar wannan kuri'a don fara aiwatar da tsige gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna. Lokacin da shugaban zartarwa bai iya aiwatar da ayyukansu ba, mataimakin gwamna yana ɗaukar ofishin mukaddashin gwamna har sai gwamna ya koma aiki, ko har sai an zabi sabon gwamna. Tun lokacin da ta sami zama jihar, Jihar Bayelsa, tun daga 2024, jimlar shugabannin 12 ne suka mallake ta, gami da masu gudanar da soja da gwamnonin farar hula. Gwamnan da ke kan mulki shine [[Douye Diri|Sanata Douye Diri]] wanda ya hau mulki a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2020. === Mataimakin Gwamna === h8lir09ueaz1pnwc6vvr9rmibmw4o1l 875694 875693 2026-07-04T07:56:38Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875694 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. === Gwamna === A matsayinsa na jami'in da ya fi girma a cikin zartarwa, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi shugabancin jihar. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan tsarin shugaban kasa, gwamnan shine shugaban gwamnati da shugaban kasa. Gwamna yana da iko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki don jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma nadawa, korar ko sake nada mambobinta - ban da mataimakin gwamnan - a son rai. Bugu da kari gwamnan na iya sanya hannu kan dokokin da majalisar ta zartar a matsayin doka ko kuma na iya soke shi, duk da haka, lissafin ya zama doka ta atomatik bayan kwanaki 30 idan gwamnan bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba. Zaɓin da kashi biyu bisa uku suka yi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa na iya rinjayar gwamnan. Ana buƙatar wannan kuri'a don fara aiwatar da tsige gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna. Lokacin da shugaban zartarwa bai iya aiwatar da ayyukansu ba, mataimakin gwamna yana ɗaukar ofishin mukaddashin gwamna har sai gwamna ya koma aiki, ko har sai an zabi sabon gwamna. Tun lokacin da ta sami zama jihar, Jihar Bayelsa, tun daga 2024, jimlar shugabannin 12 ne suka mallake ta, gami da masu gudanar da soja da gwamnonin farar hula. Gwamnan da ke kan mulki shine [[Douye Diri|Sanata Douye Diri]] wanda ya hau mulki a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2020. === Mataimakin Gwamna === Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Bayelsa yana da matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar da gwamnati, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in biyu mafi girma a reshen zartarwa. Wannan ofishin kuma shine na farko a layi don cin nasarar Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa a yayin da akwai gurbi. Ana zabar mataimakin gwamna tare da gwamna a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa na tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda za'a iya sabuntawa sau ɗaya. Mataimakin gwamnan yanzu shine [[Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo]] . e4kzzdaxefd5ecko9xmjqylj1fclimq 875695 875694 2026-07-04T07:56:55Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875695 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. === Gwamna === A matsayinsa na jami'in da ya fi girma a cikin zartarwa, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi shugabancin jihar. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan tsarin shugaban kasa, gwamnan shine shugaban gwamnati da shugaban kasa. Gwamna yana da iko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki don jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma nadawa, korar ko sake nada mambobinta - ban da mataimakin gwamnan - a son rai. Bugu da kari gwamnan na iya sanya hannu kan dokokin da majalisar ta zartar a matsayin doka ko kuma na iya soke shi, duk da haka, lissafin ya zama doka ta atomatik bayan kwanaki 30 idan gwamnan bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba. Zaɓin da kashi biyu bisa uku suka yi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa na iya rinjayar gwamnan. Ana buƙatar wannan kuri'a don fara aiwatar da tsige gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna. Lokacin da shugaban zartarwa bai iya aiwatar da ayyukansu ba, mataimakin gwamna yana ɗaukar ofishin mukaddashin gwamna har sai gwamna ya koma aiki, ko har sai an zabi sabon gwamna. Tun lokacin da ta sami zama jihar, Jihar Bayelsa, tun daga 2024, jimlar shugabannin 12 ne suka mallake ta, gami da masu gudanar da soja da gwamnonin farar hula. Gwamnan da ke kan mulki shine [[Douye Diri|Sanata Douye Diri]] wanda ya hau mulki a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2020. === Mataimakin Gwamna === Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Bayelsa yana da matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar da gwamnati, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in biyu mafi girma a reshen zartarwa. Wannan ofishin kuma shine na farko a layi don cin nasarar Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa a yayin da akwai gurbi. Ana zabar mataimakin gwamna tare da gwamna a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa na tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda za'a iya sabuntawa sau ɗaya. Mataimakin gwamnan yanzu shine [[Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo]] . Jihar Bayelsa ta fuskanci wani sanannen abin da ya faru na siyasa lokacin da tsohon mataimakin gwamnan, Peremobowei Ebebi, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar ta tsige shi. Bayan wannan tsigewa, an rantsar da Kakakin Majalisar, Rt. Hon. Werinipre Seighbarugu, a matsayin mataimakin gwamna don cika mukamin. cckrqsqmwe4ms6ojylyvqippluasdeg 875696 875695 2026-07-04T07:57:07Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. === Gwamna === A matsayinsa na jami'in da ya fi girma a cikin zartarwa, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi shugabancin jihar. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan tsarin shugaban kasa, gwamnan shine shugaban gwamnati da shugaban kasa. Gwamna yana da iko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki don jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma nadawa, korar ko sake nada mambobinta - ban da mataimakin gwamnan - a son rai. Bugu da kari gwamnan na iya sanya hannu kan dokokin da majalisar ta zartar a matsayin doka ko kuma na iya soke shi, duk da haka, lissafin ya zama doka ta atomatik bayan kwanaki 30 idan gwamnan bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba. Zaɓin da kashi biyu bisa uku suka yi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa na iya rinjayar gwamnan. Ana buƙatar wannan kuri'a don fara aiwatar da tsige gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna. Lokacin da shugaban zartarwa bai iya aiwatar da ayyukansu ba, mataimakin gwamna yana ɗaukar ofishin mukaddashin gwamna har sai gwamna ya koma aiki, ko har sai an zabi sabon gwamna. Tun lokacin da ta sami zama jihar, Jihar Bayelsa, tun daga 2024, jimlar shugabannin 12 ne suka mallake ta, gami da masu gudanar da soja da gwamnonin farar hula. Gwamnan da ke kan mulki shine [[Douye Diri|Sanata Douye Diri]] wanda ya hau mulki a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2020. === Mataimakin Gwamna === Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Bayelsa yana da matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar da gwamnati, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in biyu mafi girma a reshen zartarwa. Wannan ofishin kuma shine na farko a layi don cin nasarar Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa a yayin da akwai gurbi. Ana zabar mataimakin gwamna tare da gwamna a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa na tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda za'a iya sabuntawa sau ɗaya. Mataimakin gwamnan yanzu shine [[Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo]] . Jihar Bayelsa ta fuskanci wani sanannen abin da ya faru na siyasa lokacin da tsohon mataimakin gwamnan, Peremobowei Ebebi, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar ta tsige shi. Bayan wannan tsigewa, an rantsar da Kakakin Majalisar, Rt. Hon. Werinipre Seighbarugu, a matsayin mataimakin gwamna don cika mukamin. '''<big>Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa</big>''' e8kfdvyj8fc3jdgxc2833klreqssjc4 875697 875696 2026-07-04T07:58:25Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. === Gwamna === A matsayinsa na jami'in da ya fi girma a cikin zartarwa, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi shugabancin jihar. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan tsarin shugaban kasa, gwamnan shine shugaban gwamnati da shugaban kasa. Gwamna yana da iko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki don jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma nadawa, korar ko sake nada mambobinta - ban da mataimakin gwamnan - a son rai. Bugu da kari gwamnan na iya sanya hannu kan dokokin da majalisar ta zartar a matsayin doka ko kuma na iya soke shi, duk da haka, lissafin ya zama doka ta atomatik bayan kwanaki 30 idan gwamnan bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba. Zaɓin da kashi biyu bisa uku suka yi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa na iya rinjayar gwamnan. Ana buƙatar wannan kuri'a don fara aiwatar da tsige gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna. Lokacin da shugaban zartarwa bai iya aiwatar da ayyukansu ba, mataimakin gwamna yana ɗaukar ofishin mukaddashin gwamna har sai gwamna ya koma aiki, ko har sai an zabi sabon gwamna. Tun lokacin da ta sami zama jihar, Jihar Bayelsa, tun daga 2024, jimlar shugabannin 12 ne suka mallake ta, gami da masu gudanar da soja da gwamnonin farar hula. Gwamnan da ke kan mulki shine [[Douye Diri|Sanata Douye Diri]] wanda ya hau mulki a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2020. === Mataimakin Gwamna === Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Bayelsa yana da matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar da gwamnati, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in biyu mafi girma a reshen zartarwa. Wannan ofishin kuma shine na farko a layi don cin nasarar Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa a yayin da akwai gurbi. Ana zabar mataimakin gwamna tare da gwamna a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa na tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda za'a iya sabuntawa sau ɗaya. Mataimakin gwamnan yanzu shine [[Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo]] . Jihar Bayelsa ta fuskanci wani sanannen abin da ya faru na siyasa lokacin da tsohon mataimakin gwamnan, Peremobowei Ebebi, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar ta tsige shi. Bayan wannan tsigewa, an rantsar da Kakakin Majalisar, Rt. Hon. Werinipre Seighbarugu, a matsayin mataimakin gwamna don cika mukamin. '''<big>Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa</big>'''{{Bayelsa State Executive Council}} Ofishin shari'a yana da alhakin gudanar da shari'a a Jihar Bayelsa, muhimmiyar aiki ce ta bangaren shari'a na jihar. Wannan reshe yana fassara da kuma aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyar sauraro da yanke shawara game da shari'o'i daban-daban. Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Shari'a ce ke tsara shi, wanda ke kula da nadin, ci gaba, da batutuwan horo a cikin shari'a. 8nixi8pbt8ow2sp3ysjatbynecsc47n 875698 875697 2026-07-04T07:58:52Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. === Gwamna === A matsayinsa na jami'in da ya fi girma a cikin zartarwa, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi shugabancin jihar. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan tsarin shugaban kasa, gwamnan shine shugaban gwamnati da shugaban kasa. Gwamna yana da iko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki don jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma nadawa, korar ko sake nada mambobinta - ban da mataimakin gwamnan - a son rai. Bugu da kari gwamnan na iya sanya hannu kan dokokin da majalisar ta zartar a matsayin doka ko kuma na iya soke shi, duk da haka, lissafin ya zama doka ta atomatik bayan kwanaki 30 idan gwamnan bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba. Zaɓin da kashi biyu bisa uku suka yi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa na iya rinjayar gwamnan. Ana buƙatar wannan kuri'a don fara aiwatar da tsige gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna. Lokacin da shugaban zartarwa bai iya aiwatar da ayyukansu ba, mataimakin gwamna yana ɗaukar ofishin mukaddashin gwamna har sai gwamna ya koma aiki, ko har sai an zabi sabon gwamna. Tun lokacin da ta sami zama jihar, Jihar Bayelsa, tun daga 2024, jimlar shugabannin 12 ne suka mallake ta, gami da masu gudanar da soja da gwamnonin farar hula. Gwamnan da ke kan mulki shine [[Douye Diri|Sanata Douye Diri]] wanda ya hau mulki a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2020. === Mataimakin Gwamna === Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Bayelsa yana da matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar da gwamnati, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in biyu mafi girma a reshen zartarwa. Wannan ofishin kuma shine na farko a layi don cin nasarar Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa a yayin da akwai gurbi. Ana zabar mataimakin gwamna tare da gwamna a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa na tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda za'a iya sabuntawa sau ɗaya. Mataimakin gwamnan yanzu shine [[Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo]] . Jihar Bayelsa ta fuskanci wani sanannen abin da ya faru na siyasa lokacin da tsohon mataimakin gwamnan, Peremobowei Ebebi, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar ta tsige shi. Bayan wannan tsigewa, an rantsar da Kakakin Majalisar, Rt. Hon. Werinipre Seighbarugu, a matsayin mataimakin gwamna don cika mukamin. '''<big>Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa</big>'''{{Bayelsa State Executive Council}} Ofishin shari'a yana da alhakin gudanar da shari'a a Jihar Bayelsa, muhimmiyar aiki ce ta bangaren shari'a na jihar. Wannan reshe yana fassara da kuma aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyar sauraro da yanke shawara game da shari'o'i daban-daban. Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Shari'a ce ke tsara shi, wanda ke kula da nadin, ci gaba, da batutuwan horo a cikin shari'a. == Karamar hukuma == Yankunan karamar hukuma suna kula da karamar hukә, a karkashin zababben shugaban. kj0w97zx2fnjxib8opl748hpb1rse3v 875699 875698 2026-07-04T07:59:15Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875699 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. === Gwamna === A matsayinsa na jami'in da ya fi girma a cikin zartarwa, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi shugabancin jihar. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan tsarin shugaban kasa, gwamnan shine shugaban gwamnati da shugaban kasa. Gwamna yana da iko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki don jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma nadawa, korar ko sake nada mambobinta - ban da mataimakin gwamnan - a son rai. Bugu da kari gwamnan na iya sanya hannu kan dokokin da majalisar ta zartar a matsayin doka ko kuma na iya soke shi, duk da haka, lissafin ya zama doka ta atomatik bayan kwanaki 30 idan gwamnan bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba. Zaɓin da kashi biyu bisa uku suka yi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa na iya rinjayar gwamnan. Ana buƙatar wannan kuri'a don fara aiwatar da tsige gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna. Lokacin da shugaban zartarwa bai iya aiwatar da ayyukansu ba, mataimakin gwamna yana ɗaukar ofishin mukaddashin gwamna har sai gwamna ya koma aiki, ko har sai an zabi sabon gwamna. Tun lokacin da ta sami zama jihar, Jihar Bayelsa, tun daga 2024, jimlar shugabannin 12 ne suka mallake ta, gami da masu gudanar da soja da gwamnonin farar hula. Gwamnan da ke kan mulki shine [[Douye Diri|Sanata Douye Diri]] wanda ya hau mulki a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2020. === Mataimakin Gwamna === Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Bayelsa yana da matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar da gwamnati, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in biyu mafi girma a reshen zartarwa. Wannan ofishin kuma shine na farko a layi don cin nasarar Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa a yayin da akwai gurbi. Ana zabar mataimakin gwamna tare da gwamna a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa na tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda za'a iya sabuntawa sau ɗaya. Mataimakin gwamnan yanzu shine [[Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo]] . Jihar Bayelsa ta fuskanci wani sanannen abin da ya faru na siyasa lokacin da tsohon mataimakin gwamnan, Peremobowei Ebebi, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar ta tsige shi. Bayan wannan tsigewa, an rantsar da Kakakin Majalisar, Rt. Hon. Werinipre Seighbarugu, a matsayin mataimakin gwamna don cika mukamin. '''<big>Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa</big>'''{{Bayelsa State Executive Council}} Ofishin shari'a yana da alhakin gudanar da shari'a a Jihar Bayelsa, muhimmiyar aiki ce ta bangaren shari'a na jihar. Wannan reshe yana fassara da kuma aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyar sauraro da yanke shawara game da shari'o'i daban-daban. Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Shari'a ce ke tsara shi, wanda ke kula da nadin, ci gaba, da batutuwan horo a cikin shari'a. == Majalisar dokoki == == Karamar hukuma == Yankunan karamar hukuma suna kula da karamar hukә, a karkashin zababben shugaban. 0c303mnpb4gjf9y9kw6ho3uxb6sbj2x 875700 875699 2026-07-04T07:59:49Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875700 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. === Gwamna === A matsayinsa na jami'in da ya fi girma a cikin zartarwa, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi shugabancin jihar. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan tsarin shugaban kasa, gwamnan shine shugaban gwamnati da shugaban kasa. Gwamna yana da iko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki don jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma nadawa, korar ko sake nada mambobinta - ban da mataimakin gwamnan - a son rai. Bugu da kari gwamnan na iya sanya hannu kan dokokin da majalisar ta zartar a matsayin doka ko kuma na iya soke shi, duk da haka, lissafin ya zama doka ta atomatik bayan kwanaki 30 idan gwamnan bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba. Zaɓin da kashi biyu bisa uku suka yi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa na iya rinjayar gwamnan. Ana buƙatar wannan kuri'a don fara aiwatar da tsige gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna. Lokacin da shugaban zartarwa bai iya aiwatar da ayyukansu ba, mataimakin gwamna yana ɗaukar ofishin mukaddashin gwamna har sai gwamna ya koma aiki, ko har sai an zabi sabon gwamna. Tun lokacin da ta sami zama jihar, Jihar Bayelsa, tun daga 2024, jimlar shugabannin 12 ne suka mallake ta, gami da masu gudanar da soja da gwamnonin farar hula. Gwamnan da ke kan mulki shine [[Douye Diri|Sanata Douye Diri]] wanda ya hau mulki a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2020. === Mataimakin Gwamna === Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Bayelsa yana da matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar da gwamnati, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in biyu mafi girma a reshen zartarwa. Wannan ofishin kuma shine na farko a layi don cin nasarar Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa a yayin da akwai gurbi. Ana zabar mataimakin gwamna tare da gwamna a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa na tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda za'a iya sabuntawa sau ɗaya. Mataimakin gwamnan yanzu shine [[Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo]] . Jihar Bayelsa ta fuskanci wani sanannen abin da ya faru na siyasa lokacin da tsohon mataimakin gwamnan, Peremobowei Ebebi, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar ta tsige shi. Bayan wannan tsigewa, an rantsar da Kakakin Majalisar, Rt. Hon. Werinipre Seighbarugu, a matsayin mataimakin gwamna don cika mukamin. '''<big>Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa</big>'''{{Bayelsa State Executive Council}} Ofishin shari'a yana da alhakin gudanar da shari'a a Jihar Bayelsa, muhimmiyar aiki ce ta bangaren shari'a na jihar. Wannan reshe yana fassara da kuma aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyar sauraro da yanke shawara game da shari'o'i daban-daban. Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Shari'a ce ke tsara shi, wanda ke kula da nadin, ci gaba, da batutuwan horo a cikin shari'a. == Majalisar dokoki == Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa ita ce majalisar dokoki ta gwamnatin jihar. An kafa shi ta hanyar Sashe na 90 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999, wanda ya ce, "''Za a sami Majalisar Dokoki ga kowace Jiha ta Tarayyar''. "A karkashin jagorancin Kakakin Majalisar, Majalisar ta kunshi mambobi 24, kowannensu an zabe shi zuwa wa'adin shekaru hudu a cikin mazabu guda ɗaya ta hanyar yawa. == Karamar hukuma == Yankunan karamar hukuma suna kula da karamar hukә, a karkashin zababben shugaban. n9mhgobe6cp4397gx5gg3din47s7e5h 875701 875700 2026-07-04T08:00:13Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. === Gwamna === A matsayinsa na jami'in da ya fi girma a cikin zartarwa, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi shugabancin jihar. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan tsarin shugaban kasa, gwamnan shine shugaban gwamnati da shugaban kasa. Gwamna yana da iko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki don jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma nadawa, korar ko sake nada mambobinta - ban da mataimakin gwamnan - a son rai. Bugu da kari gwamnan na iya sanya hannu kan dokokin da majalisar ta zartar a matsayin doka ko kuma na iya soke shi, duk da haka, lissafin ya zama doka ta atomatik bayan kwanaki 30 idan gwamnan bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba. Zaɓin da kashi biyu bisa uku suka yi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa na iya rinjayar gwamnan. Ana buƙatar wannan kuri'a don fara aiwatar da tsige gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna. Lokacin da shugaban zartarwa bai iya aiwatar da ayyukansu ba, mataimakin gwamna yana ɗaukar ofishin mukaddashin gwamna har sai gwamna ya koma aiki, ko har sai an zabi sabon gwamna. Tun lokacin da ta sami zama jihar, Jihar Bayelsa, tun daga 2024, jimlar shugabannin 12 ne suka mallake ta, gami da masu gudanar da soja da gwamnonin farar hula. Gwamnan da ke kan mulki shine [[Douye Diri|Sanata Douye Diri]] wanda ya hau mulki a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2020. === Mataimakin Gwamna === Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Bayelsa yana da matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar da gwamnati, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in biyu mafi girma a reshen zartarwa. Wannan ofishin kuma shine na farko a layi don cin nasarar Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa a yayin da akwai gurbi. Ana zabar mataimakin gwamna tare da gwamna a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa na tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda za'a iya sabuntawa sau ɗaya. Mataimakin gwamnan yanzu shine [[Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo]] . Jihar Bayelsa ta fuskanci wani sanannen abin da ya faru na siyasa lokacin da tsohon mataimakin gwamnan, Peremobowei Ebebi, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar ta tsige shi. Bayan wannan tsigewa, an rantsar da Kakakin Majalisar, Rt. Hon. Werinipre Seighbarugu, a matsayin mataimakin gwamna don cika mukamin. '''<big>Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa</big>'''{{Bayelsa State Executive Council}} Ofishin shari'a yana da alhakin gudanar da shari'a a Jihar Bayelsa, muhimmiyar aiki ce ta bangaren shari'a na jihar. Wannan reshe yana fassara da kuma aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyar sauraro da yanke shawara game da shari'o'i daban-daban. Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Shari'a ce ke tsara shi, wanda ke kula da nadin, ci gaba, da batutuwan horo a cikin shari'a. Babban Alkalin Jihar Bayelsa, a halin yanzu Hon. '''Mai Shari'a Matilda Abrakasa Ayemieye''' tun daga 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Judiciary - Official Website of BYSJ |url=https://bayelsajudiciary.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Bayelsa State Judiciary |language=en-US}}</ref> yana aiki a matsayin shugaban reshen shari'a. Babban Alkalin shine babban alƙali kuma shugaban kotun shari'a. Daga cikin sauran alhakin, Babban Alkalin yana yin aikin bikin gudanar da rantsuwar ofis ga Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa. A al'ada, Babban Alkalin ya yi ritaya da son rai a shekara sittin ko kuma bisa doka a shekara sittinan da biyar. == Majalisar dokoki == Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa ita ce majalisar dokoki ta gwamnatin jihar. An kafa shi ta hanyar Sashe na 90 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999, wanda ya ce, "''Za a sami Majalisar Dokoki ga kowace Jiha ta Tarayyar''. "A karkashin jagorancin Kakakin Majalisar, Majalisar ta kunshi mambobi 24, kowannensu an zabe shi zuwa wa'adin shekaru hudu a cikin mazabu guda ɗaya ta hanyar yawa. == Karamar hukuma == Yankunan karamar hukuma suna kula da karamar hukә, a karkashin zababben shugaban. h1br5u0w7nfmxde88zn8rr4zzpk7oxh 875702 875701 2026-07-04T08:00:35Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875702 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. === Gwamna === A matsayinsa na jami'in da ya fi girma a cikin zartarwa, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi shugabancin jihar. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan tsarin shugaban kasa, gwamnan shine shugaban gwamnati da shugaban kasa. Gwamna yana da iko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki don jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma nadawa, korar ko sake nada mambobinta - ban da mataimakin gwamnan - a son rai. Bugu da kari gwamnan na iya sanya hannu kan dokokin da majalisar ta zartar a matsayin doka ko kuma na iya soke shi, duk da haka, lissafin ya zama doka ta atomatik bayan kwanaki 30 idan gwamnan bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba. Zaɓin da kashi biyu bisa uku suka yi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa na iya rinjayar gwamnan. Ana buƙatar wannan kuri'a don fara aiwatar da tsige gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna. Lokacin da shugaban zartarwa bai iya aiwatar da ayyukansu ba, mataimakin gwamna yana ɗaukar ofishin mukaddashin gwamna har sai gwamna ya koma aiki, ko har sai an zabi sabon gwamna. Tun lokacin da ta sami zama jihar, Jihar Bayelsa, tun daga 2024, jimlar shugabannin 12 ne suka mallake ta, gami da masu gudanar da soja da gwamnonin farar hula. Gwamnan da ke kan mulki shine [[Douye Diri|Sanata Douye Diri]] wanda ya hau mulki a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2020. === Mataimakin Gwamna === Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Bayelsa yana da matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar da gwamnati, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in biyu mafi girma a reshen zartarwa. Wannan ofishin kuma shine na farko a layi don cin nasarar Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa a yayin da akwai gurbi. Ana zabar mataimakin gwamna tare da gwamna a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa na tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda za'a iya sabuntawa sau ɗaya. Mataimakin gwamnan yanzu shine [[Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo]] . Jihar Bayelsa ta fuskanci wani sanannen abin da ya faru na siyasa lokacin da tsohon mataimakin gwamnan, Peremobowei Ebebi, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar ta tsige shi. Bayan wannan tsigewa, an rantsar da Kakakin Majalisar, Rt. Hon. Werinipre Seighbarugu, a matsayin mataimakin gwamna don cika mukamin. '''<big>Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa</big>'''{{Bayelsa State Executive Council}} Ofishin shari'a yana da alhakin gudanar da shari'a a Jihar Bayelsa, muhimmiyar aiki ce ta bangaren shari'a na jihar. Wannan reshe yana fassara da kuma aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyar sauraro da yanke shawara game da shari'o'i daban-daban. Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Shari'a ce ke tsara shi, wanda ke kula da nadin, ci gaba, da batutuwan horo a cikin shari'a. Babban Alkalin Jihar Bayelsa, a halin yanzu Hon. '''Mai Shari'a Matilda Abrakasa Ayemieye''' tun daga 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Judiciary - Official Website of BYSJ |url=https://bayelsajudiciary.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Bayelsa State Judiciary |language=en-US}}</ref> yana aiki a matsayin shugaban reshen shari'a. Babban Alkalin shine babban alƙali kuma shugaban kotun shari'a. Daga cikin sauran alhakin, Babban Alkalin yana yin aikin bikin gudanar da rantsuwar ofis ga Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa. A al'ada, Babban Alkalin ya yi ritaya da son rai a shekara sittin ko kuma bisa doka a shekara sittinan da biyar. By Gwamna ne ke yin nadin shari'a da farko, bisa ga shawarwari daga Majalisar Shari'a ta Kasa ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Shari'a da Jihar Bayelsa da kuma tabbatarwa daga Majalisar dokokin Jihar Bayelsa. == Majalisar dokoki == Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa ita ce majalisar dokoki ta gwamnatin jihar. An kafa shi ta hanyar Sashe na 90 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999, wanda ya ce, "''Za a sami Majalisar Dokoki ga kowace Jiha ta Tarayyar''. "A karkashin jagorancin Kakakin Majalisar, Majalisar ta kunshi mambobi 24, kowannensu an zabe shi zuwa wa'adin shekaru hudu a cikin mazabu guda ɗaya ta hanyar yawa. == Karamar hukuma == Yankunan karamar hukuma suna kula da karamar hukә, a karkashin zababben shugaban. 3pj5akprvnqvfkzb3riype5dl67byy8 875703 875702 2026-07-04T08:00:56Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875703 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. === Gwamna === A matsayinsa na jami'in da ya fi girma a cikin zartarwa, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi shugabancin jihar. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan tsarin shugaban kasa, gwamnan shine shugaban gwamnati da shugaban kasa. Gwamna yana da iko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki don jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma nadawa, korar ko sake nada mambobinta - ban da mataimakin gwamnan - a son rai. Bugu da kari gwamnan na iya sanya hannu kan dokokin da majalisar ta zartar a matsayin doka ko kuma na iya soke shi, duk da haka, lissafin ya zama doka ta atomatik bayan kwanaki 30 idan gwamnan bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba. Zaɓin da kashi biyu bisa uku suka yi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa na iya rinjayar gwamnan. Ana buƙatar wannan kuri'a don fara aiwatar da tsige gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna. Lokacin da shugaban zartarwa bai iya aiwatar da ayyukansu ba, mataimakin gwamna yana ɗaukar ofishin mukaddashin gwamna har sai gwamna ya koma aiki, ko har sai an zabi sabon gwamna. Tun lokacin da ta sami zama jihar, Jihar Bayelsa, tun daga 2024, jimlar shugabannin 12 ne suka mallake ta, gami da masu gudanar da soja da gwamnonin farar hula. Gwamnan da ke kan mulki shine [[Douye Diri|Sanata Douye Diri]] wanda ya hau mulki a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2020. === Mataimakin Gwamna === Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Bayelsa yana da matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar da gwamnati, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in biyu mafi girma a reshen zartarwa. Wannan ofishin kuma shine na farko a layi don cin nasarar Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa a yayin da akwai gurbi. Ana zabar mataimakin gwamna tare da gwamna a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa na tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda za'a iya sabuntawa sau ɗaya. Mataimakin gwamnan yanzu shine [[Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo]] . Jihar Bayelsa ta fuskanci wani sanannen abin da ya faru na siyasa lokacin da tsohon mataimakin gwamnan, Peremobowei Ebebi, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar ta tsige shi. Bayan wannan tsigewa, an rantsar da Kakakin Majalisar, Rt. Hon. Werinipre Seighbarugu, a matsayin mataimakin gwamna don cika mukamin. '''<big>Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa</big>'''{{Bayelsa State Executive Council}} Ofishin shari'a yana da alhakin gudanar da shari'a a Jihar Bayelsa, muhimmiyar aiki ce ta bangaren shari'a na jihar. Wannan reshe yana fassara da kuma aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyar sauraro da yanke shawara game da shari'o'i daban-daban. Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Shari'a ce ke tsara shi, wanda ke kula da nadin, ci gaba, da batutuwan horo a cikin shari'a. Babban Alkalin Jihar Bayelsa, a halin yanzu Hon. '''Mai Shari'a Matilda Abrakasa Ayemieye''' tun daga 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Judiciary - Official Website of BYSJ |url=https://bayelsajudiciary.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Bayelsa State Judiciary |language=en-US}}</ref> yana aiki a matsayin shugaban reshen shari'a. Babban Alkalin shine babban alƙali kuma shugaban kotun shari'a. Daga cikin sauran alhakin, Babban Alkalin yana yin aikin bikin gudanar da rantsuwar ofis ga Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa. A al'ada, Babban Alkalin ya yi ritaya da son rai a shekara sittin ko kuma bisa doka a shekara sittinan da biyar. By Gwamna ne ke yin nadin shari'a da farko, bisa ga shawarwari daga Majalisar Shari'a ta Kasa ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Shari'a da Jihar Bayelsa da kuma tabbatarwa daga Majalisar dokokin Jihar Bayelsa. == Majalisar dokoki == Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa ita ce majalisar dokoki ta gwamnatin jihar. An kafa shi ta hanyar Sashe na 90 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999, wanda ya ce, "''Za a sami Majalisar Dokoki ga kowace Jiha ta Tarayyar''. "A karkashin jagorancin Kakakin Majalisar, Majalisar ta kunshi mambobi 24, kowannensu an zabe shi zuwa wa'adin shekaru hudu a cikin mazabu guda ɗaya ta hanyar yawa. === Wakilan === {{List of Bayelsa State House of Assembly Members}} == Karamar hukuma == Yankunan karamar hukuma suna kula da karamar hukә, a karkashin zababben shugaban. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 17jycdpwtgo5jbhzr2wrs98zqozsx3v 875704 875703 2026-07-04T08:01:22Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875704 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. === Gwamna === A matsayinsa na jami'in da ya fi girma a cikin zartarwa, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi shugabancin jihar. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan tsarin shugaban kasa, gwamnan shine shugaban gwamnati da shugaban kasa. Gwamna yana da iko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki don jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma nadawa, korar ko sake nada mambobinta - ban da mataimakin gwamnan - a son rai. Bugu da kari gwamnan na iya sanya hannu kan dokokin da majalisar ta zartar a matsayin doka ko kuma na iya soke shi, duk da haka, lissafin ya zama doka ta atomatik bayan kwanaki 30 idan gwamnan bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba. Zaɓin da kashi biyu bisa uku suka yi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa na iya rinjayar gwamnan. Ana buƙatar wannan kuri'a don fara aiwatar da tsige gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna. Lokacin da shugaban zartarwa bai iya aiwatar da ayyukansu ba, mataimakin gwamna yana ɗaukar ofishin mukaddashin gwamna har sai gwamna ya koma aiki, ko har sai an zabi sabon gwamna. Tun lokacin da ta sami zama jihar, Jihar Bayelsa, tun daga 2024, jimlar shugabannin 12 ne suka mallake ta, gami da masu gudanar da soja da gwamnonin farar hula. Gwamnan da ke kan mulki shine [[Douye Diri|Sanata Douye Diri]] wanda ya hau mulki a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2020. === Mataimakin Gwamna === Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Bayelsa yana da matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar da gwamnati, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in biyu mafi girma a reshen zartarwa. Wannan ofishin kuma shine na farko a layi don cin nasarar Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa a yayin da akwai gurbi. Ana zabar mataimakin gwamna tare da gwamna a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa na tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda za'a iya sabuntawa sau ɗaya. Mataimakin gwamnan yanzu shine [[Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo]] . Jihar Bayelsa ta fuskanci wani sanannen abin da ya faru na siyasa lokacin da tsohon mataimakin gwamnan, Peremobowei Ebebi, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar ta tsige shi. Bayan wannan tsigewa, an rantsar da Kakakin Majalisar, Rt. Hon. Werinipre Seighbarugu, a matsayin mataimakin gwamna don cika mukamin. '''<big>Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa</big>'''{{Bayelsa State Executive Council}} Ofishin shari'a yana da alhakin gudanar da shari'a a Jihar Bayelsa, muhimmiyar aiki ce ta bangaren shari'a na jihar. Wannan reshe yana fassara da kuma aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyar sauraro da yanke shawara game da shari'o'i daban-daban. Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Shari'a ce ke tsara shi, wanda ke kula da nadin, ci gaba, da batutuwan horo a cikin shari'a. Babban Alkalin Jihar Bayelsa, a halin yanzu Hon. '''Mai Shari'a Matilda Abrakasa Ayemieye''' tun daga 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Judiciary - Official Website of BYSJ |url=https://bayelsajudiciary.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Bayelsa State Judiciary |language=en-US}}</ref> yana aiki a matsayin shugaban reshen shari'a. Babban Alkalin shine babban alƙali kuma shugaban kotun shari'a. Daga cikin sauran alhakin, Babban Alkalin yana yin aikin bikin gudanar da rantsuwar ofis ga Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa. A al'ada, Babban Alkalin ya yi ritaya da son rai a shekara sittin ko kuma bisa doka a shekara sittinan da biyar. By Gwamna ne ke yin nadin shari'a da farko, bisa ga shawarwari daga Majalisar Shari'a ta Kasa ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Shari'a da Jihar Bayelsa da kuma tabbatarwa daga Majalisar dokokin Jihar Bayelsa. == Majalisar dokoki == Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa ita ce majalisar dokoki ta gwamnatin jihar. An kafa shi ta hanyar Sashe na 90 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999, wanda ya ce, "''Za a sami Majalisar Dokoki ga kowace Jiha ta Tarayyar''. "A karkashin jagorancin Kakakin Majalisar, Majalisar ta kunshi mambobi 24, kowannensu an zabe shi zuwa wa'adin shekaru hudu a cikin mazabu guda ɗaya ta hanyar yawa. === Wakilan === {{List of Bayelsa State House of Assembly Members}} == Karamar hukuma == Yankunan karamar hukuma suna kula da karamar hukә, a karkashin zababben shugaban. {| class="sortable wikitable" !Sunan LGA !Ƙididdigar jama'a ta 2006<br /> !Babban birnin gudanarwa |- |[[Brass|Matsakaicin hannu]] |185,049 |[[Twon-Brass]] |- |[[Ekeremor]] |270,252 |[[Ekeremor]] |- |[[Kolokuma/Opokuma|Kolokuma / Opokuma]] |77,292 |[[Kaiama]] |- |[[Nembe]] |130,931 |Nembe |- |[[Ogbia]] |266,088 |Birnin Ogbia |- |[[Sagbama]] |187,146 |[[Sagbama]] |- |[[Southern Ijaw|Kudancin Ijaw]] |319,413 |Oporoma |- |[[Yenagoa]] |524,400 |[[Yenagoa]] |- |} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i8f28hjcrz6kb0rrprd5r37kakz88xb 875705 875704 2026-07-04T08:01:57Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871345|Government of Bayelsa State]]" 875705 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. === Gwamna === A matsayinsa na jami'in da ya fi girma a cikin zartarwa, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi shugabancin jihar. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan tsarin shugaban kasa, gwamnan shine shugaban gwamnati da shugaban kasa. Gwamna yana da iko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki don jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma nadawa, korar ko sake nada mambobinta - ban da mataimakin gwamnan - a son rai. Bugu da kari gwamnan na iya sanya hannu kan dokokin da majalisar ta zartar a matsayin doka ko kuma na iya soke shi, duk da haka, lissafin ya zama doka ta atomatik bayan kwanaki 30 idan gwamnan bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba. Zaɓin da kashi biyu bisa uku suka yi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa na iya rinjayar gwamnan. Ana buƙatar wannan kuri'a don fara aiwatar da tsige gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna. Lokacin da shugaban zartarwa bai iya aiwatar da ayyukansu ba, mataimakin gwamna yana ɗaukar ofishin mukaddashin gwamna har sai gwamna ya koma aiki, ko har sai an zabi sabon gwamna. Tun lokacin da ta sami zama jihar, Jihar Bayelsa, tun daga 2024, jimlar shugabannin 12 ne suka mallake ta, gami da masu gudanar da soja da gwamnonin farar hula. Gwamnan da ke kan mulki shine [[Douye Diri|Sanata Douye Diri]] wanda ya hau mulki a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2020. === Mataimakin Gwamna === Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Bayelsa yana da matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar da gwamnati, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in biyu mafi girma a reshen zartarwa. Wannan ofishin kuma shine na farko a layi don cin nasarar Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa a yayin da akwai gurbi. Ana zabar mataimakin gwamna tare da gwamna a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa na tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda za'a iya sabuntawa sau ɗaya. Mataimakin gwamnan yanzu shine [[Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo]] . Jihar Bayelsa ta fuskanci wani sanannen abin da ya faru na siyasa lokacin da tsohon mataimakin gwamnan, Peremobowei Ebebi, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar ta tsige shi. Bayan wannan tsigewa, an rantsar da Kakakin Majalisar, Rt. Hon. Werinipre Seighbarugu, a matsayin mataimakin gwamna don cika mukamin. '''<big>Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa</big>'''{{Bayelsa State Executive Council}} Ofishin shari'a yana da alhakin gudanar da shari'a a Jihar Bayelsa, muhimmiyar aiki ce ta bangaren shari'a na jihar. Wannan reshe yana fassara da kuma aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyar sauraro da yanke shawara game da shari'o'i daban-daban. Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Shari'a ce ke tsara shi, wanda ke kula da nadin, ci gaba, da batutuwan horo a cikin shari'a. Babban Alkalin Jihar Bayelsa, a halin yanzu Hon. '''Mai Shari'a Matilda Abrakasa Ayemieye''' tun daga 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Judiciary - Official Website of BYSJ |url=https://bayelsajudiciary.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Bayelsa State Judiciary |language=en-US}}</ref> yana aiki a matsayin shugaban reshen shari'a. Babban Alkalin shine babban alƙali kuma shugaban kotun shari'a. Daga cikin sauran alhakin, Babban Alkalin yana yin aikin bikin gudanar da rantsuwar ofis ga Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa. A al'ada, Babban Alkalin ya yi ritaya da son rai a shekara sittin ko kuma bisa doka a shekara sittinan da biyar. By Gwamna ne ke yin nadin shari'a da farko, bisa ga shawarwari daga Majalisar Shari'a ta Kasa ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Shari'a da Jihar Bayelsa da kuma tabbatarwa daga Majalisar dokokin Jihar Bayelsa. == Majalisar dokoki == Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa ita ce majalisar dokoki ta gwamnatin jihar. An kafa shi ta hanyar Sashe na 90 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999, wanda ya ce, "''Za a sami Majalisar Dokoki ga kowace Jiha ta Tarayyar''. "A karkashin jagorancin Kakakin Majalisar, Majalisar ta kunshi mambobi 24, kowannensu an zabe shi zuwa wa'adin shekaru hudu a cikin mazabu guda ɗaya ta hanyar yawa. === Wakilan === {{List of Bayelsa State House of Assembly Members}} == Karamar hukuma == Yankunan karamar hukuma suna kula da karamar hukә, a karkashin zababben shugaban. {| class="sortable wikitable" !Sunan LGA !Ƙididdigar jama'a ta 2006<br /> !Babban birnin gudanarwa |- |[[Brass|Matsakaicin hannu]] |185,049 |[[Twon-Brass]] |- |[[Ekeremor]] |270,252 |[[Ekeremor]] |- |[[Kolokuma/Opokuma|Kolokuma / Opokuma]] |77,292 |[[Kaiama]] |- |[[Nembe]] |130,931 |Nembe |- |[[Ogbia]] |266,088 |Birnin Ogbia |- |[[Sagbama]] |187,146 |[[Sagbama]] |- |[[Southern Ijaw|Kudancin Ijaw]] |319,413 |Oporoma |- |[[Yenagoa]] |524,400 |[[Yenagoa]] |- |} == Manzarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jc90ypy2gpov9t7blvyvgyn5r7x2e1g 875706 875705 2026-07-04T08:05:15Z Dev ammar 21046 875706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]''' ta kunshi zaɓaɓɓun wakilan da kuma jami'an da aka nada da ke da alhakin gwamnatin Jihar Bayelsi, [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, Jihar Bayelsa tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 3.7, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 36 da suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate {{!}} PDF {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/834960992/MINA-Ijaw-Population-Report-2024-Estimate |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin jihar ta kunshi bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa, da shari'a, wadanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba su iko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa, Gwamna da Babban Kotun. Shari'a tana aiki da kanta daga zartarwa da majalisa. A matakin karamar hukuma, zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suna kula da yankunan karamar hukuka. == Zartarwa == Gwamna ne ke jagorantar reshen zartarwa, tare da taimakon Mataimakin Gwamna, dukansu an zabe su. Gwamnan ya nada shugabannin hukumomi, hukumomin mallakar gwamnati, jami'an shari'a, sakatare na dindindin da membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ban da mataimakin. Shugaban ma'aikatar ne ke gudanar da ma'aunin gwamnati, ma'aikacin gwamnati, tare da kowane ma'auni wanda sakatare na dindindin ke gudanarwa. Kwamishinan yana da alhakin manufofi, yayin da sakataren dindindin ke ba da ci gaba kuma yana da alƙawarin ayyukan. === Gwamna === A matsayinsa na jami'in da ya fi girma a cikin zartarwa, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi shugabancin jihar. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan tsarin shugaban kasa, gwamnan shine shugaban gwamnati da shugaban kasa. Gwamna yana da iko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki don jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa, da kuma nadawa, korar ko sake nada mambobinta - ban da mataimakin gwamnan - a son rai. Bugu da kari gwamnan na iya sanya hannu kan dokokin da majalisar ta zartar a matsayin doka ko kuma na iya soke shi, duk da haka, lissafin ya zama doka ta atomatik bayan kwanaki 30 idan gwamnan bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba. Zaɓin da kashi biyu bisa uku suka yi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa na iya rinjayar gwamnan. Ana buƙatar wannan kuri'a don fara aiwatar da tsige gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna. Lokacin da shugaban zartarwa bai iya aiwatar da ayyukansu ba, mataimakin gwamna yana ɗaukar ofishin mukaddashin gwamna har sai gwamna ya koma aiki, ko har sai an zabi sabon gwamna. Tun lokacin da ta sami zama jihar, Jihar Bayelsa, tun daga 2024, jimlar shugabannin 12 ne suka mallake ta, gami da masu gudanar da soja da gwamnonin farar hula. Gwamnan da ke kan mulki shine [[Douye Diri|Sanata Douye Diri]] wanda ya hau mulki a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2020. === Mataimakin Gwamna === Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Bayelsa yana da matsayin mataimakin shugaban jihar da gwamnati, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in biyu mafi girma a reshen zartarwa. Wannan ofishin kuma shine na farko a layi don cin nasarar Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa a yayin da akwai gurbi. Ana zabar mataimakin gwamna tare da gwamna a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa na tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda za'a iya sabuntawa sau ɗaya. Mataimakin gwamnan yanzu shine [[Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo]] . Jihar Bayelsa ta fuskanci wani sanannen abin da ya faru na siyasa lokacin da tsohon mataimakin gwamnan, Peremobowei Ebebi, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar ta tsige shi. Bayan wannan tsigewa, an rantsar da Kakakin Majalisar, Rt. Hon. Werinipre Seighbarugu, a matsayin mataimakin gwamna don cika mukamin. '''<big>Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa</big>'''{{Bayelsa State Executive Council}} Ofishin shari'a yana da alhakin gudanar da shari'a a Jihar Bayelsa, muhimmiyar aiki ce ta bangaren shari'a na jihar. Wannan reshe yana fassara da kuma aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyar sauraro da yanke shawara game da shari'o'i daban-daban. Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Shari'a ce ke tsara shi, wanda ke kula da nadin, ci gaba, da batutuwan horo a cikin shari'a. Babban Alkalin Jihar Bayelsa, a halin yanzu Hon. '''Mai Shari'a Matilda Abrakasa Ayemieye''' tun daga 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayelsa State Judiciary - Official Website of BYSJ |url=https://bayelsajudiciary.gov.ng/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Bayelsa State Judiciary |language=en-US}}</ref> yana aiki a matsayin shugaban reshen shari'a. Babban Alkalin shine babban alƙali kuma shugaban kotun shari'a. Daga cikin sauran alhakin, Babban Alkalin yana yin aikin bikin gudanar da rantsuwar ofis ga Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa. A al'ada, Babban Alkalin ya yi ritaya da son rai a shekara sittin ko kuma bisa doka a shekara sittinan da biyar. By Gwamna ne ke yin nadin shari'a da farko, bisa ga shawarwari daga Majalisar Shari'a ta Kasa ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Shari'a da Jihar Bayelsa da kuma tabbatarwa daga Majalisar dokokin Jihar Bayelsa. == Majalisar dokoki == Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa ita ce majalisar dokoki ta gwamnatin jihar. An kafa shi ta hanyar Sashe na 90 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999, wanda ya ce, "''Za a sami Majalisar Dokoki ga kowace Jiha ta Tarayyar''. "A karkashin jagorancin Kakakin Majalisar, Majalisar ta kunshi mambobi 24, kowannensu an zabe shi zuwa wa'adin shekaru hudu a cikin mazabu guda ɗaya ta hanyar yawa. === Wakilan === {{List of Bayelsa State House of Assembly Members}} == Karamar hukuma == Yankunan karamar hukuma suna kula da karamar hukә, a karkashin zababben shugaban. {| class="sortable wikitable" !Sunan LGA !Ƙididdigar jama'a ta 2006<br /> !Babban birnin gudanarwa |- |[[Brass|Matsakaicin hannu]] |185,049 |[[Twon-Brass]] |- |[[Ekeremor]] |270,252 |[[Ekeremor]] |- |[[Kolokuma/Opokuma|Kolokuma / Opokuma]] |77,292 |[[Kaiama]] |- |[[Nembe]] |130,931 |Nembe |- |[[Ogbia]] |266,088 |Birnin Ogbia |- |[[Sagbama]] |187,146 |[[Sagbama]] |- |[[Southern Ijaw|Kudancin Ijaw]] |319,413 |Oporoma |- |[[Yenagoa]] |524,400 |[[Yenagoa]] |- |} == Manzarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fy4r85iya71rmyges9gf71sp4w3hkh2 0 160728 875707 2026-07-04T08:09:15Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349865701|Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]]" 875707 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa''' (Urdu, Hindi) wanda aka fi sani da '''JRM''', kungiya ce ta tarihi ta [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] Sunni na Indiya da ke da alaƙa da [[Sufiyya|Sufism]]. Masanin kimiyya da [[Mujaddidi|Mujadid]] Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi na ƙarni na 19 ne suka kafa shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1920 a Bareilly, Indiya, don yada koyarwar Islama daidai da Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah . Manufar da kungiyar ta bayyana kanta ita ce "rashin amincewa da ƙungiyoyi masu kuskure da kuma kare imanin (Aqaa'id) na Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah".<ref>{{Cite web |title=AlaHazrat |url=http://www.aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221082836/http://aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |archive-date=21 February 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=www.aalaahazrat.com}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, biyo bayan mutuwar mutane bayan zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA), Jamat ya rubuta wasika ga shugaban kasar Ram Nath Kovind da [[Yogi Adityanath]], Babban Ministan Uttar Pradesh, don neman diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa da wadanda suka ji rauni. A watan Janairun 2020 Jamat ta ba da sanarwar gudanar da zanga-zangar zaman lafiya har sai gwamnati ta ba da gudummawa kuma ta sanar da koma baya ga CAA da NRC da aka gabatar. Shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa da kuma malamin Sunni Barelvi Mufti Asjad Raza Khan yana da ra'ayi cewa batun CAA / NRC game da kare ka'idodin tsarin mulki da dabi'u ne kuma ba batun Hindu-Musulmi ba ne. Ya kuma yaba wa masu zanga-zangar adawa daCAA. , Salman Raza Khan, mataimakin shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ya yi kira ga kauracewa National Population Register idan ba a kan layin ƙidayar 2011 ba. q4e1u3yv8b32at5repiy2icwpxq7rhm 875708 875707 2026-07-04T08:09:39Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349865701|Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]]" 875708 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa''' (Urdu, Hindi) wanda aka fi sani da '''JRM''', kungiya ce ta tarihi ta [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] Sunni na Indiya da ke da alaƙa da [[Sufiyya|Sufism]]. Masanin kimiyya da [[Mujaddidi|Mujadid]] Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi na ƙarni na 19 ne suka kafa shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1920 a Bareilly, Indiya, don yada koyarwar Islama daidai da Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah . Manufar da kungiyar ta bayyana kanta ita ce "rashin amincewa da ƙungiyoyi masu kuskure da kuma kare imanin (Aqaa'id) na Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah".<ref>{{Cite web |title=AlaHazrat |url=http://www.aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221082836/http://aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |archive-date=21 February 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=www.aalaahazrat.com}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, biyo bayan mutuwar mutane bayan zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA), Jamat ya rubuta wasika ga shugaban kasar Ram Nath Kovind da [[Yogi Adityanath]], Babban Ministan Uttar Pradesh, don neman diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa da wadanda suka ji rauni. A watan Janairun 2020 Jamat ta ba da sanarwar gudanar da zanga-zangar zaman lafiya har sai gwamnati ta ba da gudummawa kuma ta sanar da koma baya ga CAA da NRC da aka gabatar. Shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa da kuma malamin Sunni Barelvi Mufti Asjad Raza Khan yana da ra'ayi cewa batun CAA / NRC game da kare ka'idodin tsarin mulki da dabi'u ne kuma ba batun Hindu-Musulmi ba ne. Ya kuma yaba wa masu zanga-zangar adawa daCAA. , Salman Raza Khan, mataimakin shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ya yi kira ga kauracewa National Population Register idan ba a kan layin ƙidayar 2011 ba. * '''Tsaya a kan Dokar Jama'a''' m42bniz1azo10fxhynrrmrxnpvxh6lc 875709 875708 2026-07-04T08:10:10Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349865701|Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]]" 875709 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa''' (Urdu, Hindi) wanda aka fi sani da '''JRM''', kungiya ce ta tarihi ta [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] Sunni na Indiya da ke da alaƙa da [[Sufiyya|Sufism]]. Masanin kimiyya da [[Mujaddidi|Mujadid]] Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi na ƙarni na 19 ne suka kafa shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1920 a Bareilly, Indiya, don yada koyarwar Islama daidai da Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah . Manufar da kungiyar ta bayyana kanta ita ce "rashin amincewa da ƙungiyoyi masu kuskure da kuma kare imanin (Aqaa'id) na Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah".<ref>{{Cite web |title=AlaHazrat |url=http://www.aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221082836/http://aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |archive-date=21 February 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=www.aalaahazrat.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, biyo bayan mutuwar mutane bayan zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA), Jamat ya rubuta wasika ga shugaban kasar Ram Nath Kovind da [[Yogi Adityanath]], Babban Ministan Uttar Pradesh, don neman diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa da wadanda suka ji rauni. A watan Janairun 2020 Jamat ta ba da sanarwar gudanar da zanga-zangar zaman lafiya har sai gwamnati ta ba da gudummawa kuma ta sanar da koma baya ga CAA da NRC da aka gabatar. Shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa da kuma malamin Sunni Barelvi Mufti Asjad Raza Khan yana da ra'ayi cewa batun CAA / NRC game da kare ka'idodin tsarin mulki da dabi'u ne kuma ba batun Hindu-Musulmi ba ne. Ya kuma yaba wa masu zanga-zangar adawa daCAA. , Salman Raza Khan, mataimakin shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ya yi kira ga kauracewa National Population Register idan ba a kan layin ƙidayar 2011 ba. * '''Tsaya a kan Dokar Jama'a''' q0kig3r14rjdqjg0kp2mdcfnwmsgpkz 875710 875709 2026-07-04T08:10:27Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349865701|Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]]" 875710 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa''' (Urdu, Hindi) wanda aka fi sani da '''JRM''', kungiya ce ta tarihi ta [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] Sunni na Indiya da ke da alaƙa da [[Sufiyya|Sufism]]. Masanin kimiyya da [[Mujaddidi|Mujadid]] Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi na ƙarni na 19 ne suka kafa shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1920 a Bareilly, Indiya, don yada koyarwar Islama daidai da Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah . Manufar da kungiyar ta bayyana kanta ita ce "rashin amincewa da ƙungiyoyi masu kuskure da kuma kare imanin (Aqaa'id) na Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah".<ref>{{Cite web |title=AlaHazrat |url=http://www.aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221082836/http://aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |archive-date=21 February 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=www.aalaahazrat.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin yunkurin Shuddhi wanda Arya Samaj ya fara don canza Musulmai zuwa addinin Hindu. Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ta hana kusan sauye-sauye dubu ɗari huɗu zuwa addinin Hindu a gabashin U.P da Rajasthan yayin ayyukanta a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar adawa da Shuddhi. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, biyo bayan mutuwar mutane bayan zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA), Jamat ya rubuta wasika ga shugaban kasar Ram Nath Kovind da [[Yogi Adityanath]], Babban Ministan Uttar Pradesh, don neman diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa da wadanda suka ji rauni. A watan Janairun 2020 Jamat ta ba da sanarwar gudanar da zanga-zangar zaman lafiya har sai gwamnati ta ba da gudummawa kuma ta sanar da koma baya ga CAA da NRC da aka gabatar. Shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa da kuma malamin Sunni Barelvi Mufti Asjad Raza Khan yana da ra'ayi cewa batun CAA / NRC game da kare ka'idodin tsarin mulki da dabi'u ne kuma ba batun Hindu-Musulmi ba ne. Ya kuma yaba wa masu zanga-zangar adawa daCAA. , Salman Raza Khan, mataimakin shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ya yi kira ga kauracewa National Population Register idan ba a kan layin ƙidayar 2011 ba. * '''Tsaya a kan Dokar Jama'a''' adqzi9ofclmyn296p0pevp1gt214bac 875711 875710 2026-07-04T08:10:52Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349865701|Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]]" 875711 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa''' (Urdu, Hindi) wanda aka fi sani da '''JRM''', kungiya ce ta tarihi ta [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] Sunni na Indiya da ke da alaƙa da [[Sufiyya|Sufism]]. Masanin kimiyya da [[Mujaddidi|Mujadid]] Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi na ƙarni na 19 ne suka kafa shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1920 a Bareilly, Indiya, don yada koyarwar Islama daidai da Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah . Manufar da kungiyar ta bayyana kanta ita ce "rashin amincewa da ƙungiyoyi masu kuskure da kuma kare imanin (Aqaa'id) na Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah".<ref>{{Cite web |title=AlaHazrat |url=http://www.aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221082836/http://aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |archive-date=21 February 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=www.aalaahazrat.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin yunkurin Shuddhi wanda Arya Samaj ya fara don canza Musulmai zuwa addinin Hindu. Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ta hana kusan sauye-sauye dubu ɗari huɗu zuwa addinin Hindu a gabashin U.P da Rajasthan yayin ayyukanta a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar adawa da Shuddhi. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, biyo bayan mutuwar mutane bayan zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA), Jamat ya rubuta wasika ga shugaban kasar Ram Nath Kovind da [[Yogi Adityanath]], Babban Ministan Uttar Pradesh, don neman diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa da wadanda suka ji rauni. A watan Janairun 2020 Jamat ta ba da sanarwar gudanar da zanga-zangar zaman lafiya har sai gwamnati ta ba da gudummawa kuma ta sanar da koma baya ga CAA da NRC da aka gabatar. Shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa da kuma malamin Sunni Barelvi Mufti Asjad Raza Khan yana da ra'ayi cewa batun CAA / NRC game da kare ka'idodin tsarin mulki da dabi'u ne kuma ba batun Hindu-Musulmi ba ne. Ya kuma yaba wa masu zanga-zangar adawa daCAA. , Salman Raza Khan, mataimakin shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ya yi kira ga kauracewa National Population Register idan ba a kan layin ƙidayar 2011 ba. * '''Tsaya a kan Dokar Jama'a''' Jamat ta yi adawa da duk wani tsari na aiwatar da Dokar Jama'a (UCC). Yana da ra'ayi cewa UCC za ta shafi dokokin mutum ba kawai na Musulmai ba, har ma da Jain, Sikhs, Parsis da al'ummomin Kirista ma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2016 |title=Community will give befitting reply if govt implements UCC: AITUI |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/triple-talaq-muslim-women-community-uniform-civil-code-divorce-aitui-3727771/ |website=Indian Express}}</ref> nb29x2ge5noiefdyvzq2bz2u4iwzqi2 875712 875711 2026-07-04T08:11:12Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349865701|Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]]" 875712 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa''' (Urdu, Hindi) wanda aka fi sani da '''JRM''', kungiya ce ta tarihi ta [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] Sunni na Indiya da ke da alaƙa da [[Sufiyya|Sufism]]. Masanin kimiyya da [[Mujaddidi|Mujadid]] Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi na ƙarni na 19 ne suka kafa shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1920 a Bareilly, Indiya, don yada koyarwar Islama daidai da Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah . Manufar da kungiyar ta bayyana kanta ita ce "rashin amincewa da ƙungiyoyi masu kuskure da kuma kare imanin (Aqaa'id) na Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah".<ref>{{Cite web |title=AlaHazrat |url=http://www.aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221082836/http://aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |archive-date=21 February 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=www.aalaahazrat.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin yunkurin Shuddhi wanda Arya Samaj ya fara don canza Musulmai zuwa addinin Hindu. Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ta hana kusan sauye-sauye dubu ɗari huɗu zuwa addinin Hindu a gabashin U.P da Rajasthan yayin ayyukanta a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar adawa da Shuddhi. A cikin 1917, Allama Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi ya shirya taron tarihi na Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa a Jamia Naeemia Moradabad, ƙungiyar da manufarta ita ce ta hana, kuma idan ya yiwu a juya, tarin sake fasalin da ke barazana ga al'ummar musulmi a yayin da Shuddhi ya faru. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, biyo bayan mutuwar mutane bayan zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA), Jamat ya rubuta wasika ga shugaban kasar Ram Nath Kovind da [[Yogi Adityanath]], Babban Ministan Uttar Pradesh, don neman diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa da wadanda suka ji rauni. A watan Janairun 2020 Jamat ta ba da sanarwar gudanar da zanga-zangar zaman lafiya har sai gwamnati ta ba da gudummawa kuma ta sanar da koma baya ga CAA da NRC da aka gabatar. Shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa da kuma malamin Sunni Barelvi Mufti Asjad Raza Khan yana da ra'ayi cewa batun CAA / NRC game da kare ka'idodin tsarin mulki da dabi'u ne kuma ba batun Hindu-Musulmi ba ne. Ya kuma yaba wa masu zanga-zangar adawa daCAA. , Salman Raza Khan, mataimakin shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ya yi kira ga kauracewa National Population Register idan ba a kan layin ƙidayar 2011 ba. * '''Tsaya a kan Dokar Jama'a''' Jamat ta yi adawa da duk wani tsari na aiwatar da Dokar Jama'a (UCC). Yana da ra'ayi cewa UCC za ta shafi dokokin mutum ba kawai na Musulmai ba, har ma da Jain, Sikhs, Parsis da al'ummomin Kirista ma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2016 |title=Community will give befitting reply if govt implements UCC: AITUI |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/triple-talaq-muslim-women-community-uniform-civil-code-divorce-aitui-3727771/ |website=Indian Express}}</ref> lgby6emomy2mqacwvb1w777o10jiprt 875713 875712 2026-07-04T08:11:24Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349865701|Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]]" 875713 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa''' (Urdu, Hindi) wanda aka fi sani da '''JRM''', kungiya ce ta tarihi ta [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] Sunni na Indiya da ke da alaƙa da [[Sufiyya|Sufism]]. Masanin kimiyya da [[Mujaddidi|Mujadid]] Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi na ƙarni na 19 ne suka kafa shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1920 a Bareilly, Indiya, don yada koyarwar Islama daidai da Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah . Manufar da kungiyar ta bayyana kanta ita ce "rashin amincewa da ƙungiyoyi masu kuskure da kuma kare imanin (Aqaa'id) na Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah".<ref>{{Cite web |title=AlaHazrat |url=http://www.aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221082836/http://aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |archive-date=21 February 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=www.aalaahazrat.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin yunkurin Shuddhi wanda Arya Samaj ya fara don canza Musulmai zuwa addinin Hindu. Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ta hana kusan sauye-sauye dubu ɗari huɗu zuwa addinin Hindu a gabashin U.P da Rajasthan yayin ayyukanta a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar adawa da Shuddhi. A cikin 1917, Allama Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi ya shirya taron tarihi na Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa a Jamia Naeemia Moradabad, ƙungiyar da manufarta ita ce ta hana, kuma idan ya yiwu a juya, tarin sake fasalin da ke barazana ga al'ummar musulmi a yayin da Shuddhi ya faru. Mufti Mustafa Raza Khan wani shugaba ne mai tasiri na Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa wanda ya yi aiki a kan ƙungiyar Shuddhi, wacce ke da niyyar juyar da Musulmai zuwa addinin Hindu a cikin Indiya kafin Rarraba. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta yi aiki don kare addinin Sunni na Sufi a kudancin Asiya kamar yadda yawancin mutanen da aka sani da Barelvis ke yi. Hakanan zai yi aiki a matsayin kungiya ta siyasa don adawa da Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind mai rinjaye Deobandi. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, biyo bayan mutuwar mutane bayan zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA), Jamat ya rubuta wasika ga shugaban kasar Ram Nath Kovind da [[Yogi Adityanath]], Babban Ministan Uttar Pradesh, don neman diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa da wadanda suka ji rauni. A watan Janairun 2020 Jamat ta ba da sanarwar gudanar da zanga-zangar zaman lafiya har sai gwamnati ta ba da gudummawa kuma ta sanar da koma baya ga CAA da NRC da aka gabatar. Shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa da kuma malamin Sunni Barelvi Mufti Asjad Raza Khan yana da ra'ayi cewa batun CAA / NRC game da kare ka'idodin tsarin mulki da dabi'u ne kuma ba batun Hindu-Musulmi ba ne. Ya kuma yaba wa masu zanga-zangar adawa daCAA. , Salman Raza Khan, mataimakin shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ya yi kira ga kauracewa National Population Register idan ba a kan layin ƙidayar 2011 ba. * '''Tsaya a kan Dokar Jama'a''' Jamat ta yi adawa da duk wani tsari na aiwatar da Dokar Jama'a (UCC). Yana da ra'ayi cewa UCC za ta shafi dokokin mutum ba kawai na Musulmai ba, har ma da Jain, Sikhs, Parsis da al'ummomin Kirista ma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2016 |title=Community will give befitting reply if govt implements UCC: AITUI |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/triple-talaq-muslim-women-community-uniform-civil-code-divorce-aitui-3727771/ |website=Indian Express}}</ref> 0pymne1qw4vot0jv5m1cshhonollb6f 875714 875713 2026-07-04T08:11:54Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349865701|Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]]" 875714 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa''' (Urdu, Hindi) wanda aka fi sani da '''JRM''', kungiya ce ta tarihi ta [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] Sunni na Indiya da ke da alaƙa da [[Sufiyya|Sufism]]. Masanin kimiyya da [[Mujaddidi|Mujadid]] Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi na ƙarni na 19 ne suka kafa shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1920 a Bareilly, Indiya, don yada koyarwar Islama daidai da Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah . Manufar da kungiyar ta bayyana kanta ita ce "rashin amincewa da ƙungiyoyi masu kuskure da kuma kare imanin (Aqaa'id) na Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah".<ref>{{Cite web |title=AlaHazrat |url=http://www.aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221082836/http://aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |archive-date=21 February 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=www.aalaahazrat.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin yunkurin Shuddhi wanda Arya Samaj ya fara don canza Musulmai zuwa addinin Hindu. Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ta hana kusan sauye-sauye dubu ɗari huɗu zuwa addinin Hindu a gabashin U.P da Rajasthan yayin ayyukanta a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar adawa da Shuddhi. A cikin 1917, Allama Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi ya shirya taron tarihi na Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa a Jamia Naeemia Moradabad, ƙungiyar da manufarta ita ce ta hana, kuma idan ya yiwu a juya, tarin sake fasalin da ke barazana ga al'ummar musulmi a yayin da Shuddhi ya faru. Mufti Mustafa Raza Khan wani shugaba ne mai tasiri na Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa wanda ya yi aiki a kan ƙungiyar Shuddhi, wacce ke da niyyar juyar da Musulmai zuwa addinin Hindu a cikin Indiya kafin Rarraba. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta yi aiki don kare addinin Sunni na Sufi a kudancin Asiya kamar yadda yawancin mutanen da aka sani da Barelvis ke yi. Hakanan zai yi aiki a matsayin kungiya ta siyasa don adawa da Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind mai rinjaye Deobandi. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, biyo bayan mutuwar mutane bayan zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA), Jamat ya rubuta wasika ga shugaban kasar Ram Nath Kovind da [[Yogi Adityanath]], Babban Ministan Uttar Pradesh, don neman diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa da wadanda suka ji rauni. A watan Janairun 2020 Jamat ta ba da sanarwar gudanar da zanga-zangar zaman lafiya har sai gwamnati ta ba da gudummawa kuma ta sanar da koma baya ga CAA da NRC da aka gabatar. Shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa da kuma malamin Sunni Barelvi Mufti Asjad Raza Khan yana da ra'ayi cewa batun CAA / NRC game da kare ka'idodin tsarin mulki da dabi'u ne kuma ba batun Hindu-Musulmi ba ne. Ya kuma yaba wa masu zanga-zangar adawa daCAA. , Salman Raza Khan, mataimakin shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ya yi kira ga kauracewa National Population Register idan ba a kan layin ƙidayar 2011 ba. * '''Tsaya a kan Dokar Jama'a''' Jamat ta yi adawa da duk wani tsari na aiwatar da Dokar Jama'a (UCC). Yana da ra'ayi cewa UCC za ta shafi dokokin mutum ba kawai na Musulmai ba, har ma da Jain, Sikhs, Parsis da al'ummomin Kirista ma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2016 |title=Community will give befitting reply if govt implements UCC: AITUI |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/triple-talaq-muslim-women-community-uniform-civil-code-divorce-aitui-3727771/ |website=Indian Express}}</ref> == Manazarta == ca6wl2cjao8o1njudqj820bghqukxhy 875715 875714 2026-07-04T08:12:17Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349865701|Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]]" 875715 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa''' (Urdu, Hindi) wanda aka fi sani da '''JRM''', kungiya ce ta tarihi ta [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] Sunni na Indiya da ke da alaƙa da [[Sufiyya|Sufism]]. Masanin kimiyya da [[Mujaddidi|Mujadid]] Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi na ƙarni na 19 ne suka kafa shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1920 a Bareilly, Indiya, don yada koyarwar Islama daidai da Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah . Manufar da kungiyar ta bayyana kanta ita ce "rashin amincewa da ƙungiyoyi masu kuskure da kuma kare imanin (Aqaa'id) na Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah".<ref>{{Cite web |title=AlaHazrat |url=http://www.aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221082836/http://aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |archive-date=21 February 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=www.aalaahazrat.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin yunkurin Shuddhi wanda Arya Samaj ya fara don canza Musulmai zuwa addinin Hindu. Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ta hana kusan sauye-sauye dubu ɗari huɗu zuwa addinin Hindu a gabashin U.P da Rajasthan yayin ayyukanta a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar adawa da Shuddhi. A cikin 1917, Allama Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi ya shirya taron tarihi na Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa a Jamia Naeemia Moradabad, ƙungiyar da manufarta ita ce ta hana, kuma idan ya yiwu a juya, tarin sake fasalin da ke barazana ga al'ummar musulmi a yayin da Shuddhi ya faru. Mufti Mustafa Raza Khan wani shugaba ne mai tasiri na Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa wanda ya yi aiki a kan ƙungiyar Shuddhi, wacce ke da niyyar juyar da Musulmai zuwa addinin Hindu a cikin Indiya kafin Rarraba. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta yi aiki don kare addinin Sunni na Sufi a kudancin Asiya kamar yadda yawancin mutanen da aka sani da Barelvis ke yi. Hakanan zai yi aiki a matsayin kungiya ta siyasa don adawa da Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind mai rinjaye Deobandi. == Yanzu == A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, biyo bayan mutuwar mutane bayan zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA), Jamat ya rubuta wasika ga shugaban kasar Ram Nath Kovind da [[Yogi Adityanath]], Babban Ministan Uttar Pradesh, don neman diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa da wadanda suka ji rauni. A watan Janairun 2020 Jamat ta ba da sanarwar gudanar da zanga-zangar zaman lafiya har sai gwamnati ta ba da gudummawa kuma ta sanar da koma baya ga CAA da NRC da aka gabatar. Shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa da kuma malamin Sunni Barelvi Mufti Asjad Raza Khan yana da ra'ayi cewa batun CAA / NRC game da kare ka'idodin tsarin mulki da dabi'u ne kuma ba batun Hindu-Musulmi ba ne. Ya kuma yaba wa masu zanga-zangar adawa daCAA. , Salman Raza Khan, mataimakin shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ya yi kira ga kauracewa National Population Register idan ba a kan layin ƙidayar 2011 ba. * '''Tsaya a kan Dokar Jama'a''' Jamat ta yi adawa da duk wani tsari na aiwatar da Dokar Jama'a (UCC). Yana da ra'ayi cewa UCC za ta shafi dokokin mutum ba kawai na Musulmai ba, har ma da Jain, Sikhs, Parsis da al'ummomin Kirista ma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2016 |title=Community will give befitting reply if govt implements UCC: AITUI |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/triple-talaq-muslim-women-community-uniform-civil-code-divorce-aitui-3727771/ |website=Indian Express}}</ref> == Manazarta == nlxv0yqpsuer1fv2pizxbwmoanee7ea 875716 875715 2026-07-04T08:12:41Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349865701|Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]]" 875716 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa''' (Urdu, Hindi) wanda aka fi sani da '''JRM''', kungiya ce ta tarihi ta [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] Sunni na Indiya da ke da alaƙa da [[Sufiyya|Sufism]]. Masanin kimiyya da [[Mujaddidi|Mujadid]] Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi na ƙarni na 19 ne suka kafa shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1920 a Bareilly, Indiya, don yada koyarwar Islama daidai da Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah . Manufar da kungiyar ta bayyana kanta ita ce "rashin amincewa da ƙungiyoyi masu kuskure da kuma kare imanin (Aqaa'id) na Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah".<ref>{{Cite web |title=AlaHazrat |url=http://www.aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221082836/http://aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |archive-date=21 February 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=www.aalaahazrat.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin yunkurin Shuddhi wanda Arya Samaj ya fara don canza Musulmai zuwa addinin Hindu. Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ta hana kusan sauye-sauye dubu ɗari huɗu zuwa addinin Hindu a gabashin U.P da Rajasthan yayin ayyukanta a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar adawa da Shuddhi. A cikin 1917, Allama Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi ya shirya taron tarihi na Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa a Jamia Naeemia Moradabad, ƙungiyar da manufarta ita ce ta hana, kuma idan ya yiwu a juya, tarin sake fasalin da ke barazana ga al'ummar musulmi a yayin da Shuddhi ya faru. Mufti Mustafa Raza Khan wani shugaba ne mai tasiri na Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa wanda ya yi aiki a kan ƙungiyar Shuddhi, wacce ke da niyyar juyar da Musulmai zuwa addinin Hindu a cikin Indiya kafin Rarraba. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta yi aiki don kare addinin Sunni na Sufi a kudancin Asiya kamar yadda yawancin mutanen da aka sani da Barelvis ke yi. Hakanan zai yi aiki a matsayin kungiya ta siyasa don adawa da Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind mai rinjaye Deobandi. == Yanzu == A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, biyo bayan mutuwar mutane bayan zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA), Jamat ya rubuta wasika ga shugaban kasar Ram Nath Kovind da [[Yogi Adityanath]], Babban Ministan Uttar Pradesh, don neman diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa da wadanda suka ji rauni. A watan Janairun 2020 Jamat ta ba da sanarwar gudanar da zanga-zangar zaman lafiya har sai gwamnati ta ba da gudummawa kuma ta sanar da koma baya ga CAA da NRC da aka gabatar. Shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa da kuma malamin Sunni Barelvi Mufti Asjad Raza Khan yana da ra'ayi cewa batun CAA / NRC game da kare ka'idodin tsarin mulki da dabi'u ne kuma ba batun Hindu-Musulmi ba ne. Ya kuma yaba wa masu zanga-zangar adawa daCAA. , Salman Raza Khan, mataimakin shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ya yi kira ga kauracewa National Population Register idan ba a kan layin ƙidayar 2011 ba. * '''Tsaya a kan Dokar Jama'a''' Jamat ta yi adawa da duk wani tsari na aiwatar da Dokar Jama'a (UCC). Yana da ra'ayi cewa UCC za ta shafi dokokin mutum ba kawai na Musulmai ba, har ma da Jain, Sikhs, Parsis da al'ummomin Kirista ma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2016 |title=Community will give befitting reply if govt implements UCC: AITUI |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/triple-talaq-muslim-women-community-uniform-civil-code-divorce-aitui-3727771/ |website=Indian Express}}</ref> Yana da hannu sosai a cikin shirye-shiryen jin daɗi da tallafin al'umma na kungiyar, gami da shirye-shirye na taimakon likita a lokacin Urs-e-Razvi, da kuma ayyukan daidaita al'umma da suka shafi Ramadan da ke da alaƙa da Ala Hazrat Dargah. == Manazarta == rjyho57t0qazxefebrwxnwjb3re017d 875717 875716 2026-07-04T08:13:34Z Dev ammar 21046 875717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa''' (Urdu, Hindi) wanda aka fi sani da '''JRM''', kungiya ce ta tarihi ta [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] Sunni na Indiya da ke da alaƙa da [[Sufiyya|Sufism]]. Masanin kimiyya da [[Mujaddidi|Mujadid]] Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi na ƙarni na 19 ne suka kafa shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1920 a Bareilly, Indiya, don yada koyarwar Islama daidai da Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah . Manufar da kungiyar ta bayyana kanta ita ce "rashin amincewa da ƙungiyoyi masu kuskure da kuma kare imanin (Aqaa'id) na Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'ah".<ref>{{Cite web |title=AlaHazrat |url=http://www.aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221082836/http://aalaahazrat.com/jrmintro.htm |archive-date=21 February 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=www.aalaahazrat.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin yunkurin Shuddhi wanda Arya Samaj ya fara don canza Musulmai zuwa addinin Hindu. Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ta hana kusan sauye-sauye dubu ɗari huɗu zuwa addinin Hindu a gabashin U.P da Rajasthan yayin ayyukanta a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar adawa da Shuddhi. A cikin 1917, Allama Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi ya shirya taron tarihi na Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa a Jamia Naeemia Moradabad, ƙungiyar da manufarta ita ce ta hana, kuma idan ya yiwu a juya, tarin sake fasalin da ke barazana ga al'ummar musulmi a yayin da Shuddhi ya faru. Mufti Mustafa Raza Khan wani shugaba ne mai tasiri na Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa wanda ya yi aiki a kan ƙungiyar Shuddhi, wacce ke da niyyar juyar da Musulmai zuwa addinin Hindu a cikin Indiya kafin Rarraba. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta yi aiki don kare addinin Sunni na Sufi a kudancin Asiya kamar yadda yawancin mutanen da aka sani da Barelvis ke yi. Hakanan zai yi aiki a matsayin kungiya ta siyasa don adawa da Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind mai rinjaye Deobandi. == Yanzu == A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, biyo bayan mutuwar mutane bayan zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA), Jamat ya rubuta wasika ga shugaban kasar Ram Nath Kovind da [[Yogi Adityanath]], Babban Ministan Uttar Pradesh, don neman diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa da wadanda suka ji rauni. A watan Janairun 2020 Jamat ta ba da sanarwar gudanar da zanga-zangar zaman lafiya har sai gwamnati ta ba da gudummawa kuma ta sanar da koma baya ga CAA da NRC da aka gabatar. Shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa da kuma malamin Sunni Barelvi Mufti Asjad Raza Khan yana da ra'ayi cewa batun CAA / NRC game da kare ka'idodin tsarin mulki da dabi'u ne kuma ba batun Hindu-Musulmi ba ne. Ya kuma yaba wa masu zanga-zangar adawa daCAA. , Salman Raza Khan, mataimakin shugaban Jamat Raza-e-Mustafa ya yi kira ga kauracewa National Population Register idan ba a kan layin ƙidayar 2011 ba. * '''Tsaya a kan Dokar Jama'a''' Jamat ta yi adawa da duk wani tsari na aiwatar da Dokar Jama'a (UCC). Yana da ra'ayi cewa UCC za ta shafi dokokin mutum ba kawai na Musulmai ba, har ma da Jain, Sikhs, Parsis da al'ummomin Kirista ma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2016 |title=Community will give befitting reply if govt implements UCC: AITUI |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/triple-talaq-muslim-women-community-uniform-civil-code-divorce-aitui-3727771/ |website=Indian Express}}</ref> Yana da hannu sosai a cikin shirye-shiryen jin daɗi da tallafin al'umma na kungiyar, gami da shirye-shirye na taimakon likita a lokacin Urs-e-Razvi, da kuma ayyukan daidaita al'umma da suka shafi Ramadan da ke da alaƙa da Ala Hazrat Dargah. == Manazarta == d6zuh9eixvynx1ahpt6iio1bdgom86d 0 160729 875734 2026-07-04T09:36:07Z Young ibskeed 46263 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292746288|Ulrich Grubenmann]]" 875734 wikitext text/x-wiki == Rayuwa da aiki == Am haifi Grubenmann a Trogen, Switzerland ga Johann Kaspar Grubenmann, mai yin burodi da Katharina Eugster. Kakanninsa sun haɗa da mai gina gada Johann Ulrich Grubenmann (1709-1783) wanda ya gina wani sanannen gada na katako a Schaffhausen . Ya girma a cikin dangin da ba su da kuɗi, Grubenmann ya sami damar yin karatu tare da tallafin karatu da taimako daga abokai kuma ya zama malamin kimiyyar halitta mai lasisi a 1874. Ya sami digirin digirgir don karatu kan basalts na Hegau a 1886 daga Jami'ar Zurich. Daga nan ya koyar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Switzerland da kuma Makarantar Canton da ke Frauenfeld. Ya zama Privatdozent a 1888 kuma ya maye gurbin Gustav Adolph Kenngott a 1897 a matsayin farfesa a fannin ma'adanai da petrography Grubenmann ya fara karatunsa da ilimin ma'adanai na kwatantawa, inda ya koma nazarin petrography da kuma nazarin metamorphism. Ya koyar da dabarun nazarin ma'adanai waɗanda suka zama masu amfani ga ɗaliban ilimin ƙasa, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu suka shiga cikin neman mai, duk da cewa Grubenmann da kansa bai taɓa sha'awar ilimin ƙasa na mai ba. Grubenmann ya kafa mujallar ''Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen'' wanda ya gyara tun daga farkonta a 1921 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya gudanar da nazarin fage a cikin Alps na Switzerland, Hegau a Jamus da kuma a Italiya. Babban aikinsa kan metamorphism an buga shi tare da ɗalibinsa Paul Niggli a matsayin ''Die Gesteinsmetamorphose'' a 1924. Dangane da matsin lamba da yanayin zafi yayin samuwar, ya gabatar da rarrabuwar duwatsu masu metamorphic. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fritscher |first=Bernhard |date=2002 |title=Metamorphism and thermodynamics: the formative years |url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/lookup/doi/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.192.01.07 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |language=en |volume=192 |issue=1 |pages=143–165 |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.192.01.07 |issn=0305-8719 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1924]] t7u9phb3xgihpegkdww81ofczlfi2uw 875735 875734 2026-07-04T09:39:40Z Young ibskeed 46263 875735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Rayuwa da aiki == Am haifi Grubenmann a Trogen, Switzerland ga Johann Kaspar Grubenmann, mai yin burodi da Katharina Eugster. Kakanninsa sun haɗa da mai gina gada Johann Ulrich Grubenmann (1709-1783) wanda ya gina wani sanannen gada na katako a Schaffhausen . Ya girma a cikin dangin da ba su da kuɗi, Grubenmann ya sami damar yin karatu tare da tallafin karatu da taimako daga abokai kuma ya zama malamin kimiyyar halitta mai lasisi a 1874. Ya sami digirin digirgir don karatu kan basalts na Hegau a 1886 daga Jami'ar Zurich. Daga nan ya koyar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Switzerland da kuma Makarantar Canton da ke Frauenfeld. Ya zama Privatdozent a 1888 kuma ya maye gurbin Gustav Adolph Kenngott a 1897 a matsayin farfesa a fannin ma'adanai da petrography Grubenmann ya fara karatunsa da ilimin ma'adanai na kwatantawa, inda ya koma nazarin petrography da kuma nazarin metamorphism. Ya koyar da dabarun nazarin ma'adanai waɗanda suka zama masu amfani ga ɗaliban ilimin ƙasa, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu suka shiga cikin neman mai, duk da cewa Grubenmann da kansa bai taɓa sha'awar ilimin ƙasa na mai ba. Grubenmann ya kafa mujallar ''Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen'' wanda ya gyara tun daga farkonta a 1921 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya gudanar da nazarin fage a cikin Alps na Switzerland, Hegau a Jamus da kuma a Italiya. Babban aikinsa kan metamorphism an buga shi tare da ɗalibinsa Paul Niggli a matsayin ''Die Gesteinsmetamorphose'' a 1924. Dangane da matsin lamba da yanayin zafi yayin samuwar, ya gabatar da rarrabuwar duwatsu masu metamorphic. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fritscher |first=Bernhard |date=2002 |title=Metamorphism and thermodynamics: the formative years |url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/lookup/doi/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.192.01.07 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |language=en |volume=192 |issue=1 |pages=143–165 |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.192.01.07 |issn=0305-8719 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1924]] jq17fpi68u3m3hcuj7mqen6jtt1bkkf 4 160730 875738 2026-07-04T09:56:26Z Hausa Wikimedians User Group 13974 Sabon shiri 875738 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="border-spacing:8px; margin:0px auto; width:100%; background:#12272c; border-radius:10px; color:white; padding:20px;" | style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left; padding-left:10px;" | <div style="font-size:32px; font-weight:bold; font-family:sans-serif; line-height:1.2;">Manazarta: Inganta Mukaloli Domin Sahihanci</div> <div style="font-size:18px; font-style:italic; margin-top:10px;">Shirin Hausa Wikimedians User Group</div> | style="width:180px; height:180px; background:#F8F9FA; border-radius:50%; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; padding:10px;" | [[File:Hausa_Wikimedians_User_Group_Logo.svg|170px|center|link=]] |} == Yadda Za a Shiga == Taron na kowa da kowa ne (na tsofaffin masu bada gudummuwa da sababbin zuwa). # Domin mu san yawan mutanen da suka ba da gudummawa, akwai buƙatar yin rajista a shafin Dashboard na wannan taro ta nan: [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/Hausa_Wikimedians_User_Group/Inganta_Mukalolin_Al'adun_Hausa?enroll= Manazarta: Inganta Mukaloli Domin Sahihanci (Dashboard)] # Idan kai sabon mai bada gudummuwa ne, za a yi takaitaccen horo a farkon zaman don nuna muku yadda ake gyara Wikipedia cikin sauƙi. <div id="regbtn" style="margin:auto; text-align:center; margin:24px 0; font-size: 1.5em;" class = "plainlinks" > [[Special:RegisterForEvent/3958|<span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">Domin shiga shirin, ku yi rajista a nan</span>]]</div> <div style="margin-top: 50px; border-top: 2px solid #eaecf0; padding: 5px 0; text-align: center;"> <p style="color: #72777d; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 5px;">GIDAUNIYAR WIKIMEDIA HAUSA</p> </div> <div style = "border-bottom: 2px solid #eaecf0; border-radius: .2em; padding: .5em .8em; font-size: 1em;margin-bottom: 5px; "><center> [[File:Font Awesome 5 brands facebook-square.svg|20px|link=https://fb.com/wikimediaha]] Wikimedia Hausa | [[File:X icon 2.svg|20px|link=https://twitter.com/wikimediaha]] Wikimedia Hausa | [[File:Globe font awesome.svg|20px|link=https://wikimediahausa.org|]]&nbsp;[https://wikimediahausa.org https://wikimediahausa.org]</center> </div> <center>[[File:Font Awesome 5 solid envelope.svg|18px]] '''Ƙarin bayani:''' [mailto:contact@wikimediahausa.org contact@wikimediahausa.org]</center> 6afjqc4ceajrw92bm32kwz95kxj0f5u 875743 875738 2026-07-04T10:04:38Z Hausa Wikimedians User Group 13974 update 875743 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="border-spacing:8px; margin:0px auto; width:100%; background:#12272c; border-radius:10px; color:white; padding:20px;" | style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left; padding-left:10px;" | <div style="font-size:32px; font-weight:bold; font-family:sans-serif; line-height:1.2;">Manazarta: Inganta Mukaloli Domin Sahihanci</div> <div style="font-size:18px; font-style:italic; margin-top:10px;">Shirin Hausa Wikimedians User Group</div> | style="width:180px; height:180px; background:#F8F9FA; border-radius:50%; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; padding:10px;" | [[File:Hausa_Wikimedians_User_Group_Logo.svg|170px|center|link=]] |} == Yadda Za a Shiga == Taron na kowa da kowa ne (na tsofaffin masu bada gudummuwa da sababbin zuwa). # Domin mu san yawan mutanen da suka ba da gudummawa, akwai buƙatar yin rajista a shafin Dashboard na wannan taro ta nan: [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/Hausa_Wikimedians_User_Group/Manazarta_-_Inganta_Mukaloli_Domin_Sahihanci?enroll= Manazarta: Inganta Mukaloli Domin Sahihanci (Dashboard)] # Idan kai sabon mai bada gudummuwa ne, za a yi takaitaccen horo a farkon zaman don nuna muku yadda ake gyara Wikipedia cikin sauƙi. <div id="regbtn" style="margin:auto; text-align:center; margin:24px 0; font-size: 1.5em;" class = "plainlinks" > [[Special:RegisterForEvent/4089|<span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">Domin shiga shirin, ku yi rajista a nan</span>]]</div> <div style="margin-top: 50px; border-top: 2px solid #eaecf0; padding: 5px 0; text-align: center;"> <p style="color: #72777d; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 5px;">GIDAUNIYAR WIKIMEDIA HAUSA</p> </div> <div style = "border-bottom: 2px solid #eaecf0; border-radius: .2em; padding: .5em .8em; font-size: 1em;margin-bottom: 5px; "><center> [[File:Font Awesome 5 brands facebook-square.svg|20px|link=https://fb.com/wikimediaha]] Wikimedia Hausa | [[File:X icon 2.svg|20px|link=https://twitter.com/wikimediaha]] Wikimedia Hausa | [[File:Globe font awesome.svg|20px|link=https://wikimediahausa.org|]]&nbsp;[https://wikimediahausa.org https://wikimediahausa.org]</center> </div> <center>[[File:Font Awesome 5 solid envelope.svg|18px]] '''Ƙarin bayani:''' [mailto:contact@wikimediahausa.org contact@wikimediahausa.org]</center> 4ry11plq01mxnajugevkj0thixi47m6 875756 875743 2026-07-04T10:13:34Z Hausa Wikimedians User Group 13974 update 875756 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="border-spacing:8px; margin:0px auto; width:100%; background:#12272c; border-radius:10px; color:white; padding:20px;" | style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left; padding-left:10px;" | <div style="font-size:32px; font-weight:bold; font-family:sans-serif; line-height:1.2;">Manazarta: Inganta Mukaloli Domin Sahihanci</div> <div style="font-size:18px; font-style:italic; margin-top:10px;">Shirin Hausa Wikimedians User Group</div> | style="width:180px; height:180px; background:#F8F9FA; border-radius:50%; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; padding:10px;" | [[File:Hausa_Wikimedians_User_Group_Logo.svg|170px|center|link=]] |} == Manufar Inganta Muƙalolin == [[File:Hausa Wikimedians User Group editathon flyer July 2026.jpg|280px|right|link=]] Wannan taro ne na musamman da gidauniyar Hausa Wikimedians User Group ta shirya domin bama masu bada gudummuwa dama, tare da duk masu sha'awar bunƙasa ilimi, domin mu koyi yadda ake sanyawa da kuma inganta madogara (referencing) a kan muƙalolin Wikipedia Hausa. Jigon taron na wannan karon shine: "Akawo Madogara Anan: Inganta Al'adar Sanya Madogara a Wikipedia ta Hausa" (Citation Needed Here: Improving Referencing Culture on Hausa Wikipedia). Wannan taro zai kasance na musamman domin koyarwa da kuma ƙarfafa gwiwar editoci wajen gina Wikipedia ta Hausa mai inganci da sahihanci. Za mu yi kokari wajen ganin kowace muƙala ta samu ingantattun madogara na gari (sources) masu ƙarfi, ta yadda masu karanta Wikipedia da masu bincike za su amfana da sahihan bayanai da za su iya dogaro da su. * Ranar gudanarwa: 4 ga Yuli 2026 * Lokacin farawa: 10:00 Na safe (WAT) * Wuri: Sabon ɗakin taro na ID Academy, Rafukka == Yadda Za a Shiga == Taron na kowa da kowa ne (na tsofaffin masu bada gudummuwa da sababbin zuwa). # Domin mu san yawan mutanen da suka ba da gudummawa, akwai buƙatar yin rajista a shafin Dashboard na wannan taro ta nan: [[Special:RegisterForEvent/4089|Manazarta: Inganta Mukaloli Domin Sahihanci (Dashboard)]] # Idan kai sabon mai bada gudummuwa ne, za a yi takaitaccen horo a farkon zaman don nuna muku yadda ake gyara Wikipedia cikin sauƙi. <div id="regbtn" style="margin:auto; text-align:center; margin:24px 0; font-size: 1.5em;" class = "plainlinks" > [[Special:RegisterForEvent/4089|<span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">Domin shiga shirin, ku yi rajista a nan</span>]]</div> <div style="margin-top: 50px; border-top: 2px solid #eaecf0; padding: 5px 0; text-align: center;"> <p style="color: #72777d; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 5px;">GIDAUNIYAR WIKIMEDIA HAUSA</p> </div> <div style = "border-bottom: 2px solid #eaecf0; border-radius: .2em; padding: .5em .8em; font-size: 1em;margin-bottom: 5px; "><center> [[File:Font Awesome 5 brands facebook-square.svg|20px|link=https://fb.com/wikimediaha]] Wikimedia Hausa | [[File:X icon 2.svg|20px|link=https://twitter.com/wikimediaha]] Wikimedia Hausa | [[File:Globe font awesome.svg|20px|link=https://wikimediahausa.org|]]&nbsp;[https://wikimediahausa.org https://wikimediahausa.org]</center> </div> <center>[[File:Font Awesome 5 solid envelope.svg|18px]] '''Ƙarin bayani:''' [mailto:contact@wikimediahausa.org contact@wikimediahausa.org]</center> 37w7keu4pktub6rl85tahltrmahvdf8 0 160731 875759 2026-07-04T10:16:23Z Young ibskeed 46263 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341638187|Glenn E. MacDonald]]" 875759 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sana'a == An haifi MacDonald a shekarar 1925, kuma ya girma a Rothbury, Saskatchewan . Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Toronto inda ya sami digirin PhD a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Ya shafe sauran aikinsa a can ana ɗaukaka shi zuwa cikakken farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tulving |first=E. |date=1979 |title=Glenn Ewen MacDonald 1925-1978 |journal=Canadian Psychological Review / Psychologie Canadienne |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=79-81}}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken MacDonald ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan fannoni na gwaji da kuma ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da aka yi amfani da su. == Littattafai == * Doob, AN, & MacDonald, GE (1979). Kallon Talabijin da Tsoron Zalunci: Shin Alaƙar ce ke haifar da hakan? Mujallar Halayya da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam, 37 (2), 170-179. * MacDonald, GE (1976). Kimanta sassan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Kanada bisa ga ƙidayar ambato da wallafe-wallafe: Sharhi. Binciken Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam na Kanada / Psychologie Canadienne, 17(4), 300–301. * MacDonald, GE, & de Toledo, L. (1974). Tasirin ƙarfafawa na ɓangare da nau'in lada. Koyo da Ƙarfafawa, 5 (3), 288-298. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]] n9bjgf4f5lmlat74bfolzl993s5opn0 875760 875759 2026-07-04T10:18:22Z Young ibskeed 46263 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341638187|Glenn E. MacDonald]]" 875760 wikitext text/x-wiki == Dana's == An haifi MacDonald a shekarar 1925, kuma ya girma a Rothbury, Saskatchewan . Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Toronto inda ya sami digirin PhD a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Ya shafe sauran aikinsa a can ana ɗaukaka shi zuwa cikakken farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tulving |first=E. |date=1979 |title=Glenn Ewen MacDonald 1925-1978 |journal=Canadian Psychological Review / Psychologie Canadienne |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=79-81}}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken MacDonald ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan fannoni na gwaji da kuma ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da aka yi amfani da su. == Littattafai == * Doob, AN, & MacDonald, GE (1979). Kallon Talabijin da Tsoron Zalunci: Shin Alaƙar ce ke haifar da hakan? Mujallar Halayya da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam, 37 (2), 170-179. * MacDonald, GE (1976). Kimanta sassan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Kanada bisa ga ƙidayar ambato da wallafe-wallafe: Sharhi. Binciken Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam na Kanada / Psychologie Canadienne, 17(4), 300–301. * MacDonald, GE, & de Toledo, L. (1974). Tasirin ƙarfafawa na ɓangare da nau'in lada. Koyo da Ƙarfafawa, 5 (3), 288-298. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]] mcawik5t0uzubr3ba4xp1eijrj9dhea 875762 875760 2026-07-04T10:21:14Z Young ibskeed 46263 875762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Dana's == An haifi MacDonald a shekarar 1925, kuma ya girma a Rothbury, Saskatchewan . Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Toronto inda ya sami digirin PhD a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Ya shafe sauran aikinsa a can ana ɗaukaka shi zuwa cikakken farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tulving |first=E. |date=1979 |title=Glenn Ewen MacDonald 1925-1978 |journal=Canadian Psychological Review / Psychologie Canadienne |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=79-81}}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken MacDonald ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan fannoni na gwaji da kuma ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da aka yi amfani da su. == Littattafai == * Doob, AN, & MacDonald, GE (1979). Kallon Talabijin da Tsoron Zalunci: Shin Alaƙar ce ke haifar da hakan? Mujallar Halayya da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam, 37 (2), 170-179. * MacDonald, GE (1976). Kimanta sassan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Kanada bisa ga ƙidayar ambato da wallafe-wallafe: Sharhi. Binciken Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam na Kanada / Psychologie Canadienne, 17(4), 300–301. * MacDonald, GE, & de Toledo, L. (1974). Tasirin ƙarfafawa na ɓangare da nau'in lada. Koyo da Ƙarfafawa, 5 (3), 288-298. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]] id1og8b0jkwolm25do1qloi8t3fgjjh 875804 875762 2026-07-04T10:44:29Z Sirjat 20447 875804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Dana's == An haifi MacDonald a shekarar 1925, kuma ya girma a Rothbury, Saskatchewan . Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Toronto inda ya sami digirin PhD a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Ya shafe sauran aikinsa a can ana ɗaukaka shi zuwa cikakken farfesa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tulving |first=E. |date=1979 |title=Glenn Ewen MacDonald 1925-1978 |journal=Canadian Psychological Review / Psychologie Canadienne |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=79-81}}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken MacDonald ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan fannoni na gwaji da kuma ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da aka yi amfani da su. == Littattafai == * Doob, AN, & MacDonald, GE (1979). Kallon Talabijin da Tsoron Zalunci: Shin Alaƙar ce ke haifar da hakan? Mujallar Halayya da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam, 37 (2), 170-179. * MacDonald, GE (1976). Kimanta sassan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Kanada bisa ga ƙidayar ambato da wallafe-wallafe: Sharhi. Binciken Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam na Kanada / Psychologie Canadienne, 17(4), 300–301. * MacDonald, GE, & de Toledo, L. (1974). Tasirin ƙarfafawa na ɓangare da nau'in lada. Koyo da Ƙarfafawa, 5 (3), 288-298. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]] 2qgh0zdow8tt23lxe8vyusaq48fjjf2 0 160732 875772 2026-07-04T10:26:17Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350506074|Dublin Civic Trust]]" 875772 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙungiyar Dublin Civic Trust''' ƙungiya ce ta kiyaye gine-gine da ilimi wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1991 wadda ke aiki don gano, yin rikodi, kiyayewa da kuma tallata kayan tarihi na Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin Civic Trust |url=https://www.igs.ie/conservation/register/entry/dublin-civic-trust |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=igs.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin Civic Trust |url=https://www.buildingconservation.com/directory/dublin-civic-trust |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=buildingconservation.com}}</ref><ref name="Pearson2000">{{Cite book|last3=Peter Pearson (painter, born 1955)}}</ref> Ƙungiyar tana kuma yin tsokaci da taimakawa tare da wasu gine-gine a wajen Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Georgian society seeks rejection of Kildare Street Hotel demolition |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/georgian-society-seeks-rejection-of-kildare-street-hotel-demolition-1.4117306?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fheritage%2Fgeorgian-society-seeks-rejection-of-kildare-street-hotel-demolition-1.4117306 |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=irishtimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin Civic Trust call to protect Gardiner Street convent |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/dublin-civic-trust-call-to-protect-gardiner-street-convent-1.2714187?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fheritage%2Fdublin-civic-trust-call-to-protect-gardiner-street-convent-1.2714187 |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=irishtimes.com}}</ref> Amintacciyar hukumar tana bayyana a kafafen yada labarai na ƙasa da ke fafutukar kare muhalli da kuma al'amuran gine-gine, tare da bayar da gudummawar kasafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin Civic Trust & Limerick Civic Trust Pre-Budget 2019 Joint Submission |url=https://www.limerickcivictrust.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Pre-Budget-2019-Submission-Dublin-Civic-Trust-Limerick-Civic-Trust.pdf |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=limerickcivictrust.ie}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa wata ƙungiyar Dublin Civic Group ta farko ta hannun Kevin B. Nowlan da Deirdre Kelly a watan Disamba na 1966, da manufofi makamancin haka, duk da cewa ba ita ce magajin ta kai tsaye ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kevin B. Nowlan Papers |url=https://www.ria.ie/sites/default/files/special_list_no._a046_kevin_b._nowlan_rr_open_0.pdf |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=www.ria.ie}}</ref> Ba a taɓa kafa ƙungiyar a hukumance ba kuma ba ta da membobi ko kundin tsarin mulki. Daga cikin wasu ayyukanta na farko akwai kamfen don kiyaye gine-gine da gine-gine a Ɗakin Tailors, Titin Hume, Wood Quay da sabon ginin Babban Bankin Ireland da ke kan Titin Dame<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaughan |first=W. E. |title=Nowlan, Kevin Barry |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/nowlan-kevin-barry-a10246 |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=www.dib.ie}}</ref> A shekarar 1992, an kafa Dublin Civic Trust kuma aka ƙirƙiri ta don gyara gidaje biyu a titin South Frederick da ke tsakiyar Dublin, wanda aka amince cewa New Ireland Insurance za ta ba wa ƙungiyar gudummawar a matsayin wani ɓangare na sharuɗɗan bin ƙa'ida na tsare-tsare kan gina sabon ginin ofis. Daga baya asusun ya ci gaba da gyara da sayar da wasu gine-gine a tsakiyar Dublin a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin asusun juyawa. [[Fayil:Birthplace_of_Patrick_and_William_Pearse.jpg|thumb|Titin Pearse na 27, Dublin 2]] [[Fayil:Building,_South_Frederick_Street,_Dublin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1816155.jpg|thumb|10 South Frederick Street, Dublin 2]] === Jerin ayyukan kiyaye gine-gine da aka kammala === * Titin Castle na 4, Dublin na 2 * 18 Ormond Quay Upper, Inns Quay, Dublin 7<ref>{{Cite web |title=Before and After |url=https://theirishaesthete.com/tag/dublin-civic-trust/ |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=theirishaesthete.com}}</ref> - wanda ya lashe kyautar Europa Nostra ta 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bromwell |first=Philip |date=2021-05-25 |title=Dublin conservation project wins top European award |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/0525/1223769-dublin-heritage-honour/ |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[RTÉ.ie]] |language=en}}</ref> * 21 Aungier Street, Dublin 2<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic monument in Dublin to be used for the homeless |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/historic-monument-in-dublin-to-be-used-for-the-homeless-1.2994185?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fsocial-affairs%2Fhistoric-monument-in-dublin-to-be-used-for-the-homeless-1.2994185 |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=irishtimes.com}}</ref> * 10 da 11 South Frederick Street, Dublin 2<ref>{{Cite web |last=FUSIO |title=10 South Frederick Street, Dublin 2, DUBLIN |url=https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/50100080/10-south-frederick-street-dublin-2-dublin |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Buildings of Ireland |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2 Titin St Andrew, Dublin 2 * Titin Pearse na 27, Dublin 2 * 9 Merchant's Quay, Dublin 8 == Manazarta == r230ui6zxooutg6u90k8qro9ei63l6b 875775 875772 2026-07-04T10:27:03Z Nnamadee 31123 875775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Dublin Civic Trust''' ƙungiya ce ta kiyaye gine-gine da ilimi wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1991 wadda ke aiki don gano, yin rikodi, kiyayewa da kuma tallata kayan tarihi na Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin Civic Trust |url=https://www.igs.ie/conservation/register/entry/dublin-civic-trust |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=igs.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin Civic Trust |url=https://www.buildingconservation.com/directory/dublin-civic-trust |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=buildingconservation.com}}</ref><ref name="Pearson2000">{{Cite book|last3=Peter Pearson (painter, born 1955)}}</ref> Ƙungiyar tana kuma yin tsokaci da taimakawa tare da wasu gine-gine a wajen Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Georgian society seeks rejection of Kildare Street Hotel demolition |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/georgian-society-seeks-rejection-of-kildare-street-hotel-demolition-1.4117306?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fheritage%2Fgeorgian-society-seeks-rejection-of-kildare-street-hotel-demolition-1.4117306 |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=irishtimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin Civic Trust call to protect Gardiner Street convent |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/dublin-civic-trust-call-to-protect-gardiner-street-convent-1.2714187?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fheritage%2Fdublin-civic-trust-call-to-protect-gardiner-street-convent-1.2714187 |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=irishtimes.com}}</ref> Amintacciyar hukumar tana bayyana a kafafen yada labarai na ƙasa da ke fafutukar kare muhalli da kuma al'amuran gine-gine, tare da bayar da gudummawar kasafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin Civic Trust & Limerick Civic Trust Pre-Budget 2019 Joint Submission |url=https://www.limerickcivictrust.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Pre-Budget-2019-Submission-Dublin-Civic-Trust-Limerick-Civic-Trust.pdf |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=limerickcivictrust.ie}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa wata ƙungiyar Dublin Civic Group ta farko ta hannun Kevin B. Nowlan da Deirdre Kelly a watan Disamba na 1966, da manufofi makamancin haka, duk da cewa ba ita ce magajin ta kai tsaye ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kevin B. Nowlan Papers |url=https://www.ria.ie/sites/default/files/special_list_no._a046_kevin_b._nowlan_rr_open_0.pdf |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=www.ria.ie}}</ref> Ba a taɓa kafa ƙungiyar a hukumance ba kuma ba ta da membobi ko kundin tsarin mulki. Daga cikin wasu ayyukanta na farko akwai kamfen don kiyaye gine-gine da gine-gine a Ɗakin Tailors, Titin Hume, Wood Quay da sabon ginin Babban Bankin Ireland da ke kan Titin Dame<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaughan |first=W. E. |title=Nowlan, Kevin Barry |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/nowlan-kevin-barry-a10246 |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=www.dib.ie}}</ref> A shekarar 1992, an kafa Dublin Civic Trust kuma aka ƙirƙiri ta don gyara gidaje biyu a titin South Frederick da ke tsakiyar Dublin, wanda aka amince cewa New Ireland Insurance za ta ba wa ƙungiyar gudummawar a matsayin wani ɓangare na sharuɗɗan bin ƙa'ida na tsare-tsare kan gina sabon ginin ofis. Daga baya asusun ya ci gaba da gyara da sayar da wasu gine-gine a tsakiyar Dublin a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin asusun juyawa. [[Fayil:Birthplace_of_Patrick_and_William_Pearse.jpg|thumb|Titin Pearse na 27, Dublin 2]] [[Fayil:Building,_South_Frederick_Street,_Dublin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1816155.jpg|thumb|10 South Frederick Street, Dublin 2]] === Jerin ayyukan kiyaye gine-gine da aka kammala === * Titin Castle na 4, Dublin na 2 * 18 Ormond Quay Upper, Inns Quay, Dublin 7<ref>{{Cite web |title=Before and After |url=https://theirishaesthete.com/tag/dublin-civic-trust/ |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=theirishaesthete.com}}</ref> - wanda ya lashe kyautar Europa Nostra ta 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bromwell |first=Philip |date=2021-05-25 |title=Dublin conservation project wins top European award |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/0525/1223769-dublin-heritage-honour/ |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[RTÉ.ie]] |language=en}}</ref> * 21 Aungier Street, Dublin 2<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic monument in Dublin to be used for the homeless |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/historic-monument-in-dublin-to-be-used-for-the-homeless-1.2994185?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fsocial-affairs%2Fhistoric-monument-in-dublin-to-be-used-for-the-homeless-1.2994185 |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=irishtimes.com}}</ref> * 10 da 11 South Frederick Street, Dublin 2<ref>{{Cite web |last=FUSIO |title=10 South Frederick Street, Dublin 2, DUBLIN |url=https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/50100080/10-south-frederick-street-dublin-2-dublin |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Buildings of Ireland |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2 Titin St Andrew, Dublin 2 * Titin Pearse na 27, Dublin 2 * 9 Merchant's Quay, Dublin 8 == Manazarta == h92cgppmzl045gmngijdj8y41v4169a 0 160733 875790 2026-07-04T10:33:28Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313995272|Bushcare Group]]" 875790 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙungiyar Bushcare''' ƙungiya ce mai sa kai da ke gudanar da sake farfaɗo da daji don taimakawa wajen kiyaye bambancin halittu a cikin daji na gwamnati ko na masu zaman kansu a Ostiraliya. Ƙungiyoyin kula da bishiyoyi sun taso ne saboda karuwar tallafin da al'umma ke bayarwa don kiyayewa, kuma wannan ya haifar da rarraba ragowar ciyayi na asali don kiyayewa ta hanyar dawo da muhalli<ref name="Stenhouse 2004">{{Cite journal |last=Stenhouse |year=2004 |title=Local government conservation and management of native bushland in Australia |journal=Environmental Management |publisher=Springer Scientific |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=209–222 |doi=10.1007/s00267-004-0231-6 |pmid=15559945 |s2cid=8458760}} </ref> Akwai ƙungiyoyin Bushcare da yawa a Ostiraliya waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin masu sa kai don dawo da ragowar yankunan daji na asali a filayen jama'a. Misali, a cikin Blue Mountains kusa da [[Sydney]], yanzu akwai irin waɗannan ''ƙungiyoyin Bush Regeneration'' guda 50 da ke aiki don dawo da yankunan daji. Yawancin majalisun birni suna da hannu a kula da daji zuwa matakai daban-daban,<ref name="Stenhouse 2004" /> ko dai ta hanyar ɗaukar ma'aikata ƙwararru ko kuma sauƙaƙe shigar da masu sa kai. A kusa da Ostiraliya Hukumomin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ƙasa da Ƙungiyoyi Masu Zaman Kansu suna ba da horo da kayan aiki ga masu sa kai na al'umma. == Manazarta == f39tajo1cpgx4b3o1o1paqpmoxlsubr 875791 875790 2026-07-04T10:33:50Z Nnamadee 31123 875791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Bushcare''' ƙungiya ce mai sa kai da ke gudanar da sake farfaɗo da daji don taimakawa wajen kiyaye bambancin halittu a cikin daji na gwamnati ko na masu zaman kansu a Ostiraliya. Ƙungiyoyin kula da bishiyoyi sun taso ne saboda karuwar tallafin da al'umma ke bayarwa don kiyayewa, kuma wannan ya haifar da rarraba ragowar ciyayi na asali don kiyayewa ta hanyar dawo da muhalli<ref name="Stenhouse 2004">{{Cite journal |last=Stenhouse |year=2004 |title=Local government conservation and management of native bushland in Australia |journal=Environmental Management |publisher=Springer Scientific |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=209–222 |doi=10.1007/s00267-004-0231-6 |pmid=15559945 |s2cid=8458760}} </ref> Akwai ƙungiyoyin Bushcare da yawa a Ostiraliya waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin masu sa kai don dawo da ragowar yankunan daji na asali a filayen jama'a. Misali, a cikin Blue Mountains kusa da [[Sydney]], yanzu akwai irin waɗannan ''ƙungiyoyin Bush Regeneration'' guda 50 da ke aiki don dawo da yankunan daji. Yawancin majalisun birni suna da hannu a kula da daji zuwa matakai daban-daban,<ref name="Stenhouse 2004" /> ko dai ta hanyar ɗaukar ma'aikata ƙwararru ko kuma sauƙaƙe shigar da masu sa kai. A kusa da Ostiraliya Hukumomin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ƙasa da Ƙungiyoyi Masu Zaman Kansu suna ba da horo da kayan aiki ga masu sa kai na al'umma. == Manazarta == mexoca8bw2c3klmi6hkeybxb90zdw9i 0 160734 875792 2026-07-04T10:34:41Z Young ibskeed 46263 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312763742|Stefan Błachowski]]" 875792 wikitext text/x-wiki == Rayuwa == Błachowski ɗa ne ga wani likitan soja, Konstanty Błachowski, da Maria Niklas. Ya kammala karatunsa daga ''Gymnasium'' mai lamba V a [[Lviv|Lwów]] (Lviv) kuma a shekarar 1907 ya fara karatun [[falsafa]], ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kuma ilimin falsafa a Jami'ar Lwów . A shekarar 1909 ya koma Jami'ar Vienna na ɗan lokaci, sannan ya koma [[Jami'ar Göttingen]] (1909–13: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin halitta). A shekarar 1913 ya sake yin nazarin ilmin halitta a Vienna kuma ya yi nasarar kare takardar digirin digirgir a Göttingen. A tsakanin 1914-1919 Błachowski ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Lwów, inda ya kasance mataimakin malami ( ''starszy asystent'' ) kuma daga 1917 mataimakin farfesa ( ''masanin'' falsafa), kuma daga ɗakin karatu na ɗakin karatu na jami'ar 1918. Ya shafe shekaru da yawa (1914-16) yana aiki a Jami'ar Lwów a [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na ɗaya]], kuma a 1918-19 ya shiga aikin sa kai wajen kare [[Lviv|Lwów]] . A shekarar 1919 ya koma Jami'ar Poznań, inda ya kasance mataimakin farfesa ( ''farfesa nadzwyczajny'' ), sannan [[farfesa]] ( ''farfesa zwyczajny'', 1921), darektan Shugaban Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam (1919-60), shugaban ilimin ɗan adam (1934-37), shugaban rector (1938-39 da 1945-46) da kuma shugaban jami'a (1946-48). A shekarar 1945-47 ya kasance memba na Majalisar Ƙasa ( ''Rada Narodowa'' ) a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ( ''Ministerswo Oświaty'' ). A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya gudanar da koyarwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] . Ya yi bincike a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (psychophysiology), ilimin halayyar addini, da kuma ilimin halayyar ƙwaƙwalwa (psychology of memory ). Shi ne mutum na farko a Poland da ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (psychoses) na [[addini]] . Haka nan, shi ne majagaba a nazarin ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa da [[Lissafi|ilimin lissafi]] na Poland. Ya yi nazarin rawar da tunani, ƙwaƙwalwa, ilimi, da tunani ke takawa a cikin ƙirƙirar kimiyya . Ya fara binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Poland a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na wasanni . A shekarun 1930, Błachowski ya taimaka wajen kafa cibiyar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Wilno . Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], a matsayinsa na shugaban jami'a kuma shugaban jami'ar Poznań, ya sake gina cibiyar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ta jami'ar, ɗakin karatu da gidajen farfesoshi, waɗanda Jamusawa suka ƙone. Błachowski ya ci gaba da hulɗa da manyan jami'an duniya da dama a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ciki har da Jean Piaget . Błachowski ya buga sama da nazarin kimiyya ɗari, ciki har da: just * ''O wirtuozach liczb'' (1911) * ''Ilimin ilimin halin dan Adam'' (1912) * ''Kika uwag o Psychology typów matematycznych'' (1912) * ''Pamięć a świadomość'' (1913) * ''Yadda za a yi amfani da trichromatów'' (1913) * ''O pamięci, jej istocie i kształceniu'' (1916) * ''Nastawienia da spostrzeżenia. Studium Psychology'' (1917) * ''O stanie i potrzebach organizacyjnych psychologii w Polsce'' (1918) * ''Matsala myślenia bez słów'' (1918) * ''Chronometryczne badania nad przebiegiem startu'' (1924) * ''Oszkole dla uzdolnionych'' (1924) * ''Taurari mai ban sha'awa'' (1925) * ''W sprawie analizy wybitnych zdolności rachunkowych'' (1925) * ''Kłamstwo'' (1932) * ''Nazarin ilimin halin dan Adam'' (1934) * ''O sztucznych ekstazach i widzeniach'' (1938) == Membobi == * Wakilin Labarai (1946), memba (1948), Kwalejin Ilimi ta Poland . * Ƙungiyar Abokan Ilimi ta Poznań (1920). * Wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar, ƙungiyar nazarin halittu ta Poland (1925). * Co-kafa, Poznań Psychological Society (1930). * Shugaban ƙungiyar likitocin Poland (1948 har zuwa mutuwarsa). * Mataimakin shugaba, Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Halayyar Dan Adam ta Poland (1959–61). * Memba mai daraja, Ƙungiyar Masu tabin hankali ta Poland da Ƙungiyar Masu ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ta Czech. * Mahalarta, Taron Ƙasashen Duniya kan Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam a Berlin, Copenhagen, Moscow, Paris, Prague, Barcelona da Vienna. * Rukunin Jami'ai da Kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Polonia . == Duba kuma == * Tarihin falsafa a Poland * Jerin Sandunan Ƙasa—Kimiyyar zamantakewa * Jerin Turawa—Falsafa == Manazarta == aw9rp57dx3x0n66u5wrp4ja4kjfoksn 875797 875792 2026-07-04T10:35:58Z Young ibskeed 46263 875797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Rayuwa == Błachowski ɗa ne ga wani likitan soja, Konstanty Błachowski, da Maria Niklas. Ya kammala karatunsa daga ''Gymnasium'' mai lamba V a [[Lviv|Lwów]] (Lviv) kuma a shekarar 1907 ya fara karatun [[falsafa]], ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kuma ilimin falsafa a Jami'ar Lwów . A shekarar 1909 ya koma Jami'ar Vienna na ɗan lokaci, sannan ya koma [[Jami'ar Göttingen]] (1909–13: ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin halitta). A shekarar 1913 ya sake yin nazarin ilmin halitta a Vienna kuma ya yi nasarar kare takardar digirin digirgir a Göttingen. A tsakanin 1914-1919 Błachowski ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Lwów, inda ya kasance mataimakin malami ( ''starszy asystent'' ) kuma daga 1917 mataimakin farfesa ( ''masanin'' falsafa), kuma daga ɗakin karatu na ɗakin karatu na jami'ar 1918. Ya shafe shekaru da yawa (1914-16) yana aiki a Jami'ar Lwów a [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na ɗaya]], kuma a 1918-19 ya shiga aikin sa kai wajen kare [[Lviv|Lwów]] . A shekarar 1919 ya koma Jami'ar Poznań, inda ya kasance mataimakin farfesa ( ''farfesa nadzwyczajny'' ), sannan [[farfesa]] ( ''farfesa zwyczajny'', 1921), darektan Shugaban Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam (1919-60), shugaban ilimin ɗan adam (1934-37), shugaban rector (1938-39 da 1945-46) da kuma shugaban jami'a (1946-48). A shekarar 1945-47 ya kasance memba na Majalisar Ƙasa ( ''Rada Narodowa'' ) a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ( ''Ministerswo Oświaty'' ). A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya gudanar da koyarwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] . Ya yi bincike a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (psychophysiology), ilimin halayyar addini, da kuma ilimin halayyar ƙwaƙwalwa (psychology of memory ). Shi ne mutum na farko a Poland da ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (psychoses) na [[addini]] . Haka nan, shi ne majagaba a nazarin ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa da [[Lissafi|ilimin lissafi]] na Poland. Ya yi nazarin rawar da tunani, ƙwaƙwalwa, ilimi, da tunani ke takawa a cikin ƙirƙirar kimiyya . Ya fara binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Poland a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na wasanni . A shekarun 1930, Błachowski ya taimaka wajen kafa cibiyar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Wilno . Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], a matsayinsa na shugaban jami'a kuma shugaban jami'ar Poznań, ya sake gina cibiyar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ta jami'ar, ɗakin karatu da gidajen farfesoshi, waɗanda Jamusawa suka ƙone. Błachowski ya ci gaba da hulɗa da manyan jami'an duniya da dama a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ciki har da Jean Piaget . Błachowski ya buga sama da nazarin kimiyya ɗari, ciki har da: just * ''O wirtuozach liczb'' (1911) * ''Ilimin ilimin halin dan Adam'' (1912) * ''Kika uwag o Psychology typów matematycznych'' (1912) * ''Pamięć a świadomość'' (1913) * ''Yadda za a yi amfani da trichromatów'' (1913) * ''O pamięci, jej istocie i kształceniu'' (1916) * ''Nastawienia da spostrzeżenia. Studium Psychology'' (1917) * ''O stanie i potrzebach organizacyjnych psychologii w Polsce'' (1918) * ''Matsala myślenia bez słów'' (1918) * ''Chronometryczne badania nad przebiegiem startu'' (1924) * ''Oszkole dla uzdolnionych'' (1924) * ''Taurari mai ban sha'awa'' (1925) * ''W sprawie analizy wybitnych zdolności rachunkowych'' (1925) * ''Kłamstwo'' (1932) * ''Nazarin ilimin halin dan Adam'' (1934) * ''O sztucznych ekstazach i widzeniach'' (1938) == Membobi == * Wakilin Labarai (1946), memba (1948), Kwalejin Ilimi ta Poland . * Ƙungiyar Abokan Ilimi ta Poznań (1920). * Wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar, ƙungiyar nazarin halittu ta Poland (1925). * Co-kafa, Poznań Psychological Society (1930). * Shugaban ƙungiyar likitocin Poland (1948 har zuwa mutuwarsa). * Mataimakin shugaba, Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Halayyar Dan Adam ta Poland (1959–61). * Memba mai daraja, Ƙungiyar Masu tabin hankali ta Poland da Ƙungiyar Masu ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ta Czech. * Mahalarta, Taron Ƙasashen Duniya kan Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam a Berlin, Copenhagen, Moscow, Paris, Prague, Barcelona da Vienna. * Rukunin Jami'ai da Kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Polonia . == Duba kuma == * Tarihin falsafa a Poland * Jerin Sandunan Ƙasa—Kimiyyar zamantakewa * Jerin Turawa—Falsafa == Manazarta == dkp3vdywdhkuwko7twz9nhz7hu5rvr0 0 160735 875807 2026-07-04T10:46:07Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357232390|Yomi Adegoke]]" 875807 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Yomi Adegoke''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1991) 'yar jarida ce kuma marubuciya 'yar Birtaniya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Adegoke 'yar asalin [[Najeriya]] ce. An haife ta a Canning Town, gabashin London, Birtaniya, kuma ta girma a Croydon . <ref name="Akbar 2018">{{Cite web |last=Akbar |first=Arifa |date=2018-06-24 |title=How to be a black woman and succeed: two friends who have written the manual |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/24/black-girl-woman-bible-elizabeth-uviebinene-yomi-adegoke-slay-your-lane |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Warwick kuma ta karanci shari'a. <ref name="Akbar 2018" /> 'Yar uwarta, Yemisi Adegoke, 'yar jarida ce a [[BBC]] Africa. <ref name="Akbar 2018" /> Ta yi shekara guda a jami'a kuma a shekarar 2013 ta kafa ''mujallar Birthday Magazine'', wata mujalla da aka yi niyya ga 'yan mata bakar fata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yomi Adegoke |url=http://blakefriedmann.co.uk/yomi-adegoke/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111043645/http://blakefriedmann.co.uk/yomi-adegoke/ |archive-date=11 November 2018 |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=Blake Friedmann |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mujallar ta tattauna batun launin fata, al'adun pop da kuma mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Black Talk – Do we live in a post racial society? |url=https://www.warwicksu.com/events/20772/12960/ |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=www.warwicksu.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sana'a == Adegoke ta yi rubutu a ''[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]'', ''The Independent'' da The Pool . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yomi Adegoke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/yomi-adegoke |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The Dots ta zaɓe ta a matsayin mace wadda ke "sake fasalta masana'antar kere-kere". <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2018 |title=Slay In Your Lane: In Conversation with Yomi Adegoke and Elizabeth Uviebinené |url=https://womenslibrary.org.uk/event/slay-in-your-lane/ |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=Glasgow Women's Library |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim ɗin An ''Evening Standard'' ya haɗa da ita a cikin "majagaba na gaba". Ta yi Allah wadai da wariyar launin fata a harabar jami'a. Ta yi aiki a Channel 4 News . A cikin wani rubutu da aka buga a watan Yunin 2019 a Medium, Adegoke ya ƙirƙiro taken "The Disposable Black Girlfriend", <ref name="DBGtrope">{{Cite web |last=Adegoke |first=Yomi |date=7 June 2019 |title=The rise and rise of the "Disposable Black Girlfriend" |url=https://medium.com/@yomiadegoke/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-disposable-black-girlfriend-48e1414e995c |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=Medium}}</ref> wanda tun daga lokacin ya shahara. ra'ayi wanda tun daga lokacin aka karɓe shi sosai a cikin nazarin kafofin watsa labarai da sukar al'adu don nazarin alamun da wakilcin haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2026 |title=Disposable Black Girlfriend |url=https://fanlore.org/wiki/Disposable_Black_Girlfriend |access-date=1 June 2026 |website=Fanlore}}</ref> Yana bayyana wani tsari mai maimaitawa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai inda ake gabatar da mata baƙaƙe, waɗanda galibi ake sanya su a matsayin budurwa ko masoya, kawai don su zama abin da ke janye hankali daga farin "soyayyar gaskiya" ta jarumin. <ref name="DBGtrope" /> === ''Kashe a Layinka'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Adegoke ta yi aiki tare da Elizabeth Uviebinené don rubuta ''Slay in Your Lane: The Black Girl Bible'' . Mawallafa tara sun yi fafutukar neman haƙƙin littafin, inda Adegoke da Uviebinené suka lashe jimillar kuɗi biyar. <ref name="Akbar 2018">{{Cite web |last=Akbar |first=Arifa |date=2018-06-24 |title=How to be a black woman and succeed: two friends who have written the manual |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/24/black-girl-woman-bible-elizabeth-uviebinene-yomi-adegoke-slay-your-lane |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkbar2018">Akbar, Arifa (24 June 2018). </cite></ref> 4th Estate ( HarperCollins ) ne suka buga shi a shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onwuemezi |first=Natasha |date=2018-06-16 |title=Yomi Adegoke & Elizabeth Uviebinené {{!}} 'Just because something is by black women and about black women, that doesn't mean that it can't be mainstream' |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/profile/yomi-adegoke-elizabeth-uviebinen-just-because-something-black-women-and-about-black-women |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=The Bookseller |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana shi a matsayin "jagora ga rayuwa ga tsarar mata baƙar fata". Don rubuta littafin, Adegoke da Uviebinené sun yi hira da mata baƙar fata da dama, ciki har da [[Malorie Blackman]], Denise Lewis, jamelia, Laura Mvula, Clara Amfo, Karen Blackett, June Sarpong, [[Margaret Busby]] da Estelle . <ref name="Akbar 2018" /> Littafin ya ƙunshi aiki, ilimi, kuɗi, soyayya da lafiya, da kuma wakilcin kafofin watsa labarai na mata baƙar fata. BBC Radio 4 ta zaɓe shi a matsayin Littafin Mako a watan Yulin 2018. Sun tattauna littafin a Cibiyar Southbank don Bikin Adabi ta London. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slay in Your Lane |url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/whats-on/129689-slay-your-lane-2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111043641/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/whats-on/129689-slay-your-lane-2018 |archive-date=11 November 2018 |access-date=2018-11-10 |publisher=Southbank Centre}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun tattauna nasarar littafin sosai, a manyan kafofin watsa labarai da kuma tattaunawar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 6 Music - Amy Lamé, With Elizabeth Uviebinene and Yomi Adegoke on their new book Slay In Your Lane: The Black Girl Bible |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bbtnjf |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=Who's Included? Black Women and the Workplace |url=https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/equity-diversity-and-inclusion/News-and-events/Whos-Included-Black-Women-and-the-Workplace |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=info.lse.ac.uk |publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parke |first=Phoebe |date=2018-08-08 |title=Slay In Your Lane: Why 2018's Black Girl Bible Is Supposed To Make You Feel Uncomfortable |url=https://graziadaily.co.uk/life/books/slay-in-your-lane-interview/ |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=Grazia |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan kammala littafin, a watan Afrilun 2020, Adegoke da Uviebinené suka ƙaddamar ''da Slay in Your Lane: The Podcast'', wanda ya ci gaba da nazarin labarai da batutuwan al'adu na jama'a daga mahangar mata baƙar fata 'yan Birtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slay In Your Lane: The Podcast |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/slay-in-your-lane-the-podcast/id1507952186#episodeGuid=0ad3439a-cd87-46e9-9d62-3bb2c5276e39 |access-date=28 April 2020 |website=Apple Podcasts Preview}}</ref> === ''Jerin'' === A shekarar 2023, Adegoke ta buga littafinta na farko, The List, tare da littattafan 4th Estate (wani bugu na HarperCollins ). [1] Littafin ya bi diddigin ma'auratan intanet Ola da Michael a lokacin da suke shirin aurensu, da kuma yadda dangantakarsu ke shafar lokacin da aka saka sunan Michael a cikin jerin masu cin zarafin yanar gizo da ba a san ko su waye ba. Littafin ya bincika fannoni masu ban mamaki na al'adun intanet da tsarin daukar nauyin alhaki. [2] An zabi shi don kyaututtukan littattafai na Burtaniya, [3] da kuma zabarsa a matsayin zabin kungiyar littattafai ta Good Morning America. [4] A shekarar 2023, an sanar da cewa Adegoke za ta ƙirƙiri kuma ta gudanar da aikin shirya wani shiri na talabijin na littafin tare da HBO Max, BBC da A24 . [5] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gm7p3bkqdkk4m23y4g8vn9al4bq62co 875809 875807 2026-07-04T10:47:02Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 875809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Yomi Adegoke''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1991) 'yar jarida ce kuma marubuciya 'yar Birtaniya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Adegoke 'yar asalin [[Najeriya]] ce. An haife ta a Canning Town, gabashin London, Birtaniya, kuma ta girma a Croydon . <ref name="Akbar 2018">{{Cite web |last=Akbar |first=Arifa |date=2018-06-24 |title=How to be a black woman and succeed: two friends who have written the manual |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/24/black-girl-woman-bible-elizabeth-uviebinene-yomi-adegoke-slay-your-lane |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Warwick kuma ta karanci shari'a. <ref name="Akbar 2018" /> 'Yar uwarta, Yemisi Adegoke, 'yar jarida ce a [[BBC]] Africa. <ref name="Akbar 2018" /> Ta yi shekara guda a jami'a kuma a shekarar 2013 ta kafa ''mujallar Birthday Magazine'', wata mujalla da aka yi niyya ga 'yan mata bakar fata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yomi Adegoke |url=http://blakefriedmann.co.uk/yomi-adegoke/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111043645/http://blakefriedmann.co.uk/yomi-adegoke/ |archive-date=11 November 2018 |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=Blake Friedmann |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mujallar ta tattauna batun launin fata, al'adun pop da kuma mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Black Talk – Do we live in a post racial society? |url=https://www.warwicksu.com/events/20772/12960/ |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=www.warwicksu.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sana'a == Adegoke ta yi rubutu a ''[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]'', ''The Independent'' da The Pool . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yomi Adegoke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/yomi-adegoke |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The Dots ta zaɓe ta a matsayin mace wadda ke "sake fasalta masana'antar kere-kere". <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2018 |title=Slay In Your Lane: In Conversation with Yomi Adegoke and Elizabeth Uviebinené |url=https://womenslibrary.org.uk/event/slay-in-your-lane/ |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=Glasgow Women's Library |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim ɗin An ''Evening Standard'' ya haɗa da ita a cikin "majagaba na gaba". Ta yi Allah wadai da wariyar launin fata a harabar jami'a. Ta yi aiki a Channel 4 News . A cikin wani rubutu da aka buga a watan Yunin 2019 a Medium, Adegoke ya ƙirƙiro taken "The Disposable Black Girlfriend", <ref name="DBGtrope">{{Cite web |last=Adegoke |first=Yomi |date=7 June 2019 |title=The rise and rise of the "Disposable Black Girlfriend" |url=https://medium.com/@yomiadegoke/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-disposable-black-girlfriend-48e1414e995c |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=Medium}}</ref> wanda tun daga lokacin ya shahara. ra'ayi wanda tun daga lokacin aka karɓe shi sosai a cikin nazarin kafofin watsa labarai da sukar al'adu don nazarin alamun da wakilcin haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2026 |title=Disposable Black Girlfriend |url=https://fanlore.org/wiki/Disposable_Black_Girlfriend |access-date=1 June 2026 |website=Fanlore}}</ref> Yana bayyana wani tsari mai maimaitawa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai inda ake gabatar da mata baƙaƙe, waɗanda galibi ake sanya su a matsayin budurwa ko masoya, kawai don su zama abin da ke janye hankali daga farin "soyayyar gaskiya" ta jarumin. <ref name="DBGtrope" /> === ''Kashe a Layinka'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Adegoke ta yi aiki tare da Elizabeth Uviebinené don rubuta ''Slay in Your Lane: The Black Girl Bible'' . Mawallafa tara sun yi fafutukar neman haƙƙin littafin, inda Adegoke da Uviebinené suka lashe jimillar kuɗi biyar. <ref name="Akbar 2018">{{Cite web |last=Akbar |first=Arifa |date=2018-06-24 |title=How to be a black woman and succeed: two friends who have written the manual |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/24/black-girl-woman-bible-elizabeth-uviebinene-yomi-adegoke-slay-your-lane |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkbar2018">Akbar, Arifa (24 June 2018). </cite></ref> 4th Estate ( HarperCollins ) ne suka buga shi a shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onwuemezi |first=Natasha |date=2018-06-16 |title=Yomi Adegoke & Elizabeth Uviebinené {{!}} 'Just because something is by black women and about black women, that doesn't mean that it can't be mainstream' |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/profile/yomi-adegoke-elizabeth-uviebinen-just-because-something-black-women-and-about-black-women |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=The Bookseller |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana shi a matsayin "jagora ga rayuwa ga tsarar mata baƙar fata". Don rubuta littafin, Adegoke da Uviebinené sun yi hira da mata baƙar fata da dama, ciki har da [[Malorie Blackman]], Denise Lewis, jamelia, Laura Mvula, Clara Amfo, Karen Blackett, June Sarpong, [[Margaret Busby]] da Estelle . <ref name="Akbar 2018" /> Littafin ya ƙunshi aiki, ilimi, kuɗi, soyayya da lafiya, da kuma wakilcin kafofin watsa labarai na mata baƙar fata. BBC Radio 4 ta zaɓe shi a matsayin Littafin Mako a watan Yulin 2018. Sun tattauna littafin a Cibiyar Southbank don Bikin Adabi ta London. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slay in Your Lane |url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/whats-on/129689-slay-your-lane-2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111043641/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/whats-on/129689-slay-your-lane-2018 |archive-date=11 November 2018 |access-date=2018-11-10 |publisher=Southbank Centre}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun tattauna nasarar littafin sosai, a manyan kafofin watsa labarai da kuma tattaunawar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 6 Music - Amy Lamé, With Elizabeth Uviebinene and Yomi Adegoke on their new book Slay In Your Lane: The Black Girl Bible |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bbtnjf |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=Who's Included? Black Women and the Workplace |url=https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/equity-diversity-and-inclusion/News-and-events/Whos-Included-Black-Women-and-the-Workplace |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=info.lse.ac.uk |publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parke |first=Phoebe |date=2018-08-08 |title=Slay In Your Lane: Why 2018's Black Girl Bible Is Supposed To Make You Feel Uncomfortable |url=https://graziadaily.co.uk/life/books/slay-in-your-lane-interview/ |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=Grazia |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan kammala littafin, a watan Afrilun 2020, Adegoke da Uviebinené suka ƙaddamar ''da Slay in Your Lane: The Podcast'', wanda ya ci gaba da nazarin labarai da batutuwan al'adu na jama'a daga mahangar mata baƙar fata 'yan Birtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slay In Your Lane: The Podcast |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/slay-in-your-lane-the-podcast/id1507952186#episodeGuid=0ad3439a-cd87-46e9-9d62-3bb2c5276e39 |access-date=28 April 2020 |website=Apple Podcasts Preview}}</ref> === ''Jerin'' === A shekarar 2023, Adegoke ta buga littafinta na farko, The List, tare da littattafan 4th Estate (wani bugu na HarperCollins ). [1] Littafin ya bi diddigin ma'auratan intanet Ola da Michael a lokacin da suke shirin aurensu, da kuma yadda dangantakarsu ke shafar lokacin da aka saka sunan Michael a cikin jerin masu cin zarafin yanar gizo da ba a san ko su waye ba. Littafin ya bincika fannoni masu ban mamaki na al'adun intanet da tsarin daukar nauyin alhaki. [2] An zabi shi don kyaututtukan littattafai na Burtaniya, [3] da kuma zabarsa a matsayin zabin kungiyar littattafai ta Good Morning America. [4] A shekarar 2023, an sanar da cewa Adegoke za ta ƙirƙiri kuma ta gudanar da aikin shirya wani shiri na talabijin na littafin tare da HBO Max, BBC da A24 . [5] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 764tfka0z8zju8evp1bl4azyv82b4ml 875834 875809 2026-07-04T11:14:48Z Gwanki 3834 875834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yomi Adegoke''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1991) 'yar jarida ce kuma marubuciya 'yar Birtaniya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Adegoke 'yar asalin [[Najeriya]] ce. An haife ta a Canning Town, gabashin London, Birtaniya, kuma ta girma a Croydon . <ref name="Akbar 2018">{{Cite web |last=Akbar |first=Arifa |date=2018-06-24 |title=How to be a black woman and succeed: two friends who have written the manual |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/24/black-girl-woman-bible-elizabeth-uviebinene-yomi-adegoke-slay-your-lane |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Warwick kuma ta karanci shari'a. <ref name="Akbar 2018" /> 'Yar uwarta, Yemisi Adegoke, 'yar jarida ce a [[BBC]] Africa. <ref name="Akbar 2018" /> Ta yi shekara guda a jami'a kuma a shekarar 2013 ta kafa ''mujallar Birthday Magazine'', wata mujalla da aka yi niyya ga 'yan mata bakar fata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yomi Adegoke |url=http://blakefriedmann.co.uk/yomi-adegoke/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111043645/http://blakefriedmann.co.uk/yomi-adegoke/ |archive-date=11 November 2018 |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=Blake Friedmann |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mujallar ta tattauna batun launin fata, al'adun pop da kuma mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Black Talk – Do we live in a post racial society? |url=https://www.warwicksu.com/events/20772/12960/ |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=www.warwicksu.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sana'a == Adegoke ta yi rubutu a ''[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]'', ''The Independent'' da The Pool . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yomi Adegoke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/yomi-adegoke |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The Dots ta zaɓe ta a matsayin mace wadda ke "sake fasalta masana'antar kere-kere". <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2018 |title=Slay In Your Lane: In Conversation with Yomi Adegoke and Elizabeth Uviebinené |url=https://womenslibrary.org.uk/event/slay-in-your-lane/ |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=Glasgow Women's Library |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim ɗin An ''Evening Standard'' ya haɗa da ita a cikin "majagaba na gaba". Ta yi Allah wadai da wariyar launin fata a harabar jami'a. Ta yi aiki a Channel 4 News . A cikin wani rubutu da aka buga a watan Yunin 2019 a Medium, Adegoke ya ƙirƙiro taken "The Disposable Black Girlfriend", <ref name="DBGtrope">{{Cite web |last=Adegoke |first=Yomi |date=7 June 2019 |title=The rise and rise of the "Disposable Black Girlfriend" |url=https://medium.com/@yomiadegoke/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-disposable-black-girlfriend-48e1414e995c |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=Medium}}</ref> wanda tun daga lokacin ya shahara. ra'ayi wanda tun daga lokacin aka karɓe shi sosai a cikin nazarin kafofin watsa labarai da sukar al'adu don nazarin alamun da wakilcin haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2026 |title=Disposable Black Girlfriend |url=https://fanlore.org/wiki/Disposable_Black_Girlfriend |access-date=1 June 2026 |website=Fanlore}}</ref> Yana bayyana wani tsari mai maimaitawa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai inda ake gabatar da mata baƙaƙe, waɗanda galibi ake sanya su a matsayin budurwa ko masoya, kawai don su zama abin da ke janye hankali daga farin "soyayyar gaskiya" ta jarumin. <ref name="DBGtrope" /> === ''Kashe a Layinka'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Adegoke ta yi aiki tare da Elizabeth Uviebinené don rubuta ''Slay in Your Lane: The Black Girl Bible'' . Mawallafa tara sun yi fafutukar neman haƙƙin littafin, inda Adegoke da Uviebinené suka lashe jimillar kuɗi biyar. <ref name="Akbar 2018">{{Cite web |last=Akbar |first=Arifa |date=2018-06-24 |title=How to be a black woman and succeed: two friends who have written the manual |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/24/black-girl-woman-bible-elizabeth-uviebinene-yomi-adegoke-slay-your-lane |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkbar2018">Akbar, Arifa (24 June 2018). </cite></ref> 4th Estate ( HarperCollins ) ne suka buga shi a shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onwuemezi |first=Natasha |date=2018-06-16 |title=Yomi Adegoke & Elizabeth Uviebinené {{!}} 'Just because something is by black women and about black women, that doesn't mean that it can't be mainstream' |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/profile/yomi-adegoke-elizabeth-uviebinen-just-because-something-black-women-and-about-black-women |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=The Bookseller |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana shi a matsayin "jagora ga rayuwa ga tsarar mata baƙar fata". Don rubuta littafin, Adegoke da Uviebinené sun yi hira da mata baƙar fata da dama, ciki har da [[Malorie Blackman]], Denise Lewis, jamelia, Laura Mvula, Clara Amfo, Karen Blackett, June Sarpong, [[Margaret Busby]] da Estelle . <ref name="Akbar 2018" /> Littafin ya ƙunshi aiki, ilimi, kuɗi, soyayya da lafiya, da kuma wakilcin kafofin watsa labarai na mata baƙar fata. BBC Radio 4 ta zaɓe shi a matsayin Littafin Mako a watan Yulin 2018. Sun tattauna littafin a Cibiyar Southbank don Bikin Adabi ta London. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slay in Your Lane |url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/whats-on/129689-slay-your-lane-2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111043641/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/whats-on/129689-slay-your-lane-2018 |archive-date=11 November 2018 |access-date=2018-11-10 |publisher=Southbank Centre}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun tattauna nasarar littafin sosai, a manyan kafofin watsa labarai da kuma tattaunawar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 6 Music - Amy Lamé, With Elizabeth Uviebinene and Yomi Adegoke on their new book Slay In Your Lane: The Black Girl Bible |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bbtnjf |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=Who's Included? Black Women and the Workplace |url=https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/equity-diversity-and-inclusion/News-and-events/Whos-Included-Black-Women-and-the-Workplace |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=info.lse.ac.uk |publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parke |first=Phoebe |date=2018-08-08 |title=Slay In Your Lane: Why 2018's Black Girl Bible Is Supposed To Make You Feel Uncomfortable |url=https://graziadaily.co.uk/life/books/slay-in-your-lane-interview/ |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=Grazia |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan kammala littafin, a watan Afrilun 2020, Adegoke da Uviebinené suka ƙaddamar ''da Slay in Your Lane: The Podcast'', wanda ya ci gaba da nazarin labarai da batutuwan al'adu na jama'a daga mahangar mata baƙar fata 'yan Birtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slay In Your Lane: The Podcast |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/slay-in-your-lane-the-podcast/id1507952186#episodeGuid=0ad3439a-cd87-46e9-9d62-3bb2c5276e39 |access-date=28 April 2020 |website=Apple Podcasts Preview}}</ref> === ''Jerin'' === A shekarar 2023, Adegoke ta buga littafinta na farko, The List, tare da littattafan 4th Estate (wani bugu na HarperCollins ). [1] Littafin ya bi diddigin ma'auratan intanet Ola da Michael a lokacin da suke shirin aurensu, da kuma yadda dangantakarsu ke shafar lokacin da aka saka sunan Michael a cikin jerin masu cin zarafin yanar gizo da ba a san ko su waye ba. Littafin ya bincika fannoni masu ban mamaki na al'adun intanet da tsarin daukar nauyin alhaki. [2] An zabi shi don kyaututtukan littattafai na Burtaniya, [3] da kuma zabarsa a matsayin zabin kungiyar littattafai ta Good Morning America. [4] A shekarar 2023, an sanar da cewa Adegoke za ta ƙirƙiri kuma ta gudanar da aikin shirya wani shiri na talabijin na littafin tare da HBO Max, BBC da A24 . [5] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gqk8cwsy6xggytbwrouc7m2szklvkc2 0 160736 875812 2026-07-04T10:48:31Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357015083|South China Sea Islands]]" 875812 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China''' sun ƙunshi [[Tsibirin|tsibirai]] sama da 250, atolls, ceys, shoals, reefs, da kuma tuddan ruwa a Tekun Kudancin China. Tsibiran galibi ƙanana ne kuma ƙanana ne kuma ba su da mazauna da yawa. Tsibiran da ke kewaye suna fuskantar iƙirarin mallakar yankuna daga ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da Tekun Kudancin China. Tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China sun ƙunshi wani yanki na musamman na [[Kudancin zafi da na subtropical mai laushi|dazuzzukan ƙasa mai danshi mai faɗi]] da kuma yankin teku na Tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China. == Yanayin ƙasa == An raba tsibiran, manyan koguna da kuma reefs zuwa tsibirai uku, tare da Tsibiran Zhongsha (Bankin Macclesfield da Scarborough Shoal). Tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China kamar yadda aka bayyana a nan sun ƙunshi [[Tsibirin|tsibiran]] teku amma ba su haɗa da tsibiran nahiyar teku ba (kamar Hainan da Natuna). Gabaɗaya, suna da jimillar faɗin ƙasa ƙasa da {{Cvt|15|km2}} a ƙarancin ruwan teku. Ƙungiyoyin tsibirin sun haɗa da: * Tsibiran Paracel, waɗanda aka yi takaddama a kansu tsakanin [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China]] (PRC), [[Taiwan|Jamhuriyar China]] (ROC, wanda aka fi sani da Taiwan), da Vietnam. Jamhuriyar PRC ta mamaye su bayan Yaƙin Tsibiran Paracel (1974). * Tsibirin Pratas da kuma bankunan Vereker, wadanda aka yi takaddama a kansu tsakanin PRC da ROC, wadanda ROC ta mamaye. * Tsibiran Spratly, waɗanda aka yi jayayya a kansu tsakanin PRC, ROC, da [[Vietnam]] (kuma a wani ɓangare na [[Brunei]], [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], da [[Filipin|Philippines]], suna da'awar sassa daban-daban na tsibiran).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2015 |title=An interactive look at claims on the South China Sea |url=http://graphics.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/Interactives/2016/02/turf-wars-on-the-south-china-sea/index.html |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=The Straits Times}}</ref> ** James Shoal ** Tsibirin Taiping ** Zhongzhou Reef * Tsibiran Zhongsha ** Bankin Macclesfield (ba tare da wata ƙasa a saman matakin teku ba ), an yi takaddama tsakanin PRC,<ref>{{Cite web |title=中沙群岛：隐伏在海下的暗沙群 |url=http://www.sansha.gov.cn/page.php?xuh=654 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914213022/http://www.sansha.gov.cn/page.php?xuh=654 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref> ROC<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2005 |title=Limits in the Seas – No. 127 Taiwan's Maritime Claims |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/57674.pdf |access-date=1 July 2012 |publisher=United States Department of State}}</ref> da Philippines. *** Walker Shoal ** Scarborough Shoal (wanda duwatsu ne kawai suka yi sama da matakin teku), rikicin da ake yi tsakanin PRC, ROC, da Philippines. ** Truro Shoal (Sianfa Ansha or Shianfa Ansha 特魯暗沙; 16°20′N 116°44′E) === Ilimin ƙasa === {{Spratly Islands OSM}}An yi nazari sosai kan ilimin ƙasa saboda albarkatun da za a iya amfani da su kamar mai da iskar gas kuma yana da sarkakiya. Ƙasashen teku ya ƙunshi dutse Paleozoic da Mesozoic da duwatsu masu kama da juna. Tsibiran galibi suna da murjani masu shekaru daban-daban da kuma siffofi daban-daban. Wasu an faɗaɗa su ta hanyar wucin gadi. A Tsibiran Spratly, akwai wani babban mutum mai shekaru sama da {{Cvt|100|km}} a fadin, wanda ya haɗa da Bankin Reed da Bankin Nares a cikin tsarin ilimin ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NGA Bathymetric Chart 91005 |url=https://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=91005 |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> [[Ramin shuɗi]] na biyu mafi zurfi (ramin ƙarƙashin ruwa) a duniya yana cikin Tsibirin Paracel a Dragon Hole.<ref name="Alcérreca-Huerta et al. 2024">{{Cite journal |last=Alcérreca-Huerta |first=Juan Carlos |last2=Reyes-Mendoza |first2=Oscar F. |last3=Sánchez-Sánchez |first3=Joan A. |last4=Álvarez-Legorreta |first4=Teresa |last5=Carrillo |first5=Laura |date=2024 |title=Recent records of thermohaline profiles and water depth in the Taam ja' Blue Hole (Chetumal Bay, Mexico) |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=11 |bibcode=2024FrMaS..1187235A |doi=10.3389/fmars.2024.1387235 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yanayi == Tsibiran Paracel suna da yanayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi a teku. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine {{Cvt|1130|mm}}, tare da bambancin yanayi mai ƙarfi. Daga Mayu zuwa Agusta, iskar ciniki ta kudu maso yamma tana kawo ruwan sama ga tsibiran, tare da ruwan sama mafi yawa a watan Yuni ({{Cvt|226|mm}}). Damina a arewa maso gabas tana kawo lokacin rani, inda watan Disamba ke samun ƙarancin ruwan sama (kimanin {{Cvt|3.3|mm}} ). Tsibiran Spratly suna da yanayi mai zafi. Matsakaicin zafin shekara shine {{Cvt|27|C}} kuma yana farawa daga {{Cvt|30|C}} tsakanin Mayu da Agusta zuwa {{Cvt|25|C}} a lokacin hunturu. Ruwan sama yana sauka a matsakaici tsakanin {{Cvt|1800|to|2200|mm}} kowace shekara. Damina a kudu maso yamma daga watan Mayu zuwa Nuwamba tana kawo lokacin damina na watanni biyar, kuma lokacin rani na watanni bakwai ya haɗa da damina a kudu maso gabas daga Maris zuwa Afrilu. == Flora == Yawancin ƙananan tsibiran ba su da ciyayi. Manyan tsibirai suna tallafawa al'ummomin shuke-shuke na ƙasa waɗanda suka haɗa da dazuzzukan murjani na tsibiri masu koren launi, dazuzzukan kura da kuma ciyawa da ciyawa na bakin teku. Akwai nau'ikan tsire-tsire na ƙasa da na fungi guda 340 da aka rubuta a Tsibirin Paracel, waɗanda suka ƙunshi nau'ikan tsire-tsire 224 a cikin iyalan tsire-tsire 89. Waɗannan sun haɗa da nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu fure guda 312 (angiosperms) da nau'ikan pteridophytes guda biyar (ferns da fern alliens), tare da nau'ikan macrofungi guda 22 (manyan fungi) da nau'in lichen guda ɗaya. Tsibirin Paracel yayi kama da na Tsibirin Hainan da ke arewa. Mutane sun gabatar da wasu shuke-shuke a tsibiran. 'Yan China da Vietnam sun gabatar da wasu nau'ikan 47, ciki har da gyada, [[Dankali|dankalin turawa]] da [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]] daban-daban. == Fauna == Babu wani nau'in dabbobin ƙasa da aka sani a tsibiran. Tsibiran suna ciyar da tsuntsayen teku da kuma yin gida ga adadi mai yawa na tsuntsayen teku, ciki har da ruwan teku mai laushi (''Calonectris leucomelas''), ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa ( ''Sula leucogaster''), ruwan kasa mai launin ja (''S. sula''), ruwan teku mai girma (''Sterna bergii'') da farin tern (''Gygis alba''). [[Kashi|Najasar tsuntsayen]] teku na iya taruwa {{Cvt|10|mm}} zuwa {{Cvt|1|m}} kowace shekara. A tsawon lokaci, suna haifar da tarin guano mai kauri. Kunkuru masu launin kore ( ''Chelonia mydas'' ) da kunkuru masu launin hawksbill ( ''Eretmochelys imbricata'' ) suna zaune a cikin ruwa a kusa da tsibiran kuma suna yin gida a bakin tekun tsibiran. == Tarihi == Daga shekarar 1405 zuwa 1433, [[Zheng He]] ya jagoranci tafiye-tafiyen balaguro zuwa Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Kudancin Asiya, Yammacin Asiya, da Gabashin Afirka a daular Ming a China. A shekarar 1421, Zheng ya shirya taswirar Mao Kun bugu na 6, wadda mutanen China suka fi sani da Taswirar Hanyar Zheng He ( simplified Chinese ), wanda ya haɗa da tsibiran tekun Kudancin China. A ƙarni na 19, a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayar Indochina, [[Faransa]] ta yi iƙirarin mallakar Spratlys har zuwa shekarun 1930, inda ta yi musayar 'yan kaɗan da [[Birtaniya]] . A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], duk tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China mallakar [[Japan]] ne. Jamhuriyar Jama'ar [[Sin|China]], wacce aka kafa a 1949, ta mallaki tsibiran a matsayin wani ɓangare na lardin Canton (Guangdong), daga baya kuma ta mallaki yankin musamman na Hainan . === Sunaye === An tattauna Tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China tun daga ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa a cikin rubuce-rubucen kasar Sin kamar ''Yizhoushu'', ''Waƙoƙin Gargajiya'', ''Zuo Zhuan'', da ''Guoyu'', amma a zahiri a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Yankunan Kudu" ( Chinese ) ko "Tekun Kudu" ({{Lang|zh|南海}}, ''Nán Hǎi'' ). A zamanin daular Qin (221–206 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa), masu gudanar da gwamnati sun kira tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China da "Ƙungiyoyin Tsibirai Uku Masu Sirri" ({{Lang|zh|三神山}}), ''Sān Shén Shān'' ). Amma a lokacin daular Han ta Gabas (23–220), an sake wa Tekun Kudancin China suna "Tekun Rising" ({{Lang|zh|漲海}}, ''Zhǎng Hǎi'' ), don haka ana kiran tsibiran "Tsubiran Teku na Tashi" ({{Lang|zh|漲海崎头}}, ''Zhǎnghǎi Qítóu'' ). A zamanin [[Jin dynasty|daular Jin (266–420)]], an san su da "Tsibirin Coral" ({{Lang|zh|珊瑚洲}}, ''Shānhú Zhōu'' ). Daga daular Tang (618–907) zuwa daular Qing (1644–1912), an yi amfani da sunaye daban-daban ga tsibiran, amma gabaɗaya ''Changsha'' da permutations suna nufin Tsibiran Paracel, yayin da ''Shitang'' yana nufin Tsibiran Spratly. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da, ga Paracels: ''Jiǔrǔ Luózhōu'' ({{Lang|zh|九乳螺洲}} . ), ''Qīzhōu Yáng'' ({{Lang|zh|七洲洋}}), ''Changshā'' ({{Lang|zh|长沙}}), ''Qiānlǐ Chángshā'' ({{Lang|zh|千里长沙}}), da ''Qiānlǐ Shítáng'' ({{Lang|zh|千里石塘}}); don Spratlys: ''Shitáng'' ({{Lang|zh|石塘}}), ''Shichuáng'' ({{Lang|zh|石床}}), ''Wànlǐ Shítáng'' ({{Lang|zh|万里石塘}}), da ''Wànlǐ Chángshā'' ({{Lang|zh|万里长沙}}).<ref name="Shen">{{Cite journal |last=Shen |first=Jianming |year=2002 |title=China's Sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands: A Historical Perspective |journal=Chinese Journal of International Law |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=94–157 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.cjilaw.a000432 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokacin Qing, sunayen ''Qianli Changsha'' da ''Wanli Shitang'' sun shahara, kuma masuntan kasar Sin daga Hainan sun ambaci wasu tsibirai daga cikin kungiyoyin, kodayake Qing ta ayyana manyan tsibirai 15 a hukumance a shekarar 1909. A lokacin mulkin jam'iyyar Republican na kasar Sin (1912–1949), gwamnati ta sanya wa Spratlys ''Tuánshā Qúndǎo'' ({{Lang|zh|团沙群岛}}) suna. ) sai kuma ''Nánshā Qúndǎo'' ({{Lang|zh|南沙群岛}}); Paracels sun kasance ''Xīshā Qúndǎo'' ({{Lang|zh|西沙群岛}}); Hukumomin Republican sun zana taswirar tsibirai, koguna, da bankuna 291 a cikin bincike a cikin 1932, 1935, da 1947. [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China]] ta riƙe sunayen da aka yi a zamanin Republican ga ƙungiyoyin tsibiran, tare da ƙara musu jerin sunaye 287 na tsibirai, koguna, bankuna, da koguna a cikin 1983. <ref name="Shen">{{Cite journal |last=Shen |first=Jianming |year=2002 |title=China's Sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands: A Historical Perspective |journal=Chinese Journal of International Law |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=94–157 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.cjilaw.a000432 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShen2002">Shen, Jianming (2002). </cite></ref> Daga 2011 zuwa 2012, Hukumar Kula da Tekun Jiha ta China ta naɗa tsibirai da tsibirai 1,660 marasa suna a ƙarƙashin ikonta na da'awa; a cikin 2012, China ta sanar da shirin sake ambaton wasu siffofi 1,664 marasa suna nan da watan Agusta 2013. An yi niyyar kamfen ɗin sanya suna ne don ƙarfafa da'awar ikon mallakar China akan Sansha ({{Lang|zh|三沙}} ), birni wanda ya haɗa da tsibiran daga ''Xisha'' (Paracel), ''Nansha'' (Spratly da James Shoal ) da ''Zhongsha'' ({{Lang|zh|中沙}}, ''Zhōngshā'' ; Macclesfield Bank, Scarborough Shoal, da sauransu) ƙungiyoyi. == Albarkatu == Akwai ma'adanai, iskar gas da [[Danyen mai|man fetur]] a tsibiran da kuma ƙarƙashin ƙasan teku da ke kusa, haka kuma akwai yalwar halittun teku, kamar kifi, dabbobi da ciyayi, waɗanda al'adar dukkan ƙasashen da ke da'awar mallakar ƙasa ta shafe dubban shekaru tana amfani da su a matsayin abinci - galibi ba tare da takaddama ba wanda zai iya haifar da yaƙi. A ƙarni na 20, tun lokacin da matsugunan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu suka kasa warware mallakar ƙananan yankuna na ƙasa, tekuna da tsibirai - kuma saboda muhimmancin [[tattalin arziki]], soja, da [[sufuri]] - ikon mallakarsu, musamman na Spratlys, yana cikin takaddama tsakanin China da wasu ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kamar Vietnam, tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 zuwa gaba. Ana raba ainihin matsuguni da iko tsakanin masu da'awar (duba da'awa da iko a ƙasa). == Da'awa da iko == [[Fayil:Bia_VNCH_Truong_Sa_-_Republic_of_Vietnam_Spratly_Islands_Territorial_Marker.JPG|right|thumb|293x293px|Wani abin tunawa na Kudancin Vietnam a Kudu maso Yammacin Cay, Tsibirin Spratly, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa Cay wani ɓangare ne na yankin Vietnam (zuwa Lardin Phước Tuy ). An yi amfani da shi tun daga 22 ga Agusta 1956 har zuwa 1975, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da wani daga [[Vietnam|Jamhuriyar Gurguzu ta Vietnam]] (a da can ita ce Arewacin Vietnam, daga baya a matsayin jihar da ta gaje ta bayan faɗuwar Saigon ).]] [[Fayil:1947_Nanhai_Zhudao.png|right|thumb|318x318px|Taswirar Tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China, wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Yankin Jamhuriyar China ta yi a shekarar 1947, bayan da aka sauya ikon mallakarta daga mamayar Japan.]] Jamhuriyar China (ROC) ta sanya sunayen tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China guda 132 a shekarar 1932 da 1935. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin China ta gabatar da wata zanga-zanga a hukumance ga gwamnatin Faransa bayan ta mamaye Tsibirin Taiping . A shekarar 1947, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta China ta sake wa tsibiran suna zuwa 149. Daga baya, a watan Nuwamba na 1947, an ba wa Sakatariyar Gwamnatin Guangdong ta China izinin buga ''Taswirar Tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China'' . [[Japan|Jafananci]] da [[Faransa]] sun yi watsi da ikirarinsu da zarar an kawo ƙarshen ayyukansu ko mulkin mallaka. A shekarar 1958, [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]] (PRC) ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ta ayyana yankin ruwanta a cikin abin da aka sani da layin da ke da layuka tara wanda ya mamaye Tsibiran Spratly . Firayim Ministan Arewacin Vietnam, Phạm Văn Đồng, ya aika da takardar diflomasiyya zuwa Zhou Enlai, yana mai cewa "Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Vietnam tana girmama wannan shawarar." An rubuta takardar diflomasiyya a ranar 14 ga Satumba kuma an buga ta a jaridar ''Nhan Dan'' (Vietnam) a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1958. Dangane da wannan wasiƙar, an yi muhawara da yawa kan ainihin ma'anarta da kuma dalilin da ya sa Phạm Văn Đồng ya yanke shawarar aika ta zuwa Zhou Enlai . A wata hira da BBC Vietnam, Dr. Balázs Szalontai ya bayar da wannan bincike na wannan batu: An kuma yi jayayya cewa, Phạm Văn Đồng wanda ya wakilci Arewacin Vietnam a wancan lokacin ba shi da ikon yin tsokaci kan wani yanki na yankin Kudancin Vietnam wanda Ngo Dinh Diem ya wakilta. Saboda haka, wasiƙar ba ta da wani amfani na shari'a kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin takardar diflomasiyya don nuna goyon bayan gwamnatin Arewacin Vietnam ga PRC a wancan lokacin. <ref name="TND20140602">{{Cite web |last=Thao Vi |date=2 June 2014 |title=Late Vietnam PM's letter gives no legal basis to China's island claim |url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/politics/late-vietnam-pms-letter-gives-no-legal-basis-to-chinas-island-claim-26821.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606144150/http://thanhniennews.com/politics/late-vietnam-pms-letter-gives-no-legal-basis-to-chinas-island-claim-26821.html |archive-date=6 June 2014 |publisher=Thanh Nien News}}</ref> A China, a shekarar 1959, an sanya tsibiran a ƙarƙashin ofishin gudanarwa (办事处/ ''banshichu'' ). A shekarar 1988, an canza ofishin zuwa ga gwamnatin sabuwar lardin Hainan da aka kafa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">an buƙata ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Jam'iyyar PRC ta yi ikirarin da take yi wa tsibiran da ƙarfi, amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, a ƙarƙashin sabuwar manufar tsaro, jam'iyyar PRC ba ta yi watsi da ikirarinta ba. A cewar Kyodo News, a watan Maris na 2010 jami'an PRC sun shaida wa jami'an Amurka cewa suna ɗaukar Tekun Kudancin China a matsayin "babban sha'awa" idan aka kwatanta da Taiwan, Tibet, da Xinjiang . A watan Yulin 2010, Global Times, wacce Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ke iko da ita, ta ce "China ba za ta taɓa yin watsi da haƙƙinta na kare babban muradun ta da hanyoyin soja ba" kuma wani mai magana da yawun Ma'aikatar Tsaro ya ce "China tana da ikon mallakar Tekun Kudu wanda ba za a iya musantawa ba kuma China tana da isasshen goyon baya na tarihi da na shari'a" don ƙarfafa iƙirarinta. China ta ƙara layin ƙasa mai lamba goma zuwa gabashin tsibirin Taiwan a shekarar 2013 a matsayin wani ɓangare na iƙirarin ikon mallakar ta na yankunan da ake takaddama a kansu a Tekun Kudancin China . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Limits in the Seas |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/234936.pdf |publisher=Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs, U.S. Department of State}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2014 |title=New ten-dashed line map revealed China's ambition |url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/commentaries/new-tendashed-line-map-revealed-chinas-ambition-28816.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722174226/http://www.thanhniennews.com/commentaries/new-tendashed-line-map-revealed-chinas-ambition-28816.html |archive-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> Baya ga Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China da Vietnam, [[Taiwan|Jamhuriyar China]] (watau Taiwan), [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], da [[Filipin|Philippines]] suma suna da'awar kuma suna mamaye wasu tsibirai. Taiwan tana da'awar dukkan Tsibiran Spratly, amma tana da tsibiri ɗaya da shiryayye ɗaya kawai, gami da Tsibirin Taiping. Malaysia tana da tsibirai uku a kan shiryayyen nahiyarta. Philippines tana da'awar yawancin Spratlys kuma tana kiransu Rukunin Tsibiran Kalayaan, kuma suna samar da wata karamar hukuma ta musamman a lardin Palawan. Duk da haka, Philippines tana da tsibirai takwas kacal. Brunei tana da'awar ƙaramin yanki, gami da tsibiran da ke kan Tekun Louisa. Ba a yi ikirarin [[Indonesiya]] a kan kowace tsibiri ba, sai dai a kan haƙƙin teku. (Duba Tekun Kudancin China ) A watan Yulin 2016, a shari'ar Philippines da China, Kotun Sulhu ta Dindindin ta yanke hukunci kan Philippines. Ta fayyace cewa ba za ta "...yi hukunci kan kowace tambaya ta ikon mallakar yankin ƙasa ba kuma ba za ta iyakance kowace iyaka ta teku tsakanin ɓangarorin ba".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=PCA Press Release: The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China) {{!}} PCA-CPA |url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/news/pca-press-release-the-south-china-sea-arbitration-the-republic-of-the-philippines-v-the-peoples-republic-of-china/ |access-date=12 July 2016 |website=pca-cpa.org}}</ref> Kotun ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa China ba ta da "haƙƙin tarihi" bisa taswirar "layi tara". <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Perlez |first=Jane |date=12 July 2016 |title=Tribunal Rejects Beijing's Claims in South China Sea |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/13/world/asia/south-china-sea-hague-ruling-philippines.html |access-date=12 July 2016 |issn=0362-4331 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> China ta yi watsi da hukuncin, kamar yadda [[Taiwan]] ta yi.<ref name="Phillips">{{Cite web |last=Phillips, Tom |last2=Holmes, Oliver |last3=Bowcott, Owen |date=12 July 2016 |title=Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china |access-date=26 July 2016 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zannia |first=Neyla |date=14 July 2016 |title=Taiwan rejects ruling on South China Sea with Taiping Island defined as 'rocks' |url=http://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2016/07/taiwan-rejects-ruling-on-south-china-sea-with-taiping-island-defined-as-rocks/ |access-date=26 July 2016 |publisher=The Online Citizen}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5i1652jzj108p1657594w2dzbbupqm5 875814 875812 2026-07-04T10:50:29Z Nnamadee 31123 875814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China''' sun ƙunshi [[Tsibirin|tsibirai]] sama da 250, atolls, ceys, shoals, reefs, da kuma tuddan ruwa a Tekun Kudancin China. Tsibiran galibi ƙanana ne kuma ƙanana ne kuma ba su da mazauna da yawa. Tsibiran da ke kewaye suna fuskantar iƙirarin mallakar yankuna daga ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da Tekun Kudancin China. Tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China sun ƙunshi wani yanki na musamman na [[Kudancin zafi da na subtropical mai laushi|dazuzzukan ƙasa mai danshi mai faɗi]] da kuma yankin teku na Tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China. == Yanayin ƙasa == An raba tsibiran, manyan koguna da kuma reefs zuwa tsibirai uku, tare da Tsibiran Zhongsha (Bankin Macclesfield da Scarborough Shoal). Tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China kamar yadda aka bayyana a nan sun ƙunshi [[Tsibirin|tsibiran]] teku amma ba su haɗa da tsibiran nahiyar teku ba (kamar Hainan da Natuna). Gabaɗaya, suna da jimillar faɗin ƙasa ƙasa da {{Cvt|15|km2}} a ƙarancin ruwan teku. Ƙungiyoyin tsibirin sun haɗa da: * Tsibiran Paracel, waɗanda aka yi takaddama a kansu tsakanin [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China]] (PRC), [[Taiwan|Jamhuriyar China]] (ROC, wanda aka fi sani da Taiwan), da Vietnam. Jamhuriyar PRC ta mamaye su bayan Yaƙin Tsibiran Paracel (1974). * Tsibirin Pratas da kuma bankunan Vereker, wadanda aka yi takaddama a kansu tsakanin PRC da ROC, wadanda ROC ta mamaye. * Tsibiran Spratly, waɗanda aka yi jayayya a kansu tsakanin PRC, ROC, da [[Vietnam]] (kuma a wani ɓangare na [[Brunei]], [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], da [[Filipin|Philippines]], suna da'awar sassa daban-daban na tsibiran).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2015 |title=An interactive look at claims on the South China Sea |url=http://graphics.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/Interactives/2016/02/turf-wars-on-the-south-china-sea/index.html |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=The Straits Times}}</ref> ** James Shoal ** Tsibirin Taiping ** Zhongzhou Reef * Tsibiran Zhongsha ** Bankin Macclesfield (ba tare da wata ƙasa a saman matakin teku ba ), an yi takaddama tsakanin PRC,<ref>{{Cite web |title=中沙群岛：隐伏在海下的暗沙群 |url=http://www.sansha.gov.cn/page.php?xuh=654 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914213022/http://www.sansha.gov.cn/page.php?xuh=654 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref> ROC<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2005 |title=Limits in the Seas – No. 127 Taiwan's Maritime Claims |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/57674.pdf |access-date=1 July 2012 |publisher=United States Department of State}}</ref> da Philippines. *** Walker Shoal ** Scarborough Shoal (wanda duwatsu ne kawai suka yi sama da matakin teku), rikicin da ake yi tsakanin PRC, ROC, da Philippines. ** Truro Shoal (Sianfa Ansha or Shianfa Ansha 特魯暗沙; 16°20′N 116°44′E) === Ilimin ƙasa === {{Spratly Islands OSM}}An yi nazari sosai kan ilimin ƙasa saboda albarkatun da za a iya amfani da su kamar mai da iskar gas kuma yana da sarkakiya. Ƙasashen teku ya ƙunshi dutse Paleozoic da Mesozoic da duwatsu masu kama da juna. Tsibiran galibi suna da murjani masu shekaru daban-daban da kuma siffofi daban-daban. Wasu an faɗaɗa su ta hanyar wucin gadi. A Tsibiran Spratly, akwai wani babban mutum mai shekaru sama da {{Cvt|100|km}} a fadin, wanda ya haɗa da Bankin Reed da Bankin Nares a cikin tsarin ilimin ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NGA Bathymetric Chart 91005 |url=https://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=91005 |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> [[Ramin shuɗi]] na biyu mafi zurfi (ramin ƙarƙashin ruwa) a duniya yana cikin Tsibirin Paracel a Dragon Hole.<ref name="Alcérreca-Huerta et al. 2024">{{Cite journal |last=Alcérreca-Huerta |first=Juan Carlos |last2=Reyes-Mendoza |first2=Oscar F. |last3=Sánchez-Sánchez |first3=Joan A. |last4=Álvarez-Legorreta |first4=Teresa |last5=Carrillo |first5=Laura |date=2024 |title=Recent records of thermohaline profiles and water depth in the Taam ja' Blue Hole (Chetumal Bay, Mexico) |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=11 |bibcode=2024FrMaS..1187235A |doi=10.3389/fmars.2024.1387235 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yanayi == Tsibiran Paracel suna da yanayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi a teku. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine {{Cvt|1130|mm}}, tare da bambancin yanayi mai ƙarfi. Daga Mayu zuwa Agusta, iskar ciniki ta kudu maso yamma tana kawo ruwan sama ga tsibiran, tare da ruwan sama mafi yawa a watan Yuni ({{Cvt|226|mm}}). Damina a arewa maso gabas tana kawo lokacin rani, inda watan Disamba ke samun ƙarancin ruwan sama (kimanin {{Cvt|3.3|mm}} ). Tsibiran Spratly suna da yanayi mai zafi. Matsakaicin zafin shekara shine {{Cvt|27|C}} kuma yana farawa daga {{Cvt|30|C}} tsakanin Mayu da Agusta zuwa {{Cvt|25|C}} a lokacin hunturu. Ruwan sama yana sauka a matsakaici tsakanin {{Cvt|1800|to|2200|mm}} kowace shekara. Damina a kudu maso yamma daga watan Mayu zuwa Nuwamba tana kawo lokacin damina na watanni biyar, kuma lokacin rani na watanni bakwai ya haɗa da damina a kudu maso gabas daga Maris zuwa Afrilu. == Flora == Yawancin ƙananan tsibiran ba su da ciyayi. Manyan tsibirai suna tallafawa al'ummomin shuke-shuke na ƙasa waɗanda suka haɗa da dazuzzukan murjani na tsibiri masu koren launi, dazuzzukan kura da kuma ciyawa da ciyawa na bakin teku. Akwai nau'ikan tsire-tsire na ƙasa da na fungi guda 340 da aka rubuta a Tsibirin Paracel, waɗanda suka ƙunshi nau'ikan tsire-tsire 224 a cikin iyalan tsire-tsire 89. Waɗannan sun haɗa da nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu fure guda 312 (angiosperms) da nau'ikan pteridophytes guda biyar (ferns da fern alliens), tare da nau'ikan macrofungi guda 22 (manyan fungi) da nau'in lichen guda ɗaya. Tsibirin Paracel yayi kama da na Tsibirin Hainan da ke arewa. Mutane sun gabatar da wasu shuke-shuke a tsibiran. 'Yan China da Vietnam sun gabatar da wasu nau'ikan 47, ciki har da gyada, [[Dankali|dankalin turawa]] da [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]] daban-daban. == Fauna == Babu wani nau'in dabbobin ƙasa da aka sani a tsibiran. Tsibiran suna ciyar da tsuntsayen teku da kuma yin gida ga adadi mai yawa na tsuntsayen teku, ciki har da ruwan teku mai laushi (''Calonectris leucomelas''), ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa ( ''Sula leucogaster''), ruwan kasa mai launin ja (''S. sula''), ruwan teku mai girma (''Sterna bergii'') da farin tern (''Gygis alba''). [[Kashi|Najasar tsuntsayen]] teku na iya taruwa {{Cvt|10|mm}} zuwa {{Cvt|1|m}} kowace shekara. A tsawon lokaci, suna haifar da tarin guano mai kauri. Kunkuru masu launin kore ( ''Chelonia mydas'' ) da kunkuru masu launin hawksbill ( ''Eretmochelys imbricata'' ) suna zaune a cikin ruwa a kusa da tsibiran kuma suna yin gida a bakin tekun tsibiran. == Tarihi == Daga shekarar 1405 zuwa 1433, [[Zheng He]] ya jagoranci tafiye-tafiyen balaguro zuwa Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Kudancin Asiya, Yammacin Asiya, da Gabashin Afirka a daular Ming a China. A shekarar 1421, Zheng ya shirya taswirar Mao Kun bugu na 6, wadda mutanen China suka fi sani da Taswirar Hanyar Zheng He ( simplified Chinese ), wanda ya haɗa da tsibiran tekun Kudancin China. A ƙarni na 19, a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayar Indochina, [[Faransa]] ta yi iƙirarin mallakar Spratlys har zuwa shekarun 1930, inda ta yi musayar 'yan kaɗan da [[Birtaniya]] . A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], duk tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China mallakar [[Japan]] ne. Jamhuriyar Jama'ar [[Sin|China]], wacce aka kafa a 1949, ta mallaki tsibiran a matsayin wani ɓangare na lardin Canton (Guangdong), daga baya kuma ta mallaki yankin musamman na Hainan . === Sunaye === An tattauna Tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China tun daga ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa a cikin rubuce-rubucen kasar Sin kamar ''Yizhoushu'', ''Waƙoƙin Gargajiya'', ''Zuo Zhuan'', da ''Guoyu'', amma a zahiri a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Yankunan Kudu" ( Chinese ) ko "Tekun Kudu" ({{Lang|zh|南海}}, ''Nán Hǎi'' ). A zamanin daular Qin (221–206 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa), masu gudanar da gwamnati sun kira tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China da "Ƙungiyoyin Tsibirai Uku Masu Sirri" ({{Lang|zh|三神山}}), ''Sān Shén Shān'' ). Amma a lokacin daular Han ta Gabas (23–220), an sake wa Tekun Kudancin China suna "Tekun Rising" ({{Lang|zh|漲海}}, ''Zhǎng Hǎi'' ), don haka ana kiran tsibiran "Tsubiran Teku na Tashi" ({{Lang|zh|漲海崎头}}, ''Zhǎnghǎi Qítóu'' ). A zamanin [[Jin dynasty|daular Jin (266–420)]], an san su da "Tsibirin Coral" ({{Lang|zh|珊瑚洲}}, ''Shānhú Zhōu'' ). Daga daular Tang (618–907) zuwa daular Qing (1644–1912), an yi amfani da sunaye daban-daban ga tsibiran, amma gabaɗaya ''Changsha'' da permutations suna nufin Tsibiran Paracel, yayin da ''Shitang'' yana nufin Tsibiran Spratly. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da, ga Paracels: ''Jiǔrǔ Luózhōu'' ({{Lang|zh|九乳螺洲}} . ), ''Qīzhōu Yáng'' ({{Lang|zh|七洲洋}}), ''Changshā'' ({{Lang|zh|长沙}}), ''Qiānlǐ Chángshā'' ({{Lang|zh|千里长沙}}), da ''Qiānlǐ Shítáng'' ({{Lang|zh|千里石塘}}); don Spratlys: ''Shitáng'' ({{Lang|zh|石塘}}), ''Shichuáng'' ({{Lang|zh|石床}}), ''Wànlǐ Shítáng'' ({{Lang|zh|万里石塘}}), da ''Wànlǐ Chángshā'' ({{Lang|zh|万里长沙}}).<ref name="Shen">{{Cite journal |last=Shen |first=Jianming |year=2002 |title=China's Sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands: A Historical Perspective |journal=Chinese Journal of International Law |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=94–157 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.cjilaw.a000432 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokacin Qing, sunayen ''Qianli Changsha'' da ''Wanli Shitang'' sun shahara, kuma masuntan kasar Sin daga Hainan sun ambaci wasu tsibirai daga cikin kungiyoyin, kodayake Qing ta ayyana manyan tsibirai 15 a hukumance a shekarar 1909. A lokacin mulkin jam'iyyar Republican na kasar Sin (1912–1949), gwamnati ta sanya wa Spratlys ''Tuánshā Qúndǎo'' ({{Lang|zh|团沙群岛}}) suna. ) sai kuma ''Nánshā Qúndǎo'' ({{Lang|zh|南沙群岛}}); Paracels sun kasance ''Xīshā Qúndǎo'' ({{Lang|zh|西沙群岛}}); Hukumomin Republican sun zana taswirar tsibirai, koguna, da bankuna 291 a cikin bincike a cikin 1932, 1935, da 1947. [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China]] ta riƙe sunayen da aka yi a zamanin Republican ga ƙungiyoyin tsibiran, tare da ƙara musu jerin sunaye 287 na tsibirai, koguna, bankuna, da koguna a cikin 1983. <ref name="Shen">{{Cite journal |last=Shen |first=Jianming |year=2002 |title=China's Sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands: A Historical Perspective |journal=Chinese Journal of International Law |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=94–157 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.cjilaw.a000432 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShen2002">Shen, Jianming (2002). </cite></ref> Daga 2011 zuwa 2012, Hukumar Kula da Tekun Jiha ta China ta naɗa tsibirai da tsibirai 1,660 marasa suna a ƙarƙashin ikonta na da'awa; a cikin 2012, China ta sanar da shirin sake ambaton wasu siffofi 1,664 marasa suna nan da watan Agusta 2013. An yi niyyar kamfen ɗin sanya suna ne don ƙarfafa da'awar ikon mallakar China akan Sansha ({{Lang|zh|三沙}} ), birni wanda ya haɗa da tsibiran daga ''Xisha'' (Paracel), ''Nansha'' (Spratly da James Shoal ) da ''Zhongsha'' ({{Lang|zh|中沙}}, ''Zhōngshā'' ; Macclesfield Bank, Scarborough Shoal, da sauransu) ƙungiyoyi. == Albarkatu == Akwai ma'adanai, iskar gas da [[Danyen mai|man fetur]] a tsibiran da kuma ƙarƙashin ƙasan teku da ke kusa, haka kuma akwai yalwar halittun teku, kamar kifi, dabbobi da ciyayi, waɗanda al'adar dukkan ƙasashen da ke da'awar mallakar ƙasa ta shafe dubban shekaru tana amfani da su a matsayin abinci - galibi ba tare da takaddama ba wanda zai iya haifar da yaƙi. A ƙarni na 20, tun lokacin da matsugunan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu suka kasa warware mallakar ƙananan yankuna na ƙasa, tekuna da tsibirai - kuma saboda muhimmancin [[tattalin arziki]], soja, da [[sufuri]] - ikon mallakarsu, musamman na Spratlys, yana cikin takaddama tsakanin China da wasu ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kamar Vietnam, tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 zuwa gaba. Ana raba ainihin matsuguni da iko tsakanin masu da'awar (duba da'awa da iko a ƙasa). == Da'awa da iko == [[Fayil:Bia_VNCH_Truong_Sa_-_Republic_of_Vietnam_Spratly_Islands_Territorial_Marker.JPG|right|thumb|293x293px|Wani abin tunawa na Kudancin Vietnam a Kudu maso Yammacin Cay, Tsibirin Spratly, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa Cay wani ɓangare ne na yankin Vietnam (zuwa Lardin Phước Tuy ). An yi amfani da shi tun daga 22 ga Agusta 1956 har zuwa 1975, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da wani daga [[Vietnam|Jamhuriyar Gurguzu ta Vietnam]] (a da can ita ce Arewacin Vietnam, daga baya a matsayin jihar da ta gaje ta bayan faɗuwar Saigon ).]] [[Fayil:1947_Nanhai_Zhudao.png|right|thumb|318x318px|Taswirar Tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China, wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Yankin Jamhuriyar China ta yi a shekarar 1947, bayan da aka sauya ikon mallakarta daga mamayar Japan.]] Jamhuriyar China (ROC) ta sanya sunayen tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China guda 132 a shekarar 1932 da 1935. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin China ta gabatar da wata zanga-zanga a hukumance ga gwamnatin Faransa bayan ta mamaye Tsibirin Taiping . A shekarar 1947, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta China ta sake wa tsibiran suna zuwa 149. Daga baya, a watan Nuwamba na 1947, an ba wa Sakatariyar Gwamnatin Guangdong ta China izinin buga ''Taswirar Tsibiran Tekun Kudancin China.'' [[Japan|Jafananci]] da [[Faransa]] sun yi watsi da ikirarinsu da zarar an kawo ƙarshen ayyukansu ko mulkin mallaka. A shekarar 1958, [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]] (PRC) ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ta ayyana yankin ruwanta a cikin abin da aka sani da layin da ke da layuka tara wanda ya mamaye Tsibiran Spratly . Firayim Ministan Arewacin Vietnam, Phạm Văn Đồng, ya aika da takardar diflomasiyya zuwa Zhou Enlai, yana mai cewa "Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Vietnam tana girmama wannan shawarar." An rubuta takardar diflomasiyya a ranar 14 ga Satumba kuma an buga ta a jaridar ''Nhan Dan'' (Vietnam) a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1958. Dangane da wannan wasiƙar, an yi muhawara da yawa kan ainihin ma'anarta da kuma dalilin da ya sa Phạm Văn Đồng ya yanke shawarar aika ta zuwa Zhou Enlai . A wata hira da BBC Vietnam, Dr. Balázs Szalontai ya bayar da wannan bincike na wannan batu: An kuma yi jayayya cewa, Phạm Văn Đồng wanda ya wakilci Arewacin Vietnam a wancan lokacin ba shi da ikon yin tsokaci kan wani yanki na yankin Kudancin Vietnam wanda Ngo Dinh Diem ya wakilta. Saboda haka, wasiƙar ba ta da wani amfani na shari'a kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin takardar diflomasiyya don nuna goyon bayan gwamnatin Arewacin Vietnam ga PRC a wancan lokacin. <ref name="TND20140602">{{Cite web |last=Thao Vi |date=2 June 2014 |title=Late Vietnam PM's letter gives no legal basis to China's island claim |url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/politics/late-vietnam-pms-letter-gives-no-legal-basis-to-chinas-island-claim-26821.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606144150/http://thanhniennews.com/politics/late-vietnam-pms-letter-gives-no-legal-basis-to-chinas-island-claim-26821.html |archive-date=6 June 2014 |publisher=Thanh Nien News}}</ref> A China, a shekarar 1959, an sanya tsibiran a ƙarƙashin ofishin gudanarwa (办事处/ ''banshichu'' ). A shekarar 1988, an canza ofishin zuwa ga gwamnatin sabuwar lardin Hainan da aka kafa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">an buƙata ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Jam'iyyar PRC ta yi ikirarin da take yi wa tsibiran da ƙarfi, amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, a ƙarƙashin sabuwar manufar tsaro, jam'iyyar PRC ba ta yi watsi da ikirarinta ba. A cewar Kyodo News, a watan Maris na 2010 jami'an PRC sun shaida wa jami'an Amurka cewa suna ɗaukar Tekun Kudancin China a matsayin "babban sha'awa" idan aka kwatanta da Taiwan, Tibet, da Xinjiang . A watan Yulin 2010, Global Times, wacce Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ke iko da ita, ta ce "China ba za ta taɓa yin watsi da haƙƙinta na kare babban muradun ta da hanyoyin soja ba" kuma wani mai magana da yawun Ma'aikatar Tsaro ya ce "China tana da ikon mallakar Tekun Kudu wanda ba za a iya musantawa ba kuma China tana da isasshen goyon baya na tarihi da na shari'a" don ƙarfafa iƙirarinta. China ta ƙara layin ƙasa mai lamba goma zuwa gabashin tsibirin Taiwan a shekarar 2013 a matsayin wani ɓangare na iƙirarin ikon mallakar ta na yankunan da ake takaddama a kansu a Tekun Kudancin China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Limits in the Seas |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/234936.pdf |publisher=Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs, U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2014 |title=New ten-dashed line map revealed China's ambition |url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/commentaries/new-tendashed-line-map-revealed-chinas-ambition-28816.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722174226/http://www.thanhniennews.com/commentaries/new-tendashed-line-map-revealed-chinas-ambition-28816.html |archive-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> Baya ga Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China da Vietnam, [[Taiwan|Jamhuriyar China]] (watau Taiwan), [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], da [[Filipin|Philippines]] suma suna da'awar kuma suna mamaye wasu tsibirai. Taiwan tana da'awar dukkan Tsibiran Spratly, amma tana da tsibiri ɗaya da shiryayye ɗaya kawai, gami da Tsibirin Taiping. Malaysia tana da tsibirai uku a kan shiryayyen nahiyarta. Philippines tana da'awar yawancin Spratlys kuma tana kiransu Rukunin Tsibiran Kalayaan, kuma suna samar da wata karamar hukuma ta musamman a lardin Palawan. Duk da haka, Philippines tana da tsibirai takwas kacal. Brunei tana da'awar ƙaramin yanki, gami da tsibiran da ke kan Tekun Louisa. Ba a yi ikirarin [[Indonesiya]] a kan kowace tsibiri ba, sai dai a kan haƙƙin teku. (Duba Tekun Kudancin China ) A watan Yulin 2016, a shari'ar Philippines da China, Kotun Sulhu ta Dindindin ta yanke hukunci kan Philippines. Ta fayyace cewa ba za ta "...yi hukunci kan kowace tambaya ta ikon mallakar yankin ƙasa ba kuma ba za ta iyakance kowace iyaka ta teku tsakanin ɓangarorin ba".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=PCA Press Release: The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China) {{!}} PCA-CPA |url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/news/pca-press-release-the-south-china-sea-arbitration-the-republic-of-the-philippines-v-the-peoples-republic-of-china/ |access-date=12 July 2016 |website=pca-cpa.org}}</ref> Kotun ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa China ba ta da "haƙƙin tarihi" bisa taswirar "layi tara". <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Perlez |first=Jane |date=12 July 2016 |title=Tribunal Rejects Beijing's Claims in South China Sea |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/13/world/asia/south-china-sea-hague-ruling-philippines.html |access-date=12 July 2016 |issn=0362-4331 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> China ta yi watsi da hukuncin, kamar yadda [[Taiwan]] ta yi.<ref name="Phillips">{{Cite web |last=Phillips, Tom |last2=Holmes, Oliver |last3=Bowcott, Owen |date=12 July 2016 |title=Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china |access-date=26 July 2016 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zannia |first=Neyla |date=14 July 2016 |title=Taiwan rejects ruling on South China Sea with Taiping Island defined as 'rocks' |url=http://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2016/07/taiwan-rejects-ruling-on-south-china-sea-with-taiping-island-defined-as-rocks/ |access-date=26 July 2016 |publisher=The Online Citizen}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] efdmv63wutm59q6y9w3hcms05cm2uec 0 160737 875815 2026-07-04T10:51:24Z Young ibskeed 46263 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340659975|Phallogocentrism]]" 875815 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin ka'idar mahimmanci da kuma rushewar ginin, '''phallogocentrism''' wani tsari neologism ne da Jacques Derrida ya ƙirƙira don nufin gatan namiji ( phallus ) wajen gina ma'ana. Kalmar kalma ce da aka haɗa ta tsoffin kalmomin ''phallocentrism'' (mai da hankali kan ra'ayin namiji) da kuma ''logocentrism'' (mai da hankali kan harshe wajen ba da ma'ana ga duniya). Derrida da wasu sun gano cewa yin magana a kan harshe, ko kuma fifita magana a kan rubutu, wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na yin magana a kan harshe a kan harshe. Derrida ya binciki wannan ra'ayi a cikin rubutunsa mai suna "Plato's Pharmacy". == Bayani == A cikin ayyukan adabi da falsafa na zamani da suka shafi jinsi, kalmar "phallogocentrism" ta zama ruwan dare gama gari sakamakon rubuce-rubucen Jacques Derrida, wanda ya kafa falsafar deconstruction, wanda masana da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na tattaunawar postmodernism. Deconstruction falsafa ce ta "rashin tabbas" da falsafar da ke adawa da ita, "rashin tabbas". A cewar deconstruction, ilimi mara tabbas " rashin tabbas " ne, watau, bisa ga hujjoji ko ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna ("aporias") waɗanda ke sa ba zai yiwu a tantance al'amuran gaskiya tare da kowane mataki na tabbaci ba; ilimi mai ƙaddara, a gefe guda, " rashin tabbas ", watau, bisa ga hujjoji ko ra'ayoyi waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin "gaskiya", daga wani hangen nesa ko wani. Hujjar da ke tsakanin al'adun yammacin duniya ta samo asali ne daga da'awar cewa al'adun yammacin duniya na zamani an yi musu kaye, kuma har yanzu suna nan, ta hanyar al'adu da tunani ta hanyar "logocentrism" da "phallocentrism". Logocentrism kalma ce da Derrida ke amfani da ita wajen nufin falsafar ƙaddara, yayin da phallocentrism ita ce kalmar da yake amfani da ita don bayyana yadda aka sanya phallocentrism a matsayin jinsi ta hanyar ajandar "masculinist (phallic)" da "patriarchal". Saboda haka, Derrida da gangan ya haɗa kalmomin biyu na phallocentrism da logocentrism a matsayin "phallogocentrism". Masu tunani na mata na Faransa na makarantar écriture féminine suma suna da ra'ayin Derrida na 'dukkan metaphysics na Yammacin duniya'. Misali, Cixous & Clément (1975) sun yi Allah wadai da "masu adawa biyu, masu matsayi" da falsafar gargajiya ta phallogocentric ta kafa, inda "mutuwa koyaushe tana aiki" a matsayin "tushen wulakancin mace," mace wacce aka "mallaka" ta hanyar tunanin phallogocentric. A cewar Cixous & Clément, "rushewar" wannan hanyar tunani za ta faru ne ta hanyar falsafar rashin tabbas da Derridean ya yi wahayi zuwa gare ta, mai adawa da phallo / mai tsakiya ta logo. == Sharhi == Marubutan [[wiktionary:cyberphilosophy|falsafar yanar gizo]] na Sweden Alexander Bard da Jan Söderqvist sun gabatar da suka kan fassarar Derrida game da phallogocentrism a cikin ayyukansu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2021)">ina?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup>  Suna ba da shawarar komawa ga hangen nesa na farji a matsayin muhimmin abu kuma wajibi ne ga wayewar yamma bayan 1945. Suna ɗaukar wannan dawowar farji a matsayin abin da aka samu ta hanyar fasaha maimakon ta hanyar tattaunawa ta ilimi. A martanin Derrida ''et al'' ., Bard & Söderqvist sun ba da shawarar cewa aikin da ke mai da hankali kan farji - wanda suke kira ''eventology'' - ya kamata a ƙara masa da komawa ga ''farji'', ko kuma tatsuniyar dawowar har abada ta wannan, matrichal{{Sic}} farfaɗowar da suke da'awar ta riga ta bayyana a cikin ka'idar tsarin da ka'idar rikitarwa, wanda duka mata da androgynism suka fito ne daga baya amma tasirin maraba ne. A cewar Bard & Söderqvist, kawai dai tsauraran ra'ayi ne ba phallogos a cikin kansa ba wanda ya taɓa zama matsala. <ref name="Bard-Södrqv-2014" /> <ref name="Bard-Södrqv-2018" /> [ muhimmanci? ] Masanin falsafar Faransa Catherine Malabou, wacce ke aiki na ɗan lokaci tare da Derrida da kanta, ta ɗauki irin wannan hanyar sukar ra'ayin phallogocentrism, misali Malabou (2007) . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Catherine Malabou}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2024)">cikakken ambato yana buƙatar</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tana shiga tattaunawa da ƙwararrun masu nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kamar [[Sigmund Freud]], Jacques Lacan da kuma kwanan nan Alain Badiou - wanda falsafar wannan lamari ta shafa, Malabou ta mayar da martani da wani mummunan ra'ayi game da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam - ra'ayinta kawai shine cewa ilimin halayyar ɗan adam bai isa ya mayar da martani ga ƙalubalen da take fuskanta ba saboda tsarin ilimin halittar jiki, wata matsala da ta yi imanin cewa ilimin halittar jiki ya fi dacewa a magance ta. Sunan maganinta ga wannan matsala shine plasticity . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Duba kuma == * Phallic monism == Manazarta == r9dwod9662kx7lut0g56qhflxllzf8v 875817 875815 2026-07-04T10:52:12Z Young ibskeed 46263 875817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A cikin ka'idar mahimmanci da kuma rushewar ginin, '''phallogocentrism''' wani tsari neologism ne da Jacques Derrida ya ƙirƙira don nufin gatan namiji ( phallus ) wajen gina ma'ana. Kalmar kalma ce da aka haɗa ta tsoffin kalmomin ''phallocentrism'' (mai da hankali kan ra'ayin namiji) da kuma ''logocentrism'' (mai da hankali kan harshe wajen ba da ma'ana ga duniya). Derrida da wasu sun gano cewa yin magana a kan harshe, ko kuma fifita magana a kan rubutu, wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na yin magana a kan harshe a kan harshe. Derrida ya binciki wannan ra'ayi a cikin rubutunsa mai suna "Plato's Pharmacy". == Bayani == A cikin ayyukan adabi da falsafa na zamani da suka shafi jinsi, kalmar "phallogocentrism" ta zama ruwan dare gama gari sakamakon rubuce-rubucen Jacques Derrida, wanda ya kafa falsafar deconstruction, wanda masana da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na tattaunawar postmodernism. Deconstruction falsafa ce ta "rashin tabbas" da falsafar da ke adawa da ita, "rashin tabbas". A cewar deconstruction, ilimi mara tabbas " rashin tabbas " ne, watau, bisa ga hujjoji ko ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna ("aporias") waɗanda ke sa ba zai yiwu a tantance al'amuran gaskiya tare da kowane mataki na tabbaci ba; ilimi mai ƙaddara, a gefe guda, " rashin tabbas ", watau, bisa ga hujjoji ko ra'ayoyi waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin "gaskiya", daga wani hangen nesa ko wani. Hujjar da ke tsakanin al'adun yammacin duniya ta samo asali ne daga da'awar cewa al'adun yammacin duniya na zamani an yi musu kaye, kuma har yanzu suna nan, ta hanyar al'adu da tunani ta hanyar "logocentrism" da "phallocentrism". Logocentrism kalma ce da Derrida ke amfani da ita wajen nufin falsafar ƙaddara, yayin da phallocentrism ita ce kalmar da yake amfani da ita don bayyana yadda aka sanya phallocentrism a matsayin jinsi ta hanyar ajandar "masculinist (phallic)" da "patriarchal". Saboda haka, Derrida da gangan ya haɗa kalmomin biyu na phallocentrism da logocentrism a matsayin "phallogocentrism". Masu tunani na mata na Faransa na makarantar écriture féminine suma suna da ra'ayin Derrida na 'dukkan metaphysics na Yammacin duniya'. Misali, Cixous & Clément (1975) sun yi Allah wadai da "masu adawa biyu, masu matsayi" da falsafar gargajiya ta phallogocentric ta kafa, inda "mutuwa koyaushe tana aiki" a matsayin "tushen wulakancin mace," mace wacce aka "mallaka" ta hanyar tunanin phallogocentric. A cewar Cixous & Clément, "rushewar" wannan hanyar tunani za ta faru ne ta hanyar falsafar rashin tabbas da Derridean ya yi wahayi zuwa gare ta, mai adawa da phallo / mai tsakiya ta logo. == Sharhi == Marubutan [[wiktionary:cyberphilosophy|falsafar yanar gizo]] na Sweden Alexander Bard da Jan Söderqvist sun gabatar da suka kan fassarar Derrida game da phallogocentrism a cikin ayyukansu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2021)">ina?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup>  Suna ba da shawarar komawa ga hangen nesa na farji a matsayin muhimmin abu kuma wajibi ne ga wayewar yamma bayan 1945. Suna ɗaukar wannan dawowar farji a matsayin abin da aka samu ta hanyar fasaha maimakon ta hanyar tattaunawa ta ilimi. A martanin Derrida ''et al'' ., Bard & Söderqvist sun ba da shawarar cewa aikin da ke mai da hankali kan farji - wanda suke kira ''eventology'' - ya kamata a ƙara masa da komawa ga ''farji'', ko kuma tatsuniyar dawowar har abada ta wannan, matrichal{{Sic}} farfaɗowar da suke da'awar ta riga ta bayyana a cikin ka'idar tsarin da ka'idar rikitarwa, wanda duka mata da androgynism suka fito ne daga baya amma tasirin maraba ne. A cewar Bard & Söderqvist, kawai dai tsauraran ra'ayi ne ba phallogos a cikin kansa ba wanda ya taɓa zama matsala. <ref name="Bard-Södrqv-2014" /> <ref name="Bard-Södrqv-2018" /> [ muhimmanci? ] Masanin falsafar Faransa Catherine Malabou, wacce ke aiki na ɗan lokaci tare da Derrida da kanta, ta ɗauki irin wannan hanyar sukar ra'ayin phallogocentrism, misali Malabou (2007) . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Catherine Malabou}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2024)">cikakken ambato yana buƙatar</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tana shiga tattaunawa da ƙwararrun masu nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kamar [[Sigmund Freud]], Jacques Lacan da kuma kwanan nan Alain Badiou - wanda falsafar wannan lamari ta shafa, Malabou ta mayar da martani da wani mummunan ra'ayi game da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam - ra'ayinta kawai shine cewa ilimin halayyar ɗan adam bai isa ya mayar da martani ga ƙalubalen da take fuskanta ba saboda tsarin ilimin halittar jiki, wata matsala da ta yi imanin cewa ilimin halittar jiki ya fi dacewa a magance ta. Sunan maganinta ga wannan matsala shine plasticity . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Duba kuma == * Phallic monism == Manazarta == pkmq50l416jth56cweqg6e80bd6ptxw 0 160738 875829 2026-07-04T11:09:21Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: '''Samuwar ruwa a Afirka''' ({{lang-en|Water Availability in Africa}}) na nufin yawan da kuma sauƙin samun albarkatun ruwan nahiyar Afirka domin amfanin mutane, noma, kiwo, masana'antu da kuma muhalli. Duk da cewa Afirka na da manyan koguna, tabkuna da rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa, rarraba ruwan ba ya daidaita a tsakanin yankunan nahiyar. Wasu yankuna kamar Tsakiyar Afirka suna da wadataccen ruwa, yayin da Arewacin Afirka da yankunan Sahel ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa saboda ƙara... 875829 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samuwar ruwa a Afirka''' ({{lang-en|Water Availability in Africa}}) na nufin yawan da kuma sauƙin samun albarkatun ruwan nahiyar Afirka domin amfanin mutane, noma, kiwo, masana'antu da kuma muhalli. Duk da cewa Afirka na da manyan koguna, tabkuna da rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa, rarraba ruwan ba ya daidaita a tsakanin yankunan nahiyar. Wasu yankuna kamar Tsakiyar Afirka suna da wadataccen ruwa, yayin da Arewacin Afirka da yankunan Sahel ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa saboda ƙarancin ruwan sama, dumamar yanayi da ƙaruwa mai sauri na yawan jama'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Work in Africa |url=https://www.unep.org/regions/africa/our-work-africa |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) |access-date=4 Yuli 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=III. Water Resources |url=https://www.fao.org/4/J1645e/J1645e00.htm |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) |access-date=4 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Bayani == Afirka ita ce nahiya ta biyu mafi bushewa a duniya bayan Ostiraliya. Duk da cewa nahiyar tana ɗauke da kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 na al'ummar duniya, tana da ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin 100 na sabbin albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a duniya. Haka kuma, ruwan yana taruwa ne a wasu yankuna kaɗan, musamman a yankin Kogin Congo, yayin da yawancin ƙasashen Arewacin Afirka da yankin Kahon Afirka ke fama da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Africa Water Atlas – Main Findings |url=https://na.unep.net/atlas/africawater/book.php |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) |access-date=4 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Manyan hanyoyin samun ruwa == Babban tushen ruwa a Afirka sun haɗa da koguna, tabkuna, dam-dam, ruwan sama da kuma rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kogin Nile, Kogin Congo, Kogin Niger, Kogin Zambezi da Kogin Orange suna daga cikin manyan kogunan nahiyar. Haka kuma akwai manyan tabkuna irin su Victoria, Tanganyika da Malawi waɗanda ke samar da ruwa ga miliyoyin mutane tare da tallafa wa noma, kamun kifi da samar da lantarki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Freshwater Under Threat: Africa |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/freshwater-under-threat-vulnerability-assessment-freshwater-resources |publisher=UNEP |access-date=4 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Bambancin samuwar ruwa == Samuwar ruwa ba ta daidaita tsakanin yankunan Afirka. Yankin Tsakiyar Afirka yana da mafi yawan ruwan sama da koguna, yayin da yankin Sahara, Arewacin Afirka da wasu sassan Gabashin Afirka ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa. Wannan bambanci yana shafar noma, samar da abinci da rayuwar al'umma, musamman a yankunan karkara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Africa Water Atlas |url=https://na.unep.net/atlas/africawater/book.php |publisher=UNEP |access-date=4 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Tasirin sauyin yanayi == Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara tsananta matsalar ruwa a nahiyar. Karuwar fari, ambaliya, sauyin yanayin ruwan sama da hauhawar zafin duniya suna rage wadatar ruwa a yankuna da dama. Masana sun bayyana cewa idan ba a ɗauki matakan kariya ba, miliyoyin mutane za su ci gaba da fuskantar matsalar rashin isasshen ruwa mai tsafta a shekaru masu zuwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Security in Africa: A Preliminary Assessment |url=https://unu.edu/article/worrying-insights-uns-first-ever-assessment-water-security-africa |publisher=United Nations University |access-date=4 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Samun ruwa mai tsafta == Duk da ci gaba da aka samu a wasu ƙasashe, miliyoyin mutane a yankin Afirka ta Kudu da Hamadar Sahara har yanzu ba sa samun ruwa mai tsafta a kusa da gidajensu. A cewar Hukumar Bankin Duniya, samun ruwa mai tsafta ya inganta a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, amma ci gaban bai kai yadda yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa ba. Matsalar ta fi tsanani a yankunan karkara inda yawancin iyalai ke tafiya mai nisa domin debo ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water in Eastern and Southern Africa |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/brief/afe-water |publisher=World Bank |access-date=4 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Kalubale == Manyan matsalolin da ke hana wadatar ruwa a Afirka sun haɗa da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa, gurɓatar ruwa, yawan jama'a, rashin ingantaccen tsarin kula da albarkatun ruwa, sare dazuzzuka, da tasirin sauyin yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, rashin isassun bayanai da tsarin sa ido kan albarkatun ruwa yana kawo cikas ga tsara manufofi masu inganci.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Security in Africa: A Preliminary Assessment |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/water-security-africa-preliminary-assessment |publisher=United Nations University |access-date=4 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Hanyoyin magance matsalar == Masana suna ba da shawarar ƙarfafa tsarin kula da albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar gina madatsun ruwa, bunƙasa hanyoyin tara ruwan sama, kare gandun daji da wuraren da ruwa ke fitowa, inganta hanyoyin tace ruwa, da haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba koguna. Haka kuma, zuba jari a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na taimakawa rage talauci da bunƙasa tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Work in Africa |url=https://www.unep.org/regions/africa/our-work-africa |publisher=UNEP |access-date=4 Yuli 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics – UN World Water Development Report 2024 |url=https://www.unesco.org/reports/wwdr/en/2024/s |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=4 Yuli 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Albarkatun ruwa]] * [[Sauyin yanayi]] * [[Ruwa mai tsafta]] * [[Kogin Nile]] * [[Kogin Congo]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} b5i44yj3dcuzx0yimefycy815mpzc0n 875861 875829 2026-07-04T11:24:54Z Saad Nuhu 43323 875861 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samuwar ruwa a Afirka''' - yana nufin yawan da kuma sauƙin samun albarkatun ruwan nahiyar Afirka domin amfanin mutane, noma, kiwo, masana'antu da kuma muhalli. Duk da cewa Afirka na da manyan koguna, tabkuna da rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa, rarraba ruwan ba ya daidaita a tsakanin yankunan nahiyar. Wasu yankuna kamar Tsakiyar Afirka suna da wadataccen ruwa, yayin da Arewacin Afirka da yankunan Sahel ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa saboda ƙarancin ruwan sama, dumamar yanayi da ƙaruwa mai sauri na yawan jama'a.<ref>https://www.unep.org/regions/africa/our-work-africa</ref><ref>https://www.fao.org/4/J1645e/J1645e00.htm</ref> == Bayani == Afirka ita ce nahiya ta biyu mafi bushewa a duniya bayan Ostiraliya. Duk da cewa nahiyar tana ɗauke da kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 na al'ummar duniya, tana da ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin 100 na sabbin albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a duniya. Haka kuma, ruwan yana taruwa ne a wasu yankuna kaɗan, musamman a yankin Kogin Congo, yayin da yawancin ƙasashen Arewacin Afirka da yankin Kahon Afirka ke fama da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>https://na.unep.net/atlas/africawater/book.php</ref> == Manyan hanyoyin samun ruwa == Babban tushen ruwa a Afirka sun haɗa da koguna, tabkuna, dam-dam, ruwan sama da kuma rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kogin Nile, Kogin Congo, Kogin Niger, Kogin Zambezi da Kogin Orange suna daga cikin manyan kogunan nahiyar. Haka kuma akwai manyan tabkuna irin su Victoria, Tanganyika da Malawi waɗanda ke samar da ruwa ga miliyoyin mutane tare da tallafa wa noma, kamun kifi da samar da lantarki.<ref>https://www.unep.org/resources/report/freshwater-under-threat-vulnerability-assessment-freshwater-resources</ref> == Bambancin samuwar ruwa == Samuwar ruwa ba ta daidaita tsakanin yankunan Afirka. Yankin Tsakiyar Afirka yana da mafi yawan ruwan sama da koguna, yayin da yankin Sahara, Arewacin Afirka da wasu sassan Gabashin Afirka ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa. Wannan bambanci yana shafar noma, samar da abinci da rayuwar al'umma, musamman a yankunan karkara.<ref>https://na.unep.net/atlas/africawater/book.php</ref> == Tasirin sauyin yanayi == Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara tsananta matsalar ruwa a nahiyar. Karuwar fari, ambaliya, sauyin yanayin ruwan sama da hauhawar zafin duniya suna rage wadatar ruwa a yankuna da dama. Masana sun bayyana cewa idan ba a ɗauki matakan kariya ba, miliyoyin mutane za su ci gaba da fuskantar matsalar rashin isasshen ruwa mai tsafta a shekaru masu zuwa.<ref>https://unu.edu/article/worrying-insights-uns-first-ever-assessment-water-security-africa</ref> == Samun ruwa mai tsafta == Duk da ci gaba da aka samu a wasu ƙasashe, miliyoyin mutane a yankin Afirka ta Kudu da Hamadar Sahara har yanzu ba sa samun ruwa mai tsafta a kusa da gidajensu. A cewar Hukumar Bankin Duniya, samun ruwa mai tsafta ya inganta a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, amma ci gaban bai kai yadda yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa ba. Matsalar ta fi tsanani a yankunan karkara inda yawancin iyalai ke tafiya mai nisa domin debo ruwa.<ref>https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/brief/afe-water</ref> == Kalubale == Manyan matsalolin da ke hana wadatar ruwa a Afirka sun haɗa da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa, gurɓatar ruwa, yawan jama'a, rashin ingantaccen tsarin kula da albarkatun ruwa, sare dazuzzuka, da tasirin sauyin yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, rashin isassun bayanai da tsarin sa ido kan albarkatun ruwa yana kawo cikas ga tsara manufofi masu inganci.<ref>https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/water-security-africa-preliminary-assessment</ref> == Hanyoyin magance matsalar == Masana suna ba da shawarar ƙarfafa tsarin kula da albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar gina madatsun ruwa, bunƙasa hanyoyin tara ruwan sama, kare gandun daji da wuraren da ruwa ke fitowa, inganta hanyoyin tace ruwa, da haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba koguna. Haka kuma, zuba jari a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na taimakawa rage talauci da bunƙasa tattalin arziki..<ref>https://www.unesco.org/reports/wwdr/en/2024/s</ref><ref>https://www.unesco.org/reports/wwdr/en/2024/s</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Albarkatun ruwa]] * [[Sauyin yanayi]] * [[Ruwa mai tsafta]] * [[Kogin Nile]] * [[Kogin Congo]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} tm6gmy8rkhzrei54jpnicqnqdc6o039 0 160739 875830 2026-07-04T11:11:19Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360291233|Seawater]]" 875830 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />  Ruwan teku, ko ruwan teku, ruwa ne daga teku ko teku . A matsakaici, ruwan teku a cikin tekuna na duniya yana da gishirin kusan kashi 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM). Wannan yana nufin cewa kowace kilogiram (kimanin lita ɗaya bisa ga girman) na ruwan teku yana da kimanin 35 grams (1.2 oz) na gishirin da aka narkar (galibi sodium ( ) da kuma chloride ( ) ions ). Matsakaicin yawan da ake samu a saman shine 1.025 kg/L. Ruwan teku ya fi ruwa mai kyau da ruwa mai tsarki yawa (yawan ruwa 1.0) kg/L a 4 °C (39 °F) ) saboda gishirin da aka narkar yana ƙara yawan taro da girma fiye da girman. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Wurin daskarewar ruwan teku yana raguwa yayin da yawan gishiri ke ƙaruwa. A daidai lokacin da gishirin yake ƙaruwa, yana daskarewa da kusan −2 °C (28 °F) . [1] An gano ruwan teku mafi sanyi da har yanzu yake cikin yanayin ruwa da aka taɓa gani a shekarar 2010, a cikin wani rafi a ƙarƙashin wani ƙanƙarar Antarctic : zafin da aka auna ya kasance −2.6 °C (27.3 °F) . [2] Ma'aunin pH yana da sarkakiya ta hanyar halayen sinadarai na ruwan teku, kuma akwai ma'aunin pH daban-daban da dama a cikin nazarin teku na sinadarai . <ref name="zeebe">Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2001) ''CO₂ in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes'', Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands {{ISBN|0-444-50946-1}}</ref> Babu wani ma'aunin pH da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya don ruwan teku kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin ma'auni bisa ga ma'aunin tunani daban-daban na iya zama har zuwa raka'a 0.14. == Kadarorin == === Gishirin ƙasa === [[Fayil:WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png|left|thumb|Matsakaicin gishirin saman teku na shekara-shekara da aka bayyana a cikin Sikelin Gishiri Mai Amfani na Tekun Duniya . Bayanai daga Atlas na Tekun Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Ocean Atlas 2009 |url=http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOA09/pr_woa09.html |access-date=5 December 2012 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}</ref>]] Duk da cewa mafi yawan ruwan teku yana da gishiri tsakanin 31 da 38 g/kg, wato kashi 3.1–3.8%, ruwan teku ba ruwan gishiri ba ne a ko'ina cikin duniya. Idan aka haɗu da ruwan da ke kwarara daga bakin kogi, ko kuma kusa da ƙanƙara mai narkewa ko kuma yawan ruwan sama mai yawa (misali damina ), ruwan teku ba zai iya zama ruwan gishiri sosai ba. Tekun da ya fi kowanne ruwan gishiri shi ne Tekun Bahar Maliya, inda yawan fitar ruwa, ƙarancin ruwan sama da kuma ƙarancin kwararar kogi, da kuma yawan zagayawar ruwa ke haifar da ruwan gishiri. Gishirin da ke cikin ruwan da ke keɓe na iya zama mafi girma har yanzu. – kusan sau goma fiye da haka a yanayin Tekun Matattu . A tarihi, an yi amfani da ma'aunin gishiri da yawa don kimanta cikakken gishirin ruwan teku. Wani ma'auni mai shahara shine "Scale na Salinity Mai Amfani" inda aka auna gishirin a cikin "raka'o'in gishiri masu amfani (PSU)". Ma'aunin gishirin yanzu shine ma'aunin "Reference Salinity" [1] tare da gishirin da aka bayyana a cikin raka'a na "g/kg". === Yawan yawa === Yawan ruwan teku na sama ya kasance daga kimanin 1020 zuwa 1029 kg / m³, dangane da zafin jiki da salinity. A zafin jiki na 25 ° C, salinity na ³ g / kg da matsin lamba na 1 atm, yawan ruwan teku shine 102³.6 kg / m³. <ref name="Nayar">{{Cite journal |last=Nayar |first=Kishor G. |last2=Sharqawy |first2=Mostafa H. |last3=Banchik |first3=Leonardo D. |last4=Lienhard V |first4=John H. |date=July 2016 |title=Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations that include pressure dependence |journal=Desalination |volume=390 |pages=1–24 |bibcode=2016Desal.390....1N |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="MIT">{{Cite web |title=Thermophysical properties of seawater |url=http://web.mit.edu/seawater |access-date=February 24, 2017 |publisher=Department of Mechanical Engineering, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin zurfin teku, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, ruwan teku na iya kaiwa ga yawan 1050 kg / m3 ko mafi girma. Yawan ruwan teku ma yana canzawa tare da salinity. Brines da aka samar da su ta hanyar tsire-tsire na ruwan teku na iya samun salinities har zuwa 120 g / kg. Yawan ruwan teku na yau da kullun na 120 g / kg salinity a 25 ° C da matsin yanayi shine 1088 kg / m3 . <ref name="Nayar" /><ref name="MIT" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === ƙimar pH === Darajar pH a saman tekuna a lokacin kafin masana'antu (kafin 1850) ta kasance kusan 8.2. Tun daga lokacin, yana raguwa saboda wani tsari da ɗan adam ke haifarwa wanda ake kira [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|acidification na teku]] wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Rashin iskar gas|hayakin carbon dioxide]] : Tsakanin 1950 da 2020, matsakaicin pH na saman teku ya faɗi daga kimanin 8.15 zuwa 8.05. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Terhaar |first=Jens |last2=Frölicher |first2=Thomas L. |last3=Joos |first3=Fortunat |date=2023 |title=Ocean acidification in emission-driven temperature stabilization scenarios: the role of TCRE and non-{{CO2}} greenhouse gases |journal=Environmental Research Letters |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=024033 |bibcode=2023ERL....18b4033T |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91 |issn=1748-9326 |s2cid=255431338 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Darajar pH na ruwan teku a zahiri tana ƙasa da 7.8 a cikin zurfin ruwan teku sakamakon lalacewar abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan ruwan. Zai iya kaiwa har zuwa 8.4 a cikin ruwan saman a yankunan da ke da yawan [[Yaduwar muhali|amfanin halittu]] . Ma'aunin pH yana da sarkakiya ta hanyar halayen sinadarai na ruwan teku, kuma akwai ma'aunin pH daban-daban da dama a cikin nazarin teku na sinadarai . <ref name="zeebe">Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2001) ''CO₂ in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes'', Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands {{ISBN|0-444-50946-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-444-50946-1|<bdi>0-444-50946-1</bdi>]]</ref> Babu wani ma'aunin pH da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya don ruwan teku kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin ma'auni bisa ga ma'aunin tunani daban-daban na iya zama har zuwa raka'a 0.14. === Sinadarin sinadarai === [[Fayil:Sea_salt-e-dp_hg.svg|thumb|Zane da ke nuna yawan ions na gishiri daban-daban a cikin ruwan teku. Abun da ke cikin jimlar sinadaran gishirin shine: 55%, 30.6%, 7.7%, 3.7%, 1.2%, 1.1%, sauran 0.7%, ta hanyar taro.]] Ruwan teku ya ƙunshi ions da aka narkar fiye da dukkan nau'ikan ruwan sha mai tsafta. <ref name="Gale">{{Cite web |last=Gale |first=Thomson |title=Ocean Chemical Processes |url=http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Mi-Oc/Ocean-Chemical-Processes.html |access-date=2 December 2006}}</ref> Duk da haka, rabon solutes ya bambanta sosai. Misali, kodayake ruwan teku ya ƙunshi kusan bicarbonate sau 2.8 fiye da ruwan kogi, kashi na bicarbonate a cikin ruwan teku a matsayin rabo na ''duk'' ions da aka narkar ya yi ƙasa da na ruwan kogi. ions na bicarbonate sun ƙunshi kashi 48% na solutes na ruwan kogi amma kashi 0.14% ne kawai ga ruwan teku. <ref name="Gale" /> Bambance-bambance irin waɗannan sun faru ne saboda bambancin lokutan zama na solutes na ruwan teku; sodium da chloride suna da dogon lokacin zama, yayin da calcium (mahimmanci ga samuwar carbonate ) yana iya fashewa da sauri. <ref name="Pinet" /> ions mafi yawan narkar da ke cikin ruwan teku sune sodium, chloride, magnesium, sulfate da calcium. Osmolarity ɗinsa shine kusan 1000 mOsm/L. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Osmolarity of sea water - Biosphere - BNID 100802 |url=https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?&id=100802&ver=0 |website=bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu}}</ref> Ana samun ƙananan adadin wasu abubuwa, ciki har da [[amino acid]] a cikin yawan har zuwa microgram 2 na atom na nitrogen a kowace lita, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tada |first=K. |last2=Tada |first2=M. |last3=Maita |first3=Y. |year=1998 |title=Dissolved free amino acids in coastal seawater using a modified fluorometric method |url=http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/JO/pdf/5404/54040313.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Oceanography |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=313–321 |bibcode=1998JOce...54..313T |doi=10.1007/BF02742615 |s2cid=26231863 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121231018/http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/JO/pdf/5404/54040313.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref> waɗanda ake tsammanin sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a asalin rayuwa . {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;" |+Abun da ke cikin ruwan teku<br /><br /><br /><br /> (gishiri = 3.5%) ! Sinadarin ! Kashi ta kowane taro |- | Iskar Oxygen | 85.84 |- | Hydrogen | 10.82 |- | Chlorine | 1.94 |- | Sodium | 1.08 |- | Magnesium | 0.1292 |- | Sulfur | 0.091 |- | Calcium | 0.04 |- | Potassium | 0.04 |- | Bromine | 0.0067 |- | Carbon | 0.0028 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;" |+Jimlar sinadarin ruwan teku (gishirin = 35) ! Bangaren ! Mayar da hankali (mol/kg) |- | | 53.6 |- | | 0.546 |- | | 0.469 |- | | 0.0528 |- | | 0.0282 |- | | 0.0103 |- | | 0.0102 |- | C <nowiki><sub id="mwATs">T</sub></nowiki> | 0.00206 |- | | 0.000844 |- | B <nowiki><sub id="mwAUU">T</sub></nowiki> | 0.000416 |- | | 0.000091 |- | | 0.000068 |} {{Clear}} === Sinadaran ƙwayoyin cuta === Binciken da Cibiyar Scripps ta gudanar a shekarar 1957 ya yi samfurin ruwa a wurare biyu na pelagic da neritic a Tekun Pacific. An yi amfani da ƙididdigar ƙananan halittu da al'adu kai tsaye, ƙidaya kai tsaye a wasu lokuta tana nuna har sau 10,000 da aka samu daga al'adu. An danganta waɗannan bambance-bambancen ne da faruwar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tarin abubuwa, tasirin kafofin watsa labarai na al'adu, da kuma kasancewar ƙwayoyin da ba su aiki. An lura da raguwar adadin al'adun ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙasa da [[thermocline]], amma ba ta hanyar lura da ƙananan halittu kai tsaye ba. An ga adadi mai yawa na siffofin spirilli ta hanyar na'urar hangen nesa amma ba a ƙarƙashin noma ba. An san bambancin adadi a cikin lambobi da aka samu ta hanyar hanyoyin biyu a wannan da sauran fannoni. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jannasch |first=Holger W. |last2=Jones |first2=Galen E. |year=1959 |title=Bacterial Populations in Sea Water as Determined by Different Methods of Enumeration |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |volume=4 |pages=128–139 |bibcode=1959LimOc...4..128J |doi=10.4319/lo.1959.4.2.0128 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990, ingantattun dabarun gano ƙwayoyin cuta da gano ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta na DNA, sun ba wa masu bincike damar shiga cikin Ƙidayar Rayuwar Ruwa damar gano dubban ƙwayoyin cuta da ba a san su ba a baya waɗanda galibi ke kasancewa a ƙananan lambobi kawai. Wannan ya nuna bambancin da ya fi yawa fiye da yadda ake tsammani a baya, don haka lita ɗaya na ruwan teku na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan sama da 20,000. Mitchell Sogin daga dakin gwaje-gwajen halittu na ruwa yana jin cewa "adadin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban a cikin tekuna zai iya wuce miliyan biyar zuwa goma." Ana samun ƙwayoyin cuta a zurfin ruwa, da kuma a cikin laka, wasu suna da aerobic, wasu kuma anaerobic. Yawancinsu suna yin iyo kyauta, amma wasu suna wanzuwa a matsayin symbionts a cikin wasu halittu - misalan waɗannan sune ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai. Cyanobacteria sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin juyin halittar hanyoyin teku, wanda ya ba da damar haɓaka stromatolites da iskar oxygen a cikin yanayi. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna hulɗa da diatoms, kuma suna samar da muhimmiyar alaƙa a cikin zagayowar silicon a cikin teku. Wani nau'in anaerobic, ''Thiomargarita namibiensis'', yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rushewar fashewar hydrogen sulfide daga laka mai kama da diatomaceous a bakin tekun Namibia, kuma ana samar da shi ta hanyar yawan haɓakar phytoplankton a yankin Benguela na hazo yanzu, wanda daga ƙarshe ya faɗi zuwa ƙasan teku. Archaea mai kama da ƙwayoyin cuta ta ba wa masana kimiyyar halittu na ruwa mamaki ta hanyar rayuwarsu da bunƙasa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi, kamar hanyoyin iskar hydrothermal a ƙasan teku. Kwayoyin cuta na ruwa masu jure wa alkali kamar ''Pseudomonas'' da ''Vibrio'' spp. suna rayuwa a cikin kewayon pH na 7.3 zuwa 10.6, yayin da wasu nau'ikan za su girma ne kawai a pH 10 zuwa 10.6. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maeda |first=M. |last2=Taga |first2=N. |date=31 March 1980 |title=Alkalotolerant and Alkalophilic Bacteria in Seawater |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=2 |pages=105–108 |bibcode=1980MEPS....2..105M |doi=10.3354/meps002105 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Archaea kuma tana wanzuwa a cikin ruwan pelagic kuma tana iya zama kusan rabin biomass na teku, a bayyane yake tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan teku. A cikin 2000, laka daga ƙasan teku ya bayyana wani nau'in Archaea wanda ke rushe [[methane]], wani muhimmin iskar gas [[Gidan Gishiri|mai dumama yanayi]] kuma babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ɗumamar yanayi. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna rushe duwatsun ƙasan teku, suna tasiri ga sinadaran ruwan teku. Zubewar mai, da kwararar da ke ɗauke da najasa na ɗan adam da gurɓatattun sinadarai suna da tasiri mai kyau akan rayuwar ƙwayoyin cuta a kusa, da kuma ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da gubobi da ke shafar dukkan nau'ikan halittun ruwa . A wasu lokutan, dinoflagellates masu protist na iya fuskantar fashewar jama'a da ake kira blooms ko [[Furen algal mai lahani|red tides]], sau da yawa bayan gurɓataccen iska da ɗan adam ya haifar. Tsarin na iya samar da sinadarai masu narkewa da aka sani da biotoxins, waɗanda ke tafiya tare da sarkar abinci ta teku, suna lalata masu amfani da dabbobi masu yawa. An gano ''Pandoravirus salinus'', wani nau'in ƙwayar cuta mai girma, mai kwayar halittar da ta fi girma fiye da kowace nau'in ƙwayar cuta, a shekarar 2013. Kamar sauran manyan ƙwayoyin cuta ''Mimivirus'' da ''Megavirus'', ''Pandoravirus'' yana kamuwa da amoebas, amma kwayar halittarsa, wacce ke ɗauke da megabases 1.9 zuwa 2.5 na DNA, ta ninka girman ''Megavirus'' sau biyu, kuma ta bambanta sosai da sauran manyan ƙwayoyin cuta a bayyanar da kuma tsarin kwayar halitta. A shekarar 2013, masu bincike daga Jami'ar Aberdeen sun sanar da cewa suna fara farautar sinadarai da ba a gano ba a cikin halittun da suka samo asali a cikin ramukan teku masu zurfi, suna fatan samun "tsara mai zuwa" na maganin rigakafi, suna tsammanin "rashin lafiyar kwayoyin cuta" tare da ƙarancin sabbin magunguna masu yaƙi da kamuwa da cuta. Binciken da Tarayyar Turai ta dauki nauyinsa zai fara ne a cikin Atacama Trench sannan ya ci gaba da bincike a cikin ramukan da ke kewaye da New Zealand da Antarctica. Teku yana da dogon tarihi na zubar da sharar ɗan adam bisa ga zato cewa girmansa yana sa shi iya sha da kuma narkar da duk wani abu mai cutarwa. Duk da cewa wannan na iya zama gaskiya a ƙaramin sikelin, yawan najasa da ake zubarwa akai-akai ya lalata yanayin halittu da yawa na bakin teku, kuma ya sanya su zama barazana ga rayuwa. Kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka suna faruwa a cikin irin waɗannan ruwan, kamar ''Escherichia coli'', ''Vibrio cholerae'' wanda ke haifar da [[Amai da Gudawa|kwalara]], [[Cutar hanta A|hepatitis A]], hepatitis E da [[polio]], tare da protozoans waɗanda ke haifar da giardiasis da cryptosporidiosis . Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna kasancewa akai-akai a cikin ruwan ballast na manyan tasoshin jini, kuma suna yaɗuwa sosai lokacin da aka fitar da ballast ɗin. === Sauran sigogi === Saurin sauti a cikin ruwan teku yana kusa da 1,500&nbsp;m/s (yayin da saurin sauti yawanci yana kusa da 330&nbsp;m/s a cikin iska a kusan 101.3&nbsp;matsin lamba na kPa, 1&nbsp;yanayi), kuma ya bambanta da zafin ruwa, gishiri, da matsin lamba. Matsakaicin zafin ruwan teku shine 0.6&nbsp;W/mK a 25&nbsp;°C da gishirin 35&nbsp;g/kg. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharqawy |first=Mostafa H. |last2=Lienhard V |first2=John H. |last3=Zubair |first3=Syed M. |date=April 2010 |title=The thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing correlations and data |url=http://web.mit.edu/lienhard/www/Thermophysical_properties_of_seawater-DWT-16-354-2010.pdf |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |volume=16 |issue=1–3 |pages=354–380 |bibcode=2010DWatT..16..354S |doi=10.5004/dwt.2010.1079 |s2cid=93362418 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana raguwa tare da ƙaruwar gishiri kuma yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙaruwar zafin jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thermal conductivity of seawater and its concentrates |url=http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/tthb/2/Tab-5-5-13-2-Ther-Cond-Seawater.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929063305/http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/tthb/2/Tab-5-5-13-2-Ther-Cond-Seawater.html |archive-date=29 September 2018 |access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref> == Asali da tarihi == Ana tsammanin ruwan da ke cikin teku ya fito ne daga [[Dutsen Volcano|aman wuta]] na Duniya, wanda ya fara shekaru biliyan 4 da suka gabata, wanda aka fitar ta hanyar cire gas daga dutsen da ya narke. {{Rp|pages=24–25}}Wani sabon bincike da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa yawancin ruwan Duniya na iya fitowa daga taurari masu tauraro mai wutsiya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cowen, Ron |date=5 October 2011 |title=Comets take pole position as water bearers |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/111005/full/news.2011.579.html |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/news.2011.579 |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 September 2013 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka'idojin kimiyya da ke bayan asalin gishirin teku sun fara ne da Sir Edmond Halley a shekarar 1715, wanda ya gabatar da cewa koguna suna ɗauke gishiri da sauran ma'adanai zuwa teku bayan ruwan sama ya wanke su daga ƙasa. Da suka isa teku, waɗannan gishirin sun taru yayin da gishiri ya isa kan lokaci (duba zagayowar ruwa ). Halley ya lura cewa yawancin tafkuna waɗanda ba su da magudanar ruwa ta teku (kamar Tekun Matattu da [[Tekun Caspian]], duba [[Endorheic Basin|kwarin endorheic]] ), suna da yawan gishiri. Halley ya kira wannan tsari "yanayin yanayi na nahiyar". Ka'idar Halley ta yi daidai. Bugu da ƙari, sodium yana fitowa daga ƙasan teku lokacin da teku ta samar. Kasancewar sauran ion mai rinjaye na gishiri, chloride, ya samo asali ne daga fitar da iskar chloride (a matsayin hydrochloric acid ) tare da wasu iskar gas daga cikin Duniya ta hanyar [[Dutsen Volcano|aman wuta]] da kuma hanyoyin iskar hydrothermal . Daga baya, sodium da chloride ions sun zama mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin gishirin teku. Gishirin teku ya daɗe yana dawwama tsawon biliyoyin shekaru, wataƙila sakamakon tsarin sinadarai/ tectonic wanda ke cire gishiri gwargwadon yadda aka ajiye; misali, wuraren nutsewar sodium da chloride sun haɗa da ma'adinan evaporite, binnewar ruwa a rami, da kuma amsawar basalts na ƙasan teku. {{Rp|133}} == Tasirin ɗan adam == [[Canjin yanayi|Sauyin yanayi]], hauhawar matakan [[Carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya na Duniya|carbon dioxide a cikin yanayin duniya]], yawan abubuwan gina jiki, da gurɓatawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban suna canza yanayin ƙasa a duniya. Yawan canji a wasu fannoni ya fi na tarihi da na baya-bayan nan a tarihin ƙasa. Manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa sun haɗa da ƙaruwar [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|acidity]], raguwar iskar oxygen a ƙarƙashin ruwa a kusa da teku da kuma ruwan pelagic, ƙaruwar matakan nitrogen a bakin teku, da ƙaruwar mercury da gurɓatattun abubuwa masu rai. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan suna da alaƙa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice da ƙonewar man fetur na ɗan adam, taki, da ayyukan masana'antu. Ana sa ran yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa zai ƙaru a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da mummunan tasiri ga halittun teku da sauran albarkatun ruwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doney |first=Scott C. |author-link=Scott Doney |date=18 June 2010 |title=The Growing Human Footprint on Coastal and Open-Ocean Biogeochemistry |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=328 |issue=5985 |pages=1512–1516 |bibcode=2010Sci...328.1512D |doi=10.1126/science.1185198 |pmid=20558706 |s2cid=8792396}}</ref> daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi burgewa game da wannan shine ƙara [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|yawan sinadarin acid a cikin teku]], wanda ya samo asali ne daga ƙaruwar shan CO a cikin tekuna da ke da alaƙa da yawan CO yanayi da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doney |first=Scott C. |last2=Fabry |first2=Victoria J. |last3=Feely |first3=Richard A. |last4=Kleypas |first4=Joan A. |author-link4=Joan Kleypas |date=2009-01-01 |title=Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem |journal=Annual Review of Marine Science |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=169–192 |bibcode=2009ARMS....1..169D |doi=10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834 |pmid=21141034 |s2cid=402398}}</ref> saboda yana shafar murjani, mollusks, echinoderms da crustaceans sosai (duba [[Ruwan murjani|murjani mai launin shuɗi]] ). Ruwan teku hanya ce ta sufuri a duk faɗin duniya. Kowace rana jiragen ruwa da yawa suna ketare teku don isar da kayayyaki zuwa wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ruwan teku kayan aiki ne ga ƙasashe don shiga cikin harkokin kasuwanci da sufuri na duniya yadda ya kamata, amma kowane jirgi yana fitar da hayaki wanda zai iya cutar da rayuwar ruwa, ingancin iskar yankunan bakin teku. Sufurin ruwan teku yana ɗaya daga cikin hayakin da mutane ke fitarwa cikin sauri. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vaishnav |first=Parth |date=2014 |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions from International Transport |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43315842 |journal=Issues in Science and Technology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=25–28 |issn=0748-5492 |jstor=43315842}}</ref> Haɗarin da ake fitarwa daga jiragen ruwa yana haifar da haɗari mai yawa ga lafiyar ɗan adam a yankunan da ke kusa yayin da [[Mai|mai da iskar]] gas da aka saki daga ayyukan jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci ke rage ingancin iska kuma yana haifar da ƙarin [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] a ruwan teku da yankunan da ke kewaye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iodice |first=Paolo |last2=Langella |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Amoresano |first3=Amedeo |date=2017 |title=A numerical approach to assess air pollution by ship engines in manoeuvring mode and fuel switch conditions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90015687 |journal=Energy & Environment |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=827–845 |bibcode=2017EnEnv..28..827I |doi=10.1177/0958305X17734050 |issn=0958-305X |jstor=90015687 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani amfani da ruwan teku da ɗan adam ke yi da shi da aka yi la'akari da shi shine amfani da ruwan teku don amfanin [[noma]] . A yankunan da ke da manyan yankunan tuddai na yashi, kamar [[Isra'ila]], amfani da ruwan teku don [[ban ruwa]] ga shuke-shuke zai kawar da manyan kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da ruwan sabo lokacin da ba a iya samunsa cikin sauƙi. <ref name=":04">{{Cite journal |last=Boyko |first=Hugo |date=1967 |title=Salt-Water Agriculture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24931436 |journal=Scientific American |volume=216 |issue=3 |pages=89–101 |bibcode=1967SciAm.216c..89B |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0367-89 |issn=0036-8733 |jstor=24931436 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake ba al'ada ba ne a yi amfani da ruwan gishiri a matsayin hanyar shuka shuke-shuke yayin da gishirin ke taruwa da lalata ƙasar da ke kewaye, an tabbatar da cewa yana da nasara a cikin ƙasa mai yashi da tsakuwa. <ref name=":04" /> Babban tsaftace ruwan teku wani abu ne da zai taimaka wajen nasarar noman noma a cikin busasshiyar muhallin hamada . <ref name=":04" /> Ɗaya daga cikin shuke-shuke mafi nasara a noman ruwan gishiri shine halophyte . Halophyte shuka ce mai jure gishiri wadda ƙwayoyinta ke jure wa tasirin gishiri a cikin ƙasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Glenn |first=Edward P. |last2=Brown |first2=J. Jed |last3=O’Leary |first3=James W. |date=1998 |title=Irrigating Crops with Seawater |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26070601 |journal=Scientific American |volume=279 |issue=2 |pages=76–81 |bibcode=1998SciAm.279b..76G |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0898-76 |issn=0036-8733 |jstor=26070601 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Endodermis yana tilasta mata ta tace gishiri mafi girma a cikin shukar saboda yana ba da damar zagayawa da ruwa ta cikin ƙwayoyin halitta. <ref name=":1" /> An yi amfani da noman halophytes da aka yi ban ruwa da ruwan gishiri don noman abincin dabbobi ga dabbobi ; duk da haka, dabbobin da aka ciyar da waɗannan shuke-shuken sun cinye ruwa fiye da waɗanda ba su ci ba. <ref name=":1" /> Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a san noma daga amfani da ruwan gishiri ba kuma ana amfani da shi a babban sikelin, binciken farko ya nuna cewa akwai damar samar da ƙarin amfanin gona a yankunan da ba kasafai ake iya nomawa a gonaki ba. == Amfanin ɗan adam == Shan ruwa mai tsafta ba bisa ka'ida ba ba shi da illa, musamman idan aka sha ruwan teku tare da ruwa mai tsafta. Duk da haka, shan ruwan teku don kiyaye ruwa ba shi da amfani; dole ne a fitar da ruwa mai yawa don kawar da gishirin (ta [[fitsari]] ) fiye da adadin ruwan da aka samu daga ruwan teku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2021 |title=Can humans drink seawater? |url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/drinksw.html |publisher=[[National Ocean Service]] ([[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]])}}</ref> A yanayi na yau da kullun, ba za a yi la'akari da shan ruwan teku mai yawa ba. A zamanin mulkin mallaka na Tahiti, ƙaramin adadin ruwan teku ya kasance sinadari ga miya sabo ( {{Lang|ty|[[miti hue|miti]]}} ) wato {{Lang|ty|miti hue}} (da kwakwa mai tsami) da {{Lang|ty|miti haʻari}} (an haɗa shi da [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]] ) a matsayin babban kayan ƙanshi na abinci, ba kamar mutanen da ke da alaƙa da shi kamar 'yan Hawaii waɗanda suka haɓaka gishiri mai cin nasara da kansu ba, don haka suna samun busassun gishiri don amfanin kansu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lemaitre |first=Yves |date=1972 |title=La hiérarchie des terms de nourriture en Tahitien |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/sci_hum/01197.pdf |journal=[[Research Institute for Development|Cah. ORSTOM]] |language=fr |volume=IX |issue=1 |pages=66, 68-9 |quote=Le mot ''miti'' que nous avons traduit par « sauce salée » a également le sens de « eau de mer » (tahitien archaïque ''tai'') [...] Lorqu'ils prennent leur repas, les Tahitiens tiennent leur ''miti'' à portée de la main pour y tremper chaque morceau de nourriture avant de le poter à la bouche. C'était le moyen de saler des Tahitiens qui, contrairement aux Hawaiens, n'utilisaient pas le sel sous forme solide (''miti popaʻā'' « ''miti'' européen ») aux temps pré-européens.}}</ref> Tsarin koda yana daidaita matakan sodium da chloride a cikin jini a cikin kunkuntar iyaka kusan 9.&nbsp;g/L (0.9% ta nauyin jiki). A yawancin ruwayen da ke buɗe, yawan sinadarin ya bambanta da ƙimar da aka saba da ita ta kusan kashi 3.5%, wanda ya fi yadda jiki zai iya jurewa kuma mafi yawan abin da koda za ta iya sarrafawa. Wani batu da aka saba watsi da shi a cikin iƙirarin cewa koda za ta iya fitar da NaCl a cikin yawan ruwan [[Tekun Baltic|Baltic]] na kashi 2% (a cikin muhawarar akasin haka) shine cewa hanji ba zai iya shan ruwa a irin wannan yawan ba, don haka babu wani amfani a shan irin wannan ruwan. Duk da haka, gishirin ruwan saman Baltic bai taɓa zama kashi 2% ba; kashi 0.9% ne ko ƙasa da haka, don haka ba ya taɓa wuce na ruwan jiki ba. Shan ruwan teku yana ƙara yawan sinadarin NaCl na jini na ɗan lokaci. Wannan yana nuna cewa koda za ta fitar da sodium, amma yawan sinadarin sodium na ruwan teku ya fi ƙarfin kodan. Daga ƙarshe, yawan sinadarin sodium na jini yana tashi zuwa matakan guba, yana cire ruwa daga ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana hana jigilar jijiyoyi, wanda a ƙarshe yana haifar da kamuwa da cuta mai kisa da bugun zuciya . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Littattafan rayuwa suna ba da shawara akai-akai game da shan ruwan teku. Takaitaccen bayani game da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ruwa guda 163 da aka yi a jirgin ruwa sun kiyasta cewa akwai yiwuwar mutuwa da kashi 39% ga waɗanda suka sha ruwan teku, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 3% ga waɗanda ba su sha ba. Tasirin shan ruwan teku ga beraye ya tabbatar da mummunan tasirin shan ruwan teku lokacin da aka bushe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Etzion, Z. |last2=Yagil, R. |date=1987 |title=Metabolic effects in rats drinking increasing concentrations of seawater |journal=Comp Biochem Physiol A |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=49–55 |doi=10.1016/0300-9629(87)90275-1 |pmid=2881655}}</ref> Sha'awar shan ruwan teku ta fi girma ga matuƙan jirgin ruwa waɗanda suka kashe ruwansu mai kyau kuma ba su iya kama isasshen ruwan sama don sha ba. Wannan takaicin an bayyana shi da kyau ta hanyar wani layi daga littafin Samuel Taylor Coleridge mai suna ''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'' :   Duk da cewa mutane ba za su iya rayuwa a kan ruwan teku ba maimakon ruwan sha na yau da kullun, wasu mutane suna da'awar cewa har zuwa kofuna biyu a rana, gauraye da ruwan sabo a cikin rabo 2:3, ba ya haifar da wani mummunan sakamako. Likitan Faransa Alain Bombard ya tsira daga ketare teku a cikin wani ƙaramin jirgin ruwa na roba na Zodiak ta amfani da naman kifi da ba a dafa ba, wanda galibi yana ɗauke da kusan kashi 40% na ruwa (kamar yawancin kyallen halitta), da kuma ƙaramin adadin ruwan teku da sauran abubuwan da aka girbe daga teku. An ƙalubalanci bincikensa, amma ba a iya bayar da wani bayani daban ba. A cikin littafinsa na 1948 ''The Kon-Tiki Expedition'', Thor Heyerdahl ya ba da rahoton shan ruwan teku da aka gauraya da sabo a cikin rabo 2:3 a lokacin balaguron 1947. Bayan 'yan shekaru, wani mai kasada, William Willis, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sha kofuna biyu na ruwan teku da kofi ɗaya na sabo a kowace rana na tsawon kwanaki 70 ba tare da wata illa ba lokacin da ya rasa wani ɓangare na ruwansa. A ƙarni na 18, Richard Russell ya ba da shawarar amfani da wannan hanyar a fannin likitanci a Burtaniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the 18th century medical use of sea water in Britain |url=https://drinkingseawater.com/benefits/history-sea-water-medical-use-uk-18th-century.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125093152/http://www.drinkingseawater.com/benefits/history-sea-water-medical-use-uk-18th-century.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |website=drinkingseawater.com}}</ref> kuma René Quinton ya faɗaɗa wannan hanyar zuwa wasu ƙasashe, musamman Faransa, a ƙarni na 20. A halin yanzu, ana yin ta sosai a Nicaragua da sauran ƙasashe, ana zargin tana amfani da sabbin abubuwan da aka gano a fannin likitanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical use of sea water in Nicaragua |url=https://drinkingseawater.com/benefits/nicaragua-sea-water-medical-use.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125112445/http://www.drinkingseawater.com/benefits/nicaragua-sea-water-medical-use.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |website=drinkingseawater.com}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (August 2024)">ana buƙatar tabbatarwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Tsarkakewa === Kamar kowace irin ruwa mai danye ko gurɓataccen ruwa, ana iya fitar da ruwan teku ko a tace shi don kawar da gishiri, ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda za su hana a ɗauke shi a matsayin [[Ruwan sha|abin sha]] . Yawancin jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a teku [[Tsarkakewa|suna tace]] ruwan da za a iya sha daga ruwan teku ta amfani da hanyoyin kamar narkar da injin tsotsa ko narkar da walƙiya mai matakai da yawa a cikin na'urar fitar da iska, ko kuma, kwanan nan, narkar da iskar osmosis . Waɗannan hanyoyin da ke buƙatar makamashi ba su da yawa a zamanin Sail . Manyan jiragen ruwa masu jigilar kaya tare da manyan ma'aikata, kamar {{HMS|Victory}} na Nelson{{HMS|Victory}}An yi {{HMS|Victory}} sanya na'urar tacewa a cikin kwale-kwalen su. Gishirin teku na halitta da ake samu ta hanyar tururi yana iya tattarawa kuma a sayar da shi a matsayin [[Gishiri|gishirin tebur]], yawanci ana sayar da shi daban saboda keɓancewar ma'adinai ta musamman idan aka kwatanta da gishirin dutse ko wasu tushe. Yawancin abincin yanki a faɗin duniya a al'ada suna haɗa ruwan teku kai tsaye a matsayin sinadari, suna dafa wasu sinadaran a cikin ruwan teku mai narkewa a madadin kayan ƙanshi na yau da kullun. Masu goyon bayan sun haɗa da shahararrun masu dafa abinci na duniya Ferran Adrià da Quique Dacosta, waɗanda ƙasarsu ta Spain tana da kamfanoni shida daban-daban waɗanda ke samo ruwan teku mai tacewa don amfanin girki. Ana tallata ruwan a matsayin {{Lang|es|la sal perfecta}}, "cikakken gishiri", wanda ke ɗauke da ƙarancin sinadarin sodium tare da abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗanɗano. Wani gidan cin abinci da [[Joaquín Baeza]] ke gudanarwa yana samun lita 60,000 a wata daga mai samar da kayayyaki na Mediterranea <ref name="Baker" /> Dabbobi kamar kifi, kifayen whale, kunkuru na teku, da tsuntsayen teku, kamar penguins da albatrosses, sun saba da zama a cikin wurin da ake da gishiri sosai. Misali, kunkuru na teku da kada na ruwan gishiri suna cire gishiri mai yawa daga jikinsu ta hanyar bututun hawayensu . == Haƙar ma'adinai == An fitar da ma'adanai daga ruwan teku tun zamanin da. A halin yanzu ƙarfe huɗu mafi yawa - Na, Mg, Ca da K - ana fitar da su ne daga ruwan teku a kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loganathan |first=Paripurnanda |last2=Naidu |first2=Gayathri |last3=Vigneswaran |first3=Saravanamuthu |date=2017 |title=Mining valuable minerals from seawater: a critical review |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/ew/c6ew00268d |journal=Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=37–53 |bibcode=2017ESWRT...3...37L |doi=10.1039/C6EW00268D |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2015 a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kashi 63% na samar da magnesium ya fito ne daga ruwan teku da ruwan gishiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Keith |title=Over 40 minerals and metals contained in seawater, their extraction likely to increase in the future |url=https://www.miningweekly.com/article/over-40-minerals-and-metals-contained-in-seawater-their-extraction-likely-to-increase-in-the-future-2016-04-01 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=Mining Weekly |language=en}}</ref> Ana kuma samar da Bromine daga ruwan teku a [[Sin|China]] da Japan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Bromine Industry And Its Outlook |url=http://www.bromine.chem.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/library/L02_Global%20Bromine%20Industry.pdf}}</ref> An gwada fitar da lithium daga ruwan teku a shekarun 1970, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka yi watsi da gwaje-gwajen. An yi la'akari da ra'ayin cire uranium daga ruwan teku aƙalla tun daga shekarun 1960, amma an cire gram kaɗan na uranium a [[Japan]] a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ugo Bardi |year=2008 |title=Mining the Oceans: Can We Extract Minerals from Seawater? |url=http://theoildrum.com/node/4558 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=theoildrum.com}}</ref> Babban batun ba shine yuwuwar fasaha ba amma farashin yanzu akan kasuwar uranium don uranium daga wasu tushe ya ninka sau uku zuwa biyar ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin farashin da aka samu ta hanyar fitar da ruwan teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Viability of Uranium Extraction from Sea Water |url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2018/ph241/voigt1/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2018 |title=Cost-effective method of extracting uranium from seawater promises limitless nuclear power |url=https://newatlas.com/nuclear-uranium-seawater-fibers/55033/}}</ref> Irin waɗannan batutuwa suna kawo cikas ga amfani da uranium da aka sake sarrafawa kuma galibi ana kawo su ne akan sake sarrafa nukiliya da kera man MOX a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a tattalin arziki. === Makomar hakar ma'adinai da sinadarai === Domin a gudanar da aikin haƙo ma'adinai da abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan teku yayin da ake la'akari da ayyukan da za su dawwama, ya zama dole a sanya tsarin gudanarwa mai sa ido. Wannan yana buƙatar kula da yankunan teku da yanayinsu, [[Shirye-shiryen muhalli|tsara muhalli]], jagororin da aka tsara don tabbatar da cewa ana sarrafa haƙoran, kimantawa akai-akai game da yanayin bayan haƙoran teku, da kuma sa ido akai-akai. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Levin |first=Lisa A. |date=2019 |title=SUSTAINABILITY IN DEEP WATER: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation |journal=Oceanography |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |bibcode=2019Ocgpy..32b.170L |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2019.224 |issn=1042-8275 |jstor=26651193 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLevin2019">Levin, Lisa A. (2019). [[doi:10.5670/oceanog.2019.224|"SUSTAINABILITY IN DEEP WATER: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation"]]. ''Oceanography''. '''32''' (2): <span class="nowrap">170–</span>180. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Ocgpy..32b.170L 2019Ocgpy..32b.170L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5670/oceanog.2019.224|10.5670/oceanog.2019.224]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1042-8275 1042-8275]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26651193 26651193].</cite></ref> Amfani da fasaha, kamar jiragen sama marasa matuƙa na ƙarƙashin ruwa, na iya sauƙaƙe haƙoran mai dorewa. <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=Eleonora |date=2024-04-16 |title=Innovative solutions for coastal and offshore infrastructure in seawater mining: Enhancing efficiency and environmental performance |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916423009141 |journal=Desalination |volume=575 |bibcode=2024Desal.57517282S |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2023.117282 |issn=0011-9164 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa marasa ƙarancin carbon zai kuma ba da damar ƙarin hanyoyin haƙowa masu dorewa yayin da rage tasirin carbon daga haƙoran ma'adinai. <ref name=":03" /> [[Fayil:Aerial_view_of_Victorian_Desalination_Plant.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin tace gishiri]] Wani aikin da ake la'akari da shi sosai shine tsarin [[Tsarkakewa|tace gishiri]] domin cimma ruwa mai dorewa daga ruwan teku. Duk da cewa tace gishirin yana da damuwa game da muhalli, kamar farashi da albarkatu, masu bincike suna aiki kafada da kafada don tantance hanyoyin da za su dawwama, kamar ƙirƙirar shuke-shuken ruwa masu amfani waɗanda za su iya magance manyan samar da ruwa a yankunan da waɗannan tsare-tsaren ba koyaushe suke samuwa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayaz |first=Muhammad |last2=Namazi |first2=M. A. |last3=Din |first3=M. Ammad ud |last4=Ershath |first4=M. I. Mohamed |last5=Mansour |first5=Ali |last6=Aggoune |first6=el-Hadi M. |date=2022-10-15 |title=Sustainable seawater desalination: Current status, environmental implications and future expectations |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916422004775 |journal=Desalination |volume=540 |bibcode=2022Desal.54016022A |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116022 |issn=0011-9164 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake tace ruwan teku na iya amfanar al'umma sosai, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da tasirin muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da duk haƙoran ta hanyar da za ta yarda da kuma la'akari da haɗarin da ke tattare da dorewar yanayin halittu na ruwan teku. == Daidaitacce == ASTM International tana da ƙa'idar ƙasa da ƙasa don ruwan teku na wucin gadi : ASTM D1141-98 (Asalin ASTM D1141-52). Ana amfani da shi a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na bincike a matsayin mafita mai sake samarwa ga ruwan teku kamar gwaje-gwaje kan tsatsa, gurɓatar mai, da kimanta sabulun shara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ASTM D1141-98(2013) |url=http://www.astm.org/Standards/D1141.htm |access-date=17 August 2013 |publisher=ASTM}}</ref> == Tsarin halittu == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  Ma'adanai da ake samu a cikin ruwan teku suma suna iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zagayowar abinci na teku da yanayin halittu. Misali, Tekun Kudu yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga [[Tsarin carbon|zagayowar carbon]] na muhalli. Ganin cewa wannan jikin ruwa ba ya ɗauke da yawan ƙarfe, ƙarancin yana shafar rayuwar ruwa da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwansa. Sakamakon haka, wannan teku ba ta iya samar da phytoplankton mai yawa wanda ke hana tushen farko na sarkar abinci na teku. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNicolBowieJarmanLannuzel2010">Nicol, Stephen; Bowie, Andrew; Jarman, Simon; Lannuzel, Delphine; Meiners, Klaus M; Van Der Merwe, Pier (13 May 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x "Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill"]</span>. ''Fish and Fisheries''. '''11''' (2): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>209. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqFF...11..203N 2010AqFF...11..203N]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x|10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-2960 1467-2960].</cite></ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan phytoplankton sune diatoms wanda shine babban tushen abinci na [[Karrill na Antarctic|Antarctic krill]] . Yayin da zagayowar ke ci gaba, manyan dabbobin teku daban-daban suna cin krill na Antarctic, amma tunda akwai ƙarancin ƙarfe daga farkon phytoplankton/diatoms, to waɗannan manyan nau'ikan suma ba su da ƙarfe. Manyan dabbobin teku sun haɗa da Baleen Whales kamar Blue Whale da Fin Whale . <ref name=":05" /> Waɗannan whales ba wai kawai sun dogara da ƙarfe don daidaita ma'adanai a cikin abincinsu ba, har ma yana shafar adadin ƙarfe da aka sake farfaɗowa cikin teku. Fitar kifin whale kuma yana ɗauke da ƙarfen da ya sha wanda zai ba da damar sake shigar da ƙarfe cikin yanayin halittu na teku. Gabaɗaya, ƙarancin ma'adinai ɗaya kamar ƙarfe a Tekun Kudancin na iya haifar da babban jerin rikice-rikice a cikin yanayin halittu na teku wanda ke nuna muhimmiyar rawar da ruwan teku ke takawa a cikin sarkar abinci . Bayan ƙarin bincike kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin kifin diatoms, krill, da baleen, an binciki samfuran kifin baleen a cikin ruwan teku na Antarctic. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNicolBowieJarmanLannuzel2010">Nicol, Stephen; Bowie, Andrew; Jarman, Simon; Lannuzel, Delphine; Meiners, Klaus M; Van Der Merwe, Pier (13 May 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x "Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill"]</span>. ''Fish and Fisheries''. '''11''' (2): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>209. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqFF...11..203N 2010AqFF...11..203N]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x|10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-2960 1467-2960].</cite></ref> Binciken ya haɗa da cewa yawan ƙarfe ya fi na waɗanda aka samu a cikin ruwan teku na Antarctic sau miliyan 10, kuma an sami krill akai-akai a cikin najasarsu wanda hakan ke nuna cewa krill yana cikin abincin kifin. <ref name=":05" /> Kifin Antarctic yana da matsakaicin matakin ƙarfe na 174.3mg/kg na busasshen nauyi, amma ƙarfen da ke cikin krill ya bambanta daga 12 zuwa 174 mg/kg na busasshen nauyi. <ref name=":05" /> Matsakaicin yawan ƙarfe na tsoka na kifin blue da fin whales shine 173 mg/kg na busasshen nauyi, wanda ke nuna cewa manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa suna da mahimmanci ga yanayin halittu na ruwa kamar yadda suke a Tekun Kudancin. <ref name=":05" /> A gaskiya ma, samun ƙarin kifin whales a cikin teku zai iya ƙara yawan ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku ta hanyar fitar da su wanda zai haɓaka ingantaccen yanayin halittu. Kifin Krill da baleen suna aiki a matsayin manyan ma'ajiyar ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku a Tekun Kudancin. Krill na iya riƙe har zuwa kashi 24% na baƙin ƙarfe da ake samu a kan ruwan saman da ke cikin kewayonsa. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNicolBowieJarmanLannuzel2010">Nicol, Stephen; Bowie, Andrew; Jarman, Simon; Lannuzel, Delphine; Meiners, Klaus M; Van Der Merwe, Pier (13 May 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x "Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill"]</span>. ''Fish and Fisheries''. '''11''' (2): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>209. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqFF...11..203N 2010AqFF...11..203N]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x|10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-2960 1467-2960].</cite></ref> Tsarin ciyar da kifin krill akan diatoms yana sakin ƙarfe zuwa ruwan teku, yana nuna su a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na zagayowar ƙarfe na teku. Dangantaka mai kyau tsakanin kifin krill da baleen yana ƙara adadin ƙarfe da za a iya sake amfani da shi da adana shi a cikin ruwan teku. <ref name=":05" /> An ƙirƙiri madauri mai kyau na amsawa, yana ƙara yawan yawan rayuwar ruwa a Tekun Kudancin. Halittu na kowane girma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yanayin halittu na ruwa, inda manyan da ƙananan mazauna ke ba da gudummawa daidai gwargwado wajen sake amfani da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ruwan teku. Ba da fifiko ga murmurewar yawan kifaye saboda suna haɓaka yawan aiki a cikin yanayin halittu na ruwa da kuma ƙara yawan ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku zai ba da damar samar da tsarin daidaito da wadata ga teku. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fahimtar fa'idodin najasar kifaye a matsayin taki da kuma samar da ƙarin haske game da sake amfani da ƙarfe a cikin Tekun Kudancin. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ayyuka kan kula da yanayin halittu da kiyayewa suna da mahimmanci don haɓaka ilimin yanayin halittu na ruwa. == Tasirin Muhalli da dorewa == Kamar kowace hanyar haƙar ma'adinai, akwai fa'idodi da rashin amfani ga muhalli. Cobalt da Lithium muhimman karafa ne guda biyu da za a iya amfani da su don taimakawa wajen amfani da fasahohin da suka fi dacewa da muhalli a sama da ƙasa, kamar samar da batura masu ƙarfafa motocin lantarki ko ƙirƙirar wutar lantarki ta iska . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=Rebecca |date=2020 |title=Deep Sea Rush: With valuable metals on the ocean floor, speculators are circling |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26975674 |journal=The Baffler |issue=54 |pages=114–124 |issn=1059-9789 |jstor=26975674}}</ref> Hanya mai kyau ta haƙar ma'adinai wadda ke ba da damar samun ƙarin dorewa ita ce cire waɗannan karafa daga ƙasan teku. Haƙar ma'adinai ta Lithium daga ƙasan teku a adadi mai yawa na iya samar da adadi mai yawa na karafa masu sabuntawa don haɓaka ayyukan da suka fi dacewa da muhalli a cikin al'umma don rage sawun carbon na ɗan adam. Haƙar ma'adinai ta Lithium daga ƙasan teku na iya yin nasara, amma nasararsa za ta dogara ne akan ayyukan sake amfani da su masu inganci a sama da ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bardi |first=Ugo |date=April 2010 |title=Extracting Minerals from Seawater: An Energy Analysis |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=980–992 |bibcode=2010Sust....2..980B |doi=10.3390/su2040980 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ocean_Floor_V_(33712023355).jpg|thumb|Rayuwar ruwa tana bunƙasa a ƙasan teku]] Akwai kuma haɗarin da ke tattare da cirewa daga ƙasan teku. Yawancin nau'ikan halittu masu bambancin halittu suna da tsawon rai a ƙasan teku, wanda ke nufin cewa haifuwarsu tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Levin |first=Lisa A. |date=2019 |title=SUSTAINABILITY IN DEEP WATER: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation |journal=Oceanography |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |bibcode=2019Ocgpy..32b.170L |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2019.224 |issn=1042-8275 |jstor=26651193 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kamar yadda ake girbe kifi daga ƙasan teku, cire ma'adanai da yawa, da sauri, ba tare da ingantattun tsare-tsare ba, na iya haifar da katsewar yanayin halittu na ƙarƙashin ruwa. <ref name=":02" /> Akasin haka, wannan zai yi tasiri akasin haka kuma ya hana cire ma'adanai daga zama aiki mai dorewa na dogon lokaci, kuma zai haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfe da ake buƙata. Duk wani cire ma'adinai daga ruwan teku yana kuma haɗarin wargaza mazaunin halittun ƙarƙashin ruwa waɗanda suka dogara da yanayin halittu marasa katsewa a cikin muhallinsu saboda rikice-rikice na iya haifar da babban rikici ga al'ummomin dabbobi. <ref name=":02" /> == Duba kuma ==   * Artificial seawater – Mixture of dissolved salts simulating the mean seawater composition * Brackish water – Water with salinity between freshwater and seawater * Brine – Concentrated solution of salt in water * Brine mining – Extracting materials from saltwater * CORA dataset – Oceanographic temperature and salinity dataset global ocean salinity * Fresh water – Naturally occurring water with low amounts of dissolved salts * Ocean color – Explanation of the color of oceans and ocean color remote sensing * Saline water – Water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts * Sea ice – Outcome of seawater as it freezes * Seawater pH – Measure of the level of acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution * Surface tension of seawater – Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area * Thalassotherapy – Form of therapy using seawater * Thermohaline circulation – Part of large-scale ocean circulation == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Spoken Wikipedia/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=3939UNESCO Takardun Fasaha a Kimiyyar Ruwa 44, Algorithms don lissafin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan teku, ioc-unesco.org, UNESCO 1983] Tebura * [http://web.mit.edu/seawater/ Tebura da software don halayen thermophysical na ruwan teku], MIT * {{physical oceanography|expanded=other}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dnlnjbe2vh0j9msfh4ll36h5wkij289 875832 875830 2026-07-04T11:13:42Z Gwanki 3834 875832 wikitext text/x-wiki Ruwan teku, ko ruwan teku, ruwa ne daga teku ko teku . A matsakaici, ruwan teku a cikin tekuna na duniya yana da gishirin kusan kashi 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM). Wannan yana nufin cewa kowace kilogiram (kimanin lita ɗaya bisa ga girman) na ruwan teku yana da kimanin 35 grams (1.2 oz) na gishirin da aka narkar (galibi sodium ( ) da kuma chloride ( ) ions ). Matsakaicin yawan da ake samu a saman shine 1.025 kg/L. Ruwan teku ya fi ruwa mai kyau da ruwa mai tsarki yawa (yawan ruwa 1.0) kg/L a 4 °C (39 °F) ) saboda gishirin da aka narkar yana ƙara yawan taro da girma fiye da girman. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Wurin daskarewar ruwan teku yana raguwa yayin da yawan gishiri ke ƙaruwa. A daidai lokacin da gishirin yake ƙaruwa, yana daskarewa da kusan −2 °C (28 °F) . [1] An gano ruwan teku mafi sanyi da har yanzu yake cikin yanayin ruwa da aka taɓa gani a shekarar 2010, a cikin wani rafi a ƙarƙashin wani ƙanƙarar Antarctic : zafin da aka auna ya kasance −2.6 °C (27.3 °F) . [2] Ma'aunin pH yana da sarkakiya ta hanyar halayen sinadarai na ruwan teku, kuma akwai ma'aunin pH daban-daban da dama a cikin nazarin teku na sinadarai . <ref name="zeebe">Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2001) ''CO₂ in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes'', Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands {{ISBN|0-444-50946-1}}</ref> Babu wani ma'aunin pH da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya don ruwan teku kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin ma'auni bisa ga ma'aunin tunani daban-daban na iya zama har zuwa raka'a 0.14. == Kadarorin == === Gishirin ƙasa === [[Fayil:WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png|left|thumb|Matsakaicin gishirin saman teku na shekara-shekara da aka bayyana a cikin Sikelin Gishiri Mai Amfani na Tekun Duniya . Bayanai daga Atlas na Tekun Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Ocean Atlas 2009 |url=http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOA09/pr_woa09.html |access-date=5 December 2012 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}</ref>]] Duk da cewa mafi yawan ruwan teku yana da gishiri tsakanin 31 da 38 g/kg, wato kashi 3.1–3.8%, ruwan teku ba ruwan gishiri ba ne a ko'ina cikin duniya. Idan aka haɗu da ruwan da ke kwarara daga bakin kogi, ko kuma kusa da ƙanƙara mai narkewa ko kuma yawan ruwan sama mai yawa (misali damina ), ruwan teku ba zai iya zama ruwan gishiri sosai ba. Tekun da ya fi kowanne ruwan gishiri shi ne Tekun Bahar Maliya, inda yawan fitar ruwa, ƙarancin ruwan sama da kuma ƙarancin kwararar kogi, da kuma yawan zagayawar ruwa ke haifar da ruwan gishiri. Gishirin da ke cikin ruwan da ke keɓe na iya zama mafi girma har yanzu. – kusan sau goma fiye da haka a yanayin Tekun Matattu . A tarihi, an yi amfani da ma'aunin gishiri da yawa don kimanta cikakken gishirin ruwan teku. Wani ma'auni mai shahara shine "Scale na Salinity Mai Amfani" inda aka auna gishirin a cikin "raka'o'in gishiri masu amfani (PSU)". Ma'aunin gishirin yanzu shine ma'aunin "Reference Salinity" [1] tare da gishirin da aka bayyana a cikin raka'a na "g/kg". === Yawan yawa === Yawan ruwan teku na sama ya kasance daga kimanin 1020 zuwa 1029 kg / m³, dangane da zafin jiki da salinity. A zafin jiki na 25 ° C, salinity na ³ g / kg da matsin lamba na 1 atm, yawan ruwan teku shine 102³.6 kg / m³. <ref name="Nayar">{{Cite journal |last=Nayar |first=Kishor G. |last2=Sharqawy |first2=Mostafa H. |last3=Banchik |first3=Leonardo D. |last4=Lienhard V |first4=John H. |date=July 2016 |title=Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations that include pressure dependence |journal=Desalination |volume=390 |pages=1–24 |bibcode=2016Desal.390....1N |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="MIT">{{Cite web |title=Thermophysical properties of seawater |url=http://web.mit.edu/seawater |access-date=February 24, 2017 |publisher=Department of Mechanical Engineering, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin zurfin teku, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, ruwan teku na iya kaiwa ga yawan 1050 kg / m3 ko mafi girma. Yawan ruwan teku ma yana canzawa tare da salinity. Brines da aka samar da su ta hanyar tsire-tsire na ruwan teku na iya samun salinities har zuwa 120 g / kg. Yawan ruwan teku na yau da kullun na 120 g / kg salinity a 25 ° C da matsin yanayi shine 1088 kg / m3 . <ref name="Nayar" /><ref name="MIT" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === ƙimar pH === Darajar pH a saman tekuna a lokacin kafin masana'antu (kafin 1850) ta kasance kusan 8.2. Tun daga lokacin, yana raguwa saboda wani tsari da ɗan adam ke haifarwa wanda ake kira [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|acidification na teku]] wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Rashin iskar gas|hayakin carbon dioxide]] : Tsakanin 1950 da 2020, matsakaicin pH na saman teku ya faɗi daga kimanin 8.15 zuwa 8.05. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Terhaar |first=Jens |last2=Frölicher |first2=Thomas L. |last3=Joos |first3=Fortunat |date=2023 |title=Ocean acidification in emission-driven temperature stabilization scenarios: the role of TCRE and non-{{CO2}} greenhouse gases |journal=Environmental Research Letters |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=024033 |bibcode=2023ERL....18b4033T |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91 |issn=1748-9326 |s2cid=255431338 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Darajar pH na ruwan teku a zahiri tana ƙasa da 7.8 a cikin zurfin ruwan teku sakamakon lalacewar abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan ruwan. Zai iya kaiwa har zuwa 8.4 a cikin ruwan saman a yankunan da ke da yawan [[Yaduwar muhali|amfanin halittu]] . Ma'aunin pH yana da sarkakiya ta hanyar halayen sinadarai na ruwan teku, kuma akwai ma'aunin pH daban-daban da dama a cikin nazarin teku na sinadarai . <ref name="zeebe">Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2001) ''CO₂ in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes'', Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands {{ISBN|0-444-50946-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-444-50946-1|<bdi>0-444-50946-1</bdi>]]</ref> Babu wani ma'aunin pH da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya don ruwan teku kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin ma'auni bisa ga ma'aunin tunani daban-daban na iya zama har zuwa raka'a 0.14. === Sinadarin sinadarai === [[Fayil:Sea_salt-e-dp_hg.svg|thumb|Zane da ke nuna yawan ions na gishiri daban-daban a cikin ruwan teku. Abun da ke cikin jimlar sinadaran gishirin shine: 55%, 30.6%, 7.7%, 3.7%, 1.2%, 1.1%, sauran 0.7%, ta hanyar taro.]] Ruwan teku ya ƙunshi ions da aka narkar fiye da dukkan nau'ikan ruwan sha mai tsafta. <ref name="Gale">{{Cite web |last=Gale |first=Thomson |title=Ocean Chemical Processes |url=http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Mi-Oc/Ocean-Chemical-Processes.html |access-date=2 December 2006}}</ref> Duk da haka, rabon solutes ya bambanta sosai. Misali, kodayake ruwan teku ya ƙunshi kusan bicarbonate sau 2.8 fiye da ruwan kogi, kashi na bicarbonate a cikin ruwan teku a matsayin rabo na ''duk'' ions da aka narkar ya yi ƙasa da na ruwan kogi. ions na bicarbonate sun ƙunshi kashi 48% na solutes na ruwan kogi amma kashi 0.14% ne kawai ga ruwan teku. <ref name="Gale" /> Bambance-bambance irin waɗannan sun faru ne saboda bambancin lokutan zama na solutes na ruwan teku; sodium da chloride suna da dogon lokacin zama, yayin da calcium (mahimmanci ga samuwar carbonate ) yana iya fashewa da sauri. <ref name="Pinet" /> ions mafi yawan narkar da ke cikin ruwan teku sune sodium, chloride, magnesium, sulfate da calcium. Osmolarity ɗinsa shine kusan 1000 mOsm/L. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Osmolarity of sea water - Biosphere - BNID 100802 |url=https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?&id=100802&ver=0 |website=bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu}}</ref> Ana samun ƙananan adadin wasu abubuwa, ciki har da [[amino acid]] a cikin yawan har zuwa microgram 2 na atom na nitrogen a kowace lita, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tada |first=K. |last2=Tada |first2=M. |last3=Maita |first3=Y. |year=1998 |title=Dissolved free amino acids in coastal seawater using a modified fluorometric method |url=http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/JO/pdf/5404/54040313.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Oceanography |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=313–321 |bibcode=1998JOce...54..313T |doi=10.1007/BF02742615 |s2cid=26231863 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121231018/http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/JO/pdf/5404/54040313.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref> waɗanda ake tsammanin sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a asalin rayuwa . {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;" |+Abun da ke cikin ruwan teku<br /><br /><br /><br /> (gishiri = 3.5%) ! Sinadarin ! Kashi ta kowane taro |- | Iskar Oxygen | 85.84 |- | Hydrogen | 10.82 |- | Chlorine | 1.94 |- | Sodium | 1.08 |- | Magnesium | 0.1292 |- | Sulfur | 0.091 |- | Calcium | 0.04 |- | Potassium | 0.04 |- | Bromine | 0.0067 |- | Carbon | 0.0028 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;" |+Jimlar sinadarin ruwan teku (gishirin = 35) ! Bangaren ! Mayar da hankali (mol/kg) |- | | 53.6 |- | | 0.546 |- | | 0.469 |- | | 0.0528 |- | | 0.0282 |- | | 0.0103 |- | | 0.0102 |- | C <nowiki><sub id="mwATs">T</sub></nowiki> | 0.00206 |- | | 0.000844 |- | B <nowiki><sub id="mwAUU">T</sub></nowiki> | 0.000416 |- | | 0.000091 |- | | 0.000068 |} {{Clear}} === Sinadaran ƙwayoyin cuta === Binciken da Cibiyar Scripps ta gudanar a shekarar 1957 ya yi samfurin ruwa a wurare biyu na pelagic da neritic a Tekun Pacific. An yi amfani da ƙididdigar ƙananan halittu da al'adu kai tsaye, ƙidaya kai tsaye a wasu lokuta tana nuna har sau 10,000 da aka samu daga al'adu. An danganta waɗannan bambance-bambancen ne da faruwar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tarin abubuwa, tasirin kafofin watsa labarai na al'adu, da kuma kasancewar ƙwayoyin da ba su aiki. An lura da raguwar adadin al'adun ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙasa da [[thermocline]], amma ba ta hanyar lura da ƙananan halittu kai tsaye ba. An ga adadi mai yawa na siffofin spirilli ta hanyar na'urar hangen nesa amma ba a ƙarƙashin noma ba. An san bambancin adadi a cikin lambobi da aka samu ta hanyar hanyoyin biyu a wannan da sauran fannoni. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jannasch |first=Holger W. |last2=Jones |first2=Galen E. |year=1959 |title=Bacterial Populations in Sea Water as Determined by Different Methods of Enumeration |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |volume=4 |pages=128–139 |bibcode=1959LimOc...4..128J |doi=10.4319/lo.1959.4.2.0128 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990, ingantattun dabarun gano ƙwayoyin cuta da gano ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta na DNA, sun ba wa masu bincike damar shiga cikin Ƙidayar Rayuwar Ruwa damar gano dubban ƙwayoyin cuta da ba a san su ba a baya waɗanda galibi ke kasancewa a ƙananan lambobi kawai. Wannan ya nuna bambancin da ya fi yawa fiye da yadda ake tsammani a baya, don haka lita ɗaya na ruwan teku na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan sama da 20,000. Mitchell Sogin daga dakin gwaje-gwajen halittu na ruwa yana jin cewa "adadin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban a cikin tekuna zai iya wuce miliyan biyar zuwa goma." Ana samun ƙwayoyin cuta a zurfin ruwa, da kuma a cikin laka, wasu suna da aerobic, wasu kuma anaerobic. Yawancinsu suna yin iyo kyauta, amma wasu suna wanzuwa a matsayin symbionts a cikin wasu halittu - misalan waɗannan sune ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai. Cyanobacteria sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin juyin halittar hanyoyin teku, wanda ya ba da damar haɓaka stromatolites da iskar oxygen a cikin yanayi. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna hulɗa da diatoms, kuma suna samar da muhimmiyar alaƙa a cikin zagayowar silicon a cikin teku. Wani nau'in anaerobic, ''Thiomargarita namibiensis'', yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rushewar fashewar hydrogen sulfide daga laka mai kama da diatomaceous a bakin tekun Namibia, kuma ana samar da shi ta hanyar yawan haɓakar phytoplankton a yankin Benguela na hazo yanzu, wanda daga ƙarshe ya faɗi zuwa ƙasan teku. Archaea mai kama da ƙwayoyin cuta ta ba wa masana kimiyyar halittu na ruwa mamaki ta hanyar rayuwarsu da bunƙasa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi, kamar hanyoyin iskar hydrothermal a ƙasan teku. Kwayoyin cuta na ruwa masu jure wa alkali kamar ''Pseudomonas'' da ''Vibrio'' spp. suna rayuwa a cikin kewayon pH na 7.3 zuwa 10.6, yayin da wasu nau'ikan za su girma ne kawai a pH 10 zuwa 10.6. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maeda |first=M. |last2=Taga |first2=N. |date=31 March 1980 |title=Alkalotolerant and Alkalophilic Bacteria in Seawater |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=2 |pages=105–108 |bibcode=1980MEPS....2..105M |doi=10.3354/meps002105 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Archaea kuma tana wanzuwa a cikin ruwan pelagic kuma tana iya zama kusan rabin biomass na teku, a bayyane yake tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan teku. A cikin 2000, laka daga ƙasan teku ya bayyana wani nau'in Archaea wanda ke rushe [[methane]], wani muhimmin iskar gas [[Gidan Gishiri|mai dumama yanayi]] kuma babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ɗumamar yanayi. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna rushe duwatsun ƙasan teku, suna tasiri ga sinadaran ruwan teku. Zubewar mai, da kwararar da ke ɗauke da najasa na ɗan adam da gurɓatattun sinadarai suna da tasiri mai kyau akan rayuwar ƙwayoyin cuta a kusa, da kuma ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da gubobi da ke shafar dukkan nau'ikan halittun ruwa . A wasu lokutan, dinoflagellates masu protist na iya fuskantar fashewar jama'a da ake kira blooms ko [[Furen algal mai lahani|red tides]], sau da yawa bayan gurɓataccen iska da ɗan adam ya haifar. Tsarin na iya samar da sinadarai masu narkewa da aka sani da biotoxins, waɗanda ke tafiya tare da sarkar abinci ta teku, suna lalata masu amfani da dabbobi masu yawa. An gano ''Pandoravirus salinus'', wani nau'in ƙwayar cuta mai girma, mai kwayar halittar da ta fi girma fiye da kowace nau'in ƙwayar cuta, a shekarar 2013. Kamar sauran manyan ƙwayoyin cuta ''Mimivirus'' da ''Megavirus'', ''Pandoravirus'' yana kamuwa da amoebas, amma kwayar halittarsa, wacce ke ɗauke da megabases 1.9 zuwa 2.5 na DNA, ta ninka girman ''Megavirus'' sau biyu, kuma ta bambanta sosai da sauran manyan ƙwayoyin cuta a bayyanar da kuma tsarin kwayar halitta. A shekarar 2013, masu bincike daga Jami'ar Aberdeen sun sanar da cewa suna fara farautar sinadarai da ba a gano ba a cikin halittun da suka samo asali a cikin ramukan teku masu zurfi, suna fatan samun "tsara mai zuwa" na maganin rigakafi, suna tsammanin "rashin lafiyar kwayoyin cuta" tare da ƙarancin sabbin magunguna masu yaƙi da kamuwa da cuta. Binciken da Tarayyar Turai ta dauki nauyinsa zai fara ne a cikin Atacama Trench sannan ya ci gaba da bincike a cikin ramukan da ke kewaye da New Zealand da Antarctica. Teku yana da dogon tarihi na zubar da sharar ɗan adam bisa ga zato cewa girmansa yana sa shi iya sha da kuma narkar da duk wani abu mai cutarwa. Duk da cewa wannan na iya zama gaskiya a ƙaramin sikelin, yawan najasa da ake zubarwa akai-akai ya lalata yanayin halittu da yawa na bakin teku, kuma ya sanya su zama barazana ga rayuwa. Kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka suna faruwa a cikin irin waɗannan ruwan, kamar ''Escherichia coli'', ''Vibrio cholerae'' wanda ke haifar da [[Amai da Gudawa|kwalara]], [[Cutar hanta A|hepatitis A]], hepatitis E da [[polio]], tare da protozoans waɗanda ke haifar da giardiasis da cryptosporidiosis . Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna kasancewa akai-akai a cikin ruwan ballast na manyan tasoshin jini, kuma suna yaɗuwa sosai lokacin da aka fitar da ballast ɗin. === Sauran sigogi === Saurin sauti a cikin ruwan teku yana kusa da 1,500&nbsp;m/s (yayin da saurin sauti yawanci yana kusa da 330&nbsp;m/s a cikin iska a kusan 101.3&nbsp;matsin lamba na kPa, 1&nbsp;yanayi), kuma ya bambanta da zafin ruwa, gishiri, da matsin lamba. Matsakaicin zafin ruwan teku shine 0.6&nbsp;W/mK a 25&nbsp;°C da gishirin 35&nbsp;g/kg. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharqawy |first=Mostafa H. |last2=Lienhard V |first2=John H. |last3=Zubair |first3=Syed M. |date=April 2010 |title=The thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing correlations and data |url=http://web.mit.edu/lienhard/www/Thermophysical_properties_of_seawater-DWT-16-354-2010.pdf |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |volume=16 |issue=1–3 |pages=354–380 |bibcode=2010DWatT..16..354S |doi=10.5004/dwt.2010.1079 |s2cid=93362418 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana raguwa tare da ƙaruwar gishiri kuma yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙaruwar zafin jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thermal conductivity of seawater and its concentrates |url=http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/tthb/2/Tab-5-5-13-2-Ther-Cond-Seawater.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929063305/http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/tthb/2/Tab-5-5-13-2-Ther-Cond-Seawater.html |archive-date=29 September 2018 |access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref> == Asali da tarihi == Ana tsammanin ruwan da ke cikin teku ya fito ne daga [[Dutsen Volcano|aman wuta]] na Duniya, wanda ya fara shekaru biliyan 4 da suka gabata, wanda aka fitar ta hanyar cire gas daga dutsen da ya narke. {{Rp|pages=24–25}}Wani sabon bincike da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa yawancin ruwan Duniya na iya fitowa daga taurari masu tauraro mai wutsiya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cowen, Ron |date=5 October 2011 |title=Comets take pole position as water bearers |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/111005/full/news.2011.579.html |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/news.2011.579 |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 September 2013 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka'idojin kimiyya da ke bayan asalin gishirin teku sun fara ne da Sir Edmond Halley a shekarar 1715, wanda ya gabatar da cewa koguna suna ɗauke gishiri da sauran ma'adanai zuwa teku bayan ruwan sama ya wanke su daga ƙasa. Da suka isa teku, waɗannan gishirin sun taru yayin da gishiri ya isa kan lokaci (duba zagayowar ruwa ). Halley ya lura cewa yawancin tafkuna waɗanda ba su da magudanar ruwa ta teku (kamar Tekun Matattu da [[Tekun Caspian]], duba [[Endorheic Basin|kwarin endorheic]] ), suna da yawan gishiri. Halley ya kira wannan tsari "yanayin yanayi na nahiyar". Ka'idar Halley ta yi daidai. Bugu da ƙari, sodium yana fitowa daga ƙasan teku lokacin da teku ta samar. Kasancewar sauran ion mai rinjaye na gishiri, chloride, ya samo asali ne daga fitar da iskar chloride (a matsayin hydrochloric acid ) tare da wasu iskar gas daga cikin Duniya ta hanyar [[Dutsen Volcano|aman wuta]] da kuma hanyoyin iskar hydrothermal . Daga baya, sodium da chloride ions sun zama mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin gishirin teku. Gishirin teku ya daɗe yana dawwama tsawon biliyoyin shekaru, wataƙila sakamakon tsarin sinadarai/ tectonic wanda ke cire gishiri gwargwadon yadda aka ajiye; misali, wuraren nutsewar sodium da chloride sun haɗa da ma'adinan evaporite, binnewar ruwa a rami, da kuma amsawar basalts na ƙasan teku. {{Rp|133}} == Tasirin ɗan adam == [[Canjin yanayi|Sauyin yanayi]], hauhawar matakan [[Carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya na Duniya|carbon dioxide a cikin yanayin duniya]], yawan abubuwan gina jiki, da gurɓatawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban suna canza yanayin ƙasa a duniya. Yawan canji a wasu fannoni ya fi na tarihi da na baya-bayan nan a tarihin ƙasa. Manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa sun haɗa da ƙaruwar [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|acidity]], raguwar iskar oxygen a ƙarƙashin ruwa a kusa da teku da kuma ruwan pelagic, ƙaruwar matakan nitrogen a bakin teku, da ƙaruwar mercury da gurɓatattun abubuwa masu rai. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan suna da alaƙa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice da ƙonewar man fetur na ɗan adam, taki, da ayyukan masana'antu. Ana sa ran yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa zai ƙaru a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da mummunan tasiri ga halittun teku da sauran albarkatun ruwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doney |first=Scott C. |author-link=Scott Doney |date=18 June 2010 |title=The Growing Human Footprint on Coastal and Open-Ocean Biogeochemistry |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=328 |issue=5985 |pages=1512–1516 |bibcode=2010Sci...328.1512D |doi=10.1126/science.1185198 |pmid=20558706 |s2cid=8792396}}</ref> daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi burgewa game da wannan shine ƙara [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|yawan sinadarin acid a cikin teku]], wanda ya samo asali ne daga ƙaruwar shan CO a cikin tekuna da ke da alaƙa da yawan CO yanayi da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doney |first=Scott C. |last2=Fabry |first2=Victoria J. |last3=Feely |first3=Richard A. |last4=Kleypas |first4=Joan A. |author-link4=Joan Kleypas |date=2009-01-01 |title=Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem |journal=Annual Review of Marine Science |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=169–192 |bibcode=2009ARMS....1..169D |doi=10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834 |pmid=21141034 |s2cid=402398}}</ref> saboda yana shafar murjani, mollusks, echinoderms da crustaceans sosai (duba [[Ruwan murjani|murjani mai launin shuɗi]] ). Ruwan teku hanya ce ta sufuri a duk faɗin duniya. Kowace rana jiragen ruwa da yawa suna ketare teku don isar da kayayyaki zuwa wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ruwan teku kayan aiki ne ga ƙasashe don shiga cikin harkokin kasuwanci da sufuri na duniya yadda ya kamata, amma kowane jirgi yana fitar da hayaki wanda zai iya cutar da rayuwar ruwa, ingancin iskar yankunan bakin teku. Sufurin ruwan teku yana ɗaya daga cikin hayakin da mutane ke fitarwa cikin sauri. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vaishnav |first=Parth |date=2014 |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions from International Transport |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43315842 |journal=Issues in Science and Technology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=25–28 |issn=0748-5492 |jstor=43315842}}</ref> Haɗarin da ake fitarwa daga jiragen ruwa yana haifar da haɗari mai yawa ga lafiyar ɗan adam a yankunan da ke kusa yayin da [[Mai|mai da iskar]] gas da aka saki daga ayyukan jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci ke rage ingancin iska kuma yana haifar da ƙarin [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] a ruwan teku da yankunan da ke kewaye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iodice |first=Paolo |last2=Langella |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Amoresano |first3=Amedeo |date=2017 |title=A numerical approach to assess air pollution by ship engines in manoeuvring mode and fuel switch conditions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90015687 |journal=Energy & Environment |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=827–845 |bibcode=2017EnEnv..28..827I |doi=10.1177/0958305X17734050 |issn=0958-305X |jstor=90015687 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani amfani da ruwan teku da ɗan adam ke yi da shi da aka yi la'akari da shi shine amfani da ruwan teku don amfanin [[noma]] . A yankunan da ke da manyan yankunan tuddai na yashi, kamar [[Isra'ila]], amfani da ruwan teku don [[ban ruwa]] ga shuke-shuke zai kawar da manyan kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da ruwan sabo lokacin da ba a iya samunsa cikin sauƙi. <ref name=":04">{{Cite journal |last=Boyko |first=Hugo |date=1967 |title=Salt-Water Agriculture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24931436 |journal=Scientific American |volume=216 |issue=3 |pages=89–101 |bibcode=1967SciAm.216c..89B |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0367-89 |issn=0036-8733 |jstor=24931436 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake ba al'ada ba ne a yi amfani da ruwan gishiri a matsayin hanyar shuka shuke-shuke yayin da gishirin ke taruwa da lalata ƙasar da ke kewaye, an tabbatar da cewa yana da nasara a cikin ƙasa mai yashi da tsakuwa. <ref name=":04" /> Babban tsaftace ruwan teku wani abu ne da zai taimaka wajen nasarar noman noma a cikin busasshiyar muhallin hamada . <ref name=":04" /> Ɗaya daga cikin shuke-shuke mafi nasara a noman ruwan gishiri shine halophyte . Halophyte shuka ce mai jure gishiri wadda ƙwayoyinta ke jure wa tasirin gishiri a cikin ƙasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Glenn |first=Edward P. |last2=Brown |first2=J. Jed |last3=O’Leary |first3=James W. |date=1998 |title=Irrigating Crops with Seawater |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26070601 |journal=Scientific American |volume=279 |issue=2 |pages=76–81 |bibcode=1998SciAm.279b..76G |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0898-76 |issn=0036-8733 |jstor=26070601 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Endodermis yana tilasta mata ta tace gishiri mafi girma a cikin shukar saboda yana ba da damar zagayawa da ruwa ta cikin ƙwayoyin halitta. <ref name=":1" /> An yi amfani da noman halophytes da aka yi ban ruwa da ruwan gishiri don noman abincin dabbobi ga dabbobi ; duk da haka, dabbobin da aka ciyar da waɗannan shuke-shuken sun cinye ruwa fiye da waɗanda ba su ci ba. <ref name=":1" /> Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a san noma daga amfani da ruwan gishiri ba kuma ana amfani da shi a babban sikelin, binciken farko ya nuna cewa akwai damar samar da ƙarin amfanin gona a yankunan da ba kasafai ake iya nomawa a gonaki ba. == Amfanin ɗan adam == Shan ruwa mai tsafta ba bisa ka'ida ba ba shi da illa, musamman idan aka sha ruwan teku tare da ruwa mai tsafta. Duk da haka, shan ruwan teku don kiyaye ruwa ba shi da amfani; dole ne a fitar da ruwa mai yawa don kawar da gishirin (ta [[fitsari]] ) fiye da adadin ruwan da aka samu daga ruwan teku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2021 |title=Can humans drink seawater? |url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/drinksw.html |publisher=[[National Ocean Service]] ([[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]])}}</ref> A yanayi na yau da kullun, ba za a yi la'akari da shan ruwan teku mai yawa ba. A zamanin mulkin mallaka na Tahiti, ƙaramin adadin ruwan teku ya kasance sinadari ga miya sabo ( {{Lang|ty|[[miti hue|miti]]}} ) wato {{Lang|ty|miti hue}} (da kwakwa mai tsami) da {{Lang|ty|miti haʻari}} (an haɗa shi da [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]] ) a matsayin babban kayan ƙanshi na abinci, ba kamar mutanen da ke da alaƙa da shi kamar 'yan Hawaii waɗanda suka haɓaka gishiri mai cin nasara da kansu ba, don haka suna samun busassun gishiri don amfanin kansu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lemaitre |first=Yves |date=1972 |title=La hiérarchie des terms de nourriture en Tahitien |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/sci_hum/01197.pdf |journal=[[Research Institute for Development|Cah. ORSTOM]] |language=fr |volume=IX |issue=1 |pages=66, 68-9 |quote=Le mot ''miti'' que nous avons traduit par « sauce salée » a également le sens de « eau de mer » (tahitien archaïque ''tai'') [...] Lorqu'ils prennent leur repas, les Tahitiens tiennent leur ''miti'' à portée de la main pour y tremper chaque morceau de nourriture avant de le poter à la bouche. C'était le moyen de saler des Tahitiens qui, contrairement aux Hawaiens, n'utilisaient pas le sel sous forme solide (''miti popaʻā'' « ''miti'' européen ») aux temps pré-européens.}}</ref> Tsarin koda yana daidaita matakan sodium da chloride a cikin jini a cikin kunkuntar iyaka kusan 9.&nbsp;g/L (0.9% ta nauyin jiki). A yawancin ruwayen da ke buɗe, yawan sinadarin ya bambanta da ƙimar da aka saba da ita ta kusan kashi 3.5%, wanda ya fi yadda jiki zai iya jurewa kuma mafi yawan abin da koda za ta iya sarrafawa. Wani batu da aka saba watsi da shi a cikin iƙirarin cewa koda za ta iya fitar da NaCl a cikin yawan ruwan [[Tekun Baltic|Baltic]] na kashi 2% (a cikin muhawarar akasin haka) shine cewa hanji ba zai iya shan ruwa a irin wannan yawan ba, don haka babu wani amfani a shan irin wannan ruwan. Duk da haka, gishirin ruwan saman Baltic bai taɓa zama kashi 2% ba; kashi 0.9% ne ko ƙasa da haka, don haka ba ya taɓa wuce na ruwan jiki ba. Shan ruwan teku yana ƙara yawan sinadarin NaCl na jini na ɗan lokaci. Wannan yana nuna cewa koda za ta fitar da sodium, amma yawan sinadarin sodium na ruwan teku ya fi ƙarfin kodan. Daga ƙarshe, yawan sinadarin sodium na jini yana tashi zuwa matakan guba, yana cire ruwa daga ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana hana jigilar jijiyoyi, wanda a ƙarshe yana haifar da kamuwa da cuta mai kisa da bugun zuciya . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Littattafan rayuwa suna ba da shawara akai-akai game da shan ruwan teku. Takaitaccen bayani game da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ruwa guda 163 da aka yi a jirgin ruwa sun kiyasta cewa akwai yiwuwar mutuwa da kashi 39% ga waɗanda suka sha ruwan teku, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 3% ga waɗanda ba su sha ba. Tasirin shan ruwan teku ga beraye ya tabbatar da mummunan tasirin shan ruwan teku lokacin da aka bushe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Etzion, Z. |last2=Yagil, R. |date=1987 |title=Metabolic effects in rats drinking increasing concentrations of seawater |journal=Comp Biochem Physiol A |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=49–55 |doi=10.1016/0300-9629(87)90275-1 |pmid=2881655}}</ref> Sha'awar shan ruwan teku ta fi girma ga matuƙan jirgin ruwa waɗanda suka kashe ruwansu mai kyau kuma ba su iya kama isasshen ruwan sama don sha ba. Wannan takaicin an bayyana shi da kyau ta hanyar wani layi daga littafin Samuel Taylor Coleridge mai suna ''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'' :   Duk da cewa mutane ba za su iya rayuwa a kan ruwan teku ba maimakon ruwan sha na yau da kullun, wasu mutane suna da'awar cewa har zuwa kofuna biyu a rana, gauraye da ruwan sabo a cikin rabo 2:3, ba ya haifar da wani mummunan sakamako. Likitan Faransa Alain Bombard ya tsira daga ketare teku a cikin wani ƙaramin jirgin ruwa na roba na Zodiak ta amfani da naman kifi da ba a dafa ba, wanda galibi yana ɗauke da kusan kashi 40% na ruwa (kamar yawancin kyallen halitta), da kuma ƙaramin adadin ruwan teku da sauran abubuwan da aka girbe daga teku. An ƙalubalanci bincikensa, amma ba a iya bayar da wani bayani daban ba. A cikin littafinsa na 1948 ''The Kon-Tiki Expedition'', Thor Heyerdahl ya ba da rahoton shan ruwan teku da aka gauraya da sabo a cikin rabo 2:3 a lokacin balaguron 1947. Bayan 'yan shekaru, wani mai kasada, William Willis, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sha kofuna biyu na ruwan teku da kofi ɗaya na sabo a kowace rana na tsawon kwanaki 70 ba tare da wata illa ba lokacin da ya rasa wani ɓangare na ruwansa. A ƙarni na 18, Richard Russell ya ba da shawarar amfani da wannan hanyar a fannin likitanci a Burtaniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the 18th century medical use of sea water in Britain |url=https://drinkingseawater.com/benefits/history-sea-water-medical-use-uk-18th-century.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125093152/http://www.drinkingseawater.com/benefits/history-sea-water-medical-use-uk-18th-century.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |website=drinkingseawater.com}}</ref> kuma René Quinton ya faɗaɗa wannan hanyar zuwa wasu ƙasashe, musamman Faransa, a ƙarni na 20. A halin yanzu, ana yin ta sosai a Nicaragua da sauran ƙasashe, ana zargin tana amfani da sabbin abubuwan da aka gano a fannin likitanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical use of sea water in Nicaragua |url=https://drinkingseawater.com/benefits/nicaragua-sea-water-medical-use.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125112445/http://www.drinkingseawater.com/benefits/nicaragua-sea-water-medical-use.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |website=drinkingseawater.com}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (August 2024)">ana buƙatar tabbatarwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Tsarkakewa === Kamar kowace irin ruwa mai danye ko gurɓataccen ruwa, ana iya fitar da ruwan teku ko a tace shi don kawar da gishiri, ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda za su hana a ɗauke shi a matsayin [[Ruwan sha|abin sha]] . Yawancin jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a teku [[Tsarkakewa|suna tace]] ruwan da za a iya sha daga ruwan teku ta amfani da hanyoyin kamar narkar da injin tsotsa ko narkar da walƙiya mai matakai da yawa a cikin na'urar fitar da iska, ko kuma, kwanan nan, narkar da iskar osmosis . Waɗannan hanyoyin da ke buƙatar makamashi ba su da yawa a zamanin Sail . Manyan jiragen ruwa masu jigilar kaya tare da manyan ma'aikata, kamar {{HMS|Victory}} na Nelson{{HMS|Victory}}An yi {{HMS|Victory}} sanya na'urar tacewa a cikin kwale-kwalen su. Gishirin teku na halitta da ake samu ta hanyar tururi yana iya tattarawa kuma a sayar da shi a matsayin [[Gishiri|gishirin tebur]], yawanci ana sayar da shi daban saboda keɓancewar ma'adinai ta musamman idan aka kwatanta da gishirin dutse ko wasu tushe. Yawancin abincin yanki a faɗin duniya a al'ada suna haɗa ruwan teku kai tsaye a matsayin sinadari, suna dafa wasu sinadaran a cikin ruwan teku mai narkewa a madadin kayan ƙanshi na yau da kullun. Masu goyon bayan sun haɗa da shahararrun masu dafa abinci na duniya Ferran Adrià da Quique Dacosta, waɗanda ƙasarsu ta Spain tana da kamfanoni shida daban-daban waɗanda ke samo ruwan teku mai tacewa don amfanin girki. Ana tallata ruwan a matsayin {{Lang|es|la sal perfecta}}, "cikakken gishiri", wanda ke ɗauke da ƙarancin sinadarin sodium tare da abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗanɗano. Wani gidan cin abinci da [[Joaquín Baeza]] ke gudanarwa yana samun lita 60,000 a wata daga mai samar da kayayyaki na Mediterranea <ref name="Baker" /> Dabbobi kamar kifi, kifayen whale, kunkuru na teku, da tsuntsayen teku, kamar penguins da albatrosses, sun saba da zama a cikin wurin da ake da gishiri sosai. Misali, kunkuru na teku da kada na ruwan gishiri suna cire gishiri mai yawa daga jikinsu ta hanyar bututun hawayensu . == Haƙar ma'adinai == An fitar da ma'adanai daga ruwan teku tun zamanin da. A halin yanzu ƙarfe huɗu mafi yawa - Na, Mg, Ca da K - ana fitar da su ne daga ruwan teku a kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loganathan |first=Paripurnanda |last2=Naidu |first2=Gayathri |last3=Vigneswaran |first3=Saravanamuthu |date=2017 |title=Mining valuable minerals from seawater: a critical review |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/ew/c6ew00268d |journal=Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=37–53 |bibcode=2017ESWRT...3...37L |doi=10.1039/C6EW00268D |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2015 a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kashi 63% na samar da magnesium ya fito ne daga ruwan teku da ruwan gishiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Keith |title=Over 40 minerals and metals contained in seawater, their extraction likely to increase in the future |url=https://www.miningweekly.com/article/over-40-minerals-and-metals-contained-in-seawater-their-extraction-likely-to-increase-in-the-future-2016-04-01 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=Mining Weekly |language=en}}</ref> Ana kuma samar da Bromine daga ruwan teku a [[Sin|China]] da Japan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Bromine Industry And Its Outlook |url=http://www.bromine.chem.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/library/L02_Global%20Bromine%20Industry.pdf}}</ref> An gwada fitar da lithium daga ruwan teku a shekarun 1970, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka yi watsi da gwaje-gwajen. An yi la'akari da ra'ayin cire uranium daga ruwan teku aƙalla tun daga shekarun 1960, amma an cire gram kaɗan na uranium a [[Japan]] a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ugo Bardi |year=2008 |title=Mining the Oceans: Can We Extract Minerals from Seawater? |url=http://theoildrum.com/node/4558 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=theoildrum.com}}</ref> Babban batun ba shine yuwuwar fasaha ba amma farashin yanzu akan kasuwar uranium don uranium daga wasu tushe ya ninka sau uku zuwa biyar ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin farashin da aka samu ta hanyar fitar da ruwan teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Viability of Uranium Extraction from Sea Water |url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2018/ph241/voigt1/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2018 |title=Cost-effective method of extracting uranium from seawater promises limitless nuclear power |url=https://newatlas.com/nuclear-uranium-seawater-fibers/55033/}}</ref> Irin waɗannan batutuwa suna kawo cikas ga amfani da uranium da aka sake sarrafawa kuma galibi ana kawo su ne akan sake sarrafa nukiliya da kera man MOX a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a tattalin arziki. === Makomar hakar ma'adinai da sinadarai === Domin a gudanar da aikin haƙo ma'adinai da abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan teku yayin da ake la'akari da ayyukan da za su dawwama, ya zama dole a sanya tsarin gudanarwa mai sa ido. Wannan yana buƙatar kula da yankunan teku da yanayinsu, [[Shirye-shiryen muhalli|tsara muhalli]], jagororin da aka tsara don tabbatar da cewa ana sarrafa haƙoran, kimantawa akai-akai game da yanayin bayan haƙoran teku, da kuma sa ido akai-akai. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Levin |first=Lisa A. |date=2019 |title=SUSTAINABILITY IN DEEP WATER: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation |journal=Oceanography |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |bibcode=2019Ocgpy..32b.170L |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2019.224 |issn=1042-8275 |jstor=26651193 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLevin2019">Levin, Lisa A. (2019). [[doi:10.5670/oceanog.2019.224|"SUSTAINABILITY IN DEEP WATER: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation"]]. ''Oceanography''. '''32''' (2): <span class="nowrap">170–</span>180. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Ocgpy..32b.170L 2019Ocgpy..32b.170L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5670/oceanog.2019.224|10.5670/oceanog.2019.224]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1042-8275 1042-8275]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26651193 26651193].</cite></ref> Amfani da fasaha, kamar jiragen sama marasa matuƙa na ƙarƙashin ruwa, na iya sauƙaƙe haƙoran mai dorewa. <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=Eleonora |date=2024-04-16 |title=Innovative solutions for coastal and offshore infrastructure in seawater mining: Enhancing efficiency and environmental performance |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916423009141 |journal=Desalination |volume=575 |bibcode=2024Desal.57517282S |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2023.117282 |issn=0011-9164 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa marasa ƙarancin carbon zai kuma ba da damar ƙarin hanyoyin haƙowa masu dorewa yayin da rage tasirin carbon daga haƙoran ma'adinai. <ref name=":03" /> [[Fayil:Aerial_view_of_Victorian_Desalination_Plant.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin tace gishiri]] Wani aikin da ake la'akari da shi sosai shine tsarin [[Tsarkakewa|tace gishiri]] domin cimma ruwa mai dorewa daga ruwan teku. Duk da cewa tace gishirin yana da damuwa game da muhalli, kamar farashi da albarkatu, masu bincike suna aiki kafada da kafada don tantance hanyoyin da za su dawwama, kamar ƙirƙirar shuke-shuken ruwa masu amfani waɗanda za su iya magance manyan samar da ruwa a yankunan da waɗannan tsare-tsaren ba koyaushe suke samuwa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayaz |first=Muhammad |last2=Namazi |first2=M. A. |last3=Din |first3=M. Ammad ud |last4=Ershath |first4=M. I. Mohamed |last5=Mansour |first5=Ali |last6=Aggoune |first6=el-Hadi M. |date=2022-10-15 |title=Sustainable seawater desalination: Current status, environmental implications and future expectations |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916422004775 |journal=Desalination |volume=540 |bibcode=2022Desal.54016022A |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116022 |issn=0011-9164 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake tace ruwan teku na iya amfanar al'umma sosai, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da tasirin muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da duk haƙoran ta hanyar da za ta yarda da kuma la'akari da haɗarin da ke tattare da dorewar yanayin halittu na ruwan teku. == Daidaitacce == ASTM International tana da ƙa'idar ƙasa da ƙasa don ruwan teku na wucin gadi : ASTM D1141-98 (Asalin ASTM D1141-52). Ana amfani da shi a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na bincike a matsayin mafita mai sake samarwa ga ruwan teku kamar gwaje-gwaje kan tsatsa, gurɓatar mai, da kimanta sabulun shara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ASTM D1141-98(2013) |url=http://www.astm.org/Standards/D1141.htm |access-date=17 August 2013 |publisher=ASTM}}</ref> == Tsarin halittu == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  Ma'adanai da ake samu a cikin ruwan teku suma suna iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zagayowar abinci na teku da yanayin halittu. Misali, Tekun Kudu yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga [[Tsarin carbon|zagayowar carbon]] na muhalli. Ganin cewa wannan jikin ruwa ba ya ɗauke da yawan ƙarfe, ƙarancin yana shafar rayuwar ruwa da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwansa. Sakamakon haka, wannan teku ba ta iya samar da phytoplankton mai yawa wanda ke hana tushen farko na sarkar abinci na teku. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNicolBowieJarmanLannuzel2010">Nicol, Stephen; Bowie, Andrew; Jarman, Simon; Lannuzel, Delphine; Meiners, Klaus M; Van Der Merwe, Pier (13 May 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x "Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill"]</span>. ''Fish and Fisheries''. '''11''' (2): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>209. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqFF...11..203N 2010AqFF...11..203N]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x|10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-2960 1467-2960].</cite></ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan phytoplankton sune diatoms wanda shine babban tushen abinci na [[Karrill na Antarctic|Antarctic krill]] . Yayin da zagayowar ke ci gaba, manyan dabbobin teku daban-daban suna cin krill na Antarctic, amma tunda akwai ƙarancin ƙarfe daga farkon phytoplankton/diatoms, to waɗannan manyan nau'ikan suma ba su da ƙarfe. Manyan dabbobin teku sun haɗa da Baleen Whales kamar Blue Whale da Fin Whale . <ref name=":05" /> Waɗannan whales ba wai kawai sun dogara da ƙarfe don daidaita ma'adanai a cikin abincinsu ba, har ma yana shafar adadin ƙarfe da aka sake farfaɗowa cikin teku. Fitar kifin whale kuma yana ɗauke da ƙarfen da ya sha wanda zai ba da damar sake shigar da ƙarfe cikin yanayin halittu na teku. Gabaɗaya, ƙarancin ma'adinai ɗaya kamar ƙarfe a Tekun Kudancin na iya haifar da babban jerin rikice-rikice a cikin yanayin halittu na teku wanda ke nuna muhimmiyar rawar da ruwan teku ke takawa a cikin sarkar abinci . Bayan ƙarin bincike kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin kifin diatoms, krill, da baleen, an binciki samfuran kifin baleen a cikin ruwan teku na Antarctic. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNicolBowieJarmanLannuzel2010">Nicol, Stephen; Bowie, Andrew; Jarman, Simon; Lannuzel, Delphine; Meiners, Klaus M; Van Der Merwe, Pier (13 May 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x "Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill"]</span>. ''Fish and Fisheries''. '''11''' (2): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>209. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqFF...11..203N 2010AqFF...11..203N]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x|10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-2960 1467-2960].</cite></ref> Binciken ya haɗa da cewa yawan ƙarfe ya fi na waɗanda aka samu a cikin ruwan teku na Antarctic sau miliyan 10, kuma an sami krill akai-akai a cikin najasarsu wanda hakan ke nuna cewa krill yana cikin abincin kifin. <ref name=":05" /> Kifin Antarctic yana da matsakaicin matakin ƙarfe na 174.3mg/kg na busasshen nauyi, amma ƙarfen da ke cikin krill ya bambanta daga 12 zuwa 174 mg/kg na busasshen nauyi. <ref name=":05" /> Matsakaicin yawan ƙarfe na tsoka na kifin blue da fin whales shine 173 mg/kg na busasshen nauyi, wanda ke nuna cewa manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa suna da mahimmanci ga yanayin halittu na ruwa kamar yadda suke a Tekun Kudancin. <ref name=":05" /> A gaskiya ma, samun ƙarin kifin whales a cikin teku zai iya ƙara yawan ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku ta hanyar fitar da su wanda zai haɓaka ingantaccen yanayin halittu. Kifin Krill da baleen suna aiki a matsayin manyan ma'ajiyar ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku a Tekun Kudancin. Krill na iya riƙe har zuwa kashi 24% na baƙin ƙarfe da ake samu a kan ruwan saman da ke cikin kewayonsa. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNicolBowieJarmanLannuzel2010">Nicol, Stephen; Bowie, Andrew; Jarman, Simon; Lannuzel, Delphine; Meiners, Klaus M; Van Der Merwe, Pier (13 May 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x "Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill"]</span>. ''Fish and Fisheries''. '''11''' (2): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>209. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqFF...11..203N 2010AqFF...11..203N]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x|10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-2960 1467-2960].</cite></ref> Tsarin ciyar da kifin krill akan diatoms yana sakin ƙarfe zuwa ruwan teku, yana nuna su a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na zagayowar ƙarfe na teku. Dangantaka mai kyau tsakanin kifin krill da baleen yana ƙara adadin ƙarfe da za a iya sake amfani da shi da adana shi a cikin ruwan teku. <ref name=":05" /> An ƙirƙiri madauri mai kyau na amsawa, yana ƙara yawan yawan rayuwar ruwa a Tekun Kudancin. Halittu na kowane girma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yanayin halittu na ruwa, inda manyan da ƙananan mazauna ke ba da gudummawa daidai gwargwado wajen sake amfani da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ruwan teku. Ba da fifiko ga murmurewar yawan kifaye saboda suna haɓaka yawan aiki a cikin yanayin halittu na ruwa da kuma ƙara yawan ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku zai ba da damar samar da tsarin daidaito da wadata ga teku. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fahimtar fa'idodin najasar kifaye a matsayin taki da kuma samar da ƙarin haske game da sake amfani da ƙarfe a cikin Tekun Kudancin. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ayyuka kan kula da yanayin halittu da kiyayewa suna da mahimmanci don haɓaka ilimin yanayin halittu na ruwa. == Tasirin Muhalli da dorewa == Kamar kowace hanyar haƙar ma'adinai, akwai fa'idodi da rashin amfani ga muhalli. Cobalt da Lithium muhimman karafa ne guda biyu da za a iya amfani da su don taimakawa wajen amfani da fasahohin da suka fi dacewa da muhalli a sama da ƙasa, kamar samar da batura masu ƙarfafa motocin lantarki ko ƙirƙirar wutar lantarki ta iska . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=Rebecca |date=2020 |title=Deep Sea Rush: With valuable metals on the ocean floor, speculators are circling |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26975674 |journal=The Baffler |issue=54 |pages=114–124 |issn=1059-9789 |jstor=26975674}}</ref> Hanya mai kyau ta haƙar ma'adinai wadda ke ba da damar samun ƙarin dorewa ita ce cire waɗannan karafa daga ƙasan teku. Haƙar ma'adinai ta Lithium daga ƙasan teku a adadi mai yawa na iya samar da adadi mai yawa na karafa masu sabuntawa don haɓaka ayyukan da suka fi dacewa da muhalli a cikin al'umma don rage sawun carbon na ɗan adam. Haƙar ma'adinai ta Lithium daga ƙasan teku na iya yin nasara, amma nasararsa za ta dogara ne akan ayyukan sake amfani da su masu inganci a sama da ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bardi |first=Ugo |date=April 2010 |title=Extracting Minerals from Seawater: An Energy Analysis |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=980–992 |bibcode=2010Sust....2..980B |doi=10.3390/su2040980 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ocean_Floor_V_(33712023355).jpg|thumb|Rayuwar ruwa tana bunƙasa a ƙasan teku]] Akwai kuma haɗarin da ke tattare da cirewa daga ƙasan teku. Yawancin nau'ikan halittu masu bambancin halittu suna da tsawon rai a ƙasan teku, wanda ke nufin cewa haifuwarsu tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Levin |first=Lisa A. |date=2019 |title=SUSTAINABILITY IN DEEP WATER: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation |journal=Oceanography |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |bibcode=2019Ocgpy..32b.170L |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2019.224 |issn=1042-8275 |jstor=26651193 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kamar yadda ake girbe kifi daga ƙasan teku, cire ma'adanai da yawa, da sauri, ba tare da ingantattun tsare-tsare ba, na iya haifar da katsewar yanayin halittu na ƙarƙashin ruwa. <ref name=":02" /> Akasin haka, wannan zai yi tasiri akasin haka kuma ya hana cire ma'adanai daga zama aiki mai dorewa na dogon lokaci, kuma zai haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfe da ake buƙata. Duk wani cire ma'adinai daga ruwan teku yana kuma haɗarin wargaza mazaunin halittun ƙarƙashin ruwa waɗanda suka dogara da yanayin halittu marasa katsewa a cikin muhallinsu saboda rikice-rikice na iya haifar da babban rikici ga al'ummomin dabbobi. <ref name=":02" /> == Duba kuma ==   * Artificial seawater – Mixture of dissolved salts simulating the mean seawater composition * Brackish water – Water with salinity between freshwater and seawater * Brine – Concentrated solution of salt in water * Brine mining – Extracting materials from saltwater * CORA dataset – Oceanographic temperature and salinity dataset global ocean salinity * Fresh water – Naturally occurring water with low amounts of dissolved salts * Ocean color – Explanation of the color of oceans and ocean color remote sensing * Saline water – Water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts * Sea ice – Outcome of seawater as it freezes * Seawater pH – Measure of the level of acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution * Surface tension of seawater – Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area * Thalassotherapy – Form of therapy using seawater * Thermohaline circulation – Part of large-scale ocean circulation == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Spoken Wikipedia/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=3939UNESCO Takardun Fasaha a Kimiyyar Ruwa 44, Algorithms don lissafin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan teku, ioc-unesco.org, UNESCO 1983] Tebura * [http://web.mit.edu/seawater/ Tebura da software don halayen thermophysical na ruwan teku], MIT * {{physical oceanography|expanded=other}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qfut1mlcj591v5quy5n0wt5zpubk1n6 875833 875832 2026-07-04T11:13:57Z Gwanki 3834 875833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ruwan teku, ko ruwan teku, ruwa ne daga teku ko teku . A matsakaici, ruwan teku a cikin tekuna na duniya yana da gishirin kusan kashi 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM). Wannan yana nufin cewa kowace kilogiram (kimanin lita ɗaya bisa ga girman) na ruwan teku yana da kimanin 35 grams (1.2 oz) na gishirin da aka narkar (galibi sodium ( ) da kuma chloride ( ) ions ). Matsakaicin yawan da ake samu a saman shine 1.025 kg/L. Ruwan teku ya fi ruwa mai kyau da ruwa mai tsarki yawa (yawan ruwa 1.0) kg/L a 4 °C (39 °F) ) saboda gishirin da aka narkar yana ƙara yawan taro da girma fiye da girman. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Wurin daskarewar ruwan teku yana raguwa yayin da yawan gishiri ke ƙaruwa. A daidai lokacin da gishirin yake ƙaruwa, yana daskarewa da kusan −2 °C (28 °F) . [1] An gano ruwan teku mafi sanyi da har yanzu yake cikin yanayin ruwa da aka taɓa gani a shekarar 2010, a cikin wani rafi a ƙarƙashin wani ƙanƙarar Antarctic : zafin da aka auna ya kasance −2.6 °C (27.3 °F) . [2] Ma'aunin pH yana da sarkakiya ta hanyar halayen sinadarai na ruwan teku, kuma akwai ma'aunin pH daban-daban da dama a cikin nazarin teku na sinadarai . <ref name="zeebe">Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2001) ''CO₂ in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes'', Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands {{ISBN|0-444-50946-1}}</ref> Babu wani ma'aunin pH da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya don ruwan teku kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin ma'auni bisa ga ma'aunin tunani daban-daban na iya zama har zuwa raka'a 0.14. == Kadarorin == === Gishirin ƙasa === [[Fayil:WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png|left|thumb|Matsakaicin gishirin saman teku na shekara-shekara da aka bayyana a cikin Sikelin Gishiri Mai Amfani na Tekun Duniya . Bayanai daga Atlas na Tekun Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Ocean Atlas 2009 |url=http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOA09/pr_woa09.html |access-date=5 December 2012 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}</ref>]] Duk da cewa mafi yawan ruwan teku yana da gishiri tsakanin 31 da 38 g/kg, wato kashi 3.1–3.8%, ruwan teku ba ruwan gishiri ba ne a ko'ina cikin duniya. Idan aka haɗu da ruwan da ke kwarara daga bakin kogi, ko kuma kusa da ƙanƙara mai narkewa ko kuma yawan ruwan sama mai yawa (misali damina ), ruwan teku ba zai iya zama ruwan gishiri sosai ba. Tekun da ya fi kowanne ruwan gishiri shi ne Tekun Bahar Maliya, inda yawan fitar ruwa, ƙarancin ruwan sama da kuma ƙarancin kwararar kogi, da kuma yawan zagayawar ruwa ke haifar da ruwan gishiri. Gishirin da ke cikin ruwan da ke keɓe na iya zama mafi girma har yanzu. – kusan sau goma fiye da haka a yanayin Tekun Matattu . A tarihi, an yi amfani da ma'aunin gishiri da yawa don kimanta cikakken gishirin ruwan teku. Wani ma'auni mai shahara shine "Scale na Salinity Mai Amfani" inda aka auna gishirin a cikin "raka'o'in gishiri masu amfani (PSU)". Ma'aunin gishirin yanzu shine ma'aunin "Reference Salinity" [1] tare da gishirin da aka bayyana a cikin raka'a na "g/kg". === Yawan yawa === Yawan ruwan teku na sama ya kasance daga kimanin 1020 zuwa 1029 kg / m³, dangane da zafin jiki da salinity. A zafin jiki na 25 ° C, salinity na ³ g / kg da matsin lamba na 1 atm, yawan ruwan teku shine 102³.6 kg / m³. <ref name="Nayar">{{Cite journal |last=Nayar |first=Kishor G. |last2=Sharqawy |first2=Mostafa H. |last3=Banchik |first3=Leonardo D. |last4=Lienhard V |first4=John H. |date=July 2016 |title=Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations that include pressure dependence |journal=Desalination |volume=390 |pages=1–24 |bibcode=2016Desal.390....1N |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="MIT">{{Cite web |title=Thermophysical properties of seawater |url=http://web.mit.edu/seawater |access-date=February 24, 2017 |publisher=Department of Mechanical Engineering, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin zurfin teku, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, ruwan teku na iya kaiwa ga yawan 1050 kg / m3 ko mafi girma. Yawan ruwan teku ma yana canzawa tare da salinity. Brines da aka samar da su ta hanyar tsire-tsire na ruwan teku na iya samun salinities har zuwa 120 g / kg. Yawan ruwan teku na yau da kullun na 120 g / kg salinity a 25 ° C da matsin yanayi shine 1088 kg / m3 . <ref name="Nayar" /><ref name="MIT" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === ƙimar pH === Darajar pH a saman tekuna a lokacin kafin masana'antu (kafin 1850) ta kasance kusan 8.2. Tun daga lokacin, yana raguwa saboda wani tsari da ɗan adam ke haifarwa wanda ake kira [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|acidification na teku]] wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Rashin iskar gas|hayakin carbon dioxide]] : Tsakanin 1950 da 2020, matsakaicin pH na saman teku ya faɗi daga kimanin 8.15 zuwa 8.05. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Terhaar |first=Jens |last2=Frölicher |first2=Thomas L. |last3=Joos |first3=Fortunat |date=2023 |title=Ocean acidification in emission-driven temperature stabilization scenarios: the role of TCRE and non-{{CO2}} greenhouse gases |journal=Environmental Research Letters |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=024033 |bibcode=2023ERL....18b4033T |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91 |issn=1748-9326 |s2cid=255431338 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Darajar pH na ruwan teku a zahiri tana ƙasa da 7.8 a cikin zurfin ruwan teku sakamakon lalacewar abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan ruwan. Zai iya kaiwa har zuwa 8.4 a cikin ruwan saman a yankunan da ke da yawan [[Yaduwar muhali|amfanin halittu]] . Ma'aunin pH yana da sarkakiya ta hanyar halayen sinadarai na ruwan teku, kuma akwai ma'aunin pH daban-daban da dama a cikin nazarin teku na sinadarai . <ref name="zeebe">Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2001) ''CO₂ in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes'', Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands {{ISBN|0-444-50946-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-444-50946-1|<bdi>0-444-50946-1</bdi>]]</ref> Babu wani ma'aunin pH da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya don ruwan teku kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin ma'auni bisa ga ma'aunin tunani daban-daban na iya zama har zuwa raka'a 0.14. === Sinadarin sinadarai === [[Fayil:Sea_salt-e-dp_hg.svg|thumb|Zane da ke nuna yawan ions na gishiri daban-daban a cikin ruwan teku. Abun da ke cikin jimlar sinadaran gishirin shine: 55%, 30.6%, 7.7%, 3.7%, 1.2%, 1.1%, sauran 0.7%, ta hanyar taro.]] Ruwan teku ya ƙunshi ions da aka narkar fiye da dukkan nau'ikan ruwan sha mai tsafta. <ref name="Gale">{{Cite web |last=Gale |first=Thomson |title=Ocean Chemical Processes |url=http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Mi-Oc/Ocean-Chemical-Processes.html |access-date=2 December 2006}}</ref> Duk da haka, rabon solutes ya bambanta sosai. Misali, kodayake ruwan teku ya ƙunshi kusan bicarbonate sau 2.8 fiye da ruwan kogi, kashi na bicarbonate a cikin ruwan teku a matsayin rabo na ''duk'' ions da aka narkar ya yi ƙasa da na ruwan kogi. ions na bicarbonate sun ƙunshi kashi 48% na solutes na ruwan kogi amma kashi 0.14% ne kawai ga ruwan teku. <ref name="Gale" /> Bambance-bambance irin waɗannan sun faru ne saboda bambancin lokutan zama na solutes na ruwan teku; sodium da chloride suna da dogon lokacin zama, yayin da calcium (mahimmanci ga samuwar carbonate ) yana iya fashewa da sauri. <ref name="Pinet" /> ions mafi yawan narkar da ke cikin ruwan teku sune sodium, chloride, magnesium, sulfate da calcium. Osmolarity ɗinsa shine kusan 1000 mOsm/L. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Osmolarity of sea water - Biosphere - BNID 100802 |url=https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?&id=100802&ver=0 |website=bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu}}</ref> Ana samun ƙananan adadin wasu abubuwa, ciki har da [[amino acid]] a cikin yawan har zuwa microgram 2 na atom na nitrogen a kowace lita, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tada |first=K. |last2=Tada |first2=M. |last3=Maita |first3=Y. |year=1998 |title=Dissolved free amino acids in coastal seawater using a modified fluorometric method |url=http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/JO/pdf/5404/54040313.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Oceanography |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=313–321 |bibcode=1998JOce...54..313T |doi=10.1007/BF02742615 |s2cid=26231863 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121231018/http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/JO/pdf/5404/54040313.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref> waɗanda ake tsammanin sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a asalin rayuwa . {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;" |+Abun da ke cikin ruwan teku<br /><br /><br /><br /> (gishiri = 3.5%) ! Sinadarin ! Kashi ta kowane taro |- | Iskar Oxygen | 85.84 |- | Hydrogen | 10.82 |- | Chlorine | 1.94 |- | Sodium | 1.08 |- | Magnesium | 0.1292 |- | Sulfur | 0.091 |- | Calcium | 0.04 |- | Potassium | 0.04 |- | Bromine | 0.0067 |- | Carbon | 0.0028 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;" |+Jimlar sinadarin ruwan teku (gishirin = 35) ! Bangaren ! Mayar da hankali (mol/kg) |- | | 53.6 |- | | 0.546 |- | | 0.469 |- | | 0.0528 |- | | 0.0282 |- | | 0.0103 |- | | 0.0102 |- | C <nowiki><sub id="mwATs">T</sub></nowiki> | 0.00206 |- | | 0.000844 |- | B <nowiki><sub id="mwAUU">T</sub></nowiki> | 0.000416 |- | | 0.000091 |- | | 0.000068 |} {{Clear}} === Sinadaran ƙwayoyin cuta === Binciken da Cibiyar Scripps ta gudanar a shekarar 1957 ya yi samfurin ruwa a wurare biyu na pelagic da neritic a Tekun Pacific. An yi amfani da ƙididdigar ƙananan halittu da al'adu kai tsaye, ƙidaya kai tsaye a wasu lokuta tana nuna har sau 10,000 da aka samu daga al'adu. An danganta waɗannan bambance-bambancen ne da faruwar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tarin abubuwa, tasirin kafofin watsa labarai na al'adu, da kuma kasancewar ƙwayoyin da ba su aiki. An lura da raguwar adadin al'adun ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙasa da [[thermocline]], amma ba ta hanyar lura da ƙananan halittu kai tsaye ba. An ga adadi mai yawa na siffofin spirilli ta hanyar na'urar hangen nesa amma ba a ƙarƙashin noma ba. An san bambancin adadi a cikin lambobi da aka samu ta hanyar hanyoyin biyu a wannan da sauran fannoni. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jannasch |first=Holger W. |last2=Jones |first2=Galen E. |year=1959 |title=Bacterial Populations in Sea Water as Determined by Different Methods of Enumeration |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |volume=4 |pages=128–139 |bibcode=1959LimOc...4..128J |doi=10.4319/lo.1959.4.2.0128 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990, ingantattun dabarun gano ƙwayoyin cuta da gano ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta na DNA, sun ba wa masu bincike damar shiga cikin Ƙidayar Rayuwar Ruwa damar gano dubban ƙwayoyin cuta da ba a san su ba a baya waɗanda galibi ke kasancewa a ƙananan lambobi kawai. Wannan ya nuna bambancin da ya fi yawa fiye da yadda ake tsammani a baya, don haka lita ɗaya na ruwan teku na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan sama da 20,000. Mitchell Sogin daga dakin gwaje-gwajen halittu na ruwa yana jin cewa "adadin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban a cikin tekuna zai iya wuce miliyan biyar zuwa goma." Ana samun ƙwayoyin cuta a zurfin ruwa, da kuma a cikin laka, wasu suna da aerobic, wasu kuma anaerobic. Yawancinsu suna yin iyo kyauta, amma wasu suna wanzuwa a matsayin symbionts a cikin wasu halittu - misalan waɗannan sune ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai. Cyanobacteria sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin juyin halittar hanyoyin teku, wanda ya ba da damar haɓaka stromatolites da iskar oxygen a cikin yanayi. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna hulɗa da diatoms, kuma suna samar da muhimmiyar alaƙa a cikin zagayowar silicon a cikin teku. Wani nau'in anaerobic, ''Thiomargarita namibiensis'', yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rushewar fashewar hydrogen sulfide daga laka mai kama da diatomaceous a bakin tekun Namibia, kuma ana samar da shi ta hanyar yawan haɓakar phytoplankton a yankin Benguela na hazo yanzu, wanda daga ƙarshe ya faɗi zuwa ƙasan teku. Archaea mai kama da ƙwayoyin cuta ta ba wa masana kimiyyar halittu na ruwa mamaki ta hanyar rayuwarsu da bunƙasa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi, kamar hanyoyin iskar hydrothermal a ƙasan teku. Kwayoyin cuta na ruwa masu jure wa alkali kamar ''Pseudomonas'' da ''Vibrio'' spp. suna rayuwa a cikin kewayon pH na 7.3 zuwa 10.6, yayin da wasu nau'ikan za su girma ne kawai a pH 10 zuwa 10.6. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maeda |first=M. |last2=Taga |first2=N. |date=31 March 1980 |title=Alkalotolerant and Alkalophilic Bacteria in Seawater |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=2 |pages=105–108 |bibcode=1980MEPS....2..105M |doi=10.3354/meps002105 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Archaea kuma tana wanzuwa a cikin ruwan pelagic kuma tana iya zama kusan rabin biomass na teku, a bayyane yake tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan teku. A cikin 2000, laka daga ƙasan teku ya bayyana wani nau'in Archaea wanda ke rushe [[methane]], wani muhimmin iskar gas [[Gidan Gishiri|mai dumama yanayi]] kuma babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ɗumamar yanayi. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna rushe duwatsun ƙasan teku, suna tasiri ga sinadaran ruwan teku. Zubewar mai, da kwararar da ke ɗauke da najasa na ɗan adam da gurɓatattun sinadarai suna da tasiri mai kyau akan rayuwar ƙwayoyin cuta a kusa, da kuma ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da gubobi da ke shafar dukkan nau'ikan halittun ruwa . A wasu lokutan, dinoflagellates masu protist na iya fuskantar fashewar jama'a da ake kira blooms ko [[Furen algal mai lahani|red tides]], sau da yawa bayan gurɓataccen iska da ɗan adam ya haifar. Tsarin na iya samar da sinadarai masu narkewa da aka sani da biotoxins, waɗanda ke tafiya tare da sarkar abinci ta teku, suna lalata masu amfani da dabbobi masu yawa. An gano ''Pandoravirus salinus'', wani nau'in ƙwayar cuta mai girma, mai kwayar halittar da ta fi girma fiye da kowace nau'in ƙwayar cuta, a shekarar 2013. Kamar sauran manyan ƙwayoyin cuta ''Mimivirus'' da ''Megavirus'', ''Pandoravirus'' yana kamuwa da amoebas, amma kwayar halittarsa, wacce ke ɗauke da megabases 1.9 zuwa 2.5 na DNA, ta ninka girman ''Megavirus'' sau biyu, kuma ta bambanta sosai da sauran manyan ƙwayoyin cuta a bayyanar da kuma tsarin kwayar halitta. A shekarar 2013, masu bincike daga Jami'ar Aberdeen sun sanar da cewa suna fara farautar sinadarai da ba a gano ba a cikin halittun da suka samo asali a cikin ramukan teku masu zurfi, suna fatan samun "tsara mai zuwa" na maganin rigakafi, suna tsammanin "rashin lafiyar kwayoyin cuta" tare da ƙarancin sabbin magunguna masu yaƙi da kamuwa da cuta. Binciken da Tarayyar Turai ta dauki nauyinsa zai fara ne a cikin Atacama Trench sannan ya ci gaba da bincike a cikin ramukan da ke kewaye da New Zealand da Antarctica. Teku yana da dogon tarihi na zubar da sharar ɗan adam bisa ga zato cewa girmansa yana sa shi iya sha da kuma narkar da duk wani abu mai cutarwa. Duk da cewa wannan na iya zama gaskiya a ƙaramin sikelin, yawan najasa da ake zubarwa akai-akai ya lalata yanayin halittu da yawa na bakin teku, kuma ya sanya su zama barazana ga rayuwa. Kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka suna faruwa a cikin irin waɗannan ruwan, kamar ''Escherichia coli'', ''Vibrio cholerae'' wanda ke haifar da [[Amai da Gudawa|kwalara]], [[Cutar hanta A|hepatitis A]], hepatitis E da [[polio]], tare da protozoans waɗanda ke haifar da giardiasis da cryptosporidiosis . Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna kasancewa akai-akai a cikin ruwan ballast na manyan tasoshin jini, kuma suna yaɗuwa sosai lokacin da aka fitar da ballast ɗin. === Sauran sigogi === Saurin sauti a cikin ruwan teku yana kusa da 1,500&nbsp;m/s (yayin da saurin sauti yawanci yana kusa da 330&nbsp;m/s a cikin iska a kusan 101.3&nbsp;matsin lamba na kPa, 1&nbsp;yanayi), kuma ya bambanta da zafin ruwa, gishiri, da matsin lamba. Matsakaicin zafin ruwan teku shine 0.6&nbsp;W/mK a 25&nbsp;°C da gishirin 35&nbsp;g/kg. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharqawy |first=Mostafa H. |last2=Lienhard V |first2=John H. |last3=Zubair |first3=Syed M. |date=April 2010 |title=The thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing correlations and data |url=http://web.mit.edu/lienhard/www/Thermophysical_properties_of_seawater-DWT-16-354-2010.pdf |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |volume=16 |issue=1–3 |pages=354–380 |bibcode=2010DWatT..16..354S |doi=10.5004/dwt.2010.1079 |s2cid=93362418 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana raguwa tare da ƙaruwar gishiri kuma yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙaruwar zafin jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thermal conductivity of seawater and its concentrates |url=http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/tthb/2/Tab-5-5-13-2-Ther-Cond-Seawater.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929063305/http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/tthb/2/Tab-5-5-13-2-Ther-Cond-Seawater.html |archive-date=29 September 2018 |access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref> == Asali da tarihi == Ana tsammanin ruwan da ke cikin teku ya fito ne daga [[Dutsen Volcano|aman wuta]] na Duniya, wanda ya fara shekaru biliyan 4 da suka gabata, wanda aka fitar ta hanyar cire gas daga dutsen da ya narke. {{Rp|pages=24–25}}Wani sabon bincike da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa yawancin ruwan Duniya na iya fitowa daga taurari masu tauraro mai wutsiya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cowen, Ron |date=5 October 2011 |title=Comets take pole position as water bearers |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/111005/full/news.2011.579.html |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/news.2011.579 |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 September 2013 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka'idojin kimiyya da ke bayan asalin gishirin teku sun fara ne da Sir Edmond Halley a shekarar 1715, wanda ya gabatar da cewa koguna suna ɗauke gishiri da sauran ma'adanai zuwa teku bayan ruwan sama ya wanke su daga ƙasa. Da suka isa teku, waɗannan gishirin sun taru yayin da gishiri ya isa kan lokaci (duba zagayowar ruwa ). Halley ya lura cewa yawancin tafkuna waɗanda ba su da magudanar ruwa ta teku (kamar Tekun Matattu da [[Tekun Caspian]], duba [[Endorheic Basin|kwarin endorheic]] ), suna da yawan gishiri. Halley ya kira wannan tsari "yanayin yanayi na nahiyar". Ka'idar Halley ta yi daidai. Bugu da ƙari, sodium yana fitowa daga ƙasan teku lokacin da teku ta samar. Kasancewar sauran ion mai rinjaye na gishiri, chloride, ya samo asali ne daga fitar da iskar chloride (a matsayin hydrochloric acid ) tare da wasu iskar gas daga cikin Duniya ta hanyar [[Dutsen Volcano|aman wuta]] da kuma hanyoyin iskar hydrothermal . Daga baya, sodium da chloride ions sun zama mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin gishirin teku. Gishirin teku ya daɗe yana dawwama tsawon biliyoyin shekaru, wataƙila sakamakon tsarin sinadarai/ tectonic wanda ke cire gishiri gwargwadon yadda aka ajiye; misali, wuraren nutsewar sodium da chloride sun haɗa da ma'adinan evaporite, binnewar ruwa a rami, da kuma amsawar basalts na ƙasan teku. {{Rp|133}} == Tasirin ɗan adam == [[Canjin yanayi|Sauyin yanayi]], hauhawar matakan [[Carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya na Duniya|carbon dioxide a cikin yanayin duniya]], yawan abubuwan gina jiki, da gurɓatawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban suna canza yanayin ƙasa a duniya. Yawan canji a wasu fannoni ya fi na tarihi da na baya-bayan nan a tarihin ƙasa. Manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa sun haɗa da ƙaruwar [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|acidity]], raguwar iskar oxygen a ƙarƙashin ruwa a kusa da teku da kuma ruwan pelagic, ƙaruwar matakan nitrogen a bakin teku, da ƙaruwar mercury da gurɓatattun abubuwa masu rai. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan suna da alaƙa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice da ƙonewar man fetur na ɗan adam, taki, da ayyukan masana'antu. Ana sa ran yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa zai ƙaru a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da mummunan tasiri ga halittun teku da sauran albarkatun ruwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doney |first=Scott C. |author-link=Scott Doney |date=18 June 2010 |title=The Growing Human Footprint on Coastal and Open-Ocean Biogeochemistry |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=328 |issue=5985 |pages=1512–1516 |bibcode=2010Sci...328.1512D |doi=10.1126/science.1185198 |pmid=20558706 |s2cid=8792396}}</ref> daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi burgewa game da wannan shine ƙara [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|yawan sinadarin acid a cikin teku]], wanda ya samo asali ne daga ƙaruwar shan CO a cikin tekuna da ke da alaƙa da yawan CO yanayi da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doney |first=Scott C. |last2=Fabry |first2=Victoria J. |last3=Feely |first3=Richard A. |last4=Kleypas |first4=Joan A. |author-link4=Joan Kleypas |date=2009-01-01 |title=Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem |journal=Annual Review of Marine Science |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=169–192 |bibcode=2009ARMS....1..169D |doi=10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834 |pmid=21141034 |s2cid=402398}}</ref> saboda yana shafar murjani, mollusks, echinoderms da crustaceans sosai (duba [[Ruwan murjani|murjani mai launin shuɗi]] ). Ruwan teku hanya ce ta sufuri a duk faɗin duniya. Kowace rana jiragen ruwa da yawa suna ketare teku don isar da kayayyaki zuwa wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ruwan teku kayan aiki ne ga ƙasashe don shiga cikin harkokin kasuwanci da sufuri na duniya yadda ya kamata, amma kowane jirgi yana fitar da hayaki wanda zai iya cutar da rayuwar ruwa, ingancin iskar yankunan bakin teku. Sufurin ruwan teku yana ɗaya daga cikin hayakin da mutane ke fitarwa cikin sauri. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vaishnav |first=Parth |date=2014 |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions from International Transport |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43315842 |journal=Issues in Science and Technology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=25–28 |issn=0748-5492 |jstor=43315842}}</ref> Haɗarin da ake fitarwa daga jiragen ruwa yana haifar da haɗari mai yawa ga lafiyar ɗan adam a yankunan da ke kusa yayin da [[Mai|mai da iskar]] gas da aka saki daga ayyukan jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci ke rage ingancin iska kuma yana haifar da ƙarin [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] a ruwan teku da yankunan da ke kewaye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iodice |first=Paolo |last2=Langella |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Amoresano |first3=Amedeo |date=2017 |title=A numerical approach to assess air pollution by ship engines in manoeuvring mode and fuel switch conditions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90015687 |journal=Energy & Environment |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=827–845 |bibcode=2017EnEnv..28..827I |doi=10.1177/0958305X17734050 |issn=0958-305X |jstor=90015687 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani amfani da ruwan teku da ɗan adam ke yi da shi da aka yi la'akari da shi shine amfani da ruwan teku don amfanin [[noma]] . A yankunan da ke da manyan yankunan tuddai na yashi, kamar [[Isra'ila]], amfani da ruwan teku don [[ban ruwa]] ga shuke-shuke zai kawar da manyan kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da ruwan sabo lokacin da ba a iya samunsa cikin sauƙi. <ref name=":04">{{Cite journal |last=Boyko |first=Hugo |date=1967 |title=Salt-Water Agriculture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24931436 |journal=Scientific American |volume=216 |issue=3 |pages=89–101 |bibcode=1967SciAm.216c..89B |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0367-89 |issn=0036-8733 |jstor=24931436 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake ba al'ada ba ne a yi amfani da ruwan gishiri a matsayin hanyar shuka shuke-shuke yayin da gishirin ke taruwa da lalata ƙasar da ke kewaye, an tabbatar da cewa yana da nasara a cikin ƙasa mai yashi da tsakuwa. <ref name=":04" /> Babban tsaftace ruwan teku wani abu ne da zai taimaka wajen nasarar noman noma a cikin busasshiyar muhallin hamada . <ref name=":04" /> Ɗaya daga cikin shuke-shuke mafi nasara a noman ruwan gishiri shine halophyte . Halophyte shuka ce mai jure gishiri wadda ƙwayoyinta ke jure wa tasirin gishiri a cikin ƙasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Glenn |first=Edward P. |last2=Brown |first2=J. Jed |last3=O’Leary |first3=James W. |date=1998 |title=Irrigating Crops with Seawater |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26070601 |journal=Scientific American |volume=279 |issue=2 |pages=76–81 |bibcode=1998SciAm.279b..76G |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0898-76 |issn=0036-8733 |jstor=26070601 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Endodermis yana tilasta mata ta tace gishiri mafi girma a cikin shukar saboda yana ba da damar zagayawa da ruwa ta cikin ƙwayoyin halitta. <ref name=":1" /> An yi amfani da noman halophytes da aka yi ban ruwa da ruwan gishiri don noman abincin dabbobi ga dabbobi ; duk da haka, dabbobin da aka ciyar da waɗannan shuke-shuken sun cinye ruwa fiye da waɗanda ba su ci ba. <ref name=":1" /> Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a san noma daga amfani da ruwan gishiri ba kuma ana amfani da shi a babban sikelin, binciken farko ya nuna cewa akwai damar samar da ƙarin amfanin gona a yankunan da ba kasafai ake iya nomawa a gonaki ba. == Amfanin ɗan adam == Shan ruwa mai tsafta ba bisa ka'ida ba ba shi da illa, musamman idan aka sha ruwan teku tare da ruwa mai tsafta. Duk da haka, shan ruwan teku don kiyaye ruwa ba shi da amfani; dole ne a fitar da ruwa mai yawa don kawar da gishirin (ta [[fitsari]] ) fiye da adadin ruwan da aka samu daga ruwan teku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2021 |title=Can humans drink seawater? |url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/drinksw.html |publisher=[[National Ocean Service]] ([[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]])}}</ref> A yanayi na yau da kullun, ba za a yi la'akari da shan ruwan teku mai yawa ba. A zamanin mulkin mallaka na Tahiti, ƙaramin adadin ruwan teku ya kasance sinadari ga miya sabo ( {{Lang|ty|[[miti hue|miti]]}} ) wato {{Lang|ty|miti hue}} (da kwakwa mai tsami) da {{Lang|ty|miti haʻari}} (an haɗa shi da [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]] ) a matsayin babban kayan ƙanshi na abinci, ba kamar mutanen da ke da alaƙa da shi kamar 'yan Hawaii waɗanda suka haɓaka gishiri mai cin nasara da kansu ba, don haka suna samun busassun gishiri don amfanin kansu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lemaitre |first=Yves |date=1972 |title=La hiérarchie des terms de nourriture en Tahitien |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/sci_hum/01197.pdf |journal=[[Research Institute for Development|Cah. ORSTOM]] |language=fr |volume=IX |issue=1 |pages=66, 68-9 |quote=Le mot ''miti'' que nous avons traduit par « sauce salée » a également le sens de « eau de mer » (tahitien archaïque ''tai'') [...] Lorqu'ils prennent leur repas, les Tahitiens tiennent leur ''miti'' à portée de la main pour y tremper chaque morceau de nourriture avant de le poter à la bouche. C'était le moyen de saler des Tahitiens qui, contrairement aux Hawaiens, n'utilisaient pas le sel sous forme solide (''miti popaʻā'' « ''miti'' européen ») aux temps pré-européens.}}</ref> Tsarin koda yana daidaita matakan sodium da chloride a cikin jini a cikin kunkuntar iyaka kusan 9.&nbsp;g/L (0.9% ta nauyin jiki). A yawancin ruwayen da ke buɗe, yawan sinadarin ya bambanta da ƙimar da aka saba da ita ta kusan kashi 3.5%, wanda ya fi yadda jiki zai iya jurewa kuma mafi yawan abin da koda za ta iya sarrafawa. Wani batu da aka saba watsi da shi a cikin iƙirarin cewa koda za ta iya fitar da NaCl a cikin yawan ruwan [[Tekun Baltic|Baltic]] na kashi 2% (a cikin muhawarar akasin haka) shine cewa hanji ba zai iya shan ruwa a irin wannan yawan ba, don haka babu wani amfani a shan irin wannan ruwan. Duk da haka, gishirin ruwan saman Baltic bai taɓa zama kashi 2% ba; kashi 0.9% ne ko ƙasa da haka, don haka ba ya taɓa wuce na ruwan jiki ba. Shan ruwan teku yana ƙara yawan sinadarin NaCl na jini na ɗan lokaci. Wannan yana nuna cewa koda za ta fitar da sodium, amma yawan sinadarin sodium na ruwan teku ya fi ƙarfin kodan. Daga ƙarshe, yawan sinadarin sodium na jini yana tashi zuwa matakan guba, yana cire ruwa daga ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana hana jigilar jijiyoyi, wanda a ƙarshe yana haifar da kamuwa da cuta mai kisa da bugun zuciya . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Littattafan rayuwa suna ba da shawara akai-akai game da shan ruwan teku. Takaitaccen bayani game da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ruwa guda 163 da aka yi a jirgin ruwa sun kiyasta cewa akwai yiwuwar mutuwa da kashi 39% ga waɗanda suka sha ruwan teku, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 3% ga waɗanda ba su sha ba. Tasirin shan ruwan teku ga beraye ya tabbatar da mummunan tasirin shan ruwan teku lokacin da aka bushe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Etzion, Z. |last2=Yagil, R. |date=1987 |title=Metabolic effects in rats drinking increasing concentrations of seawater |journal=Comp Biochem Physiol A |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=49–55 |doi=10.1016/0300-9629(87)90275-1 |pmid=2881655}}</ref> Sha'awar shan ruwan teku ta fi girma ga matuƙan jirgin ruwa waɗanda suka kashe ruwansu mai kyau kuma ba su iya kama isasshen ruwan sama don sha ba. Wannan takaicin an bayyana shi da kyau ta hanyar wani layi daga littafin Samuel Taylor Coleridge mai suna ''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'' :   Duk da cewa mutane ba za su iya rayuwa a kan ruwan teku ba maimakon ruwan sha na yau da kullun, wasu mutane suna da'awar cewa har zuwa kofuna biyu a rana, gauraye da ruwan sabo a cikin rabo 2:3, ba ya haifar da wani mummunan sakamako. Likitan Faransa Alain Bombard ya tsira daga ketare teku a cikin wani ƙaramin jirgin ruwa na roba na Zodiak ta amfani da naman kifi da ba a dafa ba, wanda galibi yana ɗauke da kusan kashi 40% na ruwa (kamar yawancin kyallen halitta), da kuma ƙaramin adadin ruwan teku da sauran abubuwan da aka girbe daga teku. An ƙalubalanci bincikensa, amma ba a iya bayar da wani bayani daban ba. A cikin littafinsa na 1948 ''The Kon-Tiki Expedition'', Thor Heyerdahl ya ba da rahoton shan ruwan teku da aka gauraya da sabo a cikin rabo 2:3 a lokacin balaguron 1947. Bayan 'yan shekaru, wani mai kasada, William Willis, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sha kofuna biyu na ruwan teku da kofi ɗaya na sabo a kowace rana na tsawon kwanaki 70 ba tare da wata illa ba lokacin da ya rasa wani ɓangare na ruwansa. A ƙarni na 18, Richard Russell ya ba da shawarar amfani da wannan hanyar a fannin likitanci a Burtaniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the 18th century medical use of sea water in Britain |url=https://drinkingseawater.com/benefits/history-sea-water-medical-use-uk-18th-century.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125093152/http://www.drinkingseawater.com/benefits/history-sea-water-medical-use-uk-18th-century.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |website=drinkingseawater.com}}</ref> kuma René Quinton ya faɗaɗa wannan hanyar zuwa wasu ƙasashe, musamman Faransa, a ƙarni na 20. A halin yanzu, ana yin ta sosai a Nicaragua da sauran ƙasashe, ana zargin tana amfani da sabbin abubuwan da aka gano a fannin likitanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical use of sea water in Nicaragua |url=https://drinkingseawater.com/benefits/nicaragua-sea-water-medical-use.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125112445/http://www.drinkingseawater.com/benefits/nicaragua-sea-water-medical-use.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |website=drinkingseawater.com}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (August 2024)">ana buƙatar tabbatarwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Tsarkakewa === Kamar kowace irin ruwa mai danye ko gurɓataccen ruwa, ana iya fitar da ruwan teku ko a tace shi don kawar da gishiri, ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda za su hana a ɗauke shi a matsayin [[Ruwan sha|abin sha]] . Yawancin jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a teku [[Tsarkakewa|suna tace]] ruwan da za a iya sha daga ruwan teku ta amfani da hanyoyin kamar narkar da injin tsotsa ko narkar da walƙiya mai matakai da yawa a cikin na'urar fitar da iska, ko kuma, kwanan nan, narkar da iskar osmosis . Waɗannan hanyoyin da ke buƙatar makamashi ba su da yawa a zamanin Sail . Manyan jiragen ruwa masu jigilar kaya tare da manyan ma'aikata, kamar {{HMS|Victory}} na Nelson{{HMS|Victory}}An yi {{HMS|Victory}} sanya na'urar tacewa a cikin kwale-kwalen su. Gishirin teku na halitta da ake samu ta hanyar tururi yana iya tattarawa kuma a sayar da shi a matsayin [[Gishiri|gishirin tebur]], yawanci ana sayar da shi daban saboda keɓancewar ma'adinai ta musamman idan aka kwatanta da gishirin dutse ko wasu tushe. Yawancin abincin yanki a faɗin duniya a al'ada suna haɗa ruwan teku kai tsaye a matsayin sinadari, suna dafa wasu sinadaran a cikin ruwan teku mai narkewa a madadin kayan ƙanshi na yau da kullun. Masu goyon bayan sun haɗa da shahararrun masu dafa abinci na duniya Ferran Adrià da Quique Dacosta, waɗanda ƙasarsu ta Spain tana da kamfanoni shida daban-daban waɗanda ke samo ruwan teku mai tacewa don amfanin girki. Ana tallata ruwan a matsayin {{Lang|es|la sal perfecta}}, "cikakken gishiri", wanda ke ɗauke da ƙarancin sinadarin sodium tare da abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗanɗano. Wani gidan cin abinci da [[Joaquín Baeza]] ke gudanarwa yana samun lita 60,000 a wata daga mai samar da kayayyaki na Mediterranea <ref name="Baker" /> Dabbobi kamar kifi, kifayen whale, kunkuru na teku, da tsuntsayen teku, kamar penguins da albatrosses, sun saba da zama a cikin wurin da ake da gishiri sosai. Misali, kunkuru na teku da kada na ruwan gishiri suna cire gishiri mai yawa daga jikinsu ta hanyar bututun hawayensu . == Haƙar ma'adinai == An fitar da ma'adanai daga ruwan teku tun zamanin da. A halin yanzu ƙarfe huɗu mafi yawa - Na, Mg, Ca da K - ana fitar da su ne daga ruwan teku a kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loganathan |first=Paripurnanda |last2=Naidu |first2=Gayathri |last3=Vigneswaran |first3=Saravanamuthu |date=2017 |title=Mining valuable minerals from seawater: a critical review |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/ew/c6ew00268d |journal=Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=37–53 |bibcode=2017ESWRT...3...37L |doi=10.1039/C6EW00268D |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2015 a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kashi 63% na samar da magnesium ya fito ne daga ruwan teku da ruwan gishiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Keith |title=Over 40 minerals and metals contained in seawater, their extraction likely to increase in the future |url=https://www.miningweekly.com/article/over-40-minerals-and-metals-contained-in-seawater-their-extraction-likely-to-increase-in-the-future-2016-04-01 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=Mining Weekly |language=en}}</ref> Ana kuma samar da Bromine daga ruwan teku a [[Sin|China]] da Japan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Bromine Industry And Its Outlook |url=http://www.bromine.chem.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/library/L02_Global%20Bromine%20Industry.pdf}}</ref> An gwada fitar da lithium daga ruwan teku a shekarun 1970, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka yi watsi da gwaje-gwajen. An yi la'akari da ra'ayin cire uranium daga ruwan teku aƙalla tun daga shekarun 1960, amma an cire gram kaɗan na uranium a [[Japan]] a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ugo Bardi |year=2008 |title=Mining the Oceans: Can We Extract Minerals from Seawater? |url=http://theoildrum.com/node/4558 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=theoildrum.com}}</ref> Babban batun ba shine yuwuwar fasaha ba amma farashin yanzu akan kasuwar uranium don uranium daga wasu tushe ya ninka sau uku zuwa biyar ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin farashin da aka samu ta hanyar fitar da ruwan teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Viability of Uranium Extraction from Sea Water |url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2018/ph241/voigt1/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2018 |title=Cost-effective method of extracting uranium from seawater promises limitless nuclear power |url=https://newatlas.com/nuclear-uranium-seawater-fibers/55033/}}</ref> Irin waɗannan batutuwa suna kawo cikas ga amfani da uranium da aka sake sarrafawa kuma galibi ana kawo su ne akan sake sarrafa nukiliya da kera man MOX a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a tattalin arziki. === Makomar hakar ma'adinai da sinadarai === Domin a gudanar da aikin haƙo ma'adinai da abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan teku yayin da ake la'akari da ayyukan da za su dawwama, ya zama dole a sanya tsarin gudanarwa mai sa ido. Wannan yana buƙatar kula da yankunan teku da yanayinsu, [[Shirye-shiryen muhalli|tsara muhalli]], jagororin da aka tsara don tabbatar da cewa ana sarrafa haƙoran, kimantawa akai-akai game da yanayin bayan haƙoran teku, da kuma sa ido akai-akai. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Levin |first=Lisa A. |date=2019 |title=SUSTAINABILITY IN DEEP WATER: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation |journal=Oceanography |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |bibcode=2019Ocgpy..32b.170L |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2019.224 |issn=1042-8275 |jstor=26651193 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLevin2019">Levin, Lisa A. (2019). [[doi:10.5670/oceanog.2019.224|"SUSTAINABILITY IN DEEP WATER: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation"]]. ''Oceanography''. '''32''' (2): <span class="nowrap">170–</span>180. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Ocgpy..32b.170L 2019Ocgpy..32b.170L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5670/oceanog.2019.224|10.5670/oceanog.2019.224]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1042-8275 1042-8275]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26651193 26651193].</cite></ref> Amfani da fasaha, kamar jiragen sama marasa matuƙa na ƙarƙashin ruwa, na iya sauƙaƙe haƙoran mai dorewa. <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=Eleonora |date=2024-04-16 |title=Innovative solutions for coastal and offshore infrastructure in seawater mining: Enhancing efficiency and environmental performance |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916423009141 |journal=Desalination |volume=575 |bibcode=2024Desal.57517282S |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2023.117282 |issn=0011-9164 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa marasa ƙarancin carbon zai kuma ba da damar ƙarin hanyoyin haƙowa masu dorewa yayin da rage tasirin carbon daga haƙoran ma'adinai. <ref name=":03" /> [[Fayil:Aerial_view_of_Victorian_Desalination_Plant.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin tace gishiri]] Wani aikin da ake la'akari da shi sosai shine tsarin [[Tsarkakewa|tace gishiri]] domin cimma ruwa mai dorewa daga ruwan teku. Duk da cewa tace gishirin yana da damuwa game da muhalli, kamar farashi da albarkatu, masu bincike suna aiki kafada da kafada don tantance hanyoyin da za su dawwama, kamar ƙirƙirar shuke-shuken ruwa masu amfani waɗanda za su iya magance manyan samar da ruwa a yankunan da waɗannan tsare-tsaren ba koyaushe suke samuwa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayaz |first=Muhammad |last2=Namazi |first2=M. A. |last3=Din |first3=M. Ammad ud |last4=Ershath |first4=M. I. Mohamed |last5=Mansour |first5=Ali |last6=Aggoune |first6=el-Hadi M. |date=2022-10-15 |title=Sustainable seawater desalination: Current status, environmental implications and future expectations |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916422004775 |journal=Desalination |volume=540 |bibcode=2022Desal.54016022A |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116022 |issn=0011-9164 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake tace ruwan teku na iya amfanar al'umma sosai, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da tasirin muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da duk haƙoran ta hanyar da za ta yarda da kuma la'akari da haɗarin da ke tattare da dorewar yanayin halittu na ruwan teku. == Daidaitacce == ASTM International tana da ƙa'idar ƙasa da ƙasa don ruwan teku na wucin gadi : ASTM D1141-98 (Asalin ASTM D1141-52). Ana amfani da shi a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na bincike a matsayin mafita mai sake samarwa ga ruwan teku kamar gwaje-gwaje kan tsatsa, gurɓatar mai, da kimanta sabulun shara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ASTM D1141-98(2013) |url=http://www.astm.org/Standards/D1141.htm |access-date=17 August 2013 |publisher=ASTM}}</ref> == Tsarin halittu == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  Ma'adanai da ake samu a cikin ruwan teku suma suna iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zagayowar abinci na teku da yanayin halittu. Misali, Tekun Kudu yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga [[Tsarin carbon|zagayowar carbon]] na muhalli. Ganin cewa wannan jikin ruwa ba ya ɗauke da yawan ƙarfe, ƙarancin yana shafar rayuwar ruwa da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwansa. Sakamakon haka, wannan teku ba ta iya samar da phytoplankton mai yawa wanda ke hana tushen farko na sarkar abinci na teku. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNicolBowieJarmanLannuzel2010">Nicol, Stephen; Bowie, Andrew; Jarman, Simon; Lannuzel, Delphine; Meiners, Klaus M; Van Der Merwe, Pier (13 May 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x "Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill"]</span>. ''Fish and Fisheries''. '''11''' (2): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>209. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqFF...11..203N 2010AqFF...11..203N]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x|10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-2960 1467-2960].</cite></ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan phytoplankton sune diatoms wanda shine babban tushen abinci na [[Karrill na Antarctic|Antarctic krill]] . Yayin da zagayowar ke ci gaba, manyan dabbobin teku daban-daban suna cin krill na Antarctic, amma tunda akwai ƙarancin ƙarfe daga farkon phytoplankton/diatoms, to waɗannan manyan nau'ikan suma ba su da ƙarfe. Manyan dabbobin teku sun haɗa da Baleen Whales kamar Blue Whale da Fin Whale . <ref name=":05" /> Waɗannan whales ba wai kawai sun dogara da ƙarfe don daidaita ma'adanai a cikin abincinsu ba, har ma yana shafar adadin ƙarfe da aka sake farfaɗowa cikin teku. Fitar kifin whale kuma yana ɗauke da ƙarfen da ya sha wanda zai ba da damar sake shigar da ƙarfe cikin yanayin halittu na teku. Gabaɗaya, ƙarancin ma'adinai ɗaya kamar ƙarfe a Tekun Kudancin na iya haifar da babban jerin rikice-rikice a cikin yanayin halittu na teku wanda ke nuna muhimmiyar rawar da ruwan teku ke takawa a cikin sarkar abinci . Bayan ƙarin bincike kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin kifin diatoms, krill, da baleen, an binciki samfuran kifin baleen a cikin ruwan teku na Antarctic. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNicolBowieJarmanLannuzel2010">Nicol, Stephen; Bowie, Andrew; Jarman, Simon; Lannuzel, Delphine; Meiners, Klaus M; Van Der Merwe, Pier (13 May 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x "Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill"]</span>. ''Fish and Fisheries''. '''11''' (2): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>209. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqFF...11..203N 2010AqFF...11..203N]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x|10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-2960 1467-2960].</cite></ref> Binciken ya haɗa da cewa yawan ƙarfe ya fi na waɗanda aka samu a cikin ruwan teku na Antarctic sau miliyan 10, kuma an sami krill akai-akai a cikin najasarsu wanda hakan ke nuna cewa krill yana cikin abincin kifin. <ref name=":05" /> Kifin Antarctic yana da matsakaicin matakin ƙarfe na 174.3mg/kg na busasshen nauyi, amma ƙarfen da ke cikin krill ya bambanta daga 12 zuwa 174 mg/kg na busasshen nauyi. <ref name=":05" /> Matsakaicin yawan ƙarfe na tsoka na kifin blue da fin whales shine 173 mg/kg na busasshen nauyi, wanda ke nuna cewa manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa suna da mahimmanci ga yanayin halittu na ruwa kamar yadda suke a Tekun Kudancin. <ref name=":05" /> A gaskiya ma, samun ƙarin kifin whales a cikin teku zai iya ƙara yawan ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku ta hanyar fitar da su wanda zai haɓaka ingantaccen yanayin halittu. Kifin Krill da baleen suna aiki a matsayin manyan ma'ajiyar ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku a Tekun Kudancin. Krill na iya riƙe har zuwa kashi 24% na baƙin ƙarfe da ake samu a kan ruwan saman da ke cikin kewayonsa. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNicolBowieJarmanLannuzel2010">Nicol, Stephen; Bowie, Andrew; Jarman, Simon; Lannuzel, Delphine; Meiners, Klaus M; Van Der Merwe, Pier (13 May 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x "Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill"]</span>. ''Fish and Fisheries''. '''11''' (2): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>209. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqFF...11..203N 2010AqFF...11..203N]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x|10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-2960 1467-2960].</cite></ref> Tsarin ciyar da kifin krill akan diatoms yana sakin ƙarfe zuwa ruwan teku, yana nuna su a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na zagayowar ƙarfe na teku. Dangantaka mai kyau tsakanin kifin krill da baleen yana ƙara adadin ƙarfe da za a iya sake amfani da shi da adana shi a cikin ruwan teku. <ref name=":05" /> An ƙirƙiri madauri mai kyau na amsawa, yana ƙara yawan yawan rayuwar ruwa a Tekun Kudancin. Halittu na kowane girma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yanayin halittu na ruwa, inda manyan da ƙananan mazauna ke ba da gudummawa daidai gwargwado wajen sake amfani da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ruwan teku. Ba da fifiko ga murmurewar yawan kifaye saboda suna haɓaka yawan aiki a cikin yanayin halittu na ruwa da kuma ƙara yawan ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku zai ba da damar samar da tsarin daidaito da wadata ga teku. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fahimtar fa'idodin najasar kifaye a matsayin taki da kuma samar da ƙarin haske game da sake amfani da ƙarfe a cikin Tekun Kudancin. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ayyuka kan kula da yanayin halittu da kiyayewa suna da mahimmanci don haɓaka ilimin yanayin halittu na ruwa. == Tasirin Muhalli da dorewa == Kamar kowace hanyar haƙar ma'adinai, akwai fa'idodi da rashin amfani ga muhalli. Cobalt da Lithium muhimman karafa ne guda biyu da za a iya amfani da su don taimakawa wajen amfani da fasahohin da suka fi dacewa da muhalli a sama da ƙasa, kamar samar da batura masu ƙarfafa motocin lantarki ko ƙirƙirar wutar lantarki ta iska . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=Rebecca |date=2020 |title=Deep Sea Rush: With valuable metals on the ocean floor, speculators are circling |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26975674 |journal=The Baffler |issue=54 |pages=114–124 |issn=1059-9789 |jstor=26975674}}</ref> Hanya mai kyau ta haƙar ma'adinai wadda ke ba da damar samun ƙarin dorewa ita ce cire waɗannan karafa daga ƙasan teku. Haƙar ma'adinai ta Lithium daga ƙasan teku a adadi mai yawa na iya samar da adadi mai yawa na karafa masu sabuntawa don haɓaka ayyukan da suka fi dacewa da muhalli a cikin al'umma don rage sawun carbon na ɗan adam. Haƙar ma'adinai ta Lithium daga ƙasan teku na iya yin nasara, amma nasararsa za ta dogara ne akan ayyukan sake amfani da su masu inganci a sama da ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bardi |first=Ugo |date=April 2010 |title=Extracting Minerals from Seawater: An Energy Analysis |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=980–992 |bibcode=2010Sust....2..980B |doi=10.3390/su2040980 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ocean_Floor_V_(33712023355).jpg|thumb|Rayuwar ruwa tana bunƙasa a ƙasan teku]] Akwai kuma haɗarin da ke tattare da cirewa daga ƙasan teku. Yawancin nau'ikan halittu masu bambancin halittu suna da tsawon rai a ƙasan teku, wanda ke nufin cewa haifuwarsu tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Levin |first=Lisa A. |date=2019 |title=SUSTAINABILITY IN DEEP WATER: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation |journal=Oceanography |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |bibcode=2019Ocgpy..32b.170L |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2019.224 |issn=1042-8275 |jstor=26651193 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kamar yadda ake girbe kifi daga ƙasan teku, cire ma'adanai da yawa, da sauri, ba tare da ingantattun tsare-tsare ba, na iya haifar da katsewar yanayin halittu na ƙarƙashin ruwa. <ref name=":02" /> Akasin haka, wannan zai yi tasiri akasin haka kuma ya hana cire ma'adanai daga zama aiki mai dorewa na dogon lokaci, kuma zai haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfe da ake buƙata. Duk wani cire ma'adinai daga ruwan teku yana kuma haɗarin wargaza mazaunin halittun ƙarƙashin ruwa waɗanda suka dogara da yanayin halittu marasa katsewa a cikin muhallinsu saboda rikice-rikice na iya haifar da babban rikici ga al'ummomin dabbobi. <ref name=":02" /> == Duba kuma ==   * Artificial seawater – Mixture of dissolved salts simulating the mean seawater composition * Brackish water – Water with salinity between freshwater and seawater * Brine – Concentrated solution of salt in water * Brine mining – Extracting materials from saltwater * CORA dataset – Oceanographic temperature and salinity dataset global ocean salinity * Fresh water – Naturally occurring water with low amounts of dissolved salts * Ocean color – Explanation of the color of oceans and ocean color remote sensing * Saline water – Water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts * Sea ice – Outcome of seawater as it freezes * Seawater pH – Measure of the level of acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution * Surface tension of seawater – Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area * Thalassotherapy – Form of therapy using seawater * Thermohaline circulation – Part of large-scale ocean circulation == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Spoken Wikipedia/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=3939UNESCO Takardun Fasaha a Kimiyyar Ruwa 44, Algorithms don lissafin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan teku, ioc-unesco.org, UNESCO 1983] Tebura * [http://web.mit.edu/seawater/ Tebura da software don halayen thermophysical na ruwan teku], MIT * {{physical oceanography|expanded=other}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 24fff8jh19x1vzni4nb6983u01deroc 875838 875833 2026-07-04T11:17:01Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 875838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ruwan teku, ko ruwan teku, ruwa ne daga teku ko teku . A matsakaici, ruwan teku a cikin tekuna na duniya yana da gishirin kusan kashi 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM). Wannan yana nufin cewa kowace kilogiram (kimanin lita ɗaya bisa ga girman) na ruwan teku yana da kimanin 35 grams (1.2 oz) na gishirin da aka narkar (galibi sodium ( ) da kuma chloride ( ) ions ). Matsakaicin yawan da ake samu a saman shine 1.025 kg/L. Ruwan teku ya fi ruwa mai kyau da ruwa mai tsarki yawa (yawan ruwa 1.0) kg/L a 4 °C (39 °F) ) Saboda gishirin da aka narkar yana ƙara yawan taro da girma fiye da girman. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Wurin daskarewar ruwan teku yana raguwa yayin da yawan gishiri ke ƙaruwa. A daidai lokacin da gishirin yake ƙaruwa, yana daskarewa da kusan −2 °C (28 °F) . [1] An gano ruwan teku mafi sanyi da har yanzu yake cikin yanayin ruwa da aka taɓa gani a shekarar 2010, a cikin wani rafi a ƙarƙashin wani ƙanƙarar Antarctic : zafin da aka auna ya kasance −2.6 °C (27.3 °F) . [2] Ma'aunin pH yana da sarkakiya ta hanyar halayen sinadarai na ruwan teku, kuma akwai ma'aunin pH daban-daban da dama a cikin nazarin teku na sinadarai . <ref name="zeebe">Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2001) ''CO₂ in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes'', Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands {{ISBN|0-444-50946-1}}</ref> Babu wani ma'aunin pH da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya don ruwan teku kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin ma'auni bisa ga ma'aunin tunani daban-daban na iya zama har zuwa raka'a 0.14. == Kadarorin == === Gishirin ƙasa === [[Fayil:WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png|left|thumb|Matsakaicin gishirin saman teku na shekara-shekara da aka bayyana a cikin Sikelin Gishiri Mai Amfani na Tekun Duniya . Bayanai daga Atlas na Tekun Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Ocean Atlas 2009 |url=http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOA09/pr_woa09.html |access-date=5 December 2012 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}</ref>]] Duk da cewa mafi yawan ruwan teku yana da gishiri tsakanin 31 da 38 g/kg, wato kashi 3.1–3.8%, ruwan teku ba ruwan gishiri ba ne a ko'ina cikin duniya. Idan aka haɗu da ruwan da ke kwarara daga bakin kogi, ko kuma kusa da ƙanƙara mai narkewa ko kuma yawan ruwan sama mai yawa (misali damina ), ruwan teku ba zai iya zama ruwan gishiri sosai ba. Tekun da ya fi kowanne ruwan gishiri shi ne Tekun Bahar Maliya, inda yawan fitar ruwa, ƙarancin ruwan sama da kuma ƙarancin kwararar kogi, da kuma yawan zagayawar ruwa ke haifar da ruwan gishiri. Gishirin da ke cikin ruwan da ke keɓe na iya zama mafi girma har yanzu. – kusan sau goma fiye da haka a yanayin Tekun Matattu . A tarihi, an yi amfani da ma'aunin gishiri da yawa don kimanta cikakken gishirin ruwan teku. Wani ma'auni mai shahara shine "Scale na Salinity Mai Amfani" inda aka auna gishirin a cikin "raka'o'in gishiri masu amfani (PSU)". Ma'aunin gishirin yanzu shine ma'aunin "Reference Salinity" [1] tare da gishirin da aka bayyana a cikin raka'a na "g/kg". === Yawan yawa === Yawan ruwan teku na sama ya kasance daga kimanin 1020 zuwa 1029 kg / m³, dangane da zafin jiki da salinity. A zafin jiki na 25 ° C, salinity na ³ g / kg da matsin lamba na 1 atm, yawan ruwan teku shine 102³.6 kg / m³. <ref name="Nayar">{{Cite journal |last=Nayar |first=Kishor G. |last2=Sharqawy |first2=Mostafa H. |last3=Banchik |first3=Leonardo D. |last4=Lienhard V |first4=John H. |date=July 2016 |title=Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations that include pressure dependence |journal=Desalination |volume=390 |pages=1–24 |bibcode=2016Desal.390....1N |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="MIT">{{Cite web |title=Thermophysical properties of seawater |url=http://web.mit.edu/seawater |access-date=February 24, 2017 |publisher=Department of Mechanical Engineering, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin zurfin teku, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, ruwan teku na iya kaiwa ga yawan 1050 kg / m3 ko mafi girma. Yawan ruwan teku ma yana canzawa tare da salinity. Brines da aka samar da su ta hanyar tsire-tsire na ruwan teku na iya samun salinities har zuwa 120 g / kg. Yawan ruwan teku na yau da kullun na 120 g / kg salinity a 25 ° C da matsin yanayi shine 1088 kg / m3 . <ref name="Nayar" /><ref name="MIT" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === ƙimar pH === Darajar pH a saman tekuna a lokacin kafin masana'antu (kafin 1850) ta kasance kusan 8.2. Tun daga lokacin, yana raguwa saboda wani tsari da ɗan adam ke haifarwa wanda ake kira [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|acidification na teku]] wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Rashin iskar gas|hayakin carbon dioxide]] : Tsakanin 1950 da 2020, matsakaicin pH na saman teku ya faɗi daga kimanin 8.15 zuwa 8.05. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Terhaar |first=Jens |last2=Frölicher |first2=Thomas L. |last3=Joos |first3=Fortunat |date=2023 |title=Ocean acidification in emission-driven temperature stabilization scenarios: the role of TCRE and non-{{CO2}} greenhouse gases |journal=Environmental Research Letters |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=024033 |bibcode=2023ERL....18b4033T |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91 |issn=1748-9326 |s2cid=255431338 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Darajar pH na ruwan teku a zahiri tana ƙasa da 7.8 a cikin zurfin ruwan teku sakamakon lalacewar abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan ruwan. Zai iya kaiwa har zuwa 8.4 a cikin ruwan saman a yankunan da ke da yawan [[Yaduwar muhali|amfanin halittu]] . Ma'aunin pH yana da sarkakiya ta hanyar halayen sinadarai na ruwan teku, kuma akwai ma'aunin pH daban-daban da dama a cikin nazarin teku na sinadarai . <ref name="zeebe">Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2001) ''CO₂ in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes'', Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands {{ISBN|0-444-50946-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-444-50946-1|<bdi>0-444-50946-1</bdi>]]</ref> Babu wani ma'aunin pH da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya don ruwan teku kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin ma'auni bisa ga ma'aunin tunani daban-daban na iya zama har zuwa raka'a 0.14. === Sinadarin sinadarai === [[Fayil:Sea_salt-e-dp_hg.svg|thumb|Zane da ke nuna yawan ions na gishiri daban-daban a cikin ruwan teku. Abun da ke cikin jimlar sinadaran gishirin shine: 55%, 30.6%, 7.7%, 3.7%, 1.2%, 1.1%, sauran 0.7%, ta hanyar taro.]] Ruwan teku ya ƙunshi ions da aka narkar fiye da dukkan nau'ikan ruwan sha mai tsafta. <ref name="Gale">{{Cite web |last=Gale |first=Thomson |title=Ocean Chemical Processes |url=http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Mi-Oc/Ocean-Chemical-Processes.html |access-date=2 December 2006}}</ref> Duk da haka, rabon solutes ya bambanta sosai. Misali, kodayake ruwan teku ya ƙunshi kusan bicarbonate sau 2.8 fiye da ruwan kogi, kashi na bicarbonate a cikin ruwan teku a matsayin rabo na ''duk'' ions da aka narkar ya yi ƙasa da na ruwan kogi. ions na bicarbonate sun ƙunshi kashi 48% na solutes na ruwan kogi amma kashi 0.14% ne kawai ga ruwan teku. <ref name="Gale" /> Bambance-bambance irin waɗannan sun faru ne saboda bambancin lokutan zama na solutes na ruwan teku; sodium da chloride suna da dogon lokacin zama, yayin da calcium (mahimmanci ga samuwar carbonate ) yana iya fashewa da sauri. <ref name="Pinet" /> ions mafi yawan narkar da ke cikin ruwan teku sune sodium, chloride, magnesium, sulfate da calcium. Osmolarity ɗinsa shine kusan 1000 mOsm/L. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Osmolarity of sea water - Biosphere - BNID 100802 |url=https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?&id=100802&ver=0 |website=bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu}}</ref> Ana samun ƙananan adadin wasu abubuwa, ciki har da [[amino acid]] a cikin yawan har zuwa microgram 2 na atom na nitrogen a kowace lita, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tada |first=K. |last2=Tada |first2=M. |last3=Maita |first3=Y. |year=1998 |title=Dissolved free amino acids in coastal seawater using a modified fluorometric method |url=http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/JO/pdf/5404/54040313.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Oceanography |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=313–321 |bibcode=1998JOce...54..313T |doi=10.1007/BF02742615 |s2cid=26231863 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121231018/http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/JO/pdf/5404/54040313.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref> waɗanda ake tsammanin sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a asalin rayuwa . {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;" |+Abun da ke cikin ruwan teku<br /><br /><br /><br /> (gishiri = 3.5%) ! Sinadarin ! Kashi ta kowane taro |- | Iskar Oxygen | 85.84 |- | Hydrogen | 10.82 |- | Chlorine | 1.94 |- | Sodium | 1.08 |- | Magnesium | 0.1292 |- | Sulfur | 0.091 |- | Calcium | 0.04 |- | Potassium | 0.04 |- | Bromine | 0.0067 |- | Carbon | 0.0028 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;" |+Jimlar sinadarin ruwan teku (gishirin = 35) ! Bangaren ! Mayar da hankali (mol/kg) |- | | 53.6 |- | | 0.546 |- | | 0.469 |- | | 0.0528 |- | | 0.0282 |- | | 0.0103 |- | | 0.0102 |- | C <nowiki><sub id="mwATs">T</sub></nowiki> | 0.00206 |- | | 0.000844 |- | B <nowiki><sub id="mwAUU">T</sub></nowiki> | 0.000416 |- | | 0.000091 |- | | 0.000068 |} {{Clear}} === Sinadaran ƙwayoyin cuta === Binciken da Cibiyar Scripps ta gudanar a shekarar 1957 ya yi samfurin ruwa a wurare biyu na pelagic da neritic a Tekun Pacific. An yi amfani da ƙididdigar ƙananan halittu da al'adu kai tsaye, ƙidaya kai tsaye a wasu lokuta tana nuna har sau 10,000 da aka samu daga al'adu. An danganta waɗannan bambance-bambancen ne da faruwar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tarin abubuwa, tasirin kafofin watsa labarai na al'adu, da kuma kasancewar ƙwayoyin da ba su aiki. An lura da raguwar adadin al'adun ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙasa da [[thermocline]], amma ba ta hanyar lura da ƙananan halittu kai tsaye ba. An ga adadi mai yawa na siffofin spirilli ta hanyar na'urar hangen nesa amma ba a ƙarƙashin noma ba. An san bambancin adadi a cikin lambobi da aka samu ta hanyar hanyoyin biyu a wannan da sauran fannoni. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jannasch |first=Holger W. |last2=Jones |first2=Galen E. |year=1959 |title=Bacterial Populations in Sea Water as Determined by Different Methods of Enumeration |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |volume=4 |pages=128–139 |bibcode=1959LimOc...4..128J |doi=10.4319/lo.1959.4.2.0128 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990, ingantattun dabarun gano ƙwayoyin cuta da gano ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta na DNA, sun ba wa masu bincike damar shiga cikin Ƙidayar Rayuwar Ruwa damar gano dubban ƙwayoyin cuta da ba a san su ba a baya waɗanda galibi ke kasancewa a ƙananan lambobi kawai. Wannan ya nuna bambancin da ya fi yawa fiye da yadda ake tsammani a baya, don haka lita ɗaya na ruwan teku na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan sama da 20,000. Mitchell Sogin daga dakin gwaje-gwajen halittu na ruwa yana jin cewa "adadin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban a cikin tekuna zai iya wuce miliyan biyar zuwa goma." Ana samun ƙwayoyin cuta a zurfin ruwa, da kuma a cikin laka, wasu suna da aerobic, wasu kuma anaerobic. Yawancinsu suna yin iyo kyauta, amma wasu suna wanzuwa a matsayin symbionts a cikin wasu halittu - misalan waɗannan sune ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai. Cyanobacteria sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin juyin halittar hanyoyin teku, wanda ya ba da damar haɓaka stromatolites da iskar oxygen a cikin yanayi. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna hulɗa da diatoms, kuma suna samar da muhimmiyar alaƙa a cikin zagayowar silicon a cikin teku. Wani nau'in anaerobic, ''Thiomargarita namibiensis'', yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rushewar fashewar hydrogen sulfide daga laka mai kama da diatomaceous a bakin tekun Namibia, kuma ana samar da shi ta hanyar yawan haɓakar phytoplankton a yankin Benguela na hazo yanzu, wanda daga ƙarshe ya faɗi zuwa ƙasan teku. Archaea mai kama da ƙwayoyin cuta ta ba wa masana kimiyyar halittu na ruwa mamaki ta hanyar rayuwarsu da bunƙasa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi, kamar hanyoyin iskar hydrothermal a ƙasan teku. Kwayoyin cuta na ruwa masu jure wa alkali kamar ''Pseudomonas'' da ''Vibrio'' spp. suna rayuwa a cikin kewayon pH na 7.3 zuwa 10.6, yayin da wasu nau'ikan za su girma ne kawai a pH 10 zuwa 10.6. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maeda |first=M. |last2=Taga |first2=N. |date=31 March 1980 |title=Alkalotolerant and Alkalophilic Bacteria in Seawater |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=2 |pages=105–108 |bibcode=1980MEPS....2..105M |doi=10.3354/meps002105 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Archaea kuma tana wanzuwa a cikin ruwan pelagic kuma tana iya zama kusan rabin biomass na teku, a bayyane yake tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan teku. A cikin 2000, laka daga ƙasan teku ya bayyana wani nau'in Archaea wanda ke rushe [[methane]], wani muhimmin iskar gas [[Gidan Gishiri|mai dumama yanayi]] kuma babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ɗumamar yanayi. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna rushe duwatsun ƙasan teku, suna tasiri ga sinadaran ruwan teku. Zubewar mai, da kwararar da ke ɗauke da najasa na ɗan adam da gurɓatattun sinadarai suna da tasiri mai kyau akan rayuwar ƙwayoyin cuta a kusa, da kuma ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da gubobi da ke shafar dukkan nau'ikan halittun ruwa . A wasu lokutan, dinoflagellates masu protist na iya fuskantar fashewar jama'a da ake kira blooms ko [[Furen algal mai lahani|red tides]], sau da yawa bayan gurɓataccen iska da ɗan adam ya haifar. Tsarin na iya samar da sinadarai masu narkewa da aka sani da biotoxins, waɗanda ke tafiya tare da sarkar abinci ta teku, suna lalata masu amfani da dabbobi masu yawa. An gano ''Pandoravirus salinus'', wani nau'in ƙwayar cuta mai girma, mai kwayar halittar da ta fi girma fiye da kowace nau'in ƙwayar cuta, a shekarar 2013. Kamar sauran manyan ƙwayoyin cuta ''Mimivirus'' da ''Megavirus'', ''Pandoravirus'' yana kamuwa da amoebas, amma kwayar halittarsa, wacce ke ɗauke da megabases 1.9 zuwa 2.5 na DNA, ta ninka girman ''Megavirus'' sau biyu, kuma ta bambanta sosai da sauran manyan ƙwayoyin cuta a bayyanar da kuma tsarin kwayar halitta. A shekarar 2013, masu bincike daga Jami'ar Aberdeen sun sanar da cewa suna fara farautar sinadarai da ba a gano ba a cikin halittun da suka samo asali a cikin ramukan teku masu zurfi, suna fatan samun "tsara mai zuwa" na maganin rigakafi, suna tsammanin "rashin lafiyar kwayoyin cuta" tare da ƙarancin sabbin magunguna masu yaƙi da kamuwa da cuta. Binciken da Tarayyar Turai ta dauki nauyinsa zai fara ne a cikin Atacama Trench sannan ya ci gaba da bincike a cikin ramukan da ke kewaye da New Zealand da Antarctica. Teku yana da dogon tarihi na zubar da sharar ɗan adam bisa ga zato cewa girmansa yana sa shi iya sha da kuma narkar da duk wani abu mai cutarwa. Duk da cewa wannan na iya zama gaskiya a ƙaramin sikelin, yawan najasa da ake zubarwa akai-akai ya lalata yanayin halittu da yawa na bakin teku, kuma ya sanya su zama barazana ga rayuwa. Kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka suna faruwa a cikin irin waɗannan ruwan, kamar ''Escherichia coli'', ''Vibrio cholerae'' wanda ke haifar da [[Amai da Gudawa|kwalara]], [[Cutar hanta A|hepatitis A]], hepatitis E da [[polio]], tare da protozoans waɗanda ke haifar da giardiasis da cryptosporidiosis . Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna kasancewa akai-akai a cikin ruwan ballast na manyan tasoshin jini, kuma suna yaɗuwa sosai lokacin da aka fitar da ballast ɗin. === Sauran sigogi === Saurin sauti a cikin ruwan teku yana kusa da 1,500&nbsp;m/s (yayin da saurin sauti yawanci yana kusa da 330&nbsp;m/s a cikin iska a kusan 101.3&nbsp;matsin lamba na kPa, 1&nbsp;yanayi), kuma ya bambanta da zafin ruwa, gishiri, da matsin lamba. Matsakaicin zafin ruwan teku shine 0.6&nbsp;W/mK a 25&nbsp;°C da gishirin 35&nbsp;g/kg. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharqawy |first=Mostafa H. |last2=Lienhard V |first2=John H. |last3=Zubair |first3=Syed M. |date=April 2010 |title=The thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing correlations and data |url=http://web.mit.edu/lienhard/www/Thermophysical_properties_of_seawater-DWT-16-354-2010.pdf |journal=Desalination and Water Treatment |volume=16 |issue=1–3 |pages=354–380 |bibcode=2010DWatT..16..354S |doi=10.5004/dwt.2010.1079 |s2cid=93362418 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana raguwa tare da ƙaruwar gishiri kuma yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙaruwar zafin jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thermal conductivity of seawater and its concentrates |url=http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/tthb/2/Tab-5-5-13-2-Ther-Cond-Seawater.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929063305/http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/tthb/2/Tab-5-5-13-2-Ther-Cond-Seawater.html |archive-date=29 September 2018 |access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref> == Asali da tarihi == Ana tsammanin ruwan da ke cikin teku ya fito ne daga [[Dutsen Volcano|aman wuta]] na Duniya, wanda ya fara shekaru biliyan 4 da suka gabata, wanda aka fitar ta hanyar cire gas daga dutsen da ya narke. {{Rp|pages=24–25}}Wani sabon bincike da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa yawancin ruwan Duniya na iya fitowa daga taurari masu tauraro mai wutsiya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cowen, Ron |date=5 October 2011 |title=Comets take pole position as water bearers |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/111005/full/news.2011.579.html |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/news.2011.579 |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 September 2013 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka'idojin kimiyya da ke bayan asalin gishirin teku sun fara ne da Sir Edmond Halley a shekarar 1715, wanda ya gabatar da cewa koguna suna ɗauke gishiri da sauran ma'adanai zuwa teku bayan ruwan sama ya wanke su daga ƙasa. Da suka isa teku, waɗannan gishirin sun taru yayin da gishiri ya isa kan lokaci (duba zagayowar ruwa ). Halley ya lura cewa yawancin tafkuna waɗanda ba su da magudanar ruwa ta teku (kamar Tekun Matattu da [[Tekun Caspian]], duba [[Endorheic Basin|kwarin endorheic]] ), suna da yawan gishiri. Halley ya kira wannan tsari "yanayin yanayi na nahiyar". Ka'idar Halley ta yi daidai. Bugu da ƙari, sodium yana fitowa daga ƙasan teku lokacin da teku ta samar. Kasancewar sauran ion mai rinjaye na gishiri, chloride, ya samo asali ne daga fitar da iskar chloride (a matsayin hydrochloric acid ) tare da wasu iskar gas daga cikin Duniya ta hanyar [[Dutsen Volcano|aman wuta]] da kuma hanyoyin iskar hydrothermal . Daga baya, sodium da chloride ions sun zama mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin gishirin teku. Gishirin teku ya daɗe yana dawwama tsawon biliyoyin shekaru, wataƙila sakamakon tsarin sinadarai/ tectonic wanda ke cire gishiri gwargwadon yadda aka ajiye; misali, wuraren nutsewar sodium da chloride sun haɗa da ma'adinan evaporite, binnewar ruwa a rami, da kuma amsawar basalts na ƙasan teku. {{Rp|133}} == Tasirin ɗan adam == [[Canjin yanayi|Sauyin yanayi]], hauhawar matakan [[Carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya na Duniya|carbon dioxide a cikin yanayin duniya]], yawan abubuwan gina jiki, da gurɓatawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban suna canza yanayin ƙasa a duniya. Yawan canji a wasu fannoni ya fi na tarihi da na baya-bayan nan a tarihin ƙasa. Manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa sun haɗa da ƙaruwar [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|acidity]], raguwar iskar oxygen a ƙarƙashin ruwa a kusa da teku da kuma ruwan pelagic, ƙaruwar matakan nitrogen a bakin teku, da ƙaruwar mercury da gurɓatattun abubuwa masu rai. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan suna da alaƙa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice da ƙonewar man fetur na ɗan adam, taki, da ayyukan masana'antu. Ana sa ran yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa zai ƙaru a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da mummunan tasiri ga halittun teku da sauran albarkatun ruwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doney |first=Scott C. |author-link=Scott Doney |date=18 June 2010 |title=The Growing Human Footprint on Coastal and Open-Ocean Biogeochemistry |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=328 |issue=5985 |pages=1512–1516 |bibcode=2010Sci...328.1512D |doi=10.1126/science.1185198 |pmid=20558706 |s2cid=8792396}}</ref> daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi burgewa game da wannan shine ƙara [[Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta na teku|yawan sinadarin acid a cikin teku]], wanda ya samo asali ne daga ƙaruwar shan CO a cikin tekuna da ke da alaƙa da yawan CO yanayi da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doney |first=Scott C. |last2=Fabry |first2=Victoria J. |last3=Feely |first3=Richard A. |last4=Kleypas |first4=Joan A. |author-link4=Joan Kleypas |date=2009-01-01 |title=Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem |journal=Annual Review of Marine Science |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=169–192 |bibcode=2009ARMS....1..169D |doi=10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834 |pmid=21141034 |s2cid=402398}}</ref> saboda yana shafar murjani, mollusks, echinoderms da crustaceans sosai (duba [[Ruwan murjani|murjani mai launin shuɗi]] ). Ruwan teku hanya ce ta sufuri a duk faɗin duniya. Kowace rana jiragen ruwa da yawa suna ketare teku don isar da kayayyaki zuwa wurare daban-daban a duniya. Ruwan teku kayan aiki ne ga ƙasashe don shiga cikin harkokin kasuwanci da sufuri na duniya yadda ya kamata, amma kowane jirgi yana fitar da hayaki wanda zai iya cutar da rayuwar ruwa, ingancin iskar yankunan bakin teku. Sufurin ruwan teku yana ɗaya daga cikin hayakin da mutane ke fitarwa cikin sauri. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vaishnav |first=Parth |date=2014 |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions from International Transport |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43315842 |journal=Issues in Science and Technology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=25–28 |issn=0748-5492 |jstor=43315842}}</ref> Haɗarin da ake fitarwa daga jiragen ruwa yana haifar da haɗari mai yawa ga lafiyar ɗan adam a yankunan da ke kusa yayin da [[Mai|mai da iskar]] gas da aka saki daga ayyukan jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci ke rage ingancin iska kuma yana haifar da ƙarin [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] a ruwan teku da yankunan da ke kewaye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iodice |first=Paolo |last2=Langella |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Amoresano |first3=Amedeo |date=2017 |title=A numerical approach to assess air pollution by ship engines in manoeuvring mode and fuel switch conditions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90015687 |journal=Energy & Environment |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=827–845 |bibcode=2017EnEnv..28..827I |doi=10.1177/0958305X17734050 |issn=0958-305X |jstor=90015687 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani amfani da ruwan teku da ɗan adam ke yi da shi da aka yi la'akari da shi shine amfani da ruwan teku don amfanin [[noma]] . A yankunan da ke da manyan yankunan tuddai na yashi, kamar [[Isra'ila]], amfani da ruwan teku don [[ban ruwa]] ga shuke-shuke zai kawar da manyan kuɗaɗen da ke tattare da ruwan sabo lokacin da ba a iya samunsa cikin sauƙi. <ref name=":04">{{Cite journal |last=Boyko |first=Hugo |date=1967 |title=Salt-Water Agriculture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24931436 |journal=Scientific American |volume=216 |issue=3 |pages=89–101 |bibcode=1967SciAm.216c..89B |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0367-89 |issn=0036-8733 |jstor=24931436 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake ba al'ada ba ne a yi amfani da ruwan gishiri a matsayin hanyar shuka shuke-shuke yayin da gishirin ke taruwa da lalata ƙasar da ke kewaye, an tabbatar da cewa yana da nasara a cikin ƙasa mai yashi da tsakuwa. <ref name=":04" /> Babban tsaftace ruwan teku wani abu ne da zai taimaka wajen nasarar noman noma a cikin busasshiyar muhallin hamada . <ref name=":04" /> Ɗaya daga cikin shuke-shuke mafi nasara a noman ruwan gishiri shine halophyte . Halophyte shuka ce mai jure gishiri wadda ƙwayoyinta ke jure wa tasirin gishiri a cikin ƙasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Glenn |first=Edward P. |last2=Brown |first2=J. Jed |last3=O’Leary |first3=James W. |date=1998 |title=Irrigating Crops with Seawater |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26070601 |journal=Scientific American |volume=279 |issue=2 |pages=76–81 |bibcode=1998SciAm.279b..76G |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0898-76 |issn=0036-8733 |jstor=26070601 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Endodermis yana tilasta mata ta tace gishiri mafi girma a cikin shukar saboda yana ba da damar zagayawa da ruwa ta cikin ƙwayoyin halitta. <ref name=":1" /> An yi amfani da noman halophytes da aka yi ban ruwa da ruwan gishiri don noman abincin dabbobi ga dabbobi ; duk da haka, dabbobin da aka ciyar da waɗannan shuke-shuken sun cinye ruwa fiye da waɗanda ba su ci ba. <ref name=":1" /> Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a san noma daga amfani da ruwan gishiri ba kuma ana amfani da shi a babban sikelin, binciken farko ya nuna cewa akwai damar samar da ƙarin amfanin gona a yankunan da ba kasafai ake iya nomawa a gonaki ba. == Amfanin ɗan adam == Shan ruwa mai tsafta ba bisa ka'ida ba ba shi da illa, musamman idan aka sha ruwan teku tare da ruwa mai tsafta. Duk da haka, shan ruwan teku don kiyaye ruwa ba shi da amfani; dole ne a fitar da ruwa mai yawa don kawar da gishirin (ta [[fitsari]] ) fiye da adadin ruwan da aka samu daga ruwan teku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2021 |title=Can humans drink seawater? |url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/drinksw.html |publisher=[[National Ocean Service]] ([[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]])}}</ref> A yanayi na yau da kullun, ba za a yi la'akari da shan ruwan teku mai yawa ba. A zamanin mulkin mallaka na Tahiti, ƙaramin adadin ruwan teku ya kasance sinadari ga miya sabo ( {{Lang|ty|[[miti hue|miti]]}} ) wato {{Lang|ty|miti hue}} (da kwakwa mai tsami) da {{Lang|ty|miti haʻari}} (an haɗa shi da [[Madara ta kwakwa|madarar kwakwa]] ) a matsayin babban kayan ƙanshi na abinci, ba kamar mutanen da ke da alaƙa da shi kamar 'yan Hawaii waɗanda suka haɓaka gishiri mai cin nasara da kansu ba, don haka suna samun busassun gishiri don amfanin kansu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lemaitre |first=Yves |date=1972 |title=La hiérarchie des terms de nourriture en Tahitien |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/sci_hum/01197.pdf |journal=[[Research Institute for Development|Cah. ORSTOM]] |language=fr |volume=IX |issue=1 |pages=66, 68-9 |quote=Le mot ''miti'' que nous avons traduit par « sauce salée » a également le sens de « eau de mer » (tahitien archaïque ''tai'') [...] Lorqu'ils prennent leur repas, les Tahitiens tiennent leur ''miti'' à portée de la main pour y tremper chaque morceau de nourriture avant de le poter à la bouche. C'était le moyen de saler des Tahitiens qui, contrairement aux Hawaiens, n'utilisaient pas le sel sous forme solide (''miti popaʻā'' « ''miti'' européen ») aux temps pré-européens.}}</ref> Tsarin koda yana daidaita matakan sodium da chloride a cikin jini a cikin kunkuntar iyaka kusan 9.&nbsp;g/L (0.9% ta nauyin jiki). A yawancin ruwayen da ke buɗe, yawan sinadarin ya bambanta da ƙimar da aka saba da ita ta kusan kashi 3.5%, wanda ya fi yadda jiki zai iya jurewa kuma mafi yawan abin da koda za ta iya sarrafawa. Wani batu da aka saba watsi da shi a cikin iƙirarin cewa koda za ta iya fitar da NaCl a cikin yawan ruwan [[Tekun Baltic|Baltic]] na kashi 2% (a cikin muhawarar akasin haka) shine cewa hanji ba zai iya shan ruwa a irin wannan yawan ba, don haka babu wani amfani a shan irin wannan ruwan. Duk da haka, gishirin ruwan saman Baltic bai taɓa zama kashi 2% ba; kashi 0.9% ne ko ƙasa da haka, don haka ba ya taɓa wuce na ruwan jiki ba. Shan ruwan teku yana ƙara yawan sinadarin NaCl na jini na ɗan lokaci. Wannan yana nuna cewa koda za ta fitar da sodium, amma yawan sinadarin sodium na ruwan teku ya fi ƙarfin kodan. Daga ƙarshe, yawan sinadarin sodium na jini yana tashi zuwa matakan guba, yana cire ruwa daga ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana hana jigilar jijiyoyi, wanda a ƙarshe yana haifar da kamuwa da cuta mai kisa da bugun zuciya . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Littattafan rayuwa suna ba da shawara akai-akai game da shan ruwan teku. Takaitaccen bayani game da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ruwa guda 163 da aka yi a jirgin ruwa sun kiyasta cewa akwai yiwuwar mutuwa da kashi 39% ga waɗanda suka sha ruwan teku, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 3% ga waɗanda ba su sha ba. Tasirin shan ruwan teku ga beraye ya tabbatar da mummunan tasirin shan ruwan teku lokacin da aka bushe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Etzion, Z. |last2=Yagil, R. |date=1987 |title=Metabolic effects in rats drinking increasing concentrations of seawater |journal=Comp Biochem Physiol A |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=49–55 |doi=10.1016/0300-9629(87)90275-1 |pmid=2881655}}</ref> Sha'awar shan ruwan teku ta fi girma ga matuƙan jirgin ruwa waɗanda suka kashe ruwansu mai kyau kuma ba su iya kama isasshen ruwan sama don sha ba. Wannan takaicin an bayyana shi da kyau ta hanyar wani layi daga littafin Samuel Taylor Coleridge mai suna ''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'' :   Duk da cewa mutane ba za su iya rayuwa a kan ruwan teku ba maimakon ruwan sha na yau da kullun, wasu mutane suna da'awar cewa har zuwa kofuna biyu a rana, gauraye da ruwan sabo a cikin rabo 2:3, ba ya haifar da wani mummunan sakamako. Likitan Faransa Alain Bombard ya tsira daga ketare teku a cikin wani ƙaramin jirgin ruwa na roba na Zodiak ta amfani da naman kifi da ba a dafa ba, wanda galibi yana ɗauke da kusan kashi 40% na ruwa (kamar yawancin kyallen halitta), da kuma ƙaramin adadin ruwan teku da sauran abubuwan da aka girbe daga teku. An ƙalubalanci bincikensa, amma ba a iya bayar da wani bayani daban ba. A cikin littafinsa na 1948 ''The Kon-Tiki Expedition'', Thor Heyerdahl ya ba da rahoton shan ruwan teku da aka gauraya da sabo a cikin rabo 2:3 a lokacin balaguron 1947. Bayan 'yan shekaru, wani mai kasada, William Willis, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sha kofuna biyu na ruwan teku da kofi ɗaya na sabo a kowace rana na tsawon kwanaki 70 ba tare da wata illa ba lokacin da ya rasa wani ɓangare na ruwansa. A ƙarni na 18, Richard Russell ya ba da shawarar amfani da wannan hanyar a fannin likitanci a Burtaniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the 18th century medical use of sea water in Britain |url=https://drinkingseawater.com/benefits/history-sea-water-medical-use-uk-18th-century.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125093152/http://www.drinkingseawater.com/benefits/history-sea-water-medical-use-uk-18th-century.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |website=drinkingseawater.com}}</ref> kuma René Quinton ya faɗaɗa wannan hanyar zuwa wasu ƙasashe, musamman Faransa, a ƙarni na 20. A halin yanzu, ana yin ta sosai a Nicaragua da sauran ƙasashe, ana zargin tana amfani da sabbin abubuwan da aka gano a fannin likitanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical use of sea water in Nicaragua |url=https://drinkingseawater.com/benefits/nicaragua-sea-water-medical-use.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125112445/http://www.drinkingseawater.com/benefits/nicaragua-sea-water-medical-use.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |website=drinkingseawater.com}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (August 2024)">ana buƙatar tabbatarwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Tsarkakewa === Kamar kowace irin ruwa mai danye ko gurɓataccen ruwa, ana iya fitar da ruwan teku ko a tace shi don kawar da gishiri, ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda za su hana a ɗauke shi a matsayin [[Ruwan sha|abin sha]] . Yawancin jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a teku [[Tsarkakewa|suna tace]] ruwan da za a iya sha daga ruwan teku ta amfani da hanyoyin kamar narkar da injin tsotsa ko narkar da walƙiya mai matakai da yawa a cikin na'urar fitar da iska, ko kuma, kwanan nan, narkar da iskar osmosis . Waɗannan hanyoyin da ke buƙatar makamashi ba su da yawa a zamanin Sail . Manyan jiragen ruwa masu jigilar kaya tare da manyan ma'aikata, kamar {{HMS|Victory}} na Nelson{{HMS|Victory}}An yi {{HMS|Victory}} sanya na'urar tacewa a cikin kwale-kwalen su. Gishirin teku na halitta da ake samu ta hanyar tururi yana iya tattarawa kuma a sayar da shi a matsayin [[Gishiri|gishirin tebur]], yawanci ana sayar da shi daban saboda keɓancewar ma'adinai ta musamman idan aka kwatanta da gishirin dutse ko wasu tushe. Yawancin abincin yanki a faɗin duniya a al'ada suna haɗa ruwan teku kai tsaye a matsayin sinadari, suna dafa wasu sinadaran a cikin ruwan teku mai narkewa a madadin kayan ƙanshi na yau da kullun. Masu goyon bayan sun haɗa da shahararrun masu dafa abinci na duniya Ferran Adrià da Quique Dacosta, waɗanda ƙasarsu ta Spain tana da kamfanoni shida daban-daban waɗanda ke samo ruwan teku mai tacewa don amfanin girki. Ana tallata ruwan a matsayin {{Lang|es|la sal perfecta}}, "cikakken gishiri", wanda ke ɗauke da ƙarancin sinadarin sodium tare da abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗanɗano. Wani gidan cin abinci da [[Joaquín Baeza]] ke gudanarwa yana samun lita 60,000 a wata daga mai samar da kayayyaki na Mediterranea <ref name="Baker" /> Dabbobi kamar kifi, kifayen whale, kunkuru na teku, da tsuntsayen teku, kamar penguins da albatrosses, sun saba da zama a cikin wurin da ake da gishiri sosai. Misali, kunkuru na teku da kada na ruwan gishiri suna cire gishiri mai yawa daga jikinsu ta hanyar bututun hawayensu . == Haƙar ma'adinai == An fitar da ma'adanai daga ruwan teku tun zamanin da. A halin yanzu ƙarfe huɗu mafi yawa - Na, Mg, Ca da K - ana fitar da su ne daga ruwan teku a kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loganathan |first=Paripurnanda |last2=Naidu |first2=Gayathri |last3=Vigneswaran |first3=Saravanamuthu |date=2017 |title=Mining valuable minerals from seawater: a critical review |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/ew/c6ew00268d |journal=Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=37–53 |bibcode=2017ESWRT...3...37L |doi=10.1039/C6EW00268D |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2015 a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kashi 63% na samar da magnesium ya fito ne daga ruwan teku da ruwan gishiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Keith |title=Over 40 minerals and metals contained in seawater, their extraction likely to increase in the future |url=https://www.miningweekly.com/article/over-40-minerals-and-metals-contained-in-seawater-their-extraction-likely-to-increase-in-the-future-2016-04-01 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=Mining Weekly |language=en}}</ref> Ana kuma samar da Bromine daga ruwan teku a [[Sin|China]] da Japan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Bromine Industry And Its Outlook |url=http://www.bromine.chem.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/library/L02_Global%20Bromine%20Industry.pdf}}</ref> An gwada fitar da lithium daga ruwan teku a shekarun 1970, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka yi watsi da gwaje-gwajen. An yi la'akari da ra'ayin cire uranium daga ruwan teku aƙalla tun daga shekarun 1960, amma an cire gram kaɗan na uranium a [[Japan]] a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ugo Bardi |year=2008 |title=Mining the Oceans: Can We Extract Minerals from Seawater? |url=http://theoildrum.com/node/4558 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=theoildrum.com}}</ref> Babban batun ba shine yuwuwar fasaha ba amma farashin yanzu akan kasuwar uranium don uranium daga wasu tushe ya ninka sau uku zuwa biyar ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin farashin da aka samu ta hanyar fitar da ruwan teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Viability of Uranium Extraction from Sea Water |url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2018/ph241/voigt1/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2018 |title=Cost-effective method of extracting uranium from seawater promises limitless nuclear power |url=https://newatlas.com/nuclear-uranium-seawater-fibers/55033/}}</ref> Irin waɗannan batutuwa suna kawo cikas ga amfani da uranium da aka sake sarrafawa kuma galibi ana kawo su ne akan sake sarrafa nukiliya da kera man MOX a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ba a tattalin arziki. === Makomar hakar ma'adinai da sinadarai === Domin a gudanar da aikin haƙo ma'adinai da abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan teku yayin da ake la'akari da ayyukan da za su dawwama, ya zama dole a sanya tsarin gudanarwa mai sa ido. Wannan yana buƙatar kula da yankunan teku da yanayinsu, [[Shirye-shiryen muhalli|tsara muhalli]], jagororin da aka tsara don tabbatar da cewa ana sarrafa haƙoran, kimantawa akai-akai game da yanayin bayan haƙoran teku, da kuma sa ido akai-akai. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Levin |first=Lisa A. |date=2019 |title=SUSTAINABILITY IN DEEP WATER: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation |journal=Oceanography |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |bibcode=2019Ocgpy..32b.170L |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2019.224 |issn=1042-8275 |jstor=26651193 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amfani da fasaha, kamar jiragen sama marasa matuƙa na ƙarƙashin ruwa, na iya sauƙaƙe haƙoran mai dorewa. <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=Eleonora |date=2024-04-16 |title=Innovative solutions for coastal and offshore infrastructure in seawater mining: Enhancing efficiency and environmental performance |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916423009141 |journal=Desalination |volume=575 |bibcode=2024Desal.57517282S |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2023.117282 |issn=0011-9164 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa marasa ƙarancin carbon zai kuma ba da damar ƙarin hanyoyin haƙowa masu dorewa yayin da rage tasirin carbon daga haƙoran ma'adinai. <ref name=":03" /> [[Fayil:Aerial_view_of_Victorian_Desalination_Plant.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin tace gishiri]] Wani aikin da ake la'akari da shi sosai shine tsarin [[Tsarkakewa|tace gishiri]] domin cimma ruwa mai dorewa daga ruwan teku. Duk da cewa tace gishirin yana da damuwa game da muhalli, kamar farashi da albarkatu, masu bincike suna aiki kafada da kafada don tantance hanyoyin da za su dawwama, kamar ƙirƙirar shuke-shuken ruwa masu amfani waɗanda za su iya magance manyan samar da ruwa a yankunan da waɗannan tsare-tsaren ba koyaushe suke samuwa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayaz |first=Muhammad |last2=Namazi |first2=M. A. |last3=Din |first3=M. Ammad ud |last4=Ershath |first4=M. I. Mohamed |last5=Mansour |first5=Ali |last6=Aggoune |first6=el-Hadi M. |date=2022-10-15 |title=Sustainable seawater desalination: Current status, environmental implications and future expectations |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916422004775 |journal=Desalination |volume=540 |bibcode=2022Desal.54016022A |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2022.116022 |issn=0011-9164 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake tace ruwan teku na iya amfanar al'umma sosai, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da tasirin muhalli da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da duk haƙoran ta hanyar da za ta yarda da kuma la'akari da haɗarin da ke tattare da dorewar yanayin halittu na ruwan teku. == Daidaitacce == ASTM International tana da ƙa'idar ƙasa da ƙasa don ruwan teku na wucin gadi : ASTM D1141-98 (Asalin ASTM D1141-52). Ana amfani da shi a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na bincike a matsayin mafita mai sake samarwa ga ruwan teku kamar gwaje-gwaje kan tsatsa, gurɓatar mai, da kimanta sabulun shara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ASTM D1141-98(2013) |url=http://www.astm.org/Standards/D1141.htm |access-date=17 August 2013 |publisher=ASTM}}</ref> == Tsarin halittu == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  Ma'adanai da ake samu a cikin ruwan teku suma suna iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zagayowar abinci na teku da yanayin halittu. Misali, Tekun Kudu yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga [[Tsarin carbon|zagayowar carbon]] na muhalli. Ganin cewa wannan jikin ruwa ba ya ɗauke da yawan ƙarfe, ƙarancin yana shafar rayuwar ruwa da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwansa. Sakamakon haka, wannan teku ba ta iya samar da phytoplankton mai yawa wanda ke hana tushen farko na sarkar abinci na teku. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan phytoplankton sune diatoms wanda shine babban tushen abinci na [[Karrill na Antarctic|Antarctic krill]] . Yayin da zagayowar ke ci gaba, manyan dabbobin teku daban-daban suna cin krill na Antarctic, amma tunda akwai ƙarancin ƙarfe daga farkon phytoplankton/diatoms, to waɗannan manyan nau'ikan suma ba su da ƙarfe. Manyan dabbobin teku sun haɗa da Baleen Whales kamar Blue Whale da Fin Whale . <ref name=":05" /> Waɗannan whales ba wai kawai sun dogara da ƙarfe don daidaita ma'adanai a cikin abincinsu ba, har ma yana shafar adadin ƙarfe da aka sake farfaɗowa cikin teku. Fitar kifin whale kuma yana ɗauke da ƙarfen da ya sha wanda zai ba da damar sake shigar da ƙarfe cikin yanayin halittu na teku. Gabaɗaya, ƙarancin ma'adinai ɗaya kamar ƙarfe a Tekun Kudancin na iya haifar da babban jerin rikice-rikice a cikin yanayin halittu na teku wanda ke nuna muhimmiyar rawar da ruwan teku ke takawa a cikin sarkar abinci . Bayan ƙarin bincike kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin kifin diatoms, krill, da baleen, an binciki samfuran kifin baleen a cikin ruwan teku na Antarctic. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNicolBowieJarmanLannuzel2010">Nicol, Stephen; Bowie, Andrew; Jarman, Simon; Lannuzel, Delphine; Meiners, Klaus M; Van Der Merwe, Pier (13 May 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x "Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill"]</span>. ''Fish and Fisheries''. '''11''' (2): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>209. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqFF...11..203N 2010AqFF...11..203N]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x|10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-2960 1467-2960].</cite></ref> Binciken ya haɗa da cewa yawan ƙarfe ya fi na waɗanda aka samu a cikin ruwan teku na Antarctic sau miliyan 10, kuma an sami krill akai-akai a cikin najasarsu wanda hakan ke nuna cewa krill yana cikin abincin kifin. <ref name=":05" /> Kifin Antarctic yana da matsakaicin matakin ƙarfe na 174.3mg/kg na busasshen nauyi, amma ƙarfen da ke cikin krill ya bambanta daga 12 zuwa 174 mg/kg na busasshen nauyi. <ref name=":05" /> Matsakaicin yawan ƙarfe na tsoka na kifin blue da fin whales shine 173 mg/kg na busasshen nauyi, wanda ke nuna cewa manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa suna da mahimmanci ga yanayin halittu na ruwa kamar yadda suke a Tekun Kudancin. <ref name=":05" /> A gaskiya ma, samun ƙarin kifin whales a cikin teku zai iya ƙara yawan ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku ta hanyar fitar da su wanda zai haɓaka ingantaccen yanayin halittu. Kifin Krill da baleen suna aiki a matsayin manyan ma'ajiyar ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku a Tekun Kudancin. Krill na iya riƙe har zuwa kashi 24% na baƙin ƙarfe da ake samu a kan ruwan saman da ke cikin kewayonsa. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNicolBowieJarmanLannuzel2010">Nicol, Stephen; Bowie, Andrew; Jarman, Simon; Lannuzel, Delphine; Meiners, Klaus M; Van Der Merwe, Pier (13 May 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x "Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill"]</span>. ''Fish and Fisheries''. '''11''' (2): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>209. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqFF...11..203N 2010AqFF...11..203N]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x|10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-2960 1467-2960].</cite></ref> Tsarin ciyar da kifin krill akan diatoms yana sakin ƙarfe zuwa ruwan teku, yana nuna su a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na zagayowar ƙarfe na teku. Dangantaka mai kyau tsakanin kifin krill da baleen yana ƙara adadin ƙarfe da za a iya sake amfani da shi da adana shi a cikin ruwan teku. <ref name=":05" /> An ƙirƙiri madauri mai kyau na amsawa, yana ƙara yawan yawan rayuwar ruwa a Tekun Kudancin. Halittu na kowane girma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yanayin halittu na ruwa, inda manyan da ƙananan mazauna ke ba da gudummawa daidai gwargwado wajen sake amfani da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ruwan teku. Ba da fifiko ga murmurewar yawan kifaye saboda suna haɓaka yawan aiki a cikin yanayin halittu na ruwa da kuma ƙara yawan ƙarfe a cikin ruwan teku zai ba da damar samar da tsarin daidaito da wadata ga teku. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fahimtar fa'idodin najasar kifaye a matsayin taki da kuma samar da ƙarin haske game da sake amfani da ƙarfe a cikin Tekun Kudancin. <ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Nicol |first=Stephen |last2=Bowie |first2=Andrew |last3=Jarman |first3=Simon |last4=Lannuzel |first4=Delphine |last5=Meiners |first5=Klaus M |last6=Van Der Merwe |first6=Pier |date=2010-05-13 |title=Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |bibcode=2010AqFF...11..203N |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x |issn=1467-2960 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ayyuka kan kula da yanayin halittu da kiyayewa suna da mahimmanci don haɓaka ilimin yanayin halittu na ruwa. == Tasirin Muhalli da dorewa == Kamar kowace hanyar haƙar ma'adinai, akwai fa'idodi da rashin amfani ga muhalli. Cobalt da Lithium muhimman karafa ne guda biyu da za a iya amfani da su don taimakawa wajen amfani da fasahohin da suka fi dacewa da muhalli a sama da ƙasa, kamar samar da batura masu ƙarfafa motocin lantarki ko ƙirƙirar wutar lantarki ta iska . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=Rebecca |date=2020 |title=Deep Sea Rush: With valuable metals on the ocean floor, speculators are circling |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26975674 |journal=The Baffler |issue=54 |pages=114–124 |issn=1059-9789 |jstor=26975674}}</ref> Hanya mai kyau ta haƙar ma'adinai wadda ke ba da damar samun ƙarin dorewa ita ce cire waɗannan karafa daga ƙasan teku. Haƙar ma'adinai ta Lithium daga ƙasan teku a adadi mai yawa na iya samar da adadi mai yawa na karafa masu sabuntawa don haɓaka ayyukan da suka fi dacewa da muhalli a cikin al'umma don rage sawun carbon na ɗan adam. Haƙar ma'adinai ta Lithium daga ƙasan teku na iya yin nasara, amma nasararsa za ta dogara ne akan ayyukan sake amfani da su masu inganci a sama da ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bardi |first=Ugo |date=April 2010 |title=Extracting Minerals from Seawater: An Energy Analysis |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=980–992 |bibcode=2010Sust....2..980B |doi=10.3390/su2040980 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ocean_Floor_V_(33712023355).jpg|thumb|Rayuwar ruwa tana bunƙasa a ƙasan teku]] Akwai kuma haɗarin da ke tattare da cirewa daga ƙasan teku. Yawancin nau'ikan halittu masu bambancin halittu suna da tsawon rai a ƙasan teku, wanda ke nufin cewa haifuwarsu tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Levin |first=Lisa A. |date=2019 |title=SUSTAINABILITY IN DEEP WATER: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation |journal=Oceanography |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |bibcode=2019Ocgpy..32b.170L |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2019.224 |issn=1042-8275 |jstor=26651193 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kamar yadda ake girbe kifi daga ƙasan teku, cire ma'adanai da yawa, da sauri, ba tare da ingantattun tsare-tsare ba, na iya haifar da katsewar yanayin halittu na ƙarƙashin ruwa. <ref name=":02" /> Akasin haka, wannan zai yi tasiri akasin haka kuma ya hana cire ma'adanai daga zama aiki mai dorewa na dogon lokaci, kuma zai haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfe da ake buƙata. Duk wani cire ma'adinai daga ruwan teku yana kuma haɗarin wargaza mazaunin halittun ƙarƙashin ruwa waɗanda suka dogara da yanayin halittu marasa katsewa a cikin muhallinsu saboda rikice-rikice na iya haifar da babban rikici ga al'ummomin dabbobi. <ref name=":02" /> == Duba kuma ==   * Artificial seawater – Mixture of dissolved salts simulating the mean seawater composition * Brackish water – Water with salinity between freshwater and seawater * Brine – Concentrated solution of salt in water * Brine mining – Extracting materials from saltwater * CORA dataset – Oceanographic temperature and salinity dataset global ocean salinity * Fresh water – Naturally occurring water with low amounts of dissolved salts * Ocean color – Explanation of the color of oceans and ocean color remote sensing * Saline water – Water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts * Sea ice – Outcome of seawater as it freezes * Seawater pH – Measure of the level of acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution * Surface tension of seawater – Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area * Thalassotherapy – Form of therapy using seawater * Thermohaline circulation – Part of large-scale ocean circulation == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Spoken Wikipedia/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=3939UNESCO Takardun Fasaha a Kimiyyar Ruwa 44, Algorithms don lissafin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan teku, ioc-unesco.org, UNESCO 1983] Tebura * [http://web.mit.edu/seawater/ Tebura da software don halayen thermophysical na ruwan teku], MIT * {{physical oceanography|expanded=other}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sycvx53c3t9o4fwwt04dg9pldngnfgp 0 160740 875864 2026-07-04T11:26:57Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875864 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. flrfokzsr118sr4y2vjs5ltwtpb291v 875865 875864 2026-07-04T11:27:56Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875865 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . == Geography == Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. 2zsdbvnrcv08fdk5djqz5xuy8zr7u06 875866 875865 2026-07-04T11:32:50Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . == Geography == Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. == Al'ummomin maƙwabta == Gundumar tana da iyaka da arewa zuwa Schelklingen, a gabas zuwa Altheim, a kudu da yamma zuwa Ehingen (Donau) . gysxnh3jt8ritoytp38scr7lxmf6drw 875867 875866 2026-07-04T11:33:09Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875867 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . == Geography == Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. == Al'ummomin maƙwabta == Gundumar tana da iyaka da arewa zuwa Schelklingen, a gabas zuwa Altheim, a kudu da yamma zuwa Ehingen (Donau) . == Tsarin ƙaramar hukuma == Karamar hukumar Allmendingen ta ƙunshi wuraren da Allmendingen (mazauna 3304 a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2009 ), Ennahofen (mazauna 266), Grötzingen (mazauna 296), Niederhofen (mazauna 375) da Weilersteußlingen (mazauna 249). 1m949byfdy1z9qw6tcszhkg7lh97lxn 875868 875867 2026-07-04T11:33:32Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875868 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . == Geography == Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. == Al'ummomin maƙwabta == Gundumar tana da iyaka da arewa zuwa Schelklingen, a gabas zuwa Altheim, a kudu da yamma zuwa Ehingen (Donau) . == Tsarin ƙaramar hukuma == Karamar hukumar Allmendingen ta ƙunshi wuraren da Allmendingen (mazauna 3304 a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2009 ), Ennahofen (mazauna 266), Grötzingen (mazauna 296), Niederhofen (mazauna 375) da Weilersteußlingen (mazauna 249). == Tarihi == Shaidar farko ta wurin zama na ɗan adam ita ce gano wani murhun bulo tun lokacin da Romawa suka mamaye gundumar Niederhofen. h4rsujf53rx0tob158xug1tvns64u6w 875870 875868 2026-07-04T11:34:26Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . == Geography == Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. == Al'ummomin maƙwabta == Gundumar tana da iyaka da arewa zuwa Schelklingen, a gabas zuwa Altheim, a kudu da yamma zuwa Ehingen (Donau) . == Tsarin ƙaramar hukuma == Karamar hukumar Allmendingen ta ƙunshi wuraren da Allmendingen (mazauna 3304 a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2009 ), Ennahofen (mazauna 266), Grötzingen (mazauna 296), Niederhofen (mazauna 375) da Weilersteußlingen (mazauna 249). == Tarihi == Shaidar farko ta wurin zama na ɗan adam ita ce gano wani murhun bulo tun lokacin da Romawa suka mamaye gundumar Niederhofen. [[Fayil:Allmendingen_Kirche_Maria_Himmelfahrt.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Allmendingen Kirche Maria Himmelfahrt]] sbi3x6b8xmofw2yblrbvbq43s25qu9h 875877 875870 2026-07-04T11:49:11Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875877 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . == Geography == Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. == Al'ummomin maƙwabta == Gundumar tana da iyaka da arewa zuwa Schelklingen, a gabas zuwa Altheim, a kudu da yamma zuwa Ehingen (Donau) . == Tsarin ƙaramar hukuma == Karamar hukumar Allmendingen ta ƙunshi wuraren da Allmendingen (mazauna 3304 a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2009 ), Ennahofen (mazauna 266), Grötzingen (mazauna 296), Niederhofen (mazauna 375) da Weilersteußlingen (mazauna 249). == Tarihi == Shaidar farko ta wurin zama na ɗan adam ita ce gano wani murhun bulo tun lokacin da Romawa suka mamaye gundumar Niederhofen. [[Fayil:Allmendingen_Kirche_Maria_Himmelfahrt.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Allmendingen Kirche Maria Himmelfahrt]] == Ci gaban Jama'a == 0xs3s2esa41ngen4lciwmp0jxdbmuu6 875878 875877 2026-07-04T11:49:35Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875878 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . == Geography == Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. == Al'ummomin maƙwabta == Gundumar tana da iyaka da arewa zuwa Schelklingen, a gabas zuwa Altheim, a kudu da yamma zuwa Ehingen (Donau) . == Tsarin ƙaramar hukuma == Karamar hukumar Allmendingen ta ƙunshi wuraren da Allmendingen (mazauna 3304 a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2009 ), Ennahofen (mazauna 266), Grötzingen (mazauna 296), Niederhofen (mazauna 375) da Weilersteußlingen (mazauna 249). == Tarihi == Shaidar farko ta wurin zama na ɗan adam ita ce gano wani murhun bulo tun lokacin da Romawa suka mamaye gundumar Niederhofen. [[Fayil:Allmendingen_Kirche_Maria_Himmelfahrt.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Allmendingen Kirche Maria Himmelfahrt]] == Ci gaban Jama'a == Akwai adadin mazauna bayan yankin da ake da ikon yin hakan. Alkaluman sakamakon ƙidayar jama'a ne (¹) ko kuma sabbin bayanai na Ofishin Kididdiga na Baden-Württemberg. <ref>{{Dead link|date=October 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> h1w9xcl508trpepyuuxx1hdlpwjxngb 875880 875878 2026-07-04T11:49:54Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . == Geography == Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. == Al'ummomin maƙwabta == Gundumar tana da iyaka da arewa zuwa Schelklingen, a gabas zuwa Altheim, a kudu da yamma zuwa Ehingen (Donau) . == Tsarin ƙaramar hukuma == Karamar hukumar Allmendingen ta ƙunshi wuraren da Allmendingen (mazauna 3304 a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2009 ), Ennahofen (mazauna 266), Grötzingen (mazauna 296), Niederhofen (mazauna 375) da Weilersteußlingen (mazauna 249). == Tarihi == Shaidar farko ta wurin zama na ɗan adam ita ce gano wani murhun bulo tun lokacin da Romawa suka mamaye gundumar Niederhofen. [[Fayil:Allmendingen_Kirche_Maria_Himmelfahrt.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Allmendingen Kirche Maria Himmelfahrt]] == Ci gaban Jama'a == Akwai adadin mazauna bayan yankin da ake da ikon yin hakan. Alkaluman sakamakon ƙidayar jama'a ne (¹) ko kuma sabbin bayanai na Ofishin Kididdiga na Baden-Württemberg. <ref>{{Dead link|date=October 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Siyasa == 195pzznbl8m327k68yfo8b72w8t3hhk 875882 875880 2026-07-04T11:50:47Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . == Geography == Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. == Al'ummomin maƙwabta == Gundumar tana da iyaka da arewa zuwa Schelklingen, a gabas zuwa Altheim, a kudu da yamma zuwa Ehingen (Donau) . == Tsarin ƙaramar hukuma == Karamar hukumar Allmendingen ta ƙunshi wuraren da Allmendingen (mazauna 3304 a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2009 ), Ennahofen (mazauna 266), Grötzingen (mazauna 296), Niederhofen (mazauna 375) da Weilersteußlingen (mazauna 249). == Tarihi == Shaidar farko ta wurin zama na ɗan adam ita ce gano wani murhun bulo tun lokacin da Romawa suka mamaye gundumar Niederhofen. [[Fayil:Allmendingen_Kirche_Maria_Himmelfahrt.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Allmendingen Kirche Maria Himmelfahrt]] == Ci gaban Jama'a == Akwai adadin mazauna bayan yankin da ake da ikon yin hakan. Alkaluman sakamakon ƙidayar jama'a ne (¹) ko kuma sabbin bayanai na Ofishin Kididdiga na Baden-Württemberg. <ref>{{Dead link|date=October 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Siyasa == Majalisar Allmendingen ta samu membobi 20 bayan zaɓen da ya gabata. Zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2014 ya haifar da sakamakon da ke tafe. Mutane 58.5% sun fito daga cikin waɗanda suka fito. Majalisar ta ƙunshi zaɓaɓɓun kansiloli masu daraja da kuma magajin gari a matsayin shugaba. Magajin gari yana da ikon kaɗa ƙuri'a a majalisar birni. qaauq6kfwdtx1muwcz1npv5vk62ze1s 875883 875882 2026-07-04T11:51:03Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875883 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . == Geography == Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. == Al'ummomin maƙwabta == Gundumar tana da iyaka da arewa zuwa Schelklingen, a gabas zuwa Altheim, a kudu da yamma zuwa Ehingen (Donau) . == Tsarin ƙaramar hukuma == Karamar hukumar Allmendingen ta ƙunshi wuraren da Allmendingen (mazauna 3304 a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2009 ), Ennahofen (mazauna 266), Grötzingen (mazauna 296), Niederhofen (mazauna 375) da Weilersteußlingen (mazauna 249). == Tarihi == Shaidar farko ta wurin zama na ɗan adam ita ce gano wani murhun bulo tun lokacin da Romawa suka mamaye gundumar Niederhofen. [[Fayil:Allmendingen_Kirche_Maria_Himmelfahrt.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Allmendingen Kirche Maria Himmelfahrt]] == Ci gaban Jama'a == Akwai adadin mazauna bayan yankin da ake da ikon yin hakan. Alkaluman sakamakon ƙidayar jama'a ne (¹) ko kuma sabbin bayanai na Ofishin Kididdiga na Baden-Württemberg. <ref>{{Dead link|date=October 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Siyasa == Majalisar Allmendingen ta samu membobi 20 bayan zaɓen da ya gabata. Zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2014 ya haifar da sakamakon da ke tafe. Mutane 58.5% sun fito daga cikin waɗanda suka fito. Majalisar ta ƙunshi zaɓaɓɓun kansiloli masu daraja da kuma magajin gari a matsayin shugaba. Magajin gari yana da ikon kaɗa ƙuri'a a majalisar birni. * Biki da kujeru: ** CDU – 49.7% = kujeru 10 ** Masu zaɓe 'yantacce - 50.3% = kujeru 10 nlmlo48lz0jscaukh1tt34whzp42inl 875885 875883 2026-07-04T11:51:19Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875885 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . == Geography == Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. == Al'ummomin maƙwabta == Gundumar tana da iyaka da arewa zuwa Schelklingen, a gabas zuwa Altheim, a kudu da yamma zuwa Ehingen (Donau) . == Tsarin ƙaramar hukuma == Karamar hukumar Allmendingen ta ƙunshi wuraren da Allmendingen (mazauna 3304 a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2009 ), Ennahofen (mazauna 266), Grötzingen (mazauna 296), Niederhofen (mazauna 375) da Weilersteußlingen (mazauna 249). == Tarihi == Shaidar farko ta wurin zama na ɗan adam ita ce gano wani murhun bulo tun lokacin da Romawa suka mamaye gundumar Niederhofen. [[Fayil:Allmendingen_Kirche_Maria_Himmelfahrt.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Allmendingen Kirche Maria Himmelfahrt]] == Ci gaban Jama'a == Akwai adadin mazauna bayan yankin da ake da ikon yin hakan. Alkaluman sakamakon ƙidayar jama'a ne (¹) ko kuma sabbin bayanai na Ofishin Kididdiga na Baden-Württemberg. <ref>{{Dead link|date=October 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Siyasa == Majalisar Allmendingen ta samu membobi 20 bayan zaɓen da ya gabata. Zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2014 ya haifar da sakamakon da ke tafe. Mutane 58.5% sun fito daga cikin waɗanda suka fito. Majalisar ta ƙunshi zaɓaɓɓun kansiloli masu daraja da kuma magajin gari a matsayin shugaba. Magajin gari yana da ikon kaɗa ƙuri'a a majalisar birni. * Biki da kujeru: ** CDU – 49.7% = kujeru 10 ** Masu zaɓe 'yantacce - 50.3% = kujeru 10 == Alamar == cm07xac4uvn5xygnpxcg01pmk9gg8rr 875886 875885 2026-07-04T11:51:37Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875886 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . == Geography == Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. == Al'ummomin maƙwabta == Gundumar tana da iyaka da arewa zuwa Schelklingen, a gabas zuwa Altheim, a kudu da yamma zuwa Ehingen (Donau) . == Tsarin ƙaramar hukuma == Karamar hukumar Allmendingen ta ƙunshi wuraren da Allmendingen (mazauna 3304 a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2009 ), Ennahofen (mazauna 266), Grötzingen (mazauna 296), Niederhofen (mazauna 375) da Weilersteußlingen (mazauna 249). == Tarihi == Shaidar farko ta wurin zama na ɗan adam ita ce gano wani murhun bulo tun lokacin da Romawa suka mamaye gundumar Niederhofen. [[Fayil:Allmendingen_Kirche_Maria_Himmelfahrt.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Allmendingen Kirche Maria Himmelfahrt]] == Ci gaban Jama'a == Akwai adadin mazauna bayan yankin da ake da ikon yin hakan. Alkaluman sakamakon ƙidayar jama'a ne (¹) ko kuma sabbin bayanai na Ofishin Kididdiga na Baden-Württemberg. <ref>{{Dead link|date=October 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Siyasa == Majalisar Allmendingen ta samu membobi 20 bayan zaɓen da ya gabata. Zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2014 ya haifar da sakamakon da ke tafe. Mutane 58.5% sun fito daga cikin waɗanda suka fito. Majalisar ta ƙunshi zaɓaɓɓun kansiloli masu daraja da kuma magajin gari a matsayin shugaba. Magajin gari yana da ikon kaɗa ƙuri'a a majalisar birni. * Biki da kujeru: ** CDU – 49.7% = kujeru 10 ** Masu zaɓe 'yantacce - 50.3% = kujeru 10 == Alamar == Blazon : A cikin azurfa a ƙarƙashin kan garkuwa mai shuɗi, a cikin ƙwallan zinare guda uku (burodi), doki mai baƙi, madaidaiciya mai harshe ja. Alamar hannu ta haɗa abubuwan da ke cikin rigar sarakunan Freyberg (ƙwallo), wanda tarihinsa yana da alaƙa da Allmendingen, da dangin bourgeois Renner (doki), waɗanda kuma ke da mallaka a Allmendingen. q9japbjxta2d99wxnj3lcu3091jmavo 875887 875886 2026-07-04T11:52:02Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875887 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . == Geography == Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. == Al'ummomin maƙwabta == Gundumar tana da iyaka da arewa zuwa Schelklingen, a gabas zuwa Altheim, a kudu da yamma zuwa Ehingen (Donau) . == Tsarin ƙaramar hukuma == Karamar hukumar Allmendingen ta ƙunshi wuraren da Allmendingen (mazauna 3304 a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2009 ), Ennahofen (mazauna 266), Grötzingen (mazauna 296), Niederhofen (mazauna 375) da Weilersteußlingen (mazauna 249). == Tarihi == Shaidar farko ta wurin zama na ɗan adam ita ce gano wani murhun bulo tun lokacin da Romawa suka mamaye gundumar Niederhofen. [[Fayil:Allmendingen_Kirche_Maria_Himmelfahrt.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Allmendingen Kirche Maria Himmelfahrt]] == Ci gaban Jama'a == Akwai adadin mazauna bayan yankin da ake da ikon yin hakan. Alkaluman sakamakon ƙidayar jama'a ne (¹) ko kuma sabbin bayanai na Ofishin Kididdiga na Baden-Württemberg. <ref>{{Dead link|date=October 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Siyasa == Majalisar Allmendingen ta samu membobi 20 bayan zaɓen da ya gabata. Zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2014 ya haifar da sakamakon da ke tafe. Mutane 58.5% sun fito daga cikin waɗanda suka fito. Majalisar ta ƙunshi zaɓaɓɓun kansiloli masu daraja da kuma magajin gari a matsayin shugaba. Magajin gari yana da ikon kaɗa ƙuri'a a majalisar birni. * Biki da kujeru: ** CDU – 49.7% = kujeru 10 ** Masu zaɓe 'yantacce - 50.3% = kujeru 10 == Alamar == Blazon : A cikin azurfa a ƙarƙashin kan garkuwa mai shuɗi, a cikin ƙwallan zinare guda uku (burodi), doki mai baƙi, madaidaiciya mai harshe ja. Alamar hannu ta haɗa abubuwan da ke cikin rigar sarakunan Freyberg (ƙwallo), wanda tarihinsa yana da alaƙa da Allmendingen, da dangin bourgeois Renner (doki), waɗanda kuma ke da mallaka a Allmendingen. == Tattalin arziki == === Sufuri === gfaeo9yqklguu07l1ukvvyuhzzg3auh 875888 875887 2026-07-04T11:52:20Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . == Geography == Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. == Al'ummomin maƙwabta == Gundumar tana da iyaka da arewa zuwa Schelklingen, a gabas zuwa Altheim, a kudu da yamma zuwa Ehingen (Donau) . == Tsarin ƙaramar hukuma == Karamar hukumar Allmendingen ta ƙunshi wuraren da Allmendingen (mazauna 3304 a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2009 ), Ennahofen (mazauna 266), Grötzingen (mazauna 296), Niederhofen (mazauna 375) da Weilersteußlingen (mazauna 249). == Tarihi == Shaidar farko ta wurin zama na ɗan adam ita ce gano wani murhun bulo tun lokacin da Romawa suka mamaye gundumar Niederhofen. [[Fayil:Allmendingen_Kirche_Maria_Himmelfahrt.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Allmendingen Kirche Maria Himmelfahrt]] == Ci gaban Jama'a == Akwai adadin mazauna bayan yankin da ake da ikon yin hakan. Alkaluman sakamakon ƙidayar jama'a ne (¹) ko kuma sabbin bayanai na Ofishin Kididdiga na Baden-Württemberg. <ref>{{Dead link|date=October 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Siyasa == Majalisar Allmendingen ta samu membobi 20 bayan zaɓen da ya gabata. Zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2014 ya haifar da sakamakon da ke tafe. Mutane 58.5% sun fito daga cikin waɗanda suka fito. Majalisar ta ƙunshi zaɓaɓɓun kansiloli masu daraja da kuma magajin gari a matsayin shugaba. Magajin gari yana da ikon kaɗa ƙuri'a a majalisar birni. * Biki da kujeru: ** CDU – 49.7% = kujeru 10 ** Masu zaɓe 'yantacce - 50.3% = kujeru 10 == Alamar == Blazon : A cikin azurfa a ƙarƙashin kan garkuwa mai shuɗi, a cikin ƙwallan zinare guda uku (burodi), doki mai baƙi, madaidaiciya mai harshe ja. Alamar hannu ta haɗa abubuwan da ke cikin rigar sarakunan Freyberg (ƙwallo), wanda tarihinsa yana da alaƙa da Allmendingen, da dangin bourgeois Renner (doki), waɗanda kuma ke da mallaka a Allmendingen. == Tattalin arziki == === Sufuri === Allmendingen yana kan layin dogo na Ulm-Sigmaringen kuma tasha ce ta jirgin ƙasa ta yanki. Akwai hanyoyin haɗin jirgin ƙasa zuwa Ehingen (Donau) da Ulm a kowace awa. Allmendingen yana cikin Donau-Iller-Nahverkehrsverbund . Al'ummar tana kan titin ƙasa B 492 Ehingen- Blaubeuren . lmlys74jazcz1jblnl40n33gkkzv6d9 875889 875888 2026-07-04T11:52:48Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253305659|Allmendingen, Baden-Württemberg]]" 875889 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allmendingen''' ( ) karamar hukuma ce a gundumar Alb-Donau, a Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]] . == Geography == Allmendingen yana kan Schmiech a cikin wani wuri da ya samo asali daga kwarin Danube wanda ya raba {{Not a typo|easter Hochsträß}} daga sauran Jura na Swabian . Mafi girman wurin da ke kan tsaunukan Lutheran (Ennahofen) yana da mita 750 sama da matakin teku. NN. == Al'ummomin maƙwabta == Gundumar tana da iyaka da arewa zuwa Schelklingen, a gabas zuwa Altheim, a kudu da yamma zuwa Ehingen (Donau) . == Tsarin ƙaramar hukuma == Karamar hukumar Allmendingen ta ƙunshi wuraren da Allmendingen (mazauna 3304 a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2009 ), Ennahofen (mazauna 266), Grötzingen (mazauna 296), Niederhofen (mazauna 375) da Weilersteußlingen (mazauna 249). == Tarihi == Shaidar farko ta wurin zama na ɗan adam ita ce gano wani murhun bulo tun lokacin da Romawa suka mamaye gundumar Niederhofen. [[Fayil:Allmendingen_Kirche_Maria_Himmelfahrt.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Allmendingen Kirche Maria Himmelfahrt]] == Ci gaban Jama'a == Akwai adadin mazauna bayan yankin da ake da ikon yin hakan. Alkaluman sakamakon ƙidayar jama'a ne (¹) ko kuma sabbin bayanai na Ofishin Kididdiga na Baden-Württemberg. <ref>{{Dead link|date=October 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Siyasa == Majalisar Allmendingen ta samu membobi 20 bayan zaɓen da ya gabata. Zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2014 ya haifar da sakamakon da ke tafe. Mutane 58.5% sun fito daga cikin waɗanda suka fito. Majalisar ta ƙunshi zaɓaɓɓun kansiloli masu daraja da kuma magajin gari a matsayin shugaba. Magajin gari yana da ikon kaɗa ƙuri'a a majalisar birni. * Biki da kujeru: ** CDU – 49.7% = kujeru 10 ** Masu zaɓe 'yantacce - 50.3% = kujeru 10 == Alamar == Blazon : A cikin azurfa a ƙarƙashin kan garkuwa mai shuɗi, a cikin ƙwallan zinare guda uku (burodi), doki mai baƙi, madaidaiciya mai harshe ja. Alamar hannu ta haɗa abubuwan da ke cikin rigar sarakunan Freyberg (ƙwallo), wanda tarihinsa yana da alaƙa da Allmendingen, da dangin bourgeois Renner (doki), waɗanda kuma ke da mallaka a Allmendingen. == Tattalin arziki == === Sufuri === Allmendingen yana kan layin dogo na Ulm-Sigmaringen kuma tasha ce ta jirgin ƙasa ta yanki. Akwai hanyoyin haɗin jirgin ƙasa zuwa Ehingen (Donau) da Ulm a kowace awa. Allmendingen yana cikin Donau-Iller-Nahverkehrsverbund . Al'ummar tana kan titin ƙasa B 492 Ehingen- Blaubeuren . === Kamfanonin da aka kafa === Babban kamfanin da ke ɗaukar ma'aikata shine Burgmaier na motoci. Sauran kamfanonin masana'antu sune masu kera nau'ikan Rampf, da kuma kamfanin siminti na Schwenk. l23yh51gd6ti5vp45ayvgkc9rjcjpz6 1 160741 875871 2026-07-04T11:34:42Z ~2026-38292-87 46643 /* 38292-87 */ sabon sashe 875871 wikitext text/x-wiki == 38292-87 == gabdoulahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38292-87|&#126;2026-38292-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38292-87|talk]]) 11:34, 4 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) p9dvp30jt6v1xt2xthvn7i50i0u6xrw 0 160742 875890 2026-07-04T11:55:03Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361166129|My Ex 2: Haunted Lover]]" 875890 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Tsohon ƙaunatacce na biyu: ƙaunatacce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:MyEx2HauntedLover2010Poster.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Hoton wasan kwaikwayo</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Piyapan Choopetch]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |Adirek 'Uncle' Watleela[[Piyapan Choopetch]]<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |Ratchawin WongviriyaMarion AffolterThongpoom Siripipat Pete Thongjua<br /><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanoni masu samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Forfilms Co., Ltd.</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[RS Public Company Limited#RS Film|Fim R Mu]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 2010 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)&nbsp;</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 86 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Thailand |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Thai |} My Ex 2: Haunted Lover fim ne mai ban ''Tsohon na'' Thai na 2010, wanda ya biyo bayan My Ex. == Bayani game da shi == Bayan kallon My Ex, Cee da abokanta suna tattaunawa game da fim din. Babbar 'yar'uwarta, Bowie, wacce sananniyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, ta bayyana cewa wani ci gaba yana cikin ayyukan. Bayan haka, Cee ta kama saurayinta tare da Ying, wacce 'yar mai otal ce, ta bayyana cewa shi dan wasa ne. Yayin da muke kallon fim din tare, mun ga [[wiktionary:premonition|hangen nesa]] na Cee yana jefa abin sha a fuskar Aof lokacin da ta yi ƙoƙarin kiransa. Muna ganin wani abu na Aof da Cee a gado suna wasa tare da Rubik's Cube. Wata dare, Aof ya gaya wa Cee cewa ya rasa duk kuɗin da yake da shi a wasan kwallon kafa kuma ya roki Ying ta dogara da shi. Da zarar Ying ta dawo gida, sai ta ga Aof da Cee tare kuma ta bar dakin. Cee ya buge Aof kuma ya tafi. Daga baya aka sami Ying ya mutu a cikin tafkin jini, wanda Aof ya gano. A bayyane yake ta yi tsalle daga ginin. Kashegari Aof ya kira Cee game da mutuwar Ying kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya nemi gafara a gare ta game da ba ta dama ta biyu amma ta rataye shi. Cee da Bowie sun sadu da abokiyar Bowie mai gabatarwa, Karn, wanda mai mallakar wurin shakatawa ne mai arziki kuma mai gabatar fim din farko na Cee bayan ta sami wani ɓangare a cikin fim din ban tsoro. 'Yan uwan, da abokinsu sun tafi fim din da aka shirya a Koh Chang don jin daɗin bukukuwan. Abubuwa sun fara tafiya ba daidai ba lokacin da Cee ta ga fatalwar Ying da abokanta sun mutu da babbar mota. Cee ya gano cewa Aof shine babban wanda ake zargi da mutuwar Ying. Cee da Bowie sun kama su a cikin triangle na soyayya tare da Karn. Wani abin da ya faru ya nuna cewa Cee ne ke da alhakin mutuwar Ying kai tsaye, kuma Cee ya tsara Aof don kisan Ying. Aof ya fuskanci Cee kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya riƙe ta a hannunsa, amma ta kashe Aof da wuka kuma ta buge kansa da dutse a cikin dakin. Ba da daɗewa ba, Bowie ya koma cikin ɗakinsu kuma ya sami gawar Aof a ƙasa. Cee ta tuna cewa lokacin da take yarinya, Bowie sau da yawa yakan azabtar da ita ta hanyar tsage yar tsana, kuma yanzu, Cee ta bayyana cewa 'yar'uwarta tana ƙoƙarin satar Karn daga gare ta. Cee ya kashe Bowie da dutse. Karn ya koma otal ɗin kuma ya ga cewa wutar ta ragu kuma ya gaya wa ma'aikatan su gyara shi. Amma lokacin da ya tafi ganin Cee da Bowie a cikin ɗakinsu, Cee ya sami mafarki daga fatalwar Ying, kuma ya yi kuskuren Karn da fatalwar Ying. Akwai babbar guguwa a waje yayin da Cee ta yi gwagwarmaya zuwa wani gandun daji da ke kusa don tono babban kabari don binne gawawwakin uku lokacin da ta ga Ying tana zuwa gare ta. Ta farka kuma ta fahimci cewa tana da mafarki mai ban tsoro a dakin otal. Koyaya, da gaske ta kashe Aof, Bowie da Karn. Ta yi tafiya zuwa kabarin inda mutane suka kewaye shi kuma 'yan sanda sun riga sun kasance suna tono gawawwakin. Ta firgita da ganin gawawwakin 4 a cikin kabari, kuma bayan bincike na kusa, ta fahimci cewa ita, kanta ta mutu a cikin kabarin yayin da dutse ya fadi ya buge ta ba tare da sanin komai ba. Cee ya yi kururuwa cikin tsoro kafin a yi amfani da kudade. A cikin bayanan da aka ba da labari, wani mutum ya yi fushi lokacin da ya kalli labarai game da bala'in kuma ya karya sandarsa ta baseball. An bayyana cewa shi tsohon saurayi ne na Cee. Ta watsar da shi ga Aof; lokacin da mutumin ya bar gidansa ya kira 'yan sanda, fatalwar Cee tana kallo da laifi. == Masu ba da labari == * Ratchawin Wongviriya a matsayin Cee * Atthama Chiwanitchapan a matsayin Bowie * Thongpoom Siripipat a matsayin Aof * Marion Affolter a matsayin Ying * Pete Thongjua a matsayin Karn * Ananda Everingham a matsayin tsohon saurayin Cee * Bordin Duke a matsayin Boyd Darakta * Monchaya Muangkrut a matsayin Ae * Ariya Thanwong a matsayin Bee * Pakkaporn Phatong a matsayin Matashi Bowie * Panadda Sarapol a matsayin Matashi Cee * Kulachart Rhuvatana a matsayin mai tsere * Sarayuth Sritong a matsayin Ma'aikaci * Chatchai Nakornwong a matsayin Ma'aikatan Gidauniyar * Pongpisit Bottasri a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta * Saowaros Prapaiwong a matsayin Jikin * Worawat Na Gakasin a matsayin Van Driver * Satirachat Cheijaroen a matsayin Yarinya == Manazarta == 6jn6aseax4ga06zchy3daft9apqjx5b 875892 875890 2026-07-04T11:55:54Z D son203 45710 875892 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Tsohon ƙaunatacce na biyu: ƙaunatacce |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:MyEx2HauntedLover2010Poster.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Hoton wasan kwaikwayo</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Piyapan Choopetch]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |Adirek 'Uncle' Watleela[[Piyapan Choopetch]]<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |Ratchawin WongviriyaMarion AffolterThongpoom Siripipat Pete Thongjua<br /><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanoni masu samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Forfilms Co., Ltd.</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[RS Public Company Limited#RS Film|Fim R Mu]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 2010 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)&nbsp;</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 86 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Thailand |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Thai |} {{Databox}} My Ex 2: Haunted Lover fim ne mai ban ''Tsohon na'' Thai na 2010, wanda ya biyo bayan My Ex. == Bayani game da shi == Bayan kallon My Ex, Cee da abokanta suna tattaunawa game da fim din. Babbar 'yar'uwarta, Bowie, wacce sananniyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, ta bayyana cewa wani ci gaba yana cikin ayyukan. Bayan haka, Cee ta kama saurayinta tare da Ying, wacce 'yar mai otal ce, ta bayyana cewa shi dan wasa ne. Yayin da muke kallon fim din tare, mun ga [[wiktionary:premonition|hangen nesa]] na Cee yana jefa abin sha a fuskar Aof lokacin da ta yi ƙoƙarin kiransa. Muna ganin wani abu na Aof da Cee a gado suna wasa tare da Rubik's Cube. Wata dare, Aof ya gaya wa Cee cewa ya rasa duk kuɗin da yake da shi a wasan kwallon kafa kuma ya roki Ying ta dogara da shi. Da zarar Ying ta dawo gida, sai ta ga Aof da Cee tare kuma ta bar dakin. Cee ya buge Aof kuma ya tafi. Daga baya aka sami Ying ya mutu a cikin tafkin jini, wanda Aof ya gano. A bayyane yake ta yi tsalle daga ginin. Kashegari Aof ya kira Cee game da mutuwar Ying kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya nemi gafara a gare ta game da ba ta dama ta biyu amma ta rataye shi. Cee da Bowie sun sadu da abokiyar Bowie mai gabatarwa, Karn, wanda mai mallakar wurin shakatawa ne mai arziki kuma mai gabatar fim din farko na Cee bayan ta sami wani ɓangare a cikin fim din ban tsoro. 'Yan uwan, da abokinsu sun tafi fim din da aka shirya a Koh Chang don jin daɗin bukukuwan. Abubuwa sun fara tafiya ba daidai ba lokacin da Cee ta ga fatalwar Ying da abokanta sun mutu da babbar mota. Cee ya gano cewa Aof shine babban wanda ake zargi da mutuwar Ying. Cee da Bowie sun kama su a cikin triangle na soyayya tare da Karn. Wani abin da ya faru ya nuna cewa Cee ne ke da alhakin mutuwar Ying kai tsaye, kuma Cee ya tsara Aof don kisan Ying. Aof ya fuskanci Cee kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya riƙe ta a hannunsa, amma ta kashe Aof da wuka kuma ta buge kansa da dutse a cikin dakin. Ba da daɗewa ba, Bowie ya koma cikin ɗakinsu kuma ya sami gawar Aof a ƙasa. Cee ta tuna cewa lokacin da take yarinya, Bowie sau da yawa yakan azabtar da ita ta hanyar tsage yar tsana, kuma yanzu, Cee ta bayyana cewa 'yar'uwarta tana ƙoƙarin satar Karn daga gare ta. Cee ya kashe Bowie da dutse. Karn ya koma otal ɗin kuma ya ga cewa wutar ta ragu kuma ya gaya wa ma'aikatan su gyara shi. Amma lokacin da ya tafi ganin Cee da Bowie a cikin ɗakinsu, Cee ya sami mafarki daga fatalwar Ying, kuma ya yi kuskuren Karn da fatalwar Ying. Akwai babbar guguwa a waje yayin da Cee ta yi gwagwarmaya zuwa wani gandun daji da ke kusa don tono babban kabari don binne gawawwakin uku lokacin da ta ga Ying tana zuwa gare ta. Ta farka kuma ta fahimci cewa tana da mafarki mai ban tsoro a dakin otal. Koyaya, da gaske ta kashe Aof, Bowie da Karn. Ta yi tafiya zuwa kabarin inda mutane suka kewaye shi kuma 'yan sanda sun riga sun kasance suna tono gawawwakin. Ta firgita da ganin gawawwakin 4 a cikin kabari, kuma bayan bincike na kusa, ta fahimci cewa ita, kanta ta mutu a cikin kabarin yayin da dutse ya fadi ya buge ta ba tare da sanin komai ba. Cee ya yi kururuwa cikin tsoro kafin a yi amfani da kudade. A cikin bayanan da aka ba da labari, wani mutum ya yi fushi lokacin da ya kalli labarai game da bala'in kuma ya karya sandarsa ta baseball. An bayyana cewa shi tsohon saurayi ne na Cee. Ta watsar da shi ga Aof; lokacin da mutumin ya bar gidansa ya kira 'yan sanda, fatalwar Cee tana kallo da laifi. == Masu ba da labari == * Ratchawin Wongviriya a matsayin Cee * Atthama Chiwanitchapan a matsayin Bowie * Thongpoom Siripipat a matsayin Aof * Marion Affolter a matsayin Ying * Pete Thongjua a matsayin Karn * Ananda Everingham a matsayin tsohon saurayin Cee * Bordin Duke a matsayin Boyd Darakta * Monchaya Muangkrut a matsayin Ae * Ariya Thanwong a matsayin Bee * Pakkaporn Phatong a matsayin Matashi Bowie * Panadda Sarapol a matsayin Matashi Cee * Kulachart Rhuvatana a matsayin mai tsere * Sarayuth Sritong a matsayin Ma'aikaci * Chatchai Nakornwong a matsayin Ma'aikatan Gidauniyar * Pongpisit Bottasri a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta * Saowaros Prapaiwong a matsayin Jikin * Worawat Na Gakasin a matsayin Van Driver * Satirachat Cheijaroen a matsayin Yarinya == Manazarta == 3t6mgvzdacstvph8l1fu15vcwvz9clr 0 160743 875891 2026-07-04T11:55:28Z Abdurra'uf 23412 sabon muqala 875891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Danny Holla'''An haife shi a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1987) tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Holland wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙarshe ga Sliema Wanderers a gasar Premier ta Malta. tei2ocjm54twmm9zauc12hsldshrahj 875897 875891 2026-07-04T11:58:52Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 875897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Danny Holla'''An haife shi a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1987) tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Holland wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙarshe ga Sliema Wanderers a gasar Premier ta Malta. == Aikin Kulob == ===Farkon aikin=== An haife shi a Almere, Flevoland, Holla ya fara aikinsa a FC Groningen. Ya buga wasa a matsayin aro ga FC Zwolle a rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2007-08, amma ya koma ƙungiyar iyaye ta Groningen don maye gurbin Rasmus Lindgren, wanda ya koma Ajax. A rabin na biyu na kakar wasa ta 2011-12, an sake tura shi aro, a wannan karon zuwa VVV-Venlo. 4zgbsombnrchj4q5091pulbrhmi1ezi 0 160744 875893 2026-07-04T11:56:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362319528|Jannik Sinner]]" 875893 wikitext text/x-wiki Jannik Sinner (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan [[Tennis]] ne na Italiya.{{Efn|{{IPA|de-AT|ˈjanɪk ˈsɪnɐ|small=no}}, {{IPA|it|ˈjannik ˈsinner|small=no}}.}} A halin yanzu yana cikin matsayi na 1 a duniya ta hanyar Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) kuma an sanya shi a matsayin No.1 a duniya na jimlar makonni 78. Mai zunubi shine ƙarshen shekara No. 1 a cikin [[2024 Davis Cup|2024]]_ATP_Tour" id="mwJA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2024 ATP Tour">2024. Ya lashe lambobin yabo na ATP Tour guda 29, ciki har da manyan wasanni hudu, Masters goma, da lambobin ATP Finals guda biyu. Ya kuma jagoranci Italiya zuwa kambin Davis Cup a 2023 da 2024. Sinner yana daya daga cikin maza biyu (kuma mafi ƙanƙanta) don kammala aikin Golden Masters a cikin mutane. A shekara ta 2024 Sinner ya lashe babban lambar yabo ta farko a Australian Open, inda ya doke [[Novak Djokovic]] na duniya a wasan kusa da na karshe wanda Daniil Medvedev ya biyo baya a [[2025 Australian Open – Men's singles|Australian Open]] – Men's singles final">wasan karshe na biyar. Ya lashe cin kofin Amurka da kuma ATP Finals don kammala shekarar a saman Matsayi na ATP, ya zama dan wasan Italiya na farko da ya kai No. 1 a duniya. A shekara ta 2025, Sinner ya kai wasan karshe na dukkan manyan wasanni hudu, ya fara ne ta hanyar kare matsayinsa na lashe lambar yabo ta uku a Australian Open . Ya fuskanci Carlos Alcaraz a wasan karshe na kowane ɗayan sauran manyan, gami da asarar biyar a Faransanci Open, kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta huɗu a Wimbledon. Ya ƙare kakar ta hanyar lashe gasar ATP ta biyu a jere, inda ya doke Alcaraz a wasan karshe. A cikin 2026, Sinner ya lashe lambar yabo ta ATP Masters 1000 guda biyar a jere, kuma ya zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya kammala aikin Golden Masters (tun lokacin da jerin suka fara a 1990), yana da , watanni 9 da rana 1. == Rayuwa ta farko da asali == An haifi Jannik Sinner a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2001 ga Hanspeter Sinner da Siglinde Rauchegger a Inchen, a lardin Arewacin Italiya na Kudancin Tyrol . Harshen mahaifiyarsa Jamusanci ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abby Aguirre |date=4 April 2024 |title=The Stunning Rise of Tennis's Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/profile-jannik-sinner-june-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911121802/https://www.vogue.com/article/profile-jannik-sinner-june-2024 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |publisher=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2021 |title="It was difficult speaking Italian" – Jannik Sinner |url=https://tennistonic.com/tennis-news/302051/it-was-difficult-speaking-italian-jannik-sinner/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201080532/https://tennistonic.com/tennis-news/302051/it-was-difficult-speaking-italian-jannik-sinner/ |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref> Ya girma a garin Sexten a cikin Dolomites, garin danginsa, inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai dafa abinci kuma mahaifiyarsa a matsayin mai ba da abinci a Gidan kankara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=Jannik Sinner, dallo sci al primo trionfo tennistico in Atp |trans-title=Jannik Sinner, from skiing to his first tennis triumph in the ATP |url=https://www.dovesciare.it/news/2020-11-14/jannik-sinner-dallo-sci-al-primo-trionfo-tennistico-atp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126200337/https://www.dovesciare.it/news/2020-11-14/jannik-sinner-dallo-sci-al-primo-trionfo-tennistico-atp |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Dove Sciare |language=it}}</ref> Yana da ɗan'uwa mai suna Mark, wanda aka haife shi a Rasha a shekara ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=The Story of Jannik Sinner's Brother |url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/en/the_story_of_jannik_sinner_s_brother-7904038.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627200155/https://www.ilmessaggero.it/en/the_story_of_jannik_sinner_s_brother-7904038.html |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=ilmessaggero.it |language=en}}</ref><ref name="atp-profile">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516020601/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=22 April 2019 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Sinner ya fara tseren kankara yana da shekaru uku kuma ya yi gasa a tseren kan kankara na farko yana da shekaru takwas. Ya fara buga wasan tennis yana da shekaru bakwai. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kankara na Italiya daga shekaru bakwai zuwa 12, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa a cikin giant slalom yana da shekaru bakwai a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya zama dan wasan kasa na biyu a shekara 11 a shekara ta 2012. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rajagopal |first=Mekala |date=1 May 2023 |title=Jannik Sinner Is Ready for Tennis Superstardom |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/jannik-sinner-is-ready-for-tennis-superstardom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127214759/https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/jannik-sinner-is-ready-for-tennis-superstardom |archive-date=27 January 2024 |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=Interview Magazine}}</ref><ref name="sinless">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2019 |title=Il tennista senza peccato – Jannik Sinner |trans-title=The Sinless Tennis Player – Jannik Sinner |url=https://m.dagospia.com/jannik-sinner-a-otto-anni-era-uno-sciatore-provetto-poi-arrivo-secondo-e-decise-di-219940 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107074119/https://m.dagospia.com/jannik-sinner-a-otto-anni-era-uno-sciatore-provetto-poi-arrivo-secondo-e-decise-di-219940 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Dagospia |language=it}}</ref><ref name="tv6">{{Cite web |last=Stonham |first=Marcus |date=2 October 2020 |title=Much More Than A "Sinner": Jannik Sinner, The Young Italian Who Goes For Everything At Roland Garros |url=https://tv6.news/much-more-than-a-sinner-jannik-sinner-the-young-italian-who-goes-for-everything-at-roland-garros/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021151854/https://tv6.news/much-more-than-a-sinner-jannik-sinner-the-young-italian-who-goes-for-everything-at-roland-garros/ |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=TV6}}</ref> Yayinda yake horo a kan kankara, Sinner ya bar wasan tennis na shekara guda yana da shekaru bakwai kafin mahaifinsa ya tura shi ya koma wasanni.<ref name="forbes">{{Cite web |last=Rossingh |first=Danielle |date=26 February 2020 |title=Meet The Former Ski Champ Who Could Be The 'Next Roger Federer' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellerossingh/2020/02/26/meet-the-former-ski--champ-who-could-be-the-next-roger-federer/?sh=56cbd0ef5181 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107074348/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=forbes.com |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Lokacin da ya ci gaba da wasa, Heribert Mayr shine kocinsa na farko na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Heribert Mayr, uno dei primi coach di Sinner: "Se lo rimontavo al tie-break piangeva di rabbia" |trans-title=Heribert Mayr, one of Sinner's first coaches: "If I got him back at the tie-break he would cry with anger" |url=https://www.ubitennis.com/blog/2020/05/26/heribert-mayr-uno-dei-primi-coach-di-sinner-se-lo-rimontavo-al-tie-break-piangeva-di-rabbia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611165614/https://www.ubitennis.com/blog/2020/05/26/heribert-mayr-uno-dei-primi-coach-di-sinner-se-lo-rimontavo-al-tie-break-piangeva-di-rabbia/ |archive-date=11 June 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Ubi Tennis |language=it}}</ref> Kakan Sinner ya kai shi Tennis San Giorgio da sassafe, inda Sinner ya dauki darussan mutum tare da Mayr saboda babu yaro shekarunsa a matakin sa kuma ya fi sauri fiye da yara tsofaffi. Duk da haka, wasan tennis har yanzu shine fifiko na uku kawai, bayan tseren kankara da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]].<ref name="five-things">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2020 |title=Five Things To Know About Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/five-things-to-know-jannik-sinner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062000/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/five-things-to-know-jannik-sinner |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref><ref name="spotlight">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=First-Time Winner Spotlight: Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-first-time-winner-spotlight-sofia-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302174929/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-first-time-winner-spotlight-sofia-2020 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Da safe ya yi gasa a tseren kankara kuma da yamma ya buga wasannin kwallon kafa na AFC Sexten (Matasa). <ref name=":6" /> A lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, Sinner ya daina yin wasan tsere a kan dusar ƙanƙara da ƙwallon ƙafa don ya maye gurbin wasan tennis saboda jikinsa; yana da tsayi, siriri, kuma nauyinsa ya kai kilo 35 kacal. Ya kuma fi son yin gasa a wasanni daban-daban kai tsaye da abokin hamayyarsa da kuma samun ƙarin iko kan sakamakon. <ref name="spotlight">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=First-Time Winner Spotlight: Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-first-time-winner-spotlight-sofia-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302174929/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-first-time-winner-spotlight-sofia-2020 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-first-time-winner-spotlight-sofia-2020 "First-Time Winner Spotlight: Jannik Sinner"]. </cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Aguire |first=Abby |date=4 April 2024 |title=The Stunning Rise of Tennis's Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/profile-jannik-sinner-june-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627191926/https://www.vogue.com/article/profile-jannik-sinner-june-2024 |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ƙaura zuwa Bordighera a kan Italian Riviera, Liguria, shi kaɗai don yin atisaye a Cibiyar Tennis ta Piatti a ƙarƙashin Riccardo Piatti da Massimo Sartori, shawarar da iyayensa suka amince da ita. <ref name="atp-profile">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516020601/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=22 April 2019 |website=ATP Tour}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview "Jannik Sinner"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="sinless">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2019 |title=Il tennista senza peccato – Jannik Sinner |trans-title=The Sinless Tennis Player – Jannik Sinner |url=https://m.dagospia.com/jannik-sinner-a-otto-anni-era-uno-sciatore-provetto-poi-arrivo-secondo-e-decise-di-219940 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107074119/https://m.dagospia.com/jannik-sinner-a-otto-anni-era-uno-sciatore-provetto-poi-arrivo-secondo-e-decise-di-219940 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Dagospia |language=it}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://m.dagospia.com/jannik-sinner-a-otto-anni-era-uno-sciatore-provetto-poi-arrivo-secondo-e-decise-di-219940 "Il tennista senza peccato – Jannik Sinner"] &#x5B;The Sinless Tennis Player – Jannik Sinner&#x5D;. </cite></ref> <ref name="forbes">{{Cite web |last=Rossingh |first=Danielle |date=26 February 2020 |title=Meet The Former Ski Champ Who Could Be The 'Next Roger Federer' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellerossingh/2020/02/26/meet-the-former-ski--champ-who-could-be-the-next-roger-federer/?sh=56cbd0ef5181 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107074348/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=forbes.com |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Forbes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossingh2020">Rossingh, Danielle (26 February 2020). </cite></ref> A can, Sinner ya zauna tare da dangin Luka Cvjetković, ɗaya daga cikin masu horar da shi, daga baya ya ƙaura don ya raba gida tare da yara maza biyu. <ref name=":6" /> <ref name="roland-garros">{{Cite web |last=Rossingh |first=Danielle |date=29 September 2020 |title=Jannik Sinner: Ski champ to tennis star |url=https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/jannik-sinner-interview-rg2020-ski-champ-tennis-star |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112701/https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/jannik-sinner-interview-rg2020-ski-champ-tennis-star |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Roland Garros}}</ref> Kafin ya fara horar da tennis tare da Piatti cikakken lokaci, yana wasa sau biyu kawai a mako. <ref name="five-things">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2020 |title=Five Things To Know About Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/five-things-to-know-jannik-sinner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062000/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/five-things-to-know-jannik-sinner |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.atptour.com/en/news/five-things-to-know-jannik-sinner "Five Things To Know About Jannik Sinner"]. </cite></ref> Ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandarensa a Cibiyar Walther, wata makarantar kasuwanci da fasaha mai zaman kanta a Bolzano . <ref name=":6" /> == Ayyukan ƙarami == Mai zunubi ya fara buga wasan tennis a kan ITF Junior Circuit . Duk da samun iyakantaccen nasara, ya koma yafi zuwa yawon shakatawa na sana'a bayan ƙarshen 2017. Bai taba buga wasan kwaikwayo na kowane babban matakin Grade 1 a cikin mutane ba, kuma bai buga kowanne daga cikin kananan wasanni na Grand Slam ba. Gasar da ta fi girma a matakin A da ya shiga ita ce Trofeo Bonfiglio . Sinner ya biyo bayan asarar zagaye na farko a gasar cin kofin Italiya a shekarar 2017 tare da kwata-kwata a shekarar 2018, kawai ƙaramin taron da ya buga a wannan shekarar. Saboda ya shiga wasanni masu yawa, matsayi mafi girma na Sinner ya kasance mai ƙarancin No. 133.<ref name="itf-junior-singles">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner Juniors Singles Activity |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/jt/s/activity/#pprofile-info-tabs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125105300/https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/jt/s/activity/#pprofile-info-tabs |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ITF Tennis}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === 2018: Farko na farko === Sinner ya fara wasa a filin wasa na maza na ITF a farkon 2018. Tare da ƙananan matsayinsa ana iya karɓar shi kai tsaye a cikin abubuwan ITF Futures kawai. Duk da haka, ya fara karɓar Katunan daji don abubuwan da suka faru na ATP Challenger Tour, yawon shakatawa na biyu da kungiyar masu sana'ar wasan tennis (ATP) ke gudanarwa, a rabi na biyu na shekara.<ref name="itf-singles">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner Men's Singles Activity |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/mt/s/activity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165816/https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/mt/s/activity/ |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ITF Tennis}}</ref> Matsayinsa na ITF na shekara ya kasance a cikin ninki biyu, kuma ya gama kakar a matsayi na 551.<ref name="itf-doubles">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner Men's Doubles Activity |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/mt/d/activity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116200742/https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/mt/d/activity/ |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ITF Tennis}}</ref><ref name="atp-rankings">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner Rankings History |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/rankings-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014014927/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/rankings-history |archive-date=14 October 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> === 2019: NextGen zakara, saman 100 === Sinner ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta ATP Challenger a Bergamo a watan Fabrairun 2019 yana da shekaru 17 da watanni 6, duk da shiga gasar ba tare da samun nasara ba a matakin Challenger. Ya zama mutum na farko da aka haifa a shekara ta 2001 don isa wasan karshe na Challenger, kuma ƙaramin ɗan Italiya da ya lashe taken Challenger a tarihi. Tare da taken, ya tashi sama da wurare 200 a cikin matsayi na ATP har zuwa No. 324 .<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2019 |title=Sinner Sweeps Into Bergamo Challenger Final |url=http://www.tennis-tourtalk.com/40599/sinner-sweeps-into-bergamo-challenger-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120013948/https://www.tennis-tourtalk.com/40599/sinner-sweeps-into-bergamo-challenger-final |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Tennis TourTalk}}</ref><ref name="bergamo">{{Cite web |last=Meiseles |first=Josh |date=26 February 2019 |title=Sinner's Stunner: 17-Year-Old Reflects On Maiden Title |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/bergamo-challenger-2019-sinner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727130402/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/bergamo-challenger-2019-sinner |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Bayan sunayen sarauta biyu na ITF Futures, Sinner ya shiga gasar ATP ta farko a Hungarian Open a matsayin mai hasara, inda ya sami nasararsa ta farko a matakin yawon shakatawa a kan katin daji na gida Maté Valkusz . <ref name="first-match-win">{{Cite web |date=24 April 2020 |title=On This Day In 2019: Sinner Steps Into The Spotlight |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/on-this-day-sinner-budapest-2019-first-atp-win |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502063848/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/on-this-day-sinner-budapest-2019-first-atp-win |archive-date=2 May 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> A mako mai zuwa, ya kai wasan karshe na ATP Challenger na biyu a Ostrava, inda ya kammala a matsayi na biyu ga Kamil Majchrzak.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2019 |title=Majchrzak Cruises Past Sinner To Clinch Ostrava Challenger Title |url=http://www.tennis-tourtalk.com/43465/majchrzak-cruises-past-sinner-to-clinch-ostrava-challenger-title |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116145940/https://www.tennis-tourtalk.com/43465/majchrzak-cruises-past-sinner-to-clinch-ostrava-challenger-title |archive-date=16 January 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Tennis TourTalk}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 06j706c1le9005pwsb6x6jac9hnm2q7 875894 875893 2026-07-04T11:57:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 875894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jannik Sinner''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan [[Tennis]] ne na Italiya.{{Efn|{{IPA|de-AT|ˈjanɪk ˈsɪnɐ|small=no}}, {{IPA|it|ˈjannik ˈsinner|small=no}}.}} A halin yanzu yana cikin matsayi na 1 a duniya ta hanyar Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) kuma an sanya shi a matsayin No.1 a duniya na jimlar makonni 78. Mai zunubi shine ƙarshen shekara No. 1 a cikin 2024. Ya lashe lambobin yabo na ATP Tour guda 29, ciki har da manyan wasanni hudu, Masters goma, da lambobin ATP Finals guda biyu. Ya kuma jagoranci Italiya zuwa kambin Davis Cup a 2023 da 2024. Sinner yana daya daga cikin maza biyu (kuma mafi ƙanƙanta) don kammala aikin Golden Masters a cikin mutane. A shekara ta 2024 Sinner ya lashe babban lambar yabo ta farko a Australian Open, inda ya doke [[Novak Djokovic]] na duniya a wasan kusa da na karshe wanda Daniil Medvedev ya biyo baya a [[2025 Australian Open – Men's singles|Australian Open]] – Men's singles final">wasan karshe na biyar. Ya lashe cin kofin Amurka da kuma ATP Finals don kammala shekarar a saman Matsayi na ATP, ya zama dan wasan Italiya na farko da ya kai No. 1 a duniya. A shekara ta 2025, Sinner ya kai wasan karshe na dukkan manyan wasanni hudu, ya fara ne ta hanyar kare matsayinsa na lashe lambar yabo ta uku a Australian Open . Ya fuskanci Carlos Alcaraz a wasan karshe na kowane ɗayan sauran manyan, gami da asarar biyar a Faransanci Open, kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta huɗu a Wimbledon. Ya ƙare kakar ta hanyar lashe gasar ATP ta biyu a jere, inda ya doke Alcaraz a wasan karshe. A cikin 2026, Sinner ya lashe lambar yabo ta ATP Masters 1000 guda biyar a jere, kuma ya zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya kammala aikin Golden Masters (tun lokacin da jerin suka fara a 1990), yana da , watanni 9 da rana 1. == Rayuwa ta farko da asali == An haifi Jannik Sinner a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2001 ga Hanspeter Sinner da Siglinde Rauchegger a Inchen, a lardin Arewacin Italiya na Kudancin Tyrol . Harshen mahaifiyarsa Jamusanci ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abby Aguirre |date=4 April 2024 |title=The Stunning Rise of Tennis's Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/profile-jannik-sinner-june-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911121802/https://www.vogue.com/article/profile-jannik-sinner-june-2024 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |publisher=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2021 |title="It was difficult speaking Italian" – Jannik Sinner |url=https://tennistonic.com/tennis-news/302051/it-was-difficult-speaking-italian-jannik-sinner/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201080532/https://tennistonic.com/tennis-news/302051/it-was-difficult-speaking-italian-jannik-sinner/ |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref> Ya girma a garin Sexten a cikin Dolomites, garin danginsa, inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai dafa abinci kuma mahaifiyarsa a matsayin mai ba da abinci a Gidan kankara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=Jannik Sinner, dallo sci al primo trionfo tennistico in Atp |trans-title=Jannik Sinner, from skiing to his first tennis triumph in the ATP |url=https://www.dovesciare.it/news/2020-11-14/jannik-sinner-dallo-sci-al-primo-trionfo-tennistico-atp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126200337/https://www.dovesciare.it/news/2020-11-14/jannik-sinner-dallo-sci-al-primo-trionfo-tennistico-atp |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Dove Sciare |language=it}}</ref> Yana da ɗan'uwa mai suna Mark, wanda aka haife shi a Rasha a shekara ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=The Story of Jannik Sinner's Brother |url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/en/the_story_of_jannik_sinner_s_brother-7904038.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627200155/https://www.ilmessaggero.it/en/the_story_of_jannik_sinner_s_brother-7904038.html |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=ilmessaggero.it |language=en}}</ref><ref name="atp-profile">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516020601/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=22 April 2019 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Sinner ya fara tseren kankara yana da shekaru uku kuma ya yi gasa a tseren kan kankara na farko yana da shekaru takwas. Ya fara buga wasan tennis yana da shekaru bakwai. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kankara na Italiya daga shekaru bakwai zuwa 12, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa a cikin giant slalom yana da shekaru bakwai a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya zama dan wasan kasa na biyu a shekara 11 a shekara ta 2012. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rajagopal |first=Mekala |date=1 May 2023 |title=Jannik Sinner Is Ready for Tennis Superstardom |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/jannik-sinner-is-ready-for-tennis-superstardom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127214759/https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/jannik-sinner-is-ready-for-tennis-superstardom |archive-date=27 January 2024 |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=Interview Magazine}}</ref><ref name="sinless">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2019 |title=Il tennista senza peccato – Jannik Sinner |trans-title=The Sinless Tennis Player – Jannik Sinner |url=https://m.dagospia.com/jannik-sinner-a-otto-anni-era-uno-sciatore-provetto-poi-arrivo-secondo-e-decise-di-219940 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107074119/https://m.dagospia.com/jannik-sinner-a-otto-anni-era-uno-sciatore-provetto-poi-arrivo-secondo-e-decise-di-219940 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Dagospia |language=it}}</ref><ref name="tv6">{{Cite web |last=Stonham |first=Marcus |date=2 October 2020 |title=Much More Than A "Sinner": Jannik Sinner, The Young Italian Who Goes For Everything At Roland Garros |url=https://tv6.news/much-more-than-a-sinner-jannik-sinner-the-young-italian-who-goes-for-everything-at-roland-garros/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021151854/https://tv6.news/much-more-than-a-sinner-jannik-sinner-the-young-italian-who-goes-for-everything-at-roland-garros/ |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=TV6}}</ref> Yayinda yake horo a kan kankara, Sinner ya bar wasan tennis na shekara guda yana da shekaru bakwai kafin mahaifinsa ya tura shi ya koma wasanni.<ref name="forbes">{{Cite web |last=Rossingh |first=Danielle |date=26 February 2020 |title=Meet The Former Ski Champ Who Could Be The 'Next Roger Federer' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellerossingh/2020/02/26/meet-the-former-ski--champ-who-could-be-the-next-roger-federer/?sh=56cbd0ef5181 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107074348/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=forbes.com |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Lokacin da ya ci gaba da wasa, Heribert Mayr shine kocinsa na farko na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Heribert Mayr, uno dei primi coach di Sinner: "Se lo rimontavo al tie-break piangeva di rabbia" |trans-title=Heribert Mayr, one of Sinner's first coaches: "If I got him back at the tie-break he would cry with anger" |url=https://www.ubitennis.com/blog/2020/05/26/heribert-mayr-uno-dei-primi-coach-di-sinner-se-lo-rimontavo-al-tie-break-piangeva-di-rabbia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611165614/https://www.ubitennis.com/blog/2020/05/26/heribert-mayr-uno-dei-primi-coach-di-sinner-se-lo-rimontavo-al-tie-break-piangeva-di-rabbia/ |archive-date=11 June 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Ubi Tennis |language=it}}</ref> Kakan Sinner ya kai shi Tennis San Giorgio da sassafe, inda Sinner ya dauki darussan mutum tare da Mayr saboda babu yaro shekarunsa a matakin sa kuma ya fi sauri fiye da yara tsofaffi. Duk da haka, wasan tennis har yanzu shine fifiko na uku kawai, bayan tseren kankara da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]].<ref name="five-things">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2020 |title=Five Things To Know About Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/five-things-to-know-jannik-sinner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062000/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/five-things-to-know-jannik-sinner |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref><ref name="spotlight">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=First-Time Winner Spotlight: Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-first-time-winner-spotlight-sofia-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302174929/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-first-time-winner-spotlight-sofia-2020 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Da safe ya yi gasa a tseren kankara kuma da yamma ya buga wasannin kwallon kafa na AFC Sexten (Matasa). <ref name=":6" /> A lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, Sinner ya daina yin wasan tsere a kan dusar ƙanƙara da ƙwallon ƙafa don ya maye gurbin wasan tennis saboda jikinsa; yana da tsayi, siriri, kuma nauyinsa ya kai kilo 35 kacal. Ya kuma fi son yin gasa a wasanni daban-daban kai tsaye da abokin hamayyarsa da kuma samun ƙarin iko kan sakamakon. <ref name="spotlight">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=First-Time Winner Spotlight: Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-first-time-winner-spotlight-sofia-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302174929/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-first-time-winner-spotlight-sofia-2020 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-first-time-winner-spotlight-sofia-2020 "First-Time Winner Spotlight: Jannik Sinner"]. </cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Aguire |first=Abby |date=4 April 2024 |title=The Stunning Rise of Tennis's Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/profile-jannik-sinner-june-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627191926/https://www.vogue.com/article/profile-jannik-sinner-june-2024 |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ƙaura zuwa Bordighera a kan Italian Riviera, Liguria, shi kaɗai don yin atisaye a Cibiyar Tennis ta Piatti a ƙarƙashin Riccardo Piatti da Massimo Sartori, shawarar da iyayensa suka amince da ita. <ref name="atp-profile">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516020601/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=22 April 2019 |website=ATP Tour}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview "Jannik Sinner"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="sinless">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2019 |title=Il tennista senza peccato – Jannik Sinner |trans-title=The Sinless Tennis Player – Jannik Sinner |url=https://m.dagospia.com/jannik-sinner-a-otto-anni-era-uno-sciatore-provetto-poi-arrivo-secondo-e-decise-di-219940 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107074119/https://m.dagospia.com/jannik-sinner-a-otto-anni-era-uno-sciatore-provetto-poi-arrivo-secondo-e-decise-di-219940 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Dagospia |language=it}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://m.dagospia.com/jannik-sinner-a-otto-anni-era-uno-sciatore-provetto-poi-arrivo-secondo-e-decise-di-219940 "Il tennista senza peccato – Jannik Sinner"] &#x5B;The Sinless Tennis Player – Jannik Sinner&#x5D;. </cite></ref> <ref name="forbes">{{Cite web |last=Rossingh |first=Danielle |date=26 February 2020 |title=Meet The Former Ski Champ Who Could Be The 'Next Roger Federer' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellerossingh/2020/02/26/meet-the-former-ski--champ-who-could-be-the-next-roger-federer/?sh=56cbd0ef5181 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107074348/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=forbes.com |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Forbes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossingh2020">Rossingh, Danielle (26 February 2020). </cite></ref> A can, Sinner ya zauna tare da dangin Luka Cvjetković, ɗaya daga cikin masu horar da shi, daga baya ya ƙaura don ya raba gida tare da yara maza biyu. <ref name=":6" /> <ref name="roland-garros">{{Cite web |last=Rossingh |first=Danielle |date=29 September 2020 |title=Jannik Sinner: Ski champ to tennis star |url=https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/jannik-sinner-interview-rg2020-ski-champ-tennis-star |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112701/https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/jannik-sinner-interview-rg2020-ski-champ-tennis-star |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Roland Garros}}</ref> Kafin ya fara horar da tennis tare da Piatti cikakken lokaci, yana wasa sau biyu kawai a mako. <ref name="five-things">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2020 |title=Five Things To Know About Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/five-things-to-know-jannik-sinner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062000/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/five-things-to-know-jannik-sinner |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.atptour.com/en/news/five-things-to-know-jannik-sinner "Five Things To Know About Jannik Sinner"]. </cite></ref> Ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandarensa a Cibiyar Walther, wata makarantar kasuwanci da fasaha mai zaman kanta a Bolzano . <ref name=":6" /> == Ayyukan ƙarami == Mai zunubi ya fara buga wasan tennis a kan ITF Junior Circuit . Duk da samun iyakantaccen nasara, ya koma yafi zuwa yawon shakatawa na sana'a bayan ƙarshen 2017. Bai taba buga wasan kwaikwayo na kowane babban matakin Grade 1 a cikin mutane ba, kuma bai buga kowanne daga cikin kananan wasanni na Grand Slam ba. Gasar da ta fi girma a matakin A da ya shiga ita ce Trofeo Bonfiglio . Sinner ya biyo bayan asarar zagaye na farko a gasar cin kofin Italiya a shekarar 2017 tare da kwata-kwata a shekarar 2018, kawai ƙaramin taron da ya buga a wannan shekarar. Saboda ya shiga wasanni masu yawa, matsayi mafi girma na Sinner ya kasance mai ƙarancin No. 133.<ref name="itf-junior-singles">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner Juniors Singles Activity |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/jt/s/activity/#pprofile-info-tabs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125105300/https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/jt/s/activity/#pprofile-info-tabs |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ITF Tennis}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === 2018: Farko na farko === Sinner ya fara wasa a filin wasa na maza na ITF a farkon 2018. Tare da ƙananan matsayinsa ana iya karɓar shi kai tsaye a cikin abubuwan ITF Futures kawai. Duk da haka, ya fara karɓar Katunan daji don abubuwan da suka faru na ATP Challenger Tour, yawon shakatawa na biyu da kungiyar masu sana'ar wasan tennis (ATP) ke gudanarwa, a rabi na biyu na shekara.<ref name="itf-singles">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner Men's Singles Activity |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/mt/s/activity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165816/https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/mt/s/activity/ |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ITF Tennis}}</ref> Matsayinsa na ITF na shekara ya kasance a cikin ninki biyu, kuma ya gama kakar a matsayi na 551.<ref name="itf-doubles">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner Men's Doubles Activity |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/mt/d/activity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116200742/https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/mt/d/activity/ |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ITF Tennis}}</ref><ref name="atp-rankings">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner Rankings History |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/rankings-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014014927/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/rankings-history |archive-date=14 October 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> === 2019: NextGen zakara, saman 100 === Sinner ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta ATP Challenger a Bergamo a watan Fabrairun 2019 yana da shekaru 17 da watanni 6, duk da shiga gasar ba tare da samun nasara ba a matakin Challenger. Ya zama mutum na farko da aka haifa a shekara ta 2001 don isa wasan karshe na Challenger, kuma ƙaramin ɗan Italiya da ya lashe taken Challenger a tarihi. Tare da taken, ya tashi sama da wurare 200 a cikin matsayi na ATP har zuwa No. 324 .<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2019 |title=Sinner Sweeps Into Bergamo Challenger Final |url=http://www.tennis-tourtalk.com/40599/sinner-sweeps-into-bergamo-challenger-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120013948/https://www.tennis-tourtalk.com/40599/sinner-sweeps-into-bergamo-challenger-final |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Tennis TourTalk}}</ref><ref name="bergamo">{{Cite web |last=Meiseles |first=Josh |date=26 February 2019 |title=Sinner's Stunner: 17-Year-Old Reflects On Maiden Title |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/bergamo-challenger-2019-sinner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727130402/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/bergamo-challenger-2019-sinner |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Bayan sunayen sarauta biyu na ITF Futures, Sinner ya shiga gasar ATP ta farko a Hungarian Open a matsayin mai hasara, inda ya sami nasararsa ta farko a matakin yawon shakatawa a kan katin daji na gida Maté Valkusz . <ref name="first-match-win">{{Cite web |date=24 April 2020 |title=On This Day In 2019: Sinner Steps Into The Spotlight |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/on-this-day-sinner-budapest-2019-first-atp-win |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502063848/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/on-this-day-sinner-budapest-2019-first-atp-win |archive-date=2 May 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> A mako mai zuwa, ya kai wasan karshe na ATP Challenger na biyu a Ostrava, inda ya kammala a matsayi na biyu ga Kamil Majchrzak.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2019 |title=Majchrzak Cruises Past Sinner To Clinch Ostrava Challenger Title |url=http://www.tennis-tourtalk.com/43465/majchrzak-cruises-past-sinner-to-clinch-ostrava-challenger-title |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116145940/https://www.tennis-tourtalk.com/43465/majchrzak-cruises-past-sinner-to-clinch-ostrava-challenger-title |archive-date=16 January 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Tennis TourTalk}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lhc0pz2jm6gxakecyv0tkf3czvh92jl 875895 875894 2026-07-04T11:58:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 Pharouqenr moved page [[Jannik Mai Zunubi]] to [[Jannik Sinner]] 875894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jannik Sinner''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan [[Tennis]] ne na Italiya.{{Efn|{{IPA|de-AT|ˈjanɪk ˈsɪnɐ|small=no}}, {{IPA|it|ˈjannik ˈsinner|small=no}}.}} A halin yanzu yana cikin matsayi na 1 a duniya ta hanyar Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) kuma an sanya shi a matsayin No.1 a duniya na jimlar makonni 78. Mai zunubi shine ƙarshen shekara No. 1 a cikin 2024. Ya lashe lambobin yabo na ATP Tour guda 29, ciki har da manyan wasanni hudu, Masters goma, da lambobin ATP Finals guda biyu. Ya kuma jagoranci Italiya zuwa kambin Davis Cup a 2023 da 2024. Sinner yana daya daga cikin maza biyu (kuma mafi ƙanƙanta) don kammala aikin Golden Masters a cikin mutane. A shekara ta 2024 Sinner ya lashe babban lambar yabo ta farko a Australian Open, inda ya doke [[Novak Djokovic]] na duniya a wasan kusa da na karshe wanda Daniil Medvedev ya biyo baya a [[2025 Australian Open – Men's singles|Australian Open]] – Men's singles final">wasan karshe na biyar. Ya lashe cin kofin Amurka da kuma ATP Finals don kammala shekarar a saman Matsayi na ATP, ya zama dan wasan Italiya na farko da ya kai No. 1 a duniya. A shekara ta 2025, Sinner ya kai wasan karshe na dukkan manyan wasanni hudu, ya fara ne ta hanyar kare matsayinsa na lashe lambar yabo ta uku a Australian Open . Ya fuskanci Carlos Alcaraz a wasan karshe na kowane ɗayan sauran manyan, gami da asarar biyar a Faransanci Open, kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta huɗu a Wimbledon. Ya ƙare kakar ta hanyar lashe gasar ATP ta biyu a jere, inda ya doke Alcaraz a wasan karshe. A cikin 2026, Sinner ya lashe lambar yabo ta ATP Masters 1000 guda biyar a jere, kuma ya zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya kammala aikin Golden Masters (tun lokacin da jerin suka fara a 1990), yana da , watanni 9 da rana 1. == Rayuwa ta farko da asali == An haifi Jannik Sinner a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2001 ga Hanspeter Sinner da Siglinde Rauchegger a Inchen, a lardin Arewacin Italiya na Kudancin Tyrol . Harshen mahaifiyarsa Jamusanci ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abby Aguirre |date=4 April 2024 |title=The Stunning Rise of Tennis's Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/profile-jannik-sinner-june-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911121802/https://www.vogue.com/article/profile-jannik-sinner-june-2024 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |publisher=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2021 |title="It was difficult speaking Italian" – Jannik Sinner |url=https://tennistonic.com/tennis-news/302051/it-was-difficult-speaking-italian-jannik-sinner/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201080532/https://tennistonic.com/tennis-news/302051/it-was-difficult-speaking-italian-jannik-sinner/ |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref> Ya girma a garin Sexten a cikin Dolomites, garin danginsa, inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai dafa abinci kuma mahaifiyarsa a matsayin mai ba da abinci a Gidan kankara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=Jannik Sinner, dallo sci al primo trionfo tennistico in Atp |trans-title=Jannik Sinner, from skiing to his first tennis triumph in the ATP |url=https://www.dovesciare.it/news/2020-11-14/jannik-sinner-dallo-sci-al-primo-trionfo-tennistico-atp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126200337/https://www.dovesciare.it/news/2020-11-14/jannik-sinner-dallo-sci-al-primo-trionfo-tennistico-atp |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Dove Sciare |language=it}}</ref> Yana da ɗan'uwa mai suna Mark, wanda aka haife shi a Rasha a shekara ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=The Story of Jannik Sinner's Brother |url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/en/the_story_of_jannik_sinner_s_brother-7904038.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627200155/https://www.ilmessaggero.it/en/the_story_of_jannik_sinner_s_brother-7904038.html |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=ilmessaggero.it |language=en}}</ref><ref name="atp-profile">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516020601/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=22 April 2019 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Sinner ya fara tseren kankara yana da shekaru uku kuma ya yi gasa a tseren kan kankara na farko yana da shekaru takwas. Ya fara buga wasan tennis yana da shekaru bakwai. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kankara na Italiya daga shekaru bakwai zuwa 12, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa a cikin giant slalom yana da shekaru bakwai a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya zama dan wasan kasa na biyu a shekara 11 a shekara ta 2012. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rajagopal |first=Mekala |date=1 May 2023 |title=Jannik Sinner Is Ready for Tennis Superstardom |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/jannik-sinner-is-ready-for-tennis-superstardom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127214759/https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/jannik-sinner-is-ready-for-tennis-superstardom |archive-date=27 January 2024 |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=Interview Magazine}}</ref><ref name="sinless">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2019 |title=Il tennista senza peccato – Jannik Sinner |trans-title=The Sinless Tennis Player – Jannik Sinner |url=https://m.dagospia.com/jannik-sinner-a-otto-anni-era-uno-sciatore-provetto-poi-arrivo-secondo-e-decise-di-219940 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107074119/https://m.dagospia.com/jannik-sinner-a-otto-anni-era-uno-sciatore-provetto-poi-arrivo-secondo-e-decise-di-219940 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Dagospia |language=it}}</ref><ref name="tv6">{{Cite web |last=Stonham |first=Marcus |date=2 October 2020 |title=Much More Than A "Sinner": Jannik Sinner, The Young Italian Who Goes For Everything At Roland Garros |url=https://tv6.news/much-more-than-a-sinner-jannik-sinner-the-young-italian-who-goes-for-everything-at-roland-garros/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021151854/https://tv6.news/much-more-than-a-sinner-jannik-sinner-the-young-italian-who-goes-for-everything-at-roland-garros/ |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=TV6}}</ref> Yayinda yake horo a kan kankara, Sinner ya bar wasan tennis na shekara guda yana da shekaru bakwai kafin mahaifinsa ya tura shi ya koma wasanni.<ref name="forbes">{{Cite web |last=Rossingh |first=Danielle |date=26 February 2020 |title=Meet The Former Ski Champ Who Could Be The 'Next Roger Federer' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellerossingh/2020/02/26/meet-the-former-ski--champ-who-could-be-the-next-roger-federer/?sh=56cbd0ef5181 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107074348/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=forbes.com |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Lokacin da ya ci gaba da wasa, Heribert Mayr shine kocinsa na farko na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Heribert Mayr, uno dei primi coach di Sinner: "Se lo rimontavo al tie-break piangeva di rabbia" |trans-title=Heribert Mayr, one of Sinner's first coaches: "If I got him back at the tie-break he would cry with anger" |url=https://www.ubitennis.com/blog/2020/05/26/heribert-mayr-uno-dei-primi-coach-di-sinner-se-lo-rimontavo-al-tie-break-piangeva-di-rabbia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611165614/https://www.ubitennis.com/blog/2020/05/26/heribert-mayr-uno-dei-primi-coach-di-sinner-se-lo-rimontavo-al-tie-break-piangeva-di-rabbia/ |archive-date=11 June 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Ubi Tennis |language=it}}</ref> Kakan Sinner ya kai shi Tennis San Giorgio da sassafe, inda Sinner ya dauki darussan mutum tare da Mayr saboda babu yaro shekarunsa a matakin sa kuma ya fi sauri fiye da yara tsofaffi. Duk da haka, wasan tennis har yanzu shine fifiko na uku kawai, bayan tseren kankara da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]].<ref name="five-things">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2020 |title=Five Things To Know About Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/five-things-to-know-jannik-sinner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062000/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/five-things-to-know-jannik-sinner |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref><ref name="spotlight">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=First-Time Winner Spotlight: Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-first-time-winner-spotlight-sofia-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302174929/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-first-time-winner-spotlight-sofia-2020 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Da safe ya yi gasa a tseren kankara kuma da yamma ya buga wasannin kwallon kafa na AFC Sexten (Matasa). <ref name=":6" /> A lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, Sinner ya daina yin wasan tsere a kan dusar ƙanƙara da ƙwallon ƙafa don ya maye gurbin wasan tennis saboda jikinsa; yana da tsayi, siriri, kuma nauyinsa ya kai kilo 35 kacal. Ya kuma fi son yin gasa a wasanni daban-daban kai tsaye da abokin hamayyarsa da kuma samun ƙarin iko kan sakamakon. <ref name="spotlight">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=First-Time Winner Spotlight: Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-first-time-winner-spotlight-sofia-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302174929/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-first-time-winner-spotlight-sofia-2020 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.atptour.com/en/news/sinner-first-time-winner-spotlight-sofia-2020 "First-Time Winner Spotlight: Jannik Sinner"]. </cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Aguire |first=Abby |date=4 April 2024 |title=The Stunning Rise of Tennis's Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/profile-jannik-sinner-june-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627191926/https://www.vogue.com/article/profile-jannik-sinner-june-2024 |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ƙaura zuwa Bordighera a kan Italian Riviera, Liguria, shi kaɗai don yin atisaye a Cibiyar Tennis ta Piatti a ƙarƙashin Riccardo Piatti da Massimo Sartori, shawarar da iyayensa suka amince da ita. <ref name="atp-profile">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516020601/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=22 April 2019 |website=ATP Tour}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/overview "Jannik Sinner"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="sinless">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2019 |title=Il tennista senza peccato – Jannik Sinner |trans-title=The Sinless Tennis Player – Jannik Sinner |url=https://m.dagospia.com/jannik-sinner-a-otto-anni-era-uno-sciatore-provetto-poi-arrivo-secondo-e-decise-di-219940 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107074119/https://m.dagospia.com/jannik-sinner-a-otto-anni-era-uno-sciatore-provetto-poi-arrivo-secondo-e-decise-di-219940 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Dagospia |language=it}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://m.dagospia.com/jannik-sinner-a-otto-anni-era-uno-sciatore-provetto-poi-arrivo-secondo-e-decise-di-219940 "Il tennista senza peccato – Jannik Sinner"] &#x5B;The Sinless Tennis Player – Jannik Sinner&#x5D;. </cite></ref> <ref name="forbes">{{Cite web |last=Rossingh |first=Danielle |date=26 February 2020 |title=Meet The Former Ski Champ Who Could Be The 'Next Roger Federer' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellerossingh/2020/02/26/meet-the-former-ski--champ-who-could-be-the-next-roger-federer/?sh=56cbd0ef5181 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107074348/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=forbes.com |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Forbes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossingh2020">Rossingh, Danielle (26 February 2020). </cite></ref> A can, Sinner ya zauna tare da dangin Luka Cvjetković, ɗaya daga cikin masu horar da shi, daga baya ya ƙaura don ya raba gida tare da yara maza biyu. <ref name=":6" /> <ref name="roland-garros">{{Cite web |last=Rossingh |first=Danielle |date=29 September 2020 |title=Jannik Sinner: Ski champ to tennis star |url=https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/jannik-sinner-interview-rg2020-ski-champ-tennis-star |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112701/https://www.rolandgarros.com/en-us/article/jannik-sinner-interview-rg2020-ski-champ-tennis-star |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Roland Garros}}</ref> Kafin ya fara horar da tennis tare da Piatti cikakken lokaci, yana wasa sau biyu kawai a mako. <ref name="five-things">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2020 |title=Five Things To Know About Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/five-things-to-know-jannik-sinner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119062000/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/five-things-to-know-jannik-sinner |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.atptour.com/en/news/five-things-to-know-jannik-sinner "Five Things To Know About Jannik Sinner"]. </cite></ref> Ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandarensa a Cibiyar Walther, wata makarantar kasuwanci da fasaha mai zaman kanta a Bolzano . <ref name=":6" /> == Ayyukan ƙarami == Mai zunubi ya fara buga wasan tennis a kan ITF Junior Circuit . Duk da samun iyakantaccen nasara, ya koma yafi zuwa yawon shakatawa na sana'a bayan ƙarshen 2017. Bai taba buga wasan kwaikwayo na kowane babban matakin Grade 1 a cikin mutane ba, kuma bai buga kowanne daga cikin kananan wasanni na Grand Slam ba. Gasar da ta fi girma a matakin A da ya shiga ita ce Trofeo Bonfiglio . Sinner ya biyo bayan asarar zagaye na farko a gasar cin kofin Italiya a shekarar 2017 tare da kwata-kwata a shekarar 2018, kawai ƙaramin taron da ya buga a wannan shekarar. Saboda ya shiga wasanni masu yawa, matsayi mafi girma na Sinner ya kasance mai ƙarancin No. 133.<ref name="itf-junior-singles">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner Juniors Singles Activity |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/jt/s/activity/#pprofile-info-tabs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125105300/https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/jt/s/activity/#pprofile-info-tabs |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ITF Tennis}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === 2018: Farko na farko === Sinner ya fara wasa a filin wasa na maza na ITF a farkon 2018. Tare da ƙananan matsayinsa ana iya karɓar shi kai tsaye a cikin abubuwan ITF Futures kawai. Duk da haka, ya fara karɓar Katunan daji don abubuwan da suka faru na ATP Challenger Tour, yawon shakatawa na biyu da kungiyar masu sana'ar wasan tennis (ATP) ke gudanarwa, a rabi na biyu na shekara.<ref name="itf-singles">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner Men's Singles Activity |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/mt/s/activity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165816/https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/mt/s/activity/ |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ITF Tennis}}</ref> Matsayinsa na ITF na shekara ya kasance a cikin ninki biyu, kuma ya gama kakar a matsayi na 551.<ref name="itf-doubles">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner Men's Doubles Activity |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/mt/d/activity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116200742/https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/800405198/ita/mt/d/activity/ |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ITF Tennis}}</ref><ref name="atp-rankings">{{Cite web |title=Jannik Sinner Rankings History |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/rankings-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014014927/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/jannik-sinner/s0ag/rankings-history |archive-date=14 October 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> === 2019: NextGen zakara, saman 100 === Sinner ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta ATP Challenger a Bergamo a watan Fabrairun 2019 yana da shekaru 17 da watanni 6, duk da shiga gasar ba tare da samun nasara ba a matakin Challenger. Ya zama mutum na farko da aka haifa a shekara ta 2001 don isa wasan karshe na Challenger, kuma ƙaramin ɗan Italiya da ya lashe taken Challenger a tarihi. Tare da taken, ya tashi sama da wurare 200 a cikin matsayi na ATP har zuwa No. 324 .<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2019 |title=Sinner Sweeps Into Bergamo Challenger Final |url=http://www.tennis-tourtalk.com/40599/sinner-sweeps-into-bergamo-challenger-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120013948/https://www.tennis-tourtalk.com/40599/sinner-sweeps-into-bergamo-challenger-final |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Tennis TourTalk}}</ref><ref name="bergamo">{{Cite web |last=Meiseles |first=Josh |date=26 February 2019 |title=Sinner's Stunner: 17-Year-Old Reflects On Maiden Title |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/bergamo-challenger-2019-sinner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727130402/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/bergamo-challenger-2019-sinner |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> Bayan sunayen sarauta biyu na ITF Futures, Sinner ya shiga gasar ATP ta farko a Hungarian Open a matsayin mai hasara, inda ya sami nasararsa ta farko a matakin yawon shakatawa a kan katin daji na gida Maté Valkusz . <ref name="first-match-win">{{Cite web |date=24 April 2020 |title=On This Day In 2019: Sinner Steps Into The Spotlight |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/on-this-day-sinner-budapest-2019-first-atp-win |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502063848/https://www.atptour.com/en/news/on-this-day-sinner-budapest-2019-first-atp-win |archive-date=2 May 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=ATP Tour}}</ref> A mako mai zuwa, ya kai wasan karshe na ATP Challenger na biyu a Ostrava, inda ya kammala a matsayi na biyu ga Kamil Majchrzak.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2019 |title=Majchrzak Cruises Past Sinner To Clinch Ostrava Challenger Title |url=http://www.tennis-tourtalk.com/43465/majchrzak-cruises-past-sinner-to-clinch-ostrava-challenger-title |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116145940/https://www.tennis-tourtalk.com/43465/majchrzak-cruises-past-sinner-to-clinch-ostrava-challenger-title |archive-date=16 January 2021 |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=Tennis TourTalk}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lhc0pz2jm6gxakecyv0tkf3czvh92jl 0 160745 875896 2026-07-04T11:58:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 Pharouqenr moved page [[Jannik Mai Zunubi]] to [[Jannik Sinner]] 875896 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Jannik Sinner]] ksl2y16cisqmkl6odvd3ss6ez1j6rp4